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Many temples are dedicated to
Ayyanar can be seen all over South India as well as Sri Lanka. Almost all villages of Tamil Nadu would have an Aiyanar kovil. Ayyanar shrines are usually located at the peripheries or boundaries of rural villages and the deity is seen riding a horse with a sword or whip.
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of the 12th century CE and
Kanyakumari Guhanathaswami Kovil Inscription. Neither Ayyappa nor Sabarimala is known as a pilgrim spot in the Tamil region before the 1940s. According to researchers Eliza Kent, Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai, the legends in the Ayyappa tradition seem to be "artificially
680:
of
Ayyanar; the name Ayyappan has been described as a combination of Ayyan (Ayyanar) + Appan (father). Yogapatta bar around the knees of Ayyappan is the distinct character that can be seen in the Ayyanar statues of the Chola period. The horse mount of Aiyanar is still visible in the flag staff of
717:
style and non-Agamic open air shrines. Ayyanar in Agamic temple is usually called Sastha or Dharma sastha. Kerala retains its
Ayyanar temples as Sastha temples. The attendant priest for Aiyanar is generally from the potter caste who fashions idols and clay horses, although it is not uncommon for
571:
Other records on
Ayyanar tell that he is accompanied by his two wives popularly known as Purana and Pushkala. Purna (on his right) is dark complexioned and carries Varamudra in her right hand and blue lotus in the left. Pushkala (on his left) is yellow complexioned and holds a noose in her right
703:
1085 (1910 CE) by
Prabhakaracharya. Tamil devotees did not discriminate Ayyappan with Ayyanar and they believe that Ayyappan is the avatar of Ayyanar. It can be noted that Sri Lankan Ayyanar temples are being converted into Ayyappan temples following the outbreak of Sabarimala pilgrimage of Sri
540:
and Chola bronzes describe his mount as a white elephant. The horse is another mount abundantly seen in his local temples. Some texts have mentioned the blue horse and bull as his mount as well. After the popularity of the
Ayyappan cult, the tiger is also identified as the mount of Sastha.
1825:
532:(செண்டு, crooked stick) in his right hand. Sometimes a whip, stick, sword or scepter can be seen in his hand. While he manifests in a squat position, A meditation band known as Yogapaţţam or Vāgupaţţai will present around his knees and waist.
243:
dated back to the 3rd century C.E. The phrase in the inscriptions which could be translated into "Ayyanappan; a shrine to Cattan" confirms that Ayyan and
Chattan were the names of a single deity. A rock carving of a man and horse in the
552:, he sits on a throne with his right leg folded while his left leg is hanging down. He is usually depicted having blue or black complexion. Although his two armed form is common, some texts describe his forms with four or eight arms.
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745:
1983:
456:. From the Chola period (9th century) onwards the popularity of Aiyanar became even more pronounced and so many bronze images of him are available from this period. Tamil
2276:
1896:
Mudumby
Narasimhachary (Ed) (1976). Āgamaprāmāṇya of Yāmunācārya, Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.
227:
There are very few pieces of evidence to reconstruct the origin and development of
Ayyanar. Some researchers assume Chattan could have entered the Tamil country with
601:. In rural areas, Aiyanar is often represented with an escort, usually composed of the god's vassals, sometimes comprising demons. Consistent with this practice,
787:
1317:
Acta Orientalia Neerlandica: Proceedings of the Congress of the Dutch Oriental Society Held in Leiden on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary, 8th-9th May 1970
956:
DakshinaChitra: In southern district thanjavur, place called Sathanur where old temple for ayyanar is in place( Palankulathu ayyanar).A Glimpse of South India
1487:
826:
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Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia: evidence, interpretation, and ideology; proceedings of the International Seminar on Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia
1451:
199:". Another name of Ayyanar, Sastha, meets the same dispute. Although he appears as Sastha in Sanskrit scriptures, ancient Tamil records mention him as
733:
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It has been claimed that the above mentioned Dravidian tribal god is none other than Ayyanar. Sabarimala Sthala Puranam, a recent purana, says that
845:
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Folklore regards Aiyan as the guardian of the villages, riding on either an elephant or horse. He carries a bow and arrow to save his devotees.
156:. Temples to Aiyanar in the countryside are usually flanked by gigantic colourful statues of him and his companions riding horses or elephants.
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203:(சாத்தன், Cāttaṉ). Though Śāstā is the term especially used to indicate Ayyanar nowadays, there are two other deities known in the same name.
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temple. The synonym Sastha of Ayyappan is obviously the same as that of Ayyanar. Another important association is the presence of
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548:, Sastha wears black garments and reddish garlands. His body is smeared with yellow paste and he carries a sword in his hand. In
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896:
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Harper, Katherine Anne, and Brown, Robert L. (Eds) (2002). The Roots of Tantra. Albany: State University of New York Press.
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horses are usually placed outside the temple. These are given up to the god as steeds for his night time perambulations.
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priests from other castes to officiate in the Ayyanar temples. Many castes of Tamil Nadu worship Ayyanar as their
2011:
496:. Mahakala chops down the hands of Ajamukhi, sister of Surapadman, who tried to abduct Indrani for her brother.
2733:
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are his attendants. Aiyanar images installed in villages are usually gigantic and they are identical with the
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which seconds the story told in Brahmanda purana. Here Ayyan, Kanda puranam tells, sends his chief commander
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who safeguards the devotee in eight directions (ettu tikku) as well as with Vajrayana guardian deities like
188:
133:
85:
252:, is identified with Ayyanar. Sinhala Buddhists of Sri Lanka praise him in the form of a folk deity called
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1255:
Temples of Nannilam Taluk: as iconographical masterpieces Volume 225 of Tamil̲p Palkalaik Kal̲aka veḷiyīṭu
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1977:
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describes him with only one wife called Prabha and their eight years old lad known as Satyakan
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A deity named "Ayyappan" is not recorded in any early Tamil/Sanskrit sources though the name
2533:
2197:
1925:
1229:
Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India Volume 9 of Studies in South Asian Culture
1194:. Sri Lanka: Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural and Religious Affairs. p. 88.
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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900
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2724:
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The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
2201:
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The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka
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1939:
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The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE
1101:
833:
594:
475:
53:
1959:"Aiyanar and Aiyappan in Tamil Nadu: Change and Continuity in South Indian Hinduism"
407:, probably dated to the 4th century CE, records the temples and devotees of Cattan.
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countries in the past. He is primarily worshipped as one of the village deities of
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1488:"'A Folk Deity of Tamil Nad' by L. Dumont, in Religion in India ed. T.N. Madan"
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mixed and assembled into a kind of collage" and "he should have emerged from a
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2628:
2342:
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1759:. Harvard University, Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. pp. 177–178.
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699:. However the Sanskrit inscription in the image says that it was installed in
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Pilgrimage Studies: The Power of Sacred Places Issue 5 of Pilgrimage studies
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369:
272:
249:
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141:
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Sastha started to appear in Sanskrit sources from the 7th century CE after
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Sacred Groves and Local Gods: Religion and Environmentalism in South India
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Legend suggests that the image of Sabarimala Ayyappan was consecrated by
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228:
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1191:
Reflections on a Heritage: Historical Scholarship on Premodern Sri Lanka
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942:. Bangalore: Prof.S.K.Ramachandra Rao Memorial Trust. pp. 206–210.
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A 14th century Ayyanar sculpture (left) and depiction of Ayyappan at
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192:
148:. Some studies suggest that Ayyanar may have also been worshipped in
145:
80:
65:
2067:
Many Faces of Murakan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God
1991:
Valk, Ulo (2007). "Village deities in Tamil Nadu:Myth and legends".
508:
Bronze statue of Ayyanar on an elephant, 16th century CE, Tamil Nadu
440:, a Tamil Saivite epic of the 12th century CE tells that Aiyanar at
2672:
2591:
2523:
2483:
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2357:
2320:
1521:. Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Educational Trust. 1993. p. 246.
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Ayyanar in wrathful guardian form shares Tantric iconography with
511:
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468:(1520 CE) have explicitly recorded the characteristics of Sastha.
449:
423:
408:
337:
300:
296:
258:
89:
73:
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Pratima Kosha : A Descriptive Glossary of Indian Iconography
2623:
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2402:
2382:
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1453:
The child and the serpent: reflections on popular Indian symbols
113:
93:
2258:
973:
Hinduism a Scientific Religion: & Some Temples in Sri Lanka
2186:"Tamil Tigers: Sacrificial symbolism and 'dead body politics'"
1354:. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 317.
568:
he is visualized as carrying an arrow, bow, knife and sword.
231:. The earliest references to Ayyanar were discovered in the
1702:
The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine
1635:"Śāsta Cult in Travancore. Is It a Relic of Buddhism ?"
528:
The famous iconography of Aiyan shows him alone, carrying a
1729:
A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment
713:
Ayyanar has both types of temples - temples constructed in
380:
and a protector is an appropriate appellation for both the
2235:
A write-up on Ayyanar worship and the clay idol tradition
1226:
Williams, Joanna Gottfried; Hunnington, Susan L. (1981).
2033:"Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity"
1911:"Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity"
1073:"Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity"
793:
White elephant mount at Agamic Ayyanar temple, Mampatti
739:
Front view of an Ayyanar Kovil, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu.
1605:
Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature
1538:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 76.
179:
to designate respected one. Some people propose that
2007:
Religion and the Legitimation of Power in South Asia
1972:: 67–92. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
1783:
Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends
2661:
2579:
2437:
2296:
1377:"Songs with description of twelve holy composition"
479:
303:, who was born to Shiva during his copulation with
219:. Sastha is a generic Sanskrit term for a teacher.
99:
79:
61:
34:
2112:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction
1571:Lines in Water: Religious Boundaries in South Asia
1044:Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India
751:Ayyanar and his two consorts, 15–17th century CE,
295:. It narrates the history of Hariharasuta, son of
2162:Kaladarsana: American studies in the art of India
325:Ishana Siva Guru Paddhati, Kulala Sastragama and
1982:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1337:. Ulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Nir̲uvan̲am. p. 113.
875:17 th century Ayyanar statue seated on elephant
1753:Johannes Bronkhorst; Madhav Deshpande (1999).
1176:Religion and Legitimacy of power in South Asia
953:Narayanan, Gita; Thiagarajan, Deborah (2001).
660:appears as synonymous with (Vediya) Sastha in
392:often mention poets and traders with the name
2270:
1966:Folk. Dansk Ethnografisk Tidsskrift Kobenhavn
1803:. Society of Pilgrimage Studies. p. 63.
1574:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 80–83.
640:sanctum (right). Compare the meditation band
330:explain his worship and iconography briefly.
8:
1884:Cultural Heritage of Kerala: An Introduction
1535:Travancore Inscription: A Topographical List
1420:. GIRI Trading Agency Private. p. 175.
187:which means the same. There is a well known
183:could be the Sanskrit version of Tamil word
1170:
1168:
2277:
2263:
2255:
2245:Divine Guardians scaring away evil spirits
1639:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1300:. University of Madras. 1972. p. 380.
1257:. Thanjavur Tamil University. p. 205.
959:. Madras Craft Foundation. pp. 40–41.
307:, the feminised form of Vishnu, after the
47:
1929:
1886:. East-West Publications. pp. 17–28.
1511:
1509:
1482:
1480:
1091:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
851:Ayyanar with his consort ( digital image)
396:, who might have revered Sastha as their
144:. His worship is prevalent amongst rural
1732:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49.
1334:Epigraphical Evidences for Tamil Studies
452:king (800—844 CE) which was composed at
278:
1309:
1307:
1148:. Popular Prakashan. 1873. p. 168.
1113:
1111:
918:
729:
418:and one of the initiators of the Tamil
1975:
1456:. Canada: Penguin Group. p. 194.
1297:Annals of Oriental Research, Volume 24
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
997:
995:
993:
321:Pūrva Kāraṇa, Amṣūmatbhēda, Suprabhēda
31:
2088:Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics
7:
1726:Mikhail Sergeevich Andronov (1996).
832:A name board of an Ayyanar Kovil at
597:like iconography of Sastha given in
2035:, Future Anterior, (4/1), pp 18–36.
1122:. Penguin Books India. p. 54.
478:narrates the history of Aiyanar in
1020:"American Collectors of Asian Art"
753:Châlons-en-Champagne French Museum
25:
1253:Cutantiran̲, Ā Vēluccāmi (2001).
863:Ayyanar 17thcentury Bronze Statue
704:Lankan devotees in recent years.
644:around the knees of both deities.
556:describes his four arms carrying
2428:
2202:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2008.00587.x
1861:. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd.
1832:. Analaikkumaran. Archived from
1826:"Arikaraputtira aiyaṉār (Tamil)"
1007:. Marg Publications. p. 67.
868:
856:
844:
825:
810:
798:
786:
774:
759:
744:
732:
692:in the worship of both deities.
626:
617:
474:, 14th century Tamil version of
426:as the father of Chattan in his
267:sculpture often identified with
2085:Karthigesu, Sivathamby (1995).
1120:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
372:. He also states that the term
1348:Venkataramaiah, K. M. (1996).
897:Village deities of South India
805:Kattuvalli Ayyan Kovil, Kerala
171:is derived from the root word
1:
2213:. Vijitha Yapa. p. 374.
1786:. Orient Longman. p. 22.
1532:Poduval, R. Vasudeva (1990).
1320:. Brill Archive. p. 116.
1882:Menon, A. Sreedhara (1978).
1678:. OUP USA. pp. 79–119.
1633:Pillai, V. Narayana (1939).
1417:sri kandha puranam (english)
1414:Sivaraman, Dr.Akila (2006).
1041:Christa Neuenhofer (2012).
1004:Mãrg, Volume 37, Issues 3-4
669:god of tribal provenance".
480:
460:(proto-glossaries) such as
444:revealed the Tamil song of
345:According to Fred Clothey,
235:of hunting chieftains from
119:
2807:
2117:Cambridge University Press
2094:. New Century Book House.
2047:Cambridge University Press
1780:Miller, Roland E. (1976).
1699:Devdutt Pattanaik (2000).
1145:Indian Antiquary, Volume 2
1018:Pal, Pratapaditya (1986).
976:. iUniverse. p. 188.
649:
566:Ishana Siva Guru Paddhati,
189:temple dedicated to Sastha
2750:
2426:
2184:Roberts, Michael (2008).
2159:Williams, Joanna (1981).
2070:. Walter De Gruyter Inc.
2012:Brill Academic Publishers
1957:Kajaerholm, Lars (1984).
1271:A Social History of India
1268:Sadasivan, S. N. (2000).
781:Ayyanar on horse, Madurai
609:Connections with Ayyappan
349:is a Tamil adaptation of
191:situated in a village of
129:
46:
39:
2734:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
1351:A handbook of Tamil Nadu
1331:Velu Pillai, A. (1980).
1188:Pathmanathan, S (2000).
970:Kulendiren, Pon (2012).
309:churning of the milk sea
175:, a honorific used in a
2250:Aiyanar to Ayappa (PDF)
1672:Kent, Eliza F. (2013).
1375:Subramanya Aiyar, V.M.
1314:Pestman, P. W. (1971).
817:Ayyannar Car festival,
662:Tiruvalla copper plates
564:, sword and shield. In
2240:Ayyanar Folk Sculpture
2209:Indrapala, K. (2007).
2134:Bastin, Rohan (2002).
2109:Morris, Brian (2005).
2064:Clothey, Fred (1978).
1993:Asian Folklore Studies
1705:. Simon and Schuster.
1558:Kajaerholm (1984), p.3
1118:Dalal, Roshen (2010).
1047:. Blurb Incorporated.
766:Ayyanar sculptures at
525:
509:
464:(11th century CE) and
342:
283:
276:
2039:Bayly, Susan (2004).
2004:Smith, B. L. (1978).
1797:Dubey, D. P. (2000).
1518:Tattvāloka, Volume 16
1232:. Brill. p. 67.
515:
507:
384:chieftains and their
353:, the chief deity of
341:
282:
262:
1450:Sahi, Jyoti (1990).
1274:. APH. p. 121.
936:Rao, S.K.Ramachandra
534:Pingalantai Nighantu
481:Maha chattan patalam
215:is another name for
134:Dravidian folk deity
2781:Regional Hindu gods
1610:Springer Publishing
1568:Eliza Kent (2013).
1494:on 24 February 2011
360:who ruled parts of
315:corpus of southern
248:Buddhist temple of
2190:Anthropology Today
1931:10.1353/fta.0.0031
1855:Sivkishen (2015).
1836:on 4 December 2017
1093:10.1353/fta.0.0031
554:Amsumadbheda Agama
526:
510:
411:(7th century CE),
343:
284:
277:
2791:Children of Shiva
2768:
2767:
2220:978-955-1266-72-1
1766:978-1-888789-04-1
1739:978-3-447-03811-9
1581:978-0-8156-5225-0
1024:Marg Publications
768:Gopichettipalayam
546:Cūṭāmaṇi Nighaṇṭu
466:Cūṭāmaṇi Nighaṇṭu
448:, a Nayanar-cum -
390:Sangam literature
107:
106:
103:Puranai, Puskalai
56:statue of Ayyanar
16:(Redirected from
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1490:. Archived from
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599:Subrabheda Agama
483:
446:Cheraman Perumal
317:Shaiva Siddhanta
293:Brahmanda Purana
287:Sanskrit Sources
131:
122:
51:
32:
27:Hindu folk deity
21:
2806:
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2760:Hindu mythology
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420:Bhakti movement
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263:5th century CE
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207:is also called
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150:Southeast Asian
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2142:Berghahn Books
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1612:. p. 94.
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2634:Gramadevatas
2568:
2417:
2210:
2196:(3): 22–23.
2193:
2189:
2161:
2136:
2111:
2087:
2066:
2041:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1978:cite journal
1969:
1965:
1924:(1): 18–36.
1921:
1917:
1901:
1892:
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1877:
1857:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1829:
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1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1467:. Retrieved
1452:
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1401:
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1384:. Retrieved
1380:
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1086:(1): 18–36.
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583:Pavadairayan
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256:to the date.
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213:Brahma-Śāstā
212:
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184:
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172:
168:
163:
146:Tamil people
117:
109:
108:
29:
2718:Mahabharata
2629:Kuladevatas
2408:Vishvakarma
1645:: 230–240.
1596:Ruth Vanita
1498:22 February
1402:Kaladarsana
819:Thungapuram
720:Kula deivam
697:Parashurama
587:Karuppasamy
575:Shilparatna
500:Iconography
488:to protect
462:Piṅkalantai
434:, 4:32:4).
403:Tamil epic
368:, the then
327:Shilparatna
265:Isurumuniya
246:Isurumuniya
233:hero stones
223:Development
138:South India
2775:Categories
2700:Upanishads
2619:Gandharvas
2343:Dattatreya
2167:E.J. Brill
1999:: 179–199.
1951:References
1840:3 December
1619:1137054808
1386:2 December
907:Ayyanayake
838:Batticaloa
701:Kollam Era
683:Sabarimala
642:Yogapattam
638:Sabarimala
603:terracotta
494:Surapadman
422:, praises
398:clan deity
386:clan deity
378:cow herder
376:meaning a
366:Tamil Nadu
358:chieftains
319:including
273:Sri Lankan
269:Ayyanayake
254:Ayyanayake
241:Tamil Nadu
195:, called "
166:Tamil word
154:Tamil Nadu
2639:Rakshasas
2509:Mahavidya
2452:Saraswati
2439:Goddesses
2368:Kartikeya
1940:191627473
1651:2249-1937
1469:3 January
1102:191627473
667:Dravidian
458:Nighantus
432:Tirumurai
370:Tamilakam
250:Sri Lanka
197:Aryankavu
160:Etymology
142:Sri Lanka
2755:Hinduism
2711:Ramayana
2653:Yakshini
2559:Shashthi
2519:Matrikas
2504:Mahadevi
2306:Trimurti
1909:(2009).
1659:44252378
1602:(2000).
1071:(2009).
938:(1988).
887:Ayyappan
881:See also
686:Ayyappan
674:Ayyappan
658:Ayyappan
652:Ayyappan
518:Bhairava
486:Mahakala
388:. Tamil
313:Sivagama
275:Ayyanar.
229:Buddhism
68:(whip),
2705:Puranas
2693:Atharva
2662:Texts (
2649:Yakshas
2644:Vahanas
2614:Dikpāla
2587:Apsaras
2539:Rukmini
2514:Matangi
2462:Parvati
2457:Lakshmi
2447:Tridevi
2373:Krishna
2353:Hanuman
2348:Ganesha
2338:Chandra
2333:Ashvins
708:Worship
676:is the
490:Indrani
428:Tevaram
416:Nayanar
413:Saivite
394:Chattan
347:Aiyanar
217:Murugan
201:Chattan
169:Ayyanār
132:) is a
120:Aiyaṉār
110:Aiyanar
100:Consort
70:sceptre
35:Aiyanar
18:Ayyanar
2609:Devata
2602:Danava
2597:Daitya
2592:Asuras
2554:Shakti
2544:Sanjna
2534:Rohini
2494:Shachi
2479:Chhaya
2398:Varuna
2388:Shasta
2378:Kubera
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2311:Brahma
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530:Chentu
362:Kerala
305:Mohini
209:Sastha
205:Buddha
193:Kerala
185:Aiyyan
130:ஐயனார்
66:Chentu
62:Weapon
2688:Yajur
2673:Vedas
2524:Radha
2489:Ganga
2484:Durga
2474:Bhumi
2469:Aditi
2393:Surya
2358:Indra
2321:Shiva
2290:texts
2092:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1936:S2CID
1914:(PDF)
1655:JSTOR
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1162:, p.#
1098:S2CID
1076:(PDF)
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595:Bhuta
522:Acala
450:Chera
424:Shiva
409:Appar
374:aayar
351:Aiyan
237:Arcot
181:Aryan
126:Tamil
90:horse
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74:sword
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2570:more
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2529:Rati
2499:Kali
2419:more
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2298:Gods
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2146:ISBN
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1761:ISBN
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1680:ISBN
1647:ISSN
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