1308:(near the eyes). They stand on their hind legs to reach tall branches and rub the open preorbital glands to deposit their scent there. This posture is also used while foraging. Urine marking is also observed; the smell of urine is typically stronger than that of the deposited scent. Sparring between males begins with the larger male displaying his dominance before the other; this display consists of hissing heading away from the other male with the tail facing him, the nose pointing to the ground, the ears down, the antlers upright, and the upper lip raised. The fur often bristles during the display. The male approaches the other in a slow gait. Males with velvet antlers may hunch over instead of standing erect as the males with hard antlers. The opponents then interlock their horns and push against each other, with the smaller male producing a sound at times which is louder than that produced by
1483:"because it occurs over a very wide range within which there are many large populations". Currently, no range-wide threats to chitals are present, and they live in many protected areas. However, population densities are below ecological carrying capacity in many places due to hunting and competition with domestic livestock. Hunting for the deer's meat has caused substantial declines and local extinctions. The axis deer is protected under Schedule III of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and under the Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974 of Bangladesh. Two primary reasons for its good conservation status are its legal protection as a species and a network of functioning protected areas.
1081:, island and, soon became plentiful on both islands. Chital were introduced to Maui island in the 1950s to increase hunting opportunities. Because the chital has no natural predators on the Hawaiian islands, the population had been growing 20 to 30% each year, causing serious damage to agriculture and natural areas. To help control the excess population on Maui, a company called Maui Nui was founded in 2017 to hunt the deer and sell venison. In 2022, the company took 9,526 deer and sold 450,000 pounds (200,000 kg) of venison. The deer are harvested at night using infrared technology, accompanied by a
1433:
1169:
1344:
67:
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879:
125:
1177:
down during midday, when the animals rest or loiter about slowly. Foraging recommences by late afternoon and continues till midnight. They fall asleep a few hours before sunrise, typically in the forest which is cooler than the glades. These deer typically move in a single file on specific tracks, with a distance of two to three times their width between them, when on a journey, typically in search of food and water sources. A study in the
1425:
100:
3172:
977:. Chital have several white spots, whereas fallow deer usually have white splotches. Fallow also have palmate antlers whereas chital have 3 distinct points on each side. The chital has a prominent white patch on its throat, while the throat of the fallow deer is completely white. The biggest distinction is the dark brown stripe running down the chital's back. The hairs are smooth and flexible.
53:
1355:, the chital mainly feed on grasses throughout the year. They prefer young shoots, in the absence of which, tall and coarse grasses are nibbled off at the tips. Browse forms a major portion of the diet only in the winter-October to January-when the grasses, tall or dried up, are no longer palatable. Browse includes herbs, shrubs, foliage, fruits, and
1323:, a widespread South Asian monkey. Chital benefit from the langurs' eyesight and ability to post a lookout from trees, while the langur benefit from the chital's strong sense of smell, both of which help keep a check on potential danger. The chital also benefit from fruits dropped by langurs from trees such as
1452:
The newborn is hidden for a week after birth, a period much shorter than most other deer. The mother-fawn bond is not very strong, as the two get separated often, though they can reunite easily as the herds are cohesive. If the fawn dies, the mother can breed once again so as to give birth twice that
1196:
A gregarious animal, the chital forms matriarchal herds comprising an adult female and her offspring of the previous and the present year, which may be associated with individuals of any age and either sex, male herds, and herds of juveniles and mothers. Small herds are common, though aggregations of
1176:
Chital are active throughout the day. In the summer, time is spent in rest under shade, and the sun's glare is avoided if the temperature reaches 80 °F (27 °C); activity peaks as dusk approaches. As days grow cooler, foraging begins before sunrise and peaks by early morning. Activity slows
889:
The chital is a moderately sized deer. Males reach up to 90–100 cm (35–39 in) and females 65–75 cm (26–30 in) at the shoulder; the head-and-body length is around 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). While immature males weigh 30–75 kg (66–165 lb), the lighter females weigh
931:
in the tissue, from the tip to the base. A study of the mineral composition of the antlers of captive barasinga, chital, and hog deer showed that the antlers of the deer are very similar. The mineral content of the chital's antlers was determined to be (per kg) 6.1 mg (0.094 gr) copper,
1444:
is produced year-round, though testosterone levels register a fall during the development of the antlers. Females have regular oestrus cycles, each lasting three weeks. The female can conceive again two weeks to four months after the birth. Males sporting hard antlers are dominant over those in
1092:
was planned, but was abandoned after pressure from scientists over damage to landscapes caused by the chital on other islands. In 2012, chital were spotted on the island of Hawaii; wildlife officials think that people had flown them by helicopter and transported them by boat onto the island. In
1188:
When cautiously inspecting its vicinity, the chital stands motionless and listens with rapt attention, facing the potential danger, if any. This stance may be adopted by nearby individuals, as well. As an antipredator measure, chital flee in groups (unlike the hog deer that disperse on alarm);
1391:
from June to July. Individuals tend to group together and forage while moving slowly. Chital are generally silent when grazing together. Males often stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches. Water holes are visited nearly twice daily, with great caution. In the Kanha
National Park,
1217:
of herds; this was attributed to the tendency of females to isolate themselves ahead of parturition. Similarly, rutting males leave their herds during the mating season, hence altering the herd composition. Large herds are most common in monsoon, observed foraging in the grasslands.
919:(the first division in the antler) is roughly perpendicular to the beam (the central stalk of the antler). The antlers, three-pronged, are nearly 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long. Antlers, as in most other cervids, are shed annually. The antlers emerge as soft
257:
1053:
in the early 1800s by John Harris, surgeon to the New South Wales Corps, and he had about 400 of these animals on his property by 1813. These did not survive, and the primary range of the chital is now confined to a few cattle stations in North
1456:
The chital is found in large numbers in dense deciduous or semievergreen forests and open grasslands. The highest numbers of chital are found in the forests of India, where they feed upon tall grass and shrubs. Chital have been also spotted in
1292:
or while resting. Chital, mainly females and juveniles, bark persistently when alarmed or if they encounter a predator. Fawns in search of their mother often squeal. The chital can respond to the alarm calls of several animals, such as the
430:
in 1777. A moderate-sized deer, male chital reach 90 cm (35 in) and females 70 cm (28 in) at the shoulder. While males weigh 70–90 kg (150–200 lb), females weigh around 40–60 kg (88–132 lb). It is
904:(upper) parts are golden to rufous, completely covered in white spots. The abdomen, rump, throat, insides of legs, ears, and tail are all white. A conspicuous black stripe runs along the spine (back bone). The chital has well-developed
1193:. The running chital has its tail raised, exposing the white underparts. The chital can leap and clear fences as high as 1.5 m (4.9 ft) but prefers to dive under them. It stays within 300 m (980 ft) of cover.
2071:
1467:) forest in the country. They do not occur at high altitudes, where they are usually replaced by other species such as the sambar deer. They also prefer heavy forest cover for shade and avoid direct sunlight.
1074:. By 2021, there were approximately 50,000 to 70,000 Axis deer on Molokai, as opposed to a human population of 7,500 people. During a drought that extended into 2021, hundreds of the deer died of starvation.
2628:"Axis Deer Are a Threat to Hawaii's Native Species and You Can Help Out by Eating Them: Maui Nui humanely harvests Axis deer, a threat to Hawaii's native species, and transforms them into venison"
8109:
2281:
Biology and
Management of the Cervidae: A Conference Held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, Virginia, 1–5 August 1982
2266:
Biology and
Management of the Cervidae: A Conference Held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, Virginia, 1–5 August 1982
1453:
year. The males continue their growth till seven to eight years. The average lifespan in captivity is nearly 22 years. The longevity in the wild, however, is merely five to ten years.
1058:
near
Charters Towers and several feral herds on the NSW north and south coasts. While some of the stock originated from Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the Indian race likely is also represented.
502:
has a similar origin. Variations of "chital" include "cheetal" and "cheetul". Other common names for the chital are Indian spotted deer (or simply the spotted deer) and axis deer.
2086:
935:
Hooves measure between 4.1 and 6.1 cm (1.6 and 2.4 in) in length; hooves of the fore legs are longer than those of the hind legs. The toes taper to a point. The
893:
The tail, 20 cm (7.9 in) long, is marked by a dark stripe that stretches along its length. The species is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and
2994:
Mishra, H. and Wemmer, C. 1987. "The comparative breeding ecology of four cervids in Royal
Chitwan National Park, Nepal". Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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7808:
8114:
7899:
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912:
glands and pedal glands located in its hind legs. The preorbital glands, larger in males than in females, are frequently opened in response to certain stimuli.
1312:, but not as much as the barasinga's. The fight terminates with the males stepping backward, or simply leaving and foraging. Fights are not generally serious.
8059:
1449:
male fasts during the mating season and follows and guards a female in oestrus. The pair does several bouts of chasing and mutual licking before copulation.
3141:
1848:
2703:
969:
build. The antlers and brow tines are longer than those in the hog deer. The pedicles (the bony cores from which antlers arise) are shorter, and the
8074:
7992:
7769:
7834:
2111:
2544:
3204:
1400:. Chital also gnaw bones and fallen antlers for their minerals. Males in velvet indulge in such osteophagia to a greater extent. Chital in the
1609:"The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications"
1197:
as many as 100 individuals have been observed. Groups are loose and disband frequently, save for the juvenile-mother herd. Herd membership in
2165:
1984:
1792:
1745:
1565:
With effect from 2 August 2022, the
European Union added the chital to the list of invasive alien species and banned its import into the EU.
3129:
1132:. The population on the islands comprised about 200 individuals as of 2010. Attempts by hunters to introduce the species to the mainland of
2655:
2595:
2940:
de Silva, P.K.; de Silva, M. (1993). "Population structure and activity rhythm of the spotted deer in Ruhuna
National Park, Sri Lanka".
2448:
2400:
2310:
2248:
2194:
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1922:
970:
515:
427:
246:
443:, throat, insides of legs, ears, and tail are all white. The antlers, three-pronged, are nearly 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long.
2804:
1041:
and Sri Lanka are the southern limits of its distribution. It sporadically occur in forested areas throughout the Indian peninsula.
2002:"Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications"
8119:
7860:
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to Hawaii. Hawaii law now prohibits "the intentional possession or interisland transportation or release of wild or feral deer."
8089:
7878:
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2572:
2511:
1319:
are often attracted to the chital. An interesting relationship has been observed between herds of chital and troops of the
3556:
1523:
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2734:
2155:
1446:
7873:
7821:
7704:
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2516:
1320:
1284:; they are mainly coarse bellows or loud growls. Bellowing coincides with rutting. Dominant males guarding females in
1038:
7956:
3118:
2871:
2033:"Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography"
7748:
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are present only on males. The upper parts are golden to rufous, completely covered in white spots. The abdomen,
8084:
2600:
924:
6389:
2964:
Erxleben, 1777) herd composition and sex ratio on the
Nallamala Hills of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India"
1168:
8036:
7038:
6551:
6431:
4327:
3987:
3468:
1972:
1935:
Systema Regni
Animalis per Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Varietates cvm Synonymia et Historia Animalivm
1766:
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124:
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923:(known as velvet antlers) and progressively harden into bony structures (known as hard antlers), following
7631:
4089:
3795:
3714:
2711:
1144:
There have been sightings of herds of introduced chital in an interandean valley near the municipality of
523:
511:
305:
7709:
2341:
Kay, R.N.B.; Phillippo, M.; Suttie, J.M.; Wenham, G. (1982). "The growth and mineralization of antlers".
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and forested valleys in Bhutan below an elevation of 1,100 m (3,600 ft). It also occurs in the
8018:
8005:
7938:
4494:
3723:
3607:
3190:
3119:
First record of the invasive alien species Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Brazil
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1648:
229:
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2119:
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1844:
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607:
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velvet or those without antlers, irrespective of their size. Courtship is based on tending bonds. A
7492:
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6801:
6774:
6710:
6371:
6251:
6200:
3879:
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3377:
2072:"Systematics and evolution of the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene tribe Cervini (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)"
1709:
1366:
1331:
961:, nearly 1 cm (0.39 in) long, falls off before one year of age, but is not replaced by a
883:
423:
89:
77:
66:
7891:
1607:
K. Suraprasit, J.-J. Jaegar, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and S. Panha (2016).
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269:
119:
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1980:
1952:
1926:
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1735:
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1280:, gives out bellows and alarm barks. Its calls are, however, not as strong as those of elk or
1246:
1178:
1160:
1071:
916:
890:
25–45 kg (55–99 lb). Mature stags can weigh up to 98–110 kg (216–243 lb).
487:
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2013:
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Duckworth, J.W.; Kumar, N.S.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H. & Timmins, R. (2015).
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479:
81:
3024:
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2189:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey (USA): Princeton University Press. p. 166.
2160:(Revised ed.). Austin, Texas (USA): University of Texas Press. pp. 263–264.
1424:
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1210:
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440:
109:
104:
3105:
2682:"Alleged animal smugglers used helicopters to fly sheep to Maui, deer to Big Island"
1894:
7983:
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1968:
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958:
928:
591:
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547:
206:
7787:
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7683:
2980:
1288:
make high-pitched growls at less powerful males. Males may moan during aggressive
1201:
is typically up to 15; herds can have five to 40 members in India. Studies in the
7696:
2926:
2656:"Kahikolu Project on Maui targets axis deer and widespread environmental impacts"
7886:
7865:
7795:
7663:
7176:
6924:
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5932:
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1539:
1381:
1316:
1309:
1294:
1254:
1222:
1190:
1109:
1093:
August 2012, a helicopter pilot pleaded guilty to transporting four chital from
1018:
974:
658:
176:
39:
3171:
3097:
1440:
Breeding takes place throughout the year, with peaks that vary geographically.
1335:. The chital has been observed foraging with sambar deer in the Western Ghats.
932:
8.04 mg (0.1241 gr) cobalt, and 32.14 mg (0.4960 gr) zinc.
256:
6783:
6683:
6508:
6100:
5522:
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2243:(1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 58–73.
2017:
1584:
1527:
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998:
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909:
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52:
7654:
2822:"Más allá de los hipopótamos: evidencia de un venado introducido en Colombia"
2742:
2171:
1621:
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7119:
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6158:
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6134:
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5174:
4689:
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4174:
4098:
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3529:
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3289:
2112:"Preliminary study of the behavior and ecology of axis deer on Maui, Hawaii"
1802:
1495:
1491:
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1006:
1002:
966:
841:
556:
136:
7826:
7450:
2838:
2821:
2279:
Müller-Schwarze, D. (1982). "Evolution of cervid olfactory communication".
2056:
1816:
1640:
965:
tooth as in other cervids. Compared to the hog deer, the chital has a more
564:. However, a morphological analysis showed significant differences between
3084:
Barrette, C. (1985). "Antler eating and antler growth in wild Axis deer".
2826:
Revista de la
Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales
2362:"Mineral composition of antlers of three deer species reared in captivity"
1365:
species are often preferred while browsing. Fruits eaten by chital in the
945:
942:
492:
7977:
7917:
7648:
7392:
7020:
6692:
6404:
6242:
6182:
5847:
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43:
17:
2820:
Ramírez-Chaves, H.; Roncancio-Duque, N.; Morales-Martínez, D.M. (2023).
2596:"The Struggle to Contain, and Eat, the Invasive Deer Taking over Hawaii"
1273:
target juveniles. Males are less vulnerable than females and juveniles.
598:
in the phylogenetic tree; the chital was found to form a clade with the
426:. It was first described and given a binomial name by German naturalist
8031:
7997:
7774:
7597:
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7293:
7152:
6542:
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5513:
5201:
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2116:
Online Report Presented by the Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) Project
1559:
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1519:
1515:
1397:
1285:
1234:
1182:
1133:
1125:
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813:
499:
419:
2328:
Management and Diseases of Deer: A Handbook for the Veterinary Surgeon
1185:, India) showed that chital travel the most in summer of all seasons.
7800:
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1507:
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1298:
1262:
1022:
994:
894:
653:
538:
436:
166:
146:
7625:
2395:. Croydon, London (UK): Australian Fishing Network. pp. 76–80.
2001:
1304:
Marking behaviour is pronounced in males. Males have well-developed
3142:"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1203 of 12 July 2022"
2443:(Midway reprinted ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1979:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 21–59.
630:
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6998:
6668:
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5802:
5531:
5486:
5345:
5270:
5150:
5141:
4652:
4643:
4135:
4126:
3335:
3326:
1543:
1503:
1441:
1431:
1423:
1413:
1375:
1342:
1270:
1242:
1226:
1198:
1167:
1159:
1101:
1078:
1026:
1014:
990:
986:
877:
1784:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
635:. The following cladogram is based on a 2006 phylogenetic study:
6611:
5941:
5829:
5811:
5468:
5321:
4725:
4592:
4408:
3682:
3643:
1975:(1987). "Relationships of living deer". In Wemmer, C. M. (ed.).
1396:
rich in calcium and phosphorus pentoxide were scraped at by the
1356:
1104:. In 1988, self-sustaining herds were present in 27 counties in
1094:
1082:
863:
416:
186:
7735:
7629:
7521:
7389:
6995:
6078:
5613:
5070:
4532:
3678:
3264:
3186:
3004:
Prasad, S.; Chellam, R.; Krishnaswamy, J.; Goyal, S.P. (2004).
2305:. Texas, USA: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 1–86.
1954:
The Animal Kingdom arranged in Conformity with its Organization
973:
are smaller in the chital. The chital may be confused with the
7221:
5820:
5766:
4698:
4080:
2264:
Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (1982). "Relationships of living deer".
1737:
South Asian Mammals: their Diversity, Distribution, and Status
951:
466:
460:
395:
389:
2545:"Deer native to India starve to death amid drought in Hawaii"
1787:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 661.
908:(near the eyes) with stiff hairs. It also has well-developed
498:(चित्रल), meaning "variegated" or "spotted". The name of the
457:
386:
2704:"New law prohibits having or releasing feral deer in Hawaii"
2360:
Pathak, N.N; Pattanaik, A.K; Patra, R.C; Arora, B.M (2001).
3049:
Newton, P.N. (1989). "Associations between langur monkeys (
2799:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 527–539.
2797:
European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st Century
1124:
Chital of unknown origin were introduced to the islands of
2795:. In Apollonio, M.; Andersen, R. & Putman, R. (eds.).
1347:
Chital graze when grasses are available, else they browse.
1213:(western coast of India) showed seasonal variation in the
2240:
Deer of the World: their Evolution, Behaviour and Ecology
1049:
The chital was the first species of deer introduced into
2901:
Ramesh, T.; Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q.; Kalle, R. (2010).
1066:
In the 1860s, chital were introduced to the island of
1461:
in Bhutan, which has the only remaining natural sal (
844:
in the east. Remains of the chital were found in the
2573:"Mystery deer growth pitting hunters against Hawaii"
2441:
The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India
2326:
Fletcher, T.J. (1986). "Reproduction: seasonality".
915:
Each of the antlers has three lines on it. The brow
463:
392:
7967:
7638:
7596:
7568:
7544:
7535:
7463:
7412:
7403:
7349:
7325:
7301:
7292:
7174:
7141:
7117:
7084:
7060:
7018:
7009:
6955:
6913:
6736:
6727:
6681:
6657:
6633:
6591:
6540:
6516:
6507:
6479:
6455:
6448:
6402:
6342:
6318:
6231:
6180:
6156:
6132:
6108:
6099:
6029:
5930:
5921:
5893:
5869:
5764:
5704:
5695:
5667:
5643:
5634:
5568:
5544:
5466:
5442:
5418:
5394:
5343:
5319:
5268:
5163:
5139:
5115:
5091:
5046:
5034:
5022:
4994:
4985:
4948:
4924:
4891:
4867:
4858:
4830:
4821:
4793:
4784:
4738:
4678:
4669:
4641:
4590:
4557:
4548:
4474:
4440:
4406:
4382:
4358:
4262:
4229:
4205:
4172:
4148:
4124:
4115:
4051:
4000:
3976:
3943:
3892:
3859:
3835:
3703:
3694:
3654:
3642:
3569:
3527:
3503:
3494:
3412:
3403:
3348:
3324:
3315:
3287:
3278:
1957:. Vol. 5. London: William Clowes. p. 312.
1033:and some ecoparks around the Bay of Bengal, but is
572:. A phylogenetic study later that year showed that
2915:Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
1853:A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English
8110:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
2903:"Group size, sex and age composition of chital (
2031:Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006).
1602:
1600:
2793:"23. Ungulates and their management in Croatia"
1315:Individuals may occasionally bite one another.
2942:Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
2467:Sankar, K. & Acharya, B. (2004). "Chital (
1710:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41783A22158006.en
1189:sprints are often followed by hiding in dense
3198:
1037:in central and north-eastern Bangladesh. The
8:
2434:
2432:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
1855:. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 470.
1653:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1005:. The western limit of its range is eastern
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
7626:
7541:
7532:
7518:
7409:
7400:
7386:
7298:
7015:
7006:
6992:
6733:
6513:
6452:
6105:
6096:
6075:
5927:
5701:
5640:
5631:
5610:
5088:
5067:
4991:
4864:
4827:
4790:
4675:
4554:
4545:
4529:
4121:
3700:
3691:
3675:
3500:
3409:
3321:
3284:
3275:
3261:
3205:
3191:
3183:
2911:) in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats"
2491:Australian Deer Research Foundation (ADRF)
2070:Di Stefano, G. & Petronio, C. (2002).
255:
98:
65:
51:
31:
3010:at Rajaji National Park, northwest India"
2979:
2837:
2462:
2460:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
1734:Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B. (2012).
1708:
1630:
1620:
451:The vernacular name "chital" (pronounced
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2000:Meijaard, E. & Groves, C.P. (2004).
1740:. New York: Springer. pp. 357–358.
1276:A vocal animal, the chital, akin to the
840:were excavated from Iran in the west to
3057:): Chance encounters or a mutualism?".
2741:. Texas Tech University. Archived from
1596:
1013:; its northern limit is throughout the
282:
3146:Official Journal of the European Union
1977:Biology and Management of the Cervidae
1761:
1759:
1757:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1646:
1486:The chital has been introduced to the
870:and other living and extinct mammals.
2953:
2951:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2791:Kusak, J. & Krapinec, K. (2010).
2739:The Mammals of Texas – Online Edition
2037:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1729:
1727:
1112:. The chital is most populous on the
435:; males are larger than females, and
7:
8115:Taxa named by Charles Hamilton Smith
8037:5DD8878F-BCCA-4FC6-BBC8-6A0356BE3F4C
7762:9e3a7598-d9ec-47be-8532-5c938afb5f55
2772:. Texas State Historical Association
614:). The chital was estimated to have
8060:IUCN Red List least concern species
1696:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1100:In 1932, chital were introduced to
744:
699:
689:
645:
638:
3071:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00522.x
546:was elevated to generic status by
516:Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
428:Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
25:
2870:. pp. 21–209. Archived from
2185:Kays, R.W.; Wilson, D.E. (2009).
985:The chital ranges over 8–30°N in
3170:
2626:Aranita, Kiki (10 August 2023).
2543:Jones, Caleb (9 February 2021).
2393:Al McGlashan's Hunting Australia
453:
382:
123:
8075:Introduced mammals of Australia
3557:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
836:species dating to the early to
4346:Central American red brocket (
3023:(9): 1188–1190. Archived from
2733:Davis, W. B.; Schmidly, D. J.
2710:. 21 June 2012. Archived from
1900:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1872:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1546:in the United States, and the
1070:, as a gift from Hong Kong to
264:Distribution of chital (2011)
1:
2981:10.11609/jott.zpj.16.12.655-8
2654:Perry, Brian (29 June 2024).
2594:Nosowitz, Dan (24 May 2021).
2378:10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00218-8
1524:Point Reyes National Seashore
1379:species from January to May,
1221:Predators of chitals include
560:was considered a subgenus of
526:placed the chital in its own
5053:Large subfamily listed below
5041:Large subfamily listed below
5029:Large subfamily listed below
2927:10.1016/j.mambio.2011.09.003
1475:The chital is listed on the
1321:northern plains grey langurs
3548:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3539:Indian spotted chevrotain (
2517:Australian Deer Association
2085:(311): e334. Archived from
2049:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017
1172:Female running in Mudumalai
1128:in 1911. They also live on
1039:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
897:are present only on males.
493:
8136:
3098:10.1515/mamm.1985.49.4.491
1459:Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary
1373:, India) include those of
1077:Chital were introduced to
8080:Mammals described in 1777
7531:
7517:
7484:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7475:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7399:
7385:
7039:North Sulawesi babirusa (
7005:
6991:
6095:
6074:
5630:
5609:
5087:
5066:
4544:
4528:
4328:Amazonian brown brocket (
3690:
3674:
3661:Large family listed below
3649:Large family listed below
3626:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3274:
3260:
3222:
2018:10.1017/S0952836904005011
1822:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1164:Male feeding in Nagarhole
811:
764:
749:
742:
717:
704:
697:
687:
650:
643:
483:
275:
268:
263:
254:
235:
228:
120:Scientific classification
118:
96:
87:
73:
64:
59:
50:
34:
5725:Domestic water buffalo (
4090:Central Asian red deer (
3715:Bornean yellow muntjac (
2958:Srinivasulu, C. (2001).
2770:Handbook of Texas Online
2708:Honolulu Star-Advertiser
2187:Mammals of North America
1937:(in Latin). p. 312.
1622:10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
981:Distribution and habitat
8120:Invasive animal species
6603:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6390:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4495:Yucatan brown brocket (
3724:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3608:Philippine mouse-deer (
3130:Ciervo Axis (Axis axis)
2487:"Australia's Wild Deer"
2439:Schaller, G.B. (1984).
2366:Small Ruminant Research
2154:Schmidly, D.J. (2004).
1412:have been found in the
633: million years ago
576:is closer to the genus
301:Cervus axis ceylonensis
38:Temporal range: Middle
7313:White-lipped peccary (
7249:Philippine warty pig (
6874:Yellow-backed duiker (
6838:Black-fronted duiker (
6811:White-bellied duiker (
6432:Przewalski's gazelle (
5655:Four-horned antelope (
4453:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4012:Visayan spotted deer (
3871:European fallow deer (
3814:Northern red muntjac (
3760:Southern red muntjac (
2839:10.18257/raccefyn.1953
2391:McGlashan, A. (2011).
2303:The Axis Deer in Texas
1781:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1437:
1429:
1385:from May to June, and
1348:
1173:
1165:
1088:Releasing them on the
886:
524:Charles Hamilton Smith
506:Taxonomy and phylogeny
8090:Mammals of Bangladesh
8019:Paleobiology Database
8006:Paleobiology Database
7939:Paleobiology Database
7493:Wild Bactrian camel (
7195:Bornean bearded pig (
7186:Palawan bearded pig (
6775:White-legged duiker (
6201:Red-fronted gazelle (
3880:Persian fallow deer (
3796:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3469:Himalayan musk deer (
3378:Reticulated giraffe (
2868:Saurashtra University
2343:Journal of Physiology
2110:Waring, G.H. (1996).
1703:: e.T41783A22158006.
1435:
1428:Chital bucks sparring
1427:
1346:
1171:
1163:
1156:Behaviour and ecology
881:
510:The chital was first
403:), also known as the
316:(J. B. Fischer, 1829)
7757:Fauna Europaea (new)
7580:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7240:Oliver's warty pig (
6865:Red-flanked duiker (
6270:Erlanger's gazelle (
5990:Harnessed bushbuck (
5716:Wild water buffalo (
5193:East Caucasian tur (
5184:West Caucasian tur (
4337:Little red brocket (
3805:Truong Son muntjac (
3617:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3599:Greater mouse-deer (
3478:Siberian musk deer (
3030:on 24 September 2015
2301:Ables, E.D. (1984).
2174:on 31 December 2017.
2157:The Mammals of Texas
1575:Sri Lankan axis deer
1326:Terminalia bellirica
1150:Antioquia Department
671:Elaphurus davidianus
616:genetically diverged
612:Rucervus schomburgki
486:), derived from the
353:Rusa axis zeylanicus
8070:Fauna of South Asia
7213:Celebes warty pig (
7204:Visayan warty pig (
6820:Red forest duiker (
6552:Günther's dik-dik (
6414:Mongolian gazelle (
6219:Heuglin's gazelle (
6210:Thomson's gazelle (
5364:Long-tailed goral (
4759:Mountain reedbuck (
4750:Southern reedbuck (
4602:East African oryx (
4504:White-tailed deer (
4283:Small red brocket (
4250:South Andean deer (
4193:Siberian roe deer (
4184:European roe deer (
4021:Philippine sambar (
3988:Père David's deer (
3590:Lesser mouse-deer (
3451:Kashmir musk deer (
3053:) and chital deer (
3008:Phyllanthus emblica
2968:Zoos' Print Journal
2856:Ecology of Chital (
2853:Dave, C.V. (2008).
2745:on 31 December 2017
2680:McAvoy, A. (2012).
2571:McAvoy, A. (2012).
2524:on 20 February 2016
2512:"Deer in Australia"
2471:(Erxleben, 1777)".
1552:Brijuni Archipelago
1471:Conservation status
1436:Female with newborn
1367:Kanha National Park
1351:Grazers as well as
1332:Phyllanthus emblica
1136:were unsuccessful.
884:Kanha National Park
832:Fossils of extinct
604:Rucervus duvaucelii
590:was revealed to be
554:in 1987. The genus
424:Indian subcontinent
90:Conservation status
78:Kanha National Park
7361:Collared peccary (
7231:Flores warty pig (
7072:Giant forest hog (
6934:Maxwell's duiker (
6856:Ruwenzori duiker (
6802:Jentink's duiker (
6711:Sharpe's grysbok (
6467:Tibetan antelope (
6372:Bright's gazelle (
6306:Goitered gazelle (
6279:Mountain gazelle (
6252:Cuvier's gazelle (
6192:Mongalla gazelle (
5580:Pyrenean chamois (
5006:Tibetan antelope (
4960:Black wildebeest (
3787:Reeves's muntjac (
3751:Sumatran muntjac (
3742:Gongshan muntjac (
3515:Water chevrotain (
3442:Alpine musk deer (
3369:Southern giraffe (
3360:Northern giraffe (
3051:Presbytis entellus
2684:. Associated Press
2575:. Associated Press
2237:Geist, V. (1998).
2006:Journal of Zoology
1923:Erxleben, J. C. P.
1438:
1430:
1349:
1278:North American elk
1247:Indian pariah dogs
1174:
1166:
887:
868:wild water buffalo
846:Middle Pleistocene
719:Schomburgk's deer
433:sexually dimorphic
8095:Mammals of Brazil
8047:
8046:
7926:Open Tree of Life
7632:Taxon identifiers
7623:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7592:
7591:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7337:Chacoan peccary (
7288:
7287:
7276:Javan warty pig (
7267:Timor warty pig (
7074:H. meinertzhageni
7048:Togian babirusa (
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6943:Walter's duiker (
6883:Abbott's duiker (
6847:Ogilby's duiker (
6793:Harvey's duiker (
6757:Brooke's duiker (
6723:
6722:
6503:
6502:
6444:
6443:
6381:Peter's gazelle (
6363:Grant's gazelle (
6297:Speke's gazelle (
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
5947:
5917:
5916:
5905:African buffalo (
5736:B. depressicornis
5691:
5690:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5373:Himalayan goral (
5195:C. cylindricornis
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5018:
5017:
4981:
4980:
4969:Blue wildebeest (
4903:Common tsessebe (
4854:
4853:
4817:
4816:
4780:
4779:
4692:K. ellipsiprymnus
4665:
4664:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4464:P. mephistophiles
4420:P. mephistophiles
4111:
4110:
3807:M. truongsonensis
3769:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3638:
3637:
3581:Java mouse-deer (
3490:
3489:
3460:Black musk deer (
3433:Dwarf musk deer (
3424:Anhui musk deer (
3399:
3398:
3362:G. camelopardalis
3311:
3310:
2167:978-1-4773-0886-8
2122:on 16 August 2023
2092:on 10 March 2016.
1986:978-0-87474-980-9
1903:. Merriam-Webster
1875:. Merriam-Webster
1794:978-0-8018-8221-0
1747:978-1-4614-3449-8
1556:Istrian Peninsula
1306:preorbital glands
1209:, India) and the
1179:Gir National Park
1072:King Kamehameha V
906:preorbital glands
829:
828:
800:
799:
791:
790:
782:
781:
728:
727:
667:Père David's deer
608:Schomburgk's deer
594:and distant from
364:
363:
113:
16:(Redirected from
8127:
8105:Mammals of Nepal
8100:Mammals of India
8040:
8039:
8027:
8026:
8014:
8013:
8001:
8000:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7960:
7959:
7947:
7946:
7934:
7933:
7921:
7920:
7908:
7907:
7895:
7894:
7882:
7881:
7869:
7868:
7856:
7855:
7843:
7842:
7830:
7829:
7817:
7816:
7804:
7803:
7791:
7790:
7778:
7777:
7765:
7764:
7752:
7751:
7739:
7738:
7726:
7725:
7713:
7712:
7700:
7699:
7687:
7686:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7627:
7542:
7533:
7519:
7410:
7401:
7387:
7299:
7105:Common warthog (
7096:Desert warthog (
7016:
7007:
6993:
6892:Weyns's duiker (
6766:Peters' duiker (
6748:Aders's duiker (
6734:
6621:Royal antelope (
6579:Salt's dik-dik (
6570:Silver dik-dik (
6561:Kirk's dik-dik (
6514:
6491:Saiga antelope (
6453:
6392:N. soemmerringii
6261:Dorcas gazelle (
6106:
6097:
6090:
6076:
5963:Mountain nyala (
5946:
5945:
5937:
5928:
5883:P. nghetinhensis
5785:European bison (
5776:American bison (
5702:
5641:
5632:
5625:
5611:
5487:Domestic sheep (
5331:Himalayan tahr (
5298:Mainland serow (
5280:Japanese serow (
5089:
5082:
5068:
4992:
4865:
4828:
4791:
4768:Bohor reedbuck (
4676:
4655:A. nasomaculatus
4578:Sable antelope (
4555:
4546:
4539:
4530:
4292:Merida brocket (
4122:
4063:Thorold's deer (
3915:A. calamianensis
3798:M. rooseveltorum
3744:M. gongshanensis
3701:
3692:
3685:
3676:
3501:
3410:
3389:G. tippelskirchi
3322:
3285:
3276:
3262:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3175:Data related to
3174:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2832:(185): 882–888.
2817:
2811:
2810:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2606:Hudson, New York
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2550:Associated Press
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2520:. Archived from
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2436:
2407:
2406:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2170:. Archived from
2151:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2118:. Archived from
2107:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2079:Geologica Romana
2076:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1763:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1682:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1604:
1416:of individuals.
1090:island of Hawaii
1085:representative.
949:
948:
947:
944:
927:and blockage of
882:Male in velvet,
745:
700:
690:
646:
639:
634:
496:
485:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
357:
356:(Lydekker, 1905)
349:
341:
333:C. a. zeylanicus
329:
317:
309:
297:
289:
259:
241:
128:
127:
107:
102:
101:
69:
55:
32:
21:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8085:Mammals of Asia
8050:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8035:
8030:
8022:
8017:
8009:
8004:
7996:
7991:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7963:
7955:
7950:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7916:
7913:Observation.org
7911:
7903:
7898:
7890:
7885:
7877:
7872:
7864:
7859:
7851:
7846:
7838:
7833:
7825:
7820:
7812:
7807:
7799:
7794:
7786:
7781:
7773:
7768:
7760:
7755:
7747:
7742:
7734:
7729:
7721:
7716:
7708:
7703:
7695:
7690:
7682:
7677:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7634:
7624:
7611:
7588:
7564:
7527:
7501:
7459:
7395:
7369:
7345:
7321:
7284:
7251:S. philippensis
7188:S. ahoenobarbus
7170:
7162:Red river hog (
7137:
7113:
7080:
7056:
7030:Buru babirusa (
7001:
6975:
6967:Common duiker (
6951:
6909:
6719:
6677:
6653:
6629:
6587:
6536:
6499:
6475:
6440:
6425:P. picticaudata
6398:
6338:
6314:
6308:G. subgutturosa
6227:
6176:
6152:
6128:
6091:
6080:
6058:
6025:
6017:Cape bushbuck (
6010:T. strepsiceros
5939:
5938:
5936:
5913:
5889:
5865:
5760:
5752:Mountain anoa (
5687:
5681:B. tragocamelus
5663:
5657:T. quadricornis
5626:
5615:
5597:
5564:
5540:
5496:Bighorn sheep (
5462:
5438:
5414:
5406:Mountain goat (
5390:
5382:Chinese goral (
5339:
5315:
5300:C. sumatraensis
5264:
5247:Siberian ibex (
5211:Domestic goat (
5159:
5135:
5111:
5103:Barbary sheep (
5083:
5072:
5054:
5042:
5030:
5014:
4977:
4944:
4920:
4887:
4850:
4813:
4776:
4734:
4661:
4637:
4611:Scimitar oryx (
4586:
4569:Roan antelope (
4540:
4534:
4512:
4470:
4462:Northern pudu (
4436:
4428:Southern pudu (
4418:Northern pudu (
4402:
4378:
4354:
4319:Pygmy brocket (
4301:Dwarf brocket (
4258:
4225:
4201:
4168:
4144:
4107:
4047:
3996:
3972:
3939:
3913:Calamian deer (
3888:
3882:D. mesopotamica
3855:
3831:
3825:M. vuquangensis
3823:Giant muntjac (
3733:Fea's muntjac (
3686:
3680:
3662:
3650:
3634:
3565:
3523:
3486:
3444:M. chrysogaster
3395:
3387:Masai giraffe (
3344:
3307:
3270:
3256:
3218:
3211:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3017:Current Science
3012:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2974:(12): 655–658.
2957:
2956:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2714:on 26 June 2012
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2450:978-022673631-0
2438:
2437:
2410:
2403:
2402:978-186513189-4
2390:
2389:
2385:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2312:978-089096196-4
2300:
2299:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2250:978-081170496-0
2236:
2235:
2204:
2197:
2196:978-069114092-6
2184:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2089:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1795:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1684:
1683:
1662:
1645:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1571:
1488:Andaman Islands
1473:
1422:
1388:Syzygium cumini
1341:
1203:Nallamala Hills
1158:
1142:
1122:
1114:Edwards Plateau
1068:Molokai, Hawaii
1064:
1047:
1035:locally extinct
983:
971:auditory bullae
941:
940:
876:
838:Middle Pliocene
830:
801:
792:
783:
767:Indian hog deer
729:
629:
624:lineage in the
548:Colin P. Groves
508:
456:
452:
449:
385:
381:
360:
355:
347:
345:C. nudipalpebra
335:
323:
321:C. a. maculatus
315:
303:
295:
287:
281:
280:
250:
243:
237:
224:
122:
114:
103:
99:
92:
75:
46:
36:
28:
27:Species of deer
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8133:
8131:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8028:
8015:
8002:
7989:
7973:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7948:
7935:
7922:
7909:
7896:
7883:
7870:
7857:
7844:
7831:
7818:
7805:
7792:
7779:
7766:
7753:
7744:Fauna Europaea
7740:
7727:
7714:
7701:
7688:
7675:
7660:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7582:C. liberiensis
7576:
7574:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7556:Hippopotamus (
7552:
7550:
7539:
7537:Hippopotamidae
7529:
7528:
7522:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7490:
7486:C. dromedarius
7481:
7471:
7469:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7448:
7439:
7430:
7420:
7418:
7407:
7397:
7396:
7390:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7357:
7355:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7309:
7307:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7273:
7269:S. timoriensis
7264:
7255:
7246:
7237:
7228:
7222:Domestic pig (
7219:
7210:
7201:
7192:
7182:
7180:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7102:
7098:P. aethiopicus
7092:
7090:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7068:
7066:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7050:B. togeanensis
7045:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7013:
7003:
7002:
6996:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6921:
6919:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6901:Zebra duiker (
6898:
6889:
6880:
6876:C. silvicultor
6871:
6862:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6829:Black duiker (
6826:
6817:
6813:C. leucogaster
6808:
6799:
6790:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6708:
6702:Cape grysbok (
6699:
6689:
6687:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6645:Klipspringer (
6641:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6618:
6609:
6599:
6597:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6576:
6572:M. piacentinii
6567:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6522:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:P. przewalskii
6429:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6360:
6354:Dama gazelle (
6350:
6348:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6303:
6294:
6288:Rhim gazelle (
6285:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:A. marsupialis
6140:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6103:
6093:
6092:
6079:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6050:Common eland (
6047:
6037:
6035:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6014:
6008:Greater kudu (
6005:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5821:Domestic yak (
5818:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5782:
5772:
5770:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5749:
5745:B. mindorensis
5740:
5734:Lowland anoa (
5731:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5493:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5454:Nilgiri tahr (
5450:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5307:Taiwan serow (
5304:
5295:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5253:
5244:
5238:Iberian ibex (
5235:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5127:Arabian tahr (
5123:
5121:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5071:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4765:
4761:R. fulvorufula
4756:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4629:Arabian oryx (
4626:
4617:
4608:
4598:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:O. virginianus
4501:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4425:
4414:
4412:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:O. bezoarticus
4366:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4312:M. gouazoubira
4310:Gray brocket (
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4065:C. albirostris
4059:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:E. cephalophus
3843:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3778:Leaf muntjac (
3775:
3771:M. puhoatensis
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:T. williamsoni
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:M. moschiferus
3475:
3471:M. leucogaster
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3435:M. berezovskii
3430:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3282:
3280:Antilocapridae
3272:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3252:Laurasiatheria
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3179:at Wikispecies
3166:
3165:External links
3163:
3160:
3159:
3133:
3122:
3111:
3076:
3041:
3006:"Frugivory of
2996:
2987:
2947:
2944:(26): 285–294.
2932:
2907:) and sambar (
2888:
2877:on 21 May 2022
2866:(PhD thesis).
2845:
2812:
2805:
2783:
2756:
2725:
2695:
2672:
2646:
2618:
2586:
2563:
2535:
2503:
2478:
2473:ENVIS Bulletin
2456:
2449:
2408:
2401:
2383:
2352:
2333:
2318:
2311:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2249:
2202:
2195:
2177:
2166:
2133:
2095:
2062:
2043:(1): 101–117.
2023:
2012:(2): 179–196.
1992:
1985:
1960:
1940:
1914:
1886:
1858:
1836:
1808:
1793:
1753:
1746:
1723:
1660:
1615:(613): 1–157.
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1550:Island in the
1472:
1469:
1464:Shorea robusta
1421:
1418:
1371:Madhya Pradesh
1340:
1337:
1267:golden jackals
1207:Andhra Pradesh
1157:
1154:
1146:Puerto Triunfo
1141:
1138:
1121:
1118:
1063:
1060:
1046:
1043:
982:
979:
950:, same as the
937:dental formula
925:mineralisation
875:
872:
827:
826:
823:
822:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
798:
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
776:
775:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
743:
741:
735:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
703:
698:
696:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
649:
644:
642:
637:
626:Early Pliocene
507:
504:
448:
445:
422:native to the
362:
361:
359:
358:
350:
348:(Ogilby, 1831)
342:
330:
318:
310:
298:
290:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
252:
251:
244:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
216:
212:
211:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
116:
115:
97:
94:
93:
88:
85:
84:
82:Madhya Pradesh
71:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8132:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7680:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7628:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7498:
7496:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7477:C. bactrianus
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7366:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7342:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7281:
7279:
7278:S. verrucosus
7274:
7272:
7270:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7224:S. domesticus
7220:
7218:
7216:
7215:S. celebensis
7211:
7209:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7167:
7165:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7144:Potamochoerus
7140:
7134:
7132:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7041:B. celebensis
7037:
7035:
7033:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6990:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6925:Blue duiker (
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6840:C. nigrifrons
6836:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6822:C. natalensis
6818:
6816:
6814:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6768:C. callipygus
6764:
6762:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6695:R. campestris
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6647:O. oreotragus
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6290:G. leptoceros
6286:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6194:E. albonotata
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6170:A. cervicapra
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6073:
6055:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6041:Giant eland (
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6019:T. sylvaticus
6015:
6013:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5981:Lesser kudu (
5979:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5943:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5796:B. domesticus
5794:Bali cattle (
5792:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5608:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5498:O. canadensis
5494:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5445:Nilgiritragus
5441:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5408:O. americanus
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5333:H. jemlahicus
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5229:Nubian ibex (
5227:
5225:
5223:
5220:Alpine ibex (
5218:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:Pantholopinae
4984:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4938:A. buselaphus
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4842:Grey rhebok (
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Aepycerotinae
4783:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4717:Nile lechwe (
4715:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Hippotraginae
4547:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4527:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4396:B. dichotomus
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4370:Pampas deer (
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:M. nemorivaga
4326:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4274:Red brocket (
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4243:H. antisensis
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4083:C. canadensis
4079:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4032:R. timorensis
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3990:E. davidianus
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:R. duvaucelii
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3922:Bawean deer (
3920:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3847:Tufted deer (
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3780:M. putaoensis
3776:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3726:M. crinifrons
3722:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3619:T. versicolor
3615:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3426:M. anhuiensis
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3380:G. reticulata
3376:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3065:(2): 89–120.
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:Rusa unicolor
2906:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2806:9780521760614
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2764:Ables, E. D.
2760:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2633:Food and Wine
2629:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:Modern Farmer
2597:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2475:(7): 171–180.
2474:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Groves, C. P.
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:Platts, J. T.
1840:
1837:
1825:(Online). n.d
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:Veliki Brijun
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1481:least concern
1478:
1477:IUCN Red List
1470:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:; remains of
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:mineral licks
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Asiatic lions
1228:
1224:
1223:Indian wolves
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:Western Ghats
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1062:United States
1061:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:and northern
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
980:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
953:
938:
933:
930:
929:blood vessels
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
891:
885:
880:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
825:
824:
821:
819:
815:
809:
808:
805:
804:
796:
795:
787:
786:
778:
777:
774:
772:
768:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
747:
746:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
724:
723:
720:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
702:
701:
695:
692:
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:
648:
647:
641:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
495:
489:
481:
477:
474:) comes from
471:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
400:
379:
378:
373:
369:
354:
351:
346:
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
322:
319:
314:
313:C. a. indicus
311:
307:
306:J. B. Fischer
302:
299:
296:Hodgson, 1842
294:
291:
288:Hodgson, 1842
286:
283:
274:
271:
267:
262:
258:
253:
248:
242:
240:
234:
231:
230:Binomial name
227:
223:
222:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
111:
106:
105:Least Concern
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
7968:
7639:
7581:
7569:
7558:H. amphibius
7557:
7547:Hippopotamus
7545:
7525:Whippomorpha
7494:
7485:
7476:
7464:
7452:
7443:
7434:
7425:
7413:
7362:
7350:
7338:
7326:
7314:
7302:
7277:
7268:
7259:
7250:
7241:
7232:
7223:
7214:
7206:S. cebifrons
7205:
7196:
7187:
7175:
7163:
7154:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7107:P. africanus
7106:
7097:
7087:Phacochoerus
7085:
7073:
7061:
7049:
7040:
7032:B. babyrussa
7031:
7019:
6968:
6956:
6944:
6936:P. maxwellii
6935:
6927:P. monticola
6926:
6914:
6902:
6893:
6884:
6875:
6867:C. rufilatus
6866:
6857:
6848:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6812:
6803:
6794:
6785:
6784:Bay duiker (
6777:C. crusalbum
6776:
6767:
6758:
6749:
6737:
6729:Cephalophini
6712:
6704:R. melanotis
6703:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6614:N. moschatus
6613:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6571:
6562:
6554:M. guentheri
6553:
6541:
6530:D. megalotis
6529:
6517:
6492:
6480:
6469:P. hodgsonii
6468:
6456:
6433:
6424:
6416:P. gutturosa
6415:
6403:
6391:
6382:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6272:G. erlangeri
6271:
6262:
6253:
6245:G. bennettii
6244:
6232:
6220:
6212:E. thomsonii
6211:
6203:E. rufifrons
6202:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6121:
6109:
6051:
6043:T. derbianus
6042:
6030:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5974:T. eurycerus
5973:
5964:
5955:
5931:
5923:Tragelaphini
5906:
5894:
5882:
5870:
5858:
5849:
5841:B. javanicus
5840:
5831:
5823:B. grunniens
5822:
5813:
5805:B. frontalis
5804:
5795:
5786:
5777:
5765:
5753:
5744:
5735:
5726:
5717:
5705:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5591:R. rupicapra
5590:
5582:R. pyrenaica
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5524:
5523:Snow sheep (
5515:
5506:
5505:Dall sheep (
5497:
5488:
5479:
5467:
5456:N. hylocrius
5455:
5443:
5432:O. moschatus
5431:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5256:Walia ibex (
5248:
5240:C. pyrenaica
5239:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5204:C. falconeri
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5164:
5153:B. taxicolor
5152:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5092:
5008:P. hodgsonii
5007:
4995:
4970:
4961:
4951:Connochaetes
4949:
4937:
4936:Hartebeest (
4925:
4913:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4860:Alcelaphinae
4844:P. capreolus
4843:
4831:
4806:
4794:
4769:
4760:
4752:R. arundinum
4751:
4739:
4727:
4719:K. megaceros
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4679:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4570:
4558:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4454:
4441:
4429:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4394:Marsh deer (
4383:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4276:M. americana
4275:
4263:
4251:
4242:
4232:Hippocamelus
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4186:C. capreolus
4185:
4173:
4161:
4160:Water deer (
4149:
4137:
4125:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4031:
4023:R. mariannus
4022:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3964:Eld's deer (
3956:
3955:Barasingha (
3944:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3893:
3881:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3816:M. vaginalis
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3717:M. atherodes
3716:
3704:
3627:
3618:
3610:T. nigricans
3609:
3600:
3591:
3583:T. javanicus
3582:
3570:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3528:
3517:H. aquaticus
3516:
3504:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3413:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3349:
3338:O. johnstoni
3337:
3325:
3301:A. americana
3300:
3288:
3250:Superorder:
3244:Infraclass:
3215:Artiodactyla
3150:. Retrieved
3145:
3136:
3125:
3114:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3025:the original
3020:
3016:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2921:(1): 53–59.
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2879:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2859:
2855:
2848:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2796:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2769:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:the original
2738:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2707:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2631:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2599:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2515:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2440:
2392:
2386:
2372:(1): 61–65.
2369:
2365:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2302:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2239:
2186:
2180:
2172:the original
2156:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2115:
2087:the original
2082:
2078:
2065:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1976:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1852:
1849:"चीतल ćītal"
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1783:
1779:Wilson, D.E.
1772:
1736:
1714:. Retrieved
1700:
1694:
1688:
1649:cite journal
1612:
1564:
1485:
1474:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1420:Reproduction
1386:
1380:
1374:
1360:
1350:
1330:
1324:
1317:Common mynas
1314:
1303:
1275:
1255:Fishing cats
1220:
1195:
1187:
1175:
1143:
1123:
1099:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1048:
984:
934:
914:
899:
892:
888:
857:
848:deposits of
833:
831:
817:
812:
770:
765:
751:
750:
738:
718:
705:
693:
674:
670:
662:
652:
651:
619:
611:
603:
595:
592:paraphyletic
587:
583:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
543:
537:
530:
519:
509:
491:
475:
450:
412:
408:
405:spotted deer
404:
376:
375:
371:
367:
365:
352:
344:
332:
320:
312:
300:
292:
284:
238:
236:
221:A. axis
220:
219:
207:
177:Artiodactyla
29:
7969:Cervus axis
7887:NatureServe
7796:iNaturalist
7664:Wikispecies
7435:L. guanicoe
7294:Tayassuidae
7258:Wild boar (
7197:S. barbatus
7155:P. larvatus
7131:P. salvania
7129:Pygmy hog (
7063:Hylochoerus
6916:Philantomba
6804:C. jentinki
6786:C. dorsalis
6739:Cephalophus
6623:N. pygmaeus
6581:M. saltiana
6519:Dorcatragus
6493:S. tatarica
6383:N. petersii
6321:Litocranius
6221:E. tilonura
6168:Blackbuck (
6144:Springbok (
6087:Antilopinae
6085:(subfamily
6032:Taurotragus
5999:Sitatunga (
5992:T. scriptus
5983:T. imberbis
5940:(including
5933:Tragelaphus
5754:B. quarlesi
5636:Boselaphini
5620:(subfamily
5525:O. nivicola
5366:N. caudatus
5355:Red goral (
5346:Naemorhedus
5309:C. swinhoei
5289:Red serow (
5271:Capricornis
5249:C. sibirica
5186:C. caucasia
5177:C. aegagrus
5175:Wild goat (
5129:A. jayakari
5118:Arabitragus
5077:(subfamily
5048:Antilopinae
4971:C. taurinus
4914:D. pygargus
4807:A. melampus
4728:K. vardonii
4690:Waterbuck (
4631:O. leucoryx
4560:Hippotragus
4488:O. hemionus
4486:Mule deer (
4385:Blastocerus
4294:M. bricenii
4252:H. bisulcus
4219:R. tarandus
4195:C. pygargus
4117:Capreolinae
4099:Sika deer (
4041:R. unicolor
4030:Rusa deer (
3933:A. porcinus
3753:M. montanus
3550:M. kathygre
3299:Pronghorn (
3290:Antilocapra
3034:22 February
2766:"Axis Deer"
2735:"Axis Deer"
2528:17 February
2496:17 February
1907:24 December
1829:24 December
1716:19 November
1580:Sambar deer
1540:Mississippi
1382:Cordia myxa
1310:sambar deer
1295:common myna
1259:jungle cats
1191:undergrowth
1110:South Texas
1025:to western
1019:West Bengal
975:fallow deer
874:Description
852:along with
771:A. porcinus
659:fallow deer
552:Peter Grubb
522:. In 1827,
520:Cervus axis
518:in 1777 as
409:chital deer
193:Subfamily:
40:Pleistocene
8054:Categories
7984:Q109647136
7571:Choeropsis
7453:L. vicugna
7339:C. wagneri
7242:S. oliveri
7233:S. heureni
6969:S. grimmia
6958:Sylvicapra
6945:P. walteri
6858:C. rubidis
6849:C. ogilbyi
6795:C. harveyi
6759:C. brookei
6713:R. sharpei
6693:Steenbok (
6684:Raphicerus
6636:Oreotragus
6509:Neotragini
6458:Pantholops
6374:N. notatus
6332:L. walleri
6281:G. gazella
6254:G. cuvieri
6243:Chinkara (
6135:Antidorcas
6122:A. clarkei
6111:Ammodorcas
6101:Antilopini
6001:T. spekeii
5965:T. buxtoni
5956:T. angasii
5848:Wild yak (
5832:B. indicus
5787:B. bonasus
5727:B. bubalis
5670:Boselaphus
5646:Tetracerus
5516:O. gmelini
5384:N. griseus
5357:N. baileyi
5322:Hemitragus
5291:C. rubidus
5282:C. crispus
5231:C. nubiana
5094:Ammotragus
4997:Pantholops
4927:Alcelaphus
4912:Bontebok (
4905:D. lunatus
4894:Damaliscus
4881:B. hunteri
4770:R. redunca
4671:Reduncinae
4622:O. gazella
4571:H. equinus
4497:O. pandora
4477:Odocoileus
4361:Ozotoceros
4217:Reindeer (
4162:H. inermis
4151:Hydropotes
4074:C. elaphus
4072:Red deer (
4014:R. alfredi
3931:Hog deer (
3789:M. reevesi
3762:M. muntjak
3592:T. kanchil
3559:M. meminna
3506:Hyemoschus
3496:Tragulidae
3453:M. cupreus
3371:G. giraffa
3317:Giraffidae
3268:Ruminantia
2283:: 223–234.
1949:Cuvier, G.
1591:References
1585:Barasingha
1528:California
1402:Sunderbans
1251:crocodiles
1130:Rab Island
1056:Queensland
1031:Sundarbans
999:Bangladesh
910:metatarsal
706:Barasinga
606:) and the
600:barasingha
533:under the
285:Axis major
7697:Axis_axis
7684:Axis_axis
7670:Axis axis
7640:Axis axis
7523:Suborder
7433:Guanaco (
7405:Camelidae
7391:Suborder
7363:D. tajacu
7352:Dicotyles
7328:Catagonus
7315:T. pecari
7260:S. scrofa
7164:P. porcus
7153:Bushpig (
7021:Babyrousa
6997:Suborder
6894:C. weynsi
6885:C. spadix
6750:C. adersi
6671:O. ourebi
6605:N. batesi
6594:Neotragus
6563:M. kirkii
6365:N. granti
6330:Gerenuk (
6299:G. spekei
6263:G. dorcas
6120:Dibatag (
5907:S. caffer
5872:Pseudoryx
5859:B. taurus
5839:Banteng (
5814:B. gaurus
5743:Tamaraw (
5589:Chamois (
5571:Rupicapra
5558:P. nayaur
5534:O. vignei
5514:Mouflon (
5213:C. hircus
5202:Markhor (
5105:A. lervia
4870:Beatragus
4796:Aepyceros
4620:Gemsbok (
4613:O. dammah
4455:P. carlae
4348:M. temama
4339:M. rufina
4303:M. chunyi
4285:M. bororo
4175:Capreolus
4101:C. nippon
4092:C. hanglu
3979:Elaphurus
3924:A. kuhlii
3838:Elaphodus
3706:Muntiacus
3541:M. indica
3530:Moschiola
3462:M. fuscus
3405:Moschidae
3266:Suborder
3226:Kingdom:
3177:Axis axis
3055:Axis axis
2962:Axis axis
2960:"Chital (
2905:Axis axis
2858:Axis axis
2688:22 August
2639:1 October
2611:1 October
2556:1 October
2469:Axis axis
1973:Grubb, P.
1867:"Cheetah"
1773:Axis axis
1771:"Species
1767:Grubb, P.
1689:Axis axis
1496:Australia
1492:Argentina
1410:red crabs
1406:omnivores
1215:sex ratio
1051:Australia
1045:Australia
1007:Rajasthan
1003:Sri Lanka
967:cursorial
963:permanent
842:Indochina
818:Muntiacus
663:Dama dama
618:from the
596:Hyelaphus
574:Hyelaphus
570:Hyelaphus
557:Hyelaphus
512:described
447:Etymology
413:axis deer
377:Axis axis
239:Axis axis
215:Species:
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
18:Axis axis
7978:Wikidata
7892:2.105187
7879:14200345
7814:10891368
7649:Wikidata
7495:C. ferus
7451:Vicuña (
7444:L. pacos
7442:Alpaca (
7426:L. glama
7393:Tylopoda
6903:C. zebra
6831:C. niger
6405:Procapra
6183:Eudorcas
6159:Antilope
5896:Syncerus
5857:Cattle (
5850:B. mutus
5778:B. bison
5718:B. arnee
5679:Nilgai (
5556:Bharal (
5547:Pseudois
5507:O. dalli
5489:O. aries
5480:O. ammon
5478:Argali (
5430:Muskox (
5397:Oreamnos
5375:N. goral
5258:C. walie
5142:Budorcas
5079:Caprinae
5024:Caprinae
4879:Hirola (
4823:Peleinae
4805:Impala (
4710:K. leche
4708:Lechwe (
4604:O. beisa
4580:H. niger
4241:Taruca (
4208:Rangifer
4138:A. alces
4039:Sambar (
3966:R. eldii
3946:Rucervus
3904:Chital (
3696:Cervinae
3683:Cervidae
3644:Cervidae
3572:Tragulus
3246:Eutheria
3240:Mammalia
3234:Chordata
3232:Phylum:
3228:Animalia
3106:85046773
3086:Mammalia
3059:Ethology
2881:13 March
2860:) in Gir
2660:Maui Now
2330:: 17–18.
2268:: 21–59.
2057:16584894
1951:(1827).
1925:(1777).
1895:"Chital"
1879:10 March
1847:(1884).
1817:"Chital"
1803:62265494
1769:(2005).
1641:27667928
1569:See also
1512:Paraguay
1398:incisors
1362:Moghania
1353:browsers
1290:displays
1282:red deer
1235:leopards
1140:Colombia
859:Stegodon
854:sun bear
850:Thailand
814:Muntjacs
694:Rucervus
621:Rucervus
528:subgenus
488:Sanskrit
338:Lydekker
293:A. minor
270:Synonyms
247:Erxleben
197:Cervinae
187:Cervidae
183:Family:
167:Mammalia
157:Chordata
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
110:IUCN 3.1
76:Both in
8032:ZooBank
7998:9021173
7866:1006307
7775:2440934
7655:Q232054
7607:Cetacea
7598:Cetacea
7466:Camelus
7424:Llama (
7304:Tayassu
7120:Porcula
6669:Oribi (
6660:Ourebia
6543:Madoqua
6528:Beira (
6449:Saigini
6356:N. dama
6234:Gazella
6083:Bovidae
6081:Family
6052:T. oryx
5972:Bongo (
5954:Nyala (
5881:Saola (
5803:Gayal (
5707:Bubalus
5622:Bovinae
5618:Bovidae
5616:Family
5532:Urial (
5222:C. ibex
5151:Takin (
5075:Bovidae
5073:Family
5036:Bovinae
4962:C. gnou
4741:Redunca
4653:Addax (
4537:Bovidae
4535:Family
4443:Pudella
4430:P. pudu
4321:M. nana
4136:Moose (
3906:A. axis
3873:D. dama
3735:M. feae
3681:Family
3656:Bovidae
3601:T. napu
3415:Moschus
3351:Giraffa
3336:Okapi (
3238:Class:
3217:species
3213:Extant
3152:29 July
2718:21 June
2126:31 July
1632:5027644
1613:ZooKeys
1560:Croatia
1554:of the
1532:Florida
1520:Alabama
1516:Uruguay
1447:rutting
1404:may be
1299:langurs
1286:oestrus
1239:pythons
1183:Gujarat
1134:Croatia
1126:Brijuni
1120:Croatia
1106:Central
1011:Gujarat
946:3.1.3.3
943:0.1.3.3
921:tissues
895:antlers
500:cheetah
494:citrala
437:antlers
420:species
415:, is a
372:cheetal
340:, 1905)
328:, 1792)
308:, 1829)
249:, 1777)
203:Genus:
173:Order:
163:Class:
108: (
44:Present
8024:149438
8011:237894
7944:149439
7931:906317
7840:552474
7749:305256
7736:313989
7710:462564
7011:Suidae
6612:Suni (
6345:Nanger
5830:Zebu (
5812:Gaur (
5697:Bovini
5421:Ovibos
4726:Puku (
4701:K. kob
4265:Mazama
4054:Cervus
3327:Okapia
3148:. 2022
3104:
2803:
2776:24 May
2749:24 May
2665:1 July
2579:24 May
2447:
2399:
2309:
2247:
2193:
2164:
2055:
1983:
1801:
1791:
1744:
1639:
1629:
1542:, and
1536:Hawaii
1508:Mexico
1500:Brazil
1271:eagles
1249:, and
1243:dholes
1227:tigers
1023:Sikkim
995:Bhutan
959:canine
954:. The
902:dorsal
752:Chital
673:) and
654:Cervus
628:about
539:Cervus
368:chital
35:Chital
7918:81915
7905:30531
7853:41783
7827:89941
7809:IRMNG
7801:42166
6999:Suina
6482:Saiga
6423:Goa (
5942:kudus
5166:Capra
4833:Pelea
4699:Kob (
4681:Kobus
4644:Addax
4127:Alces
4081:Elk (
3102:S2CID
3092:(4).
3028:(PDF)
3013:(PDF)
2875:(PDF)
2864:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
1777:. In
1544:Texas
1504:Chile
1442:Sperm
1414:rumen
1376:Ficus
1357:forbs
1263:foxes
1199:Texas
1102:Texas
1079:Lanai
1027:Assam
1015:Terai
991:Nepal
987:India
582:than
535:genus
490:word
480:Hindi
476:cītal
60:Stag
8065:Axis
7993:GBIF
7957:2522
7900:NCBI
7848:IUCN
7835:ITIS
7783:GISD
7770:GBIF
7723:K49Z
7705:BOLD
7605:see
7415:Lama
5469:Ovis
4593:Oryx
4409:Pudu
4003:Rusa
3895:Axis
3862:Dama
3154:2022
3036:2008
2883:2016
2801:ISBN
2778:2012
2751:2012
2720:2012
2690:2012
2667:2024
2641:2023
2613:2023
2581:2012
2558:2023
2530:2016
2498:2016
2445:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2349:: 4.
2307:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2128:2012
2053:PMID
1981:ISBN
1929:Axis
1909:2019
1881:2016
1831:2019
1799:OCLC
1789:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1718:2021
1701:2015
1655:link
1637:PMID
1339:Diet
1329:and
1297:and
1269:and
1108:and
1095:Maui
1083:USDA
1009:and
1001:and
956:milk
917:tine
900:The
864:gaur
834:Axis
739:Axis
675:Rusa
588:Axis
584:Axis
579:Rusa
568:and
566:Axis
562:Axis
550:and
544:Axis
531:Axis
484:चीतल
441:rump
417:deer
411:and
366:The
326:Kerr
279:List
208:Axis
7952:TSA
7874:MSW
7861:MDD
7822:ISC
7788:972
7731:EoL
7718:CoL
7692:AFD
7679:ADW
7177:Sus
5767:Bos
3094:doi
3067:doi
2976:doi
2923:doi
2834:doi
2374:doi
2347:322
2045:doi
2014:doi
2010:263
1705:doi
1627:PMC
1617:doi
1558:in
1526:in
1479:as
1148:in
952:elk
939:is
665:),
514:by
370:or
80:in
74:Doe
8056::
8034::
8021::
8008::
7995::
7980::
7954::
7941::
7928::
7915::
7902::
7889::
7876::
7863::
7850::
7837::
7824::
7811::
7798::
7785::
7772::
7759::
7746::
7733::
7720::
7707::
7694::
7681::
7666::
7651::
3144:.
3100:.
3090:49
3088:.
3063:83
3061:.
3021:87
3019:.
3015:.
2972:16
2970:.
2966:.
2950:^
2919:77
2917:.
2913:.
2891:^
2830:47
2828:.
2824:.
2768:.
2737:.
2706:.
2658:.
2630:.
2604:.
2598:.
2547:.
2514:.
2489:.
2459:^
2411:^
2370:42
2368:.
2364:.
2345:.
2289:^
2205:^
2136:^
2114:.
2098:^
2083:36
2081:.
2077:.
2051:.
2041:40
2039:.
2035:.
2008:.
2004:.
1971:;
1933:.
1897:.
1869:.
1851:.
1819:.
1797:.
1756:^
1726:^
1699:.
1693:.
1663:^
1651:}}
1647:{{
1635:.
1625:.
1611:.
1599:^
1562:.
1538:,
1534:,
1530:,
1522:,
1518:,
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1510:,
1506:,
1502:,
1498:,
1494:,
1490:,
1359:;
1301:.
1265:,
1261:,
1257:,
1253:.
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1241:,
1237:,
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1152:.
1116:.
1021:,
997:,
993:,
989:,
866:,
862:,
856:,
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657:,
586:.
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461:iː
458:tʃ
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396:əl
390:iː
387:tʃ
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7446:)
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7428:)
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7280:)
7271:)
7262:)
7253:)
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