Egypt in the Middle Ages - Knowledge (XXG)

2478:, as his heir. In 882, Ibn Tulun came close to having Egypt become the new centre of the Caliphate, when al-Mu'tamid tried to flee to his domains. In the event, however, the Caliph was overtaken and brought him back to Samarra (February 883) and under his brother's control. This opened anew the rift between the two rulers: Ibn Tulun organized an assembly of religious jurists at Damascus which denounced al-Muwaffaq a usurper, condemned his maltreatment of the Caliph, declared his place in the succession as void, and called for a 2952: 3077: 1944: 508: 3047: 2338: 2763: 2585:. After his death in 946, the succession of his son Unujur was peaceful and undisputed, due to the influence of the powerful and talented commander-in-chief, Kafur. One of the many Black African slaves recruited by al-Ikhshid, Kafur remained the paramount minister and virtual ruler of Egypt over the next 22 years, assuming power in his own right in 966 until his death two years later. Encouraged by his death, in 969 the Fatimids 5887: 5897: 56: 2603: 457: 2493: 5907: 5917: 2522:), but also a time of relative tranquility in Egypt as well as in Syria, a rather unusual occurrence for the period. Nevertheless, Khumarawayh's extravagant spending exhausted the fisc, and by the time of his assassination in 896, the Tulunid treasury was empty. Following Khumarawayh's death, internal strife sapped Tulunid power. Khumarawayh's son 2662: 2713:) which his family represented. As this was in origin identical with that professed by the Carmathians, he hoped to gain the submission of their leader by argument; but this plan was unsuccessful, and there was a fresh invasion from that quarter in the year after his arrival, and the caliph found himself besieged in his capital. 2456:. Open conflict between Ibn Tulun and al-Muwaffaq broke out in 875/6. The latter tried to oust Ibn Tulun from Egypt, but the expedition sent against him barely reached Syria. In retaliation, with the support of the Caliph, in 877/8 Ibn Tulun received responsibility for the entirety of Syria and the frontier districts of 2922:, who hastened to his aid with a large force, which united with Shawar's and besieged Shirkuh in Bilbeis for three months; at the end of this time, owing to the successes of Nureddin in Syria, the Franks granted Shirkuh a free passage with his troops back to Syria, on condition of Egypt being evacuated (October 1164). 2051:) with jurisdiction over all of Egypt, resident at Fustat. The governor would in turn nominate deputies for Upper and Lower Egypt. Alexandria remained a distinct district, reflecting both its role as the country's shield against Byzantine attacks, and as the major naval base. It was considered a frontier fortress ( 3166: 2929:, a Kurdish general known as "the Lion", persuaded Nureddin to put him at the head of another expedition to Egypt, which left Syria in January 1167; a Frankish army hastened to Shawar's aid. At the battle of Babain (April 11, 1167) the allies were defeated by the forces commanded by Shirkuh and his nephew 2242:, rather than members of the Umayyad family or court. Both are reported to have increased pressure on the Copts, and initiated measures of Islamization. The resentment of the Copts against taxation led to a revolt in 725. In 727, to strengthen Arab representation, a colony of 3,000 Arabs was set up near 2967:. During his reign Damascus, rather than Cairo, was the major city of the empire. Nevertheless, he fortified Cairo, which became the political centre of Egypt. It was in 1183 that Saladin's rule over Egypt and North Syria was consolidated. Much of Saladin's time was spent in Syria, where he fought the 3054:

The Mamluk's violent approach to power brought them great political and economic prosperity and led them to becoming the rulers of Egypt. The Mamluk Egypt period began with the Bahri Dynasty and was followed by the Burji Dynasty. The Bahri Dynasty would rule from 1250 to 1382, while the Burji dynasty

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as his lieutenant and resident governor. This appointment ushered in a new era in Egypt's history: hitherto a passive province of an empire, under Ibn Tulun it would re-emerge as an independent political centre. Ibn Tulun would use the country's wealth to extend his rule into the Levant, in a pattern

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only to the Turkish troops stationed in the province. This was a move towards centralizing power in the hands of the central caliphal administration, but also signalled the decline of the old elites, and the passing of power to the officials sent to the province by the Abbasid court, most notably the

2868:

was assassinated in a street of Cairo, it is said, with the connivance of the Caliph, who immediately began the plunder of his house, where fabulous treasures were said to be amassed. The vizier's offices were given to al-Mamn. His external policy was not more fortunate than that of his predecessor,

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to Egypt, and in the autumn of 971 Jauhar found himself besieged in his new city. By a timely sortie, preceded by the administration of bribes to various officers in the Carmathian host, Jauhar succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat on the besiegers, who were compelled to evacuate Egypt and part of

2936:

Shirkuh was appointed vizier but died of indigestion (March 23, 1169), and the Caliph appointed Saladin as successor to Shirkuh; the new vizier professed to hold office as a deputy of Nureddin, whose name was mentioned in public worship after that of the Caliph. Nureddin loyally aided his deputy in

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The Mamluk sultans were drawn from the freed slaves who formed the court and went on to become slaveowners themselves, they went on to office the army. The sultans were unable to effectively form a new dynasty, usually leaving behind infants who were then overthrown. The Bahri dynasty (1250–1382)

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The Carmathians were gradually forced to retreat from Egypt and then from Syria by some successful engagements, and by the judicious use of bribes, whereby dissension was sown among their leaders. Al-Muizz also found time to take some active measures against the Byzantines, with whom his generals

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At Ibn Tulun's death, Khumarawayh, with the backing of the Tulunid elites, succeeded without opposition. Ibn Tulun bequeathed his heir "with a seasoned military, a stable economy, and a coterie of experienced commanders and bureaucrats". Khumarawayh was able to preserve his authority against the

3058:

Cultural contributions of the Mamluk Empire spanned across more than religion. Literature and astronomy were two subjects which the Mamluks valued and participated in heavily. They were a highly literate and educated society. Private libraries were a status symbol in Mamluk culture. Some of the

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in the mosques across the Tulunid domains, while the Abbasid regent responded in kind with a ritual denunciation of Ibn Tulun. Ibn Tulun then tried once more, again without success, to impose his rule over Tarsus. He fell ill on his return journey to Egypt, and died at Fustat on 10 May 884.

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bureaucratic dynasty that dominated the fiscal apparatus of Egypt for the next 70 years. The peace and security provided by the Tulunid regime, the establishment of an efficient administration, and repairs and expansions to the irrigation system, coupled with a consistently high level of

1885:, expanded Egypt's territory into the Levant. He would rule until his death in 884. After years of turmoil under Ahmad ibn Tulun's successor, many citizens defected back to the Abbasids and in 904 they would reclaim power from the Tulunids. In 969, Egypt came under the control of the 2088:

i) tribes, who were scarcely represented in the province; it was they who dominated the country's affairs for the first two centuries of Muslim rule. Initially, they numbered 15,500, but their numbers grew through emigration in the subsequent decades. By the time of Caliph

2708:

had been summoned to enter the palace that had been prepared for him, and after leaving a viceroy to take charge of his western possessions he arrived in Alexandria on May 31 973, and proceeded to instruct his new subjects in the particular form of religion

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system" that became one of the two main paradigms of Islamic polities in the 9th and 10th centuries, as the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented and new dynasties emerged. These regimes were based on the power of a regular army composed of slave soldiers or

2781:

came to the throne at the age of eleven, being the son of Aziz by a Christian mother. His conduct of affairs was vigorous and successful, and he concluded a peace with the Byzantine emperor. He is perhaps best remembered by his destruction of the

2546:, murdered their nephew and assumed control of the Tulunid state. Far from halting the decline, this event alienated key commanders in Syria and led to the rapid and relatively unopposed reconquest of Syria and Egypt by the Abbasids under 2998:, who lost Damietta to the Crusaders in 1219. However, he defeated their advance to Cairo by flooding the Nile, and they were forced to evacuate Egypt in 1221. Al-Kamil was later forced to give up various cities in Palestina and Syria to 2303:

in numbers, and throughout the 9th century the rural districts were increasingly subject to both Arabization and Islamization. The rapidity of this process, and the influx of settlers after the discovery of gold and emerald mines at

2254:, the modern Arabic accent and dialect of Egypt, began to form. Other revolts of the Copts are recorded for the years 739 and 750, the last year of Umayyad domination. The outbreaks in all cases are attributed to increased taxation. 3208:

epidemics continued to ruin Egypt when it spread over the region in 1388–1389, 1397–1398, 1403–1407, 1410–1411, 1415–1419, 1429–1430, 1438–1439, 1444–1449, 1455, 1459–1460, 1468–1469, 1476–1477, 1492, 1498, 1504–1505 and 1513–1514.

2407:. Ibn Tulun continued to emulate the familiar Samarra model in the establishment of his administration as well, creating new departments and entrusting them to Samarra-trained officials. His regime was in many ways typical of the " 3228:. However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as the Egyptian ruling class. The Mamluks and the Burji family regained much of their influence, but technically remained vassals of the Ottomans. Egypt then entered into the 2915:, who raided and did much damage on the coast. Shawar recaptured Cairo but a dispute then arose with his Syrian allies for the possession of Egypt. Shawar, being unable to cope with the Syrians, demanded help of the Frankish 2884:, the last place in Syria which the Fatimids held; its loss was attributed to dissensions between the parties of which the garrison consisted. In April 1154 the Caliph al-Zafir was murdered by his vizier Abbas, according to 2324:

pretenders in the 870s. In part, these movements were an expression of dissatisfaction with and alienation from imperial rule by Baghdad; these sentiments would manifest themselves in the support of many Egyptians for the

2403:, in 870. The project was a conscious emulation of, and rival to, the Abbasid capital Samarra, with quarters assigned to the regiments of his army, a hippodrome, hospital, and palaces. The new city's centrepiece was the 2505:

and even made additional territorial gains, recognized in a treaty with al-Muwaffaq in 886 that gave the Tulunids the hereditary governorship over Egypt and Syria for 30 years. The accession of al-Muwaffaq's son

2759:, but this was prevented by the intervention of the Byzantines. His North African possessions were maintained and extended, but the recognition of the Fatimid caliph in this region was little more than nominal. 2123:

Tax on some free men) and food for the troops, the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were excused from military service and left free in the observance of their religion and the administration of their affairs.

2937:

dealing with Crusader invasions of Egypt, and he ordered Saladin to substitute the name of the Abbasid caliph for the Fatimid in public worship. The last Fatimid caliph died soon after in September, 1171.

2266:

period was marked by new taxations, and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule. At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Egypt through a governor was resumed under

5736: 2377: 1822: 4769: 2420:, "the paying of the troops was the major preoccupation of government". It is therefore in the context of the increased financial requirements that in 879, the supervision of the finances passed to 2888:, because the Caliph had suggested to his favorite, the vizier's son, to murder his father; and this was followed by a massacre of the brothers of Zafir, followed by the raising of his infant son 3032:

defeated Louis and expelled the Crusaders from Egypt. Turanshah was soon overthrown by the Mameluks, who had become the "kingmakers" since their arrival and now wanted full power for themselves.

2141:) was maintained, and to the inhabitants of these districts demands were directly addressed by the governor of Egypt, while the head of the community—ordinarily a Copt but in some cases a Muslim 3085:

would go through 25 sultans in its 132-year period. Many died or were killed shortly after being in power; very few lived more than a few years into their rule as sultan. The first of these was

2013:, after Amr's tent, which had been pitched there when the Arabs besieged the fortress. Fustat quickly became the focal point of Islamic Egypt, and, with the exception of the brief relocation to 4764: 4759: 3116:

in the year 1260, allowing him to regain all of Syria except for the Crusader strongholds. On the way back to Egypt after the battle, Qutuz died and was succeeded by another commander,

1912:. He introduced Mamluk forces into his army in order to hold off the crusaders. This decision would be one he regretted. The Ayyubids were overthrown by their bodyguards, known as the 2395:

alike. By 872 Ibn Tulun had achieved Ibn al-Mudabirbir's dismissal and taken over the management of the fisc himself, and had managed to assemble an army of his own, thereby becoming

2312:

in particular was only superficially controlled by the local governor. Furthermore, the persistence of internecine strife and turmoil at the heart of the Abbasid state—the so-called "

2933:, who was made prefect of Alexandria, which surrendered to Shirkuh without a struggle. In 1168 Amalric invaded again, but Shirkuh's return caused the Crusaders to withdraw. 2743:, there was a large amount of toleration conceded to the other sects of Islam, and to other communities, but the belief that the Christians of Egypt were in league with the 1867:. These two very distinct regions were governed by the military and followed the demands handed down by the governor of Egypt and imposed by the heads of their communities. 2747:, and even burned a fleet which was being built for the Byzantine war, led to some persecution. Al-Aziz attempted without success to enter into friendly relations with the 1815: 5291: 2080:, staffed by the Arab settlers. These were initially the men who had followed Amr and participated in the conquest. The followers of Amr were mostly drawn from Yamani ( 3342: 2550:, who entered Fustat in January 905. With the exception of the Great Mosque of Ibn Tulun, the victorious Abbasid troops pillaged al-Qata'i and razed it to the ground. 2135:

were initially rare, and the old system of taxation was maintained for the greater part of the first Islamic century. The old division of the country into districts (

4538: 2849:, thereby facilitating its conquesst by the Crusaders in 1099. He endeavoured to retrieve his error by himself advancing into Palestine, but he was defeated at the 371: 2827:

in 1059. The Turks also plundered Cairo in 1068, but they were driven out by 1074. During this time, however, Syria was overrun by an invader in league with the

2538:

who began at the same time. In addition, many commanders defected to the Abbasids, whose power revived under the capable leadership of al-Muwaffaq's son, Caliph

2275:, sending a deputy to Egypt to govern for him. In 828 another Egyptian revolt broke out, and in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government. 5160: 1808: 3194:

The Burji dynasty (1382–1517) proved especially turbulent, with political power-plays resulting in short-lived sultans. During the period, the Mamluks fought

2510:

as Caliph in 892 marked a new rapprochement, culminating in the marriage of Khumarawayh's daughter to the new Caliph, but also the return of the provinces of

4786: 4754: 485: 2421: 3180:. Barkuk was proclaimed sultan in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389, but recaptured Cairo in 1390, setting up the Burji dynasty. 2963:

Saladin, a general known as "the Lion", was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174, he took the title

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in Cairo, with ample provision for students; this was modelled on a similar institution at Baghdad. For unknown reasons al-Hakim disappeared in 1021.

2620: 2057:) under a military governor and was heavily garrisoned, with a quarter of the province's garrison serving there in semi-annual rotation. Next to the 5627: 2567: 2563: 5062: 4796: 1873:

was ruled by many dynasties from the start of Islamic control in 639 until the early 16th century. The Umayyad period lasted from 658 to 750. The

2853:, and compelled to retire to Egypt. Many of the Palestinian possessions of the Fatimids then successively fell into the hands of the Crusaders. 4339: 2169:. Amr then served as governor until his death in 664. From 667/8 until 682, the province was governed by another fervent pro-Umayyad partisan, 5864: 4218: 4174: 2899:

took control of Cairo. However, after only nine months he was compelled to flee to Damascus, where he was favorably received by the prince

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The first years of Ibn Tulun's governorship were dominated by his power struggle with the powerful head of the fiscal administration, the

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was a drunkard who executed his uncle, Mudar ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; he was deposed after only a few months and replaced by his brother

5335: 4864: 4308: 4289: 4265: 4239: 4195: 4148: 4122: 4090: 4000: 3967: 3939: 2642: 2189:, to the province. The Kharijite-backed Zubayrid regime was very unpopular with the local Arabs, who called upon the Umayyad caliph 2005:

Following the first surrender of Alexandria, Amr chose a new site to settle his men, near the location of the Byzantine fortress of

2104:) reached 40,000. Jealous of their privileges and status, which entitled them to a share of the local revenue, the members of the 5468: 5131: 4854: 4187:

The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE

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against Saladin's other sons, and after the wars that followed, Al-Adil took power in 1200. He died in 1218 during the siege of

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Turkish soldiers favoured by al-Mu'tasim. At about the same time, for the first time the Muslim population began surpassing the

5827: 5795: 5548: 5274: 4404: 2433:, resulted in a major increase in revenue. By the end of his reign, Ibn Tulun had accumulated a reserve of ten million dinars. 2209: 2186: 2170: 774: 5396: 5153: 4061: 4047: 3318: 3271: 2624: 2547: 1994: 1454: 478: 5910: 5595: 2705: 2531: 2193:(r. 684–685) for aid. In December 684, Marwan invaded Egypt and reconquered it with relative ease. Marwan installed his son 1859:

was named the capital and housed the ruling administration. The conquest led to two separate provinces all under one ruler:

2021:, the capital and residence of the administration. After the conquest, the country was initially divided in two provinces, 5683: 5478: 4884: 4409: 4392: 1019: 101: 2684:

for the army were immediately constructed, which for many centuries remained the centre of Muslim learning. However, the

5659: 5463: 5431: 5247: 4879: 4749: 4672: 2783: 2471: 171: 2391:, and had rapidly become the most hated man in the country as he doubled the taxes and imposed new ones on Muslims and 2165:

as governor of Egypt, but Amr led an invasion in summer 658 that defeated Ibn Abi Bakr and secured the country for the

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independent of Baghdad. As a sign of his power, he established a new palace city to the northeast of Fustat, called

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became sultan in 1240. His reign saw the recapture of Jerusalem in 1244, and the introduction of a larger force of

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from the local revenue. Al-Mu'tasim discontinued the practice, removing the Arab families from the army registers

5783: 5726: 5693: 5458: 5368: 5330: 5325: 5313: 5212: 5018: 4904: 4874: 4859: 3097:) and quickly began a war with the region of present-day Syria. He was assassinated in 1257 and was succeeded by 2586: 2225: 1909: 471: 35: 5859: 5839: 5647: 5473: 5269: 5257: 5094: 5072: 4739: 4689: 4630: 4589: 4465: 4426: 4387: 2370: 1997:

was repulsed. From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country.

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The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

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The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

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The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates : the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century

5768: 5622: 5391: 5126: 4978: 4951: 4936: 4931: 4567: 3136: 2834:, and Damascus was permanently lost to the Fatimids. This period is otherwise memorable for the rise of the 2436:

Ibn Tulun's rise was facilitated by the feebleness of the Abbasid government, threatened by the rise of the

2221: 1444: 399: 131: 5849: 5778: 5600: 5568: 5262: 5200: 5195: 4909: 4374: 2919: 2857: 2194: 1549: 1494: 3128:, the last of the crusader cities. The Bahris greatly enhanced the power and prestige of Egypt, building 5854: 5746: 5716: 5605: 5585: 5531: 5443: 5082: 5040: 5035: 5013: 4821: 4811: 4596: 4475: 4443: 4325: 3241: 2778: 2527: 2523: 2162: 1539: 2845:, al-Mustafa maintained himself in Alexandria, and helped the Crusaders by rescuing Jerusalem from the 2228:, as governor in a move to reassert control and prevent the country from becoming a hereditary domain. 4043: 3062:

The end of the period was brought about due to famine, military tensions, disease, and high taxation.

1989:, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8, 641. Alexandria was regained for the 5721: 5671: 5541: 4645: 4635: 3029: 2916: 1683: 1564: 151: 111: 3220:. The sultan defeated the Mamluks and captured Cairo on 20 January 1517, transferring the center of 2294:

and ordering that the revenues of Egypt be sent to the central government, which would then pay the

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had been steadily gaining ground, and in 706 it was made the official language of the government.

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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The main pillar of the early Muslim rule and control in the country was the military force, or

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Protectors or Praetorians? : The Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning As a Great Power

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recognized the Fatimid caliphate. Meanwhile, Baghdad was taken by the Turks, falling to the

2470:

in Cilicia, and was forced to return to Egypt due to the abortive revolt of his eldest son,

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then virtually closed off the register to new entries. It was only after the losses of the

1877:

period which came after was much more focused on taxes and centralizing power. In 868, the

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into the army. Much of his time was spent in campaigns in Syria, where he allied with the

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during a plague in 689, and the period of 750–763, when the seat of the governor moved to

1882: 1679: 1649: 1509: 1414: 1404: 1314: 1294: 1184: 1119: 1079: 1059: 969: 894: 884: 834: 804: 744: 734: 614: 564: 313: 3147:. The Mamluks built much of the earliest remaining architecture of Cairo, including many 2511: 2425: 874: 4234:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 26. transl. by Michael Bonner. Leiden: BRILL. 2717:

fought in Syria with varying fortune. Before his death he was acknowledged as Caliph in

2201:, Abd al-Aziz ruled the country for 20 years, enjoying wide autonomy and governing as a 5890: 5844: 5698: 5637: 5421: 5222: 4734: 4662: 4521: 4455: 4158: 3205: 3158:, economy, and political system experienced significant destruction as a result of the 3094: 3090: 3009: 2979: 2956: 2870: 2762: 2680:, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Caliph and a 2539: 2507: 2445: 2441: 2279: 1917: 1905: 1754: 1664: 1608: 1384: 1274: 1204: 904: 226: 196: 2534:

in Alexandria was suppressed, the Tulunids were unable to confront the attacks of the

2518:

to caliphal control. Domestically, Khumarawayh's reign was one of "luxury and decay" (

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A more reputable expedient with the same end in view was the construction of a great

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In 1377 a revolt in Syria spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the

5900: 5490: 4899: 4558: 3125: 2831: 2828: 2821: 2726: 2174: 2137: 2109: 2081: 1921: 1638: 1109: 864: 461: 4111:"Some Administrative, Military, and Socio-Political Aspects of Early Muslim Egypt" 2400: 55: 4279: 4229: 4185: 4919: 4650: 4640: 4448: 4433: 3173: 3159: 3109: 2835: 2824: 2685: 2602: 2515: 2475: 2453: 2430: 2309: 2154: 2112:

that the registers were updated, and occasionally, governors would add soldiers

2030: 2022: 1889:. This dynasty would begin to fade after the death of their last ruler in 1171. 1864: 1860: 1840: 1498: 1264: 1174: 959: 814: 764: 216: 1969:

In 639 an army of some 4,000 men were sent against Egypt by the second caliph,

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pandemic whose waves continued to destroy Egypt up to the early 16th century.

3028:), and Damietta was lost again. Najm al-Din died soon after this, but his son 3017: 2535: 2366: 2182: 2034: 1986: 1784: 1424: 1394: 1224: 1029: 594: 4010: 3977: 2982:

succeeded him in Egypt in 1193. He allied with his uncle (Saladin's brother)

2542:(r. 892–902). Finally, in December 904, two other sons of Ibn Tulun, Ali and 17: 5807: 5279: 3328: 3281: 3155: 2983: 2816:

faith and became subjects of the Caliphate in Baghdad, but at the same time

2787: 2437: 2142: 1769: 1724: 1694: 1619: 1604: 1009: 979: 824: 584: 524: 4073:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Selim I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). 3059:

libraries discovered show evidence of the remnants of thousands of books.

2794:, but was only part of a general scheme for converting all Christians and 2492: 4480: 3225: 3013: 2995: 2987: 2846: 2791: 2748: 2689: 2326: 2220:. Abd al-Aziz hoped to be succeeded by his son, but when he died, Caliph 2217: 2190: 2018: 1886: 1856: 1844: 1553: 1324: 1284: 1234: 1194: 1099: 754: 704: 604: 283: 3212:

Constant political bickering contributed to the inability to resist the

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in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by

1893: 1878: 1874: 1848: 1713: 1623: 1593: 1528: 1374: 1364: 1344: 1304: 1214: 1149: 939: 554: 3995:. Philipp, Thomas., Haarmann, Ulrich. Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 200. 3962:. Philipp, Thomas., Haarmann, Ulrich. Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 197. 2661: 2573:

In 935, after repulsing another Fatimid attack, the Turkish commander

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against the Crusaders and Ayyubids. In 1249 he faced an invasion by

3165: 3080:

Bahri Mamluks at its greatest extent. Blue indicates the Ilkhanate.

4543: 4348: 3164: 3129: 3120:, who assumed the sultanate and ruled from 1260 to 1277. In 1291, 3098: 3086: 3045: 2873:

to the Crusaders, and a fleet equipped by him was defeated by the

2860:, who burned the gates and the mosques of Farama, and advanced to 2817: 2813: 2809: 2771: 2761: 2718: 2677: 2491: 2480: 2346: 2305: 2132: 2120: 2095: 2053: 1977:. This army was joined by another 5,000 men in 640 and defeated a 1897: 1870: 1758: 1513: 1483: 3216:, this would see the vassalization of Egypt under Ottoman Sultan 2530:. Harun too was a weak ruler, and although a revolt by his uncle 2496:

Map of the Tulunid domains towards the end of Khumarawayh's reign

4956: 4115:

War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean: 7th–15th Centuries

3264:

War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries

3132:

from a small town into one of the foremost cities in the world.

2904: 2756: 2321: 2128: 2085: 2069: 1653: 5366: 5177: 5000: 4841: 4360: 4321: 4317: 4258:

Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

4141:

Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

2795: 2596: 2444:

in Iraq itself, and divided due to the rivalry between Caliph

2158: 3143:

by the Mongols in 1258, Cairo became the central city of the

2093:(r. 661–680), the number of men registered in the army list ( 1900:. This dynasty fought against the Crusader States during the 2474:. Ibn Tulun has Abbas imprisoned, and named his second son, 2067:), responsible for internal security and for commanding the 1916:

in 1252 and ruled until 1517, when Egypt became part of the

4213:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 506–540. 4190:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL. 4169:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359. 2286:

as they nominally still formed the province's garrison—the

4143:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119. 4046:, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2005; or 2320:

revolutionary movements in the province under a series of

1843:

was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the

4260:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. 3708: 3706: 3417: 3415: 2356:(r. 866–869) gave charge of Egypt to the Turkish general 2864:, when illness compelled him to retreat. In August 1121 4254:"Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868" 3735: 3733: 3354: 3352: 2448:(r. 870–892) and his increasingly powerful brother and 4028:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Methuen. pp. 243–254. 2116:

to the lists as a means to garner political support.

2208:. Abd al-Aziz also supervised the completion of the 5707: 5379: 4805: 4707: 4373: 4284:(2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. 4137:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969" 3921: 3313:(2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman. 2751:ruler of Baghdad, and tried to gain possession of 2119:In return for a very small tribute of money (0.5% 4231:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 2380:. The latter had been appointed as fiscal agent ( 2145:—was responsible for compliance with the demand. 2589:, beginning a new era in the country's history. 2466:). Ibn Tulun occupied Syria but failed to seize 2365:followed by later Egypt-based regimes, from the 2238:in 717 were the first governors chosen from the 2197:as governor. Relying on his close ties with the 3151:built out of stone using long, imposing lines. 2971:, and Egypt was largely governed by his deputy 2798:in his dominions to his own opinions by force. 2484:against him. Al-Muwaffaq was duly denounced in 4303:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 4049:Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa 3006:, in order to gain his help against Damascus. 2790:(1009), a measure which helped to provoke the 2676:immediately began the building of a new city, 2061:, there was also the commander of the police ( 4333: 1851:Caliphs in Damascus, but in 750 the Umayyads 1816: 479: 8: 4161:(2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In 3993:The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society 3960:The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society 3341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4056:and Daria Khaltourina, Moscow: URSS, 2006. 27:Period of Egyptian history from 639 to 1517 5376: 5363: 5174: 4997: 4838: 4370: 4357: 4340: 4326: 4318: 2554:Second Abbasid period and Ikhshidid period 2501:Abbasid's attempt to overthrow him at the 2009:. The new settlement received the name of 1892:In 1174, Egypt came under the rule of the 1823: 1809: 497: 486: 472: 29: 2643:Learn how and when to remove this message 2185:in Egypt and sent a governor of his own, 2084:) tribes, rather than the northern Arab ( 1985:. Amr next proceeded in the direction of 3907: 3883: 3859: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3712: 3697: 3673: 3661: 3625: 3613: 3589: 3565: 3445: 3421: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3075: 2950: 2903:, who sent with him to Cairo a force of 2660: 2336: 2282:discontinued the practice of paying the 2278:A major change came in 834, when Caliph 1942: 3895: 3871: 3847: 3724: 3637: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3433: 3406: 3358: 3266:. Lev, Yaacov. Leiden: New York. 1997. 3252: 2812:dynasty in the Maghrib returned to the 2422:Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Madhara'i 1896:, who ruled from Damascus and not from 500: 43: 32: 3334: 3287: 3101:, who faced a growing danger from the 2665:The near East in 1025 AD, showing the 4026:A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages 3953: 3951: 3739: 3685: 3649: 3601: 3577: 3553: 3541: 2001:Administration of early Islamic Egypt 7: 5916: 4040:The Black Death in Egypt and England 3258: 3256: 2625:adding citations to reliable sources 501:Historical Arab states and dynasties 5906: 4205:Brett, Michael (2010). "Egypt". In 4117:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 101–114. 3230:middle period of the Ottoman Empire 2246:. Meanwhile, the employment of the 4077:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 2558:The Abbasids were able to repulse 2360:. Bakbak in turn sent his stepson 25: 5287:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 3309:N.), Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh (2004). 2581:ruler of Egypt with the title of 1958: Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 1947:The age of the first few caliphs 5915: 5905: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5144:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 3000:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 2601: 2232:Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 1964: Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 922:Western dynasties and caliphates 506: 455: 54: 5628:Identification card controversy 2612:needs additional citations for 2210:Muslim conquest of North Africa 2187:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri 2171:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari 4534:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 3925:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes 3055:would last from 1382 to 1517. 2725:, as well as Syria, Egypt and 2548:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib 2100:) and entitled an annual pay ( 1: 2911:. At the same time Egypt was 2895:In December 1162, the vizier 2856:In 1118 Egypt was invaded by 2385: 2045:appointed a single governor ( 2041:). In 643/4, however, Caliph 5161:Twin towns and sister cities 4673:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 4024:Lane-Poole, Stanley (1901). 2784:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2416:, but in turn, according to 2224:(685–695) sent his own son, 5947:History of Islam by country 5689:Vehicle registration plates 5343:Water supply and sanitation 4256:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 4139:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 3108:Qutuz defeated the army of 2704:Meanwhile, the caliph in 2 2587:invaded and conquered Egypt 2316:"—led to the appearance of 2271:, who decided to reside at 2216:in his post as governor of 1855:. Throughout Islamic rule, 642:Arab empires and caliphates 5963: 5348:Water resources management 3930:. Al Saqi Books. pp. 3187: 3069: 3039: 2944: 2654: 2212:; it was he who appointed 2181:gained the support of the 1936: 5942:Medieval history of Egypt 5881: 5375: 5362: 5243:Impact on the environment 5233:Entrepreneurship policies 5186: 5173: 5009: 4996: 4850: 4837: 4369: 4356: 4109:Athamina, Khalil (1997). 2234:in 715 and his successor 217:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 5014:Administrative divisions 4690:2011 Egyptian revolution 4631:1952 Egyptian revolution 4427:Lighthouse of Alexandria 4113:. In Lev, Yaacov (ed.). 3874:, pp. 184–185, 310. 1939:Muslim conquest of Egypt 1933:Muslim conquest of Egypt 950:Umayyad state of Córdoba 5218:Egyptian stock exchange 4299:Petry, Carl F. (1994). 4184:Brett, Michael (2001). 2994:, and was succeeded by 2440:in the east and by the 2222:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 2161:(r. 656–661) appointed 1973:, under the command of 1952: Muhammad, 622–632 162:3rd Intermediate Period 142:2nd Intermediate Period 122:1st Intermediate Period 5549:International rankings 4554:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 3294:: CS1 maint: others ( 3169: 3081: 3051: 2960: 2959:at its greatest extent 2858:Baldwin I of Jerusalem 2774: 2770:, of medieval Fatimid 2670: 2562:invasions of Egypt in 2497: 2349: 2341:Spiral Minaret of the 1981:army at the battle of 1966: 1922:Eyālet-i Mıṣr province 5154:Terrorism and tourism 4612:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4444:Library of Alexandria 3991:Hanna, Nelly (2008). 3958:Hanna, Nelly (2008). 3920:Amin Maalouf (1984). 3628:, pp. 89–92, 96. 3484:, pp. 65, 70–71. 3242:Egypt in World War II 3168: 3079: 3049: 2954: 2913:invaded by the Franks 2779:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2765: 2664: 2528:Harun ibn Khumarawayh 2495: 2424:, the founder of the 2340: 2329:in the 10th century. 2163:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1946: 1847:Caliphs and then the 1540:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1455:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 102:Early Dynastic Period 5865:World Heritage Sites 5684:Units of measurement 5139:Proposed new capital 4885:Environmental issues 4646:United Arab Republic 4539:Muhammad Ali dynasty 4228:Halm, Heinz (1996). 2621:improve this article 1928:Early Islamic period 372:Muhammad Ali dynasty 5537:Freedom of religion 5432:Mass sexual assault 4797:Timekeeping devices 4695:2013 Rabaa massacre 4668:Egyptian–Libyan War 3910:, pp. 115–118. 3898:, pp. 312–313. 3862:, pp. 106–108. 3838:, pp. 105–106. 3826:, pp. 104–105. 3802:, pp. 102–103. 3790:, pp. 100–102. 3727:, pp. 206–208. 3688:, pp. 559–560. 3604:, pp. 146–147. 3544:, pp. 550–556. 3532:, pp. 158–159. 3448:, pp. 104–105. 3397:, pp. 102–103. 3385:, pp. 101–102. 3156:Egyptian population 3114:Battle of Ain Jalut 2866:al-Afdal Shahanshah 2405:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 2343:Mosque of Ibn Tulun 2236:Ayyub ibn Sharhabil 517:Ancient Arab states 207:Ptolemaic dynasties 5727:Art (contemporary) 5407:Capital punishment 5297:Telecommunications 4974:Towns and villages 4942:Qattara Depression 4755:Muslim Brotherhood 4725:Cigarette industry 4585:British occupation 4496:Crusader invasions 4466:Rashidun Caliphate 4207:Robinson, Chase F. 4163:Robinson, Chase F. 4038:See, for example, 3700:, pp. 99–100. 3676:, pp. 92, 94. 3652:, pp. 565ff.. 3640:, pp. 312ff.. 3170: 3082: 3052: 3022:Louis IX of France 2961: 2907:under Asad al-din 2775: 2671: 2575:Muhammad ibn Tughj 2498: 2350: 2314:Anarchy at Samarra 2269:Abdallah ibn Tahir 1967: 1582:Current monarchies 1245:Sharifate of Mecca 715:Emirate of Tbilisi 705:Emirate of Armenia 555:Kingdom of Osroene 419:Sultanate of Egypt 409:British occupation 382:Khedivate of Egypt 254:Rashidun caliphate 75:Predynastic Period 5929: 5928: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5801:Football stadiums 5732:Botanical gardens 5611:Catholic dioceses 5503:Gender inequality 5427:Human trafficking 5358: 5357: 5292:Tallest buildings 5253:Military industry 5169: 5168: 5110:Political parties 5063:Islamic extremism 5051:Foreign relations 4992: 4991: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4573:French occupation 4491:Fatimid Caliphate 4486:Ikhshidid dynasty 4220:978-0-521-83823-8 4176:978-0-521-83823-8 4133:Bianquis, Thierry 3778:, pp. 95–99. 3766:, pp. 94–95. 3568:, pp. 92–93. 3508:, pp. 71–72. 3436:, pp. 64–65. 3409:, pp. 65–66. 3050:Mamluk manuscript 2917:king of Jerusalem 2851:battle of Ascalon 2745:Byzantine emperor 2696:advanced through 2674:Jawhar as-Siqilli 2667:Fatimid Caliphate 2657:Fatimid Caliphate 2653: 2652: 2645: 2503:Battle of Tawahin 2301:Coptic Christians 1910:Jerusalem in 1244 1904:. Ayyubid Sultan 1833: 1832: 1798: 1797: 1573: 1572: 1565:Tippu Tip's State 1463: 1462: 1435:Emirate of Beihan 1167:Arabian Peninsula 1158: 1157: 913: 912: 697:Eastern dynasties 688: 687: 633: 632: 545:Nabataean Kingdom 535:Kingdom of Lihyan 496: 495: 447: 446: 400:Late Modern Egypt 390: 389: 362:French occupation 332: 331: 294:Ikhshidid dynasty 264:Umayyad caliphate 235: 234: 189:Greco-Roman Egypt 180: 179: 83: 82: 66:Prehistoric Egypt 16:(Redirected from 5954: 5919: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5694:Waste management 5459:Academic grading 5377: 5364: 5336:Railway stations 5314:Cultural tourism 5213:Economic regions 5175: 4998: 4839: 4508:Mamluk Sultanate 4439:Diocese of Egypt 4422:Battle of Actium 4371: 4358: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4314: 4295: 4276:Kennedy, Hugh N. 4271: 4245: 4224: 4201: 4180: 4154: 4128: 4097: 4096: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4054:Andrey Korotayev 4044:Stuart J. Borsch 4036: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3929: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3332: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3260: 3122:al-Ashraf Khalil 3042:Mamluk Sultanate 2925:Two years later 2882:Ascalon was lost 2838:, or Assassins. 2755:, as the key to 2648: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2605: 2597: 2390: 2387: 2384:) already since 2371:Mamluk Sultanate 1991:Byzantine Empire 1963: 1957: 1951: 1837:Islamic conquest 1825: 1818: 1811: 1586: 1585: 1550:Nabahani dynasty 1495:Nabahani dynasty 1480:Makhzumi dynasty 1476: 1475: 1171: 1170: 926: 925: 725:Emirate of Crete 701: 700: 646: 645: 625:Kingdom of Kinda 575:Kingdom of Hatra 525:Kingdom of Qedar 521: 520: 510: 498: 488: 481: 474: 462:Egypt portal 460: 459: 458: 429:Kingdom of Egypt 405: 404: 348: 347: 250: 249: 193: 192: 98: 97: 71: 70: 58: 48: 30: 21: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5869: 5860:Public holidays 5850:National anthem 5703: 5616:Coptic Churches 5559:Egyptian Arabic 5469:Medical schools 5371: 5354: 5270:Nuclear program 5182: 5165: 5095:Nationality law 5088:Supreme Council 5073:Law enforcement 5005: 4988: 4964:Sinai Peninsula 4947:Red Sea Riviera 4846: 4825: 4801: 4703: 4590:1919 revolution 4578:Revolt of Cairo 4503:Ayyubid dynasty 4481:Tulunid dynasty 4365: 4352: 4346: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4274: 4268: 4248: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4204: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4159:Bonner, Michael 4157: 4151: 4131: 4125: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4003: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3970: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3333: 3321: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3238: 3192: 3186: 3154:Since 1347 the 3074: 3068: 3044: 3038: 3026:Seventh Crusade 2969:Crusader States 2949: 2947:Ayyubid dynasty 2943: 2892:to the throne. 2768:Al-Azhar Mosque 2659: 2649: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2618: 2606: 2595: 2556: 2520:Hugh N. Kennedy 2418:Hugh N. Kennedy 2388: 2378:Ibn al-Mudabbir 2362:Ahmad ibn Tulun 2352:In 868, Caliph 2335: 2260: 2252:Egyptian Arabic 2248:Arabic language 2214:Musa ibn Nusayr 2151: 2127:Conversions of 2064:ṣāḥib al-shurṭa 2003: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1883:Ahmad ibn Tulun 1853:were overthrown 1829: 1800: 1799: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1510:Mahdali dynasty 1473: 1465: 1464: 1405:Muscat and Oman 1175:Imamate of Oman 1168: 1160: 1159: 923: 915: 914: 698: 690: 689: 643: 635: 634: 565:Emesene Dynasty 518: 492: 456: 454: 449: 448: 402: 392: 391: 345: 334: 333: 314:Ayyubid dynasty 304:Fatimid dynasty 284:Tulunid dynasty 274:Abbasid dynasty 247: 237: 236: 190: 182: 181: 95: 85: 84: 68: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5903: 5893: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5796:Football clubs 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Animal welfare 5389: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5275:Power stations 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5223:Egyptian pound 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5127:Prime Minister 5124: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932:Northern coast 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4663:Yom Kippur War 4655: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4296: 4290: 4272: 4266: 4246: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4202: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4155: 4149: 4129: 4123: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4065: 4031: 4016: 4001: 3983: 3968: 3947: 3940: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3886:, p. 112. 3876: 3864: 3852: 3850:, p. 310. 3840: 3828: 3816: 3814:, p. 104. 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3742:, p. 560. 3729: 3717: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3580:, p. 558. 3570: 3558: 3556:, p. 557. 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3424:, p. 104. 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3373:, p. 102. 3363: 3348: 3319: 3301: 3272: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3198:and conquered 3188:Main article: 3185: 3182: 3095:al-Salih Ayyub 3093:(the widow of 3091:Shajar al-Durr 3089:, who married 3070:Main article: 3067: 3064: 3040:Main article: 3037: 3034: 2978:Saladin's son 2957:Ayyubid Empire 2945:Main article: 2942: 2941:Ayyubid period 2939: 2890:Abul-Qasim Isa 2777:His successor 2655:Main article: 2651: 2650: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2593:Fatimid period 2591: 2555: 2552: 2442:Zanj Rebellion 2334: 2333:Tulunid period 2331: 2259: 2258:Abbasid period 2256: 2150: 2149:Umayyad period 2147: 2002: 1999: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1918:Ottoman Empire 1835:Following the 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609:Ras al Khaymah 1601: 1600: 1597: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1525:Mazrui dynasty 1521: 1520: 1517: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 966: 965: 962: 956: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 940:Fihrid Emirate 936: 935: 932: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 911: 910: 907: 901: 900: 897: 891: 890: 887: 881: 880: 877: 871: 870: 867: 861: 860: 857: 851: 850: 847: 841: 840: 837: 831: 830: 827: 821: 820: 817: 811: 810: 807: 801: 800: 797: 791: 790: 787: 781: 780: 777: 771: 770: 767: 761: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 721: 720: 717: 711: 710: 707: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 686: 685: 682: 676: 675: 672: 666: 665: 662: 656: 655: 652: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 630: 627: 621: 620: 617: 611: 610: 607: 601: 600: 597: 591: 590: 587: 581: 580: 577: 571: 570: 567: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 547: 541: 540: 537: 531: 530: 527: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 503: 502: 494: 493: 491: 490: 483: 476: 468: 465: 464: 451: 450: 445: 444: 441: 435: 434: 431: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 411: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 388: 387: 384: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 358: 357: 354: 346: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 329: 326: 324:Mamluk dynasty 320: 319: 316: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 286: 280: 279: 276: 270: 269: 266: 260: 259: 256: 248: 245:Medieval Egypt 243: 242: 239: 238: 233: 232: 229: 227:Sasanian Egypt 223: 222: 219: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 199: 197:Argead dynasty 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 164: 158: 157: 154: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 134: 132:Middle Kingdom 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 104: 96: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 80: 77: 69: 64: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 41: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5959: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5914: 5912: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Art (ancient) 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5601:Blasphemy law 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5569:Sign Language 5567: 5565: 5564:Saʽidi Arabic 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5201:National Bank 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4527:Ottoman Egypt 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4312: 4310:9780791421390 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4291:0-582-40525-4 4287: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4267:0-521-47137-0 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250:Kennedy, Hugh 4247: 4243: 4241:90-04-10056-3 4237: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4197:90-04-11741-5 4193: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4150:0-521-47137-0 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4124:90-04-10032-6 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4092:9780816062591 4088: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4002:9780521033060 3998: 3994: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3969:9780521033060 3965: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3941:0-8052-0898-4 3937: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3908:Bianquis 1998 3904: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3884:Bianquis 1998 3880: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860:Bianquis 1998 3856: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3836:Bianquis 1998 3832: 3829: 3825: 3824:Bianquis 1998 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812:Bianquis 1998 3808: 3805: 3801: 3800:Bianquis 1998 3796: 3793: 3789: 3788:Bianquis 1998 3784: 3781: 3777: 3776:Bianquis 1998 3772: 3769: 3765: 3764:Bianquis 1998 3760: 3757: 3754:, p. 98. 3753: 3752:Bianquis 1998 3748: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3715:, p. 97. 3714: 3713:Bianquis 1998 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:Bianquis 1998 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3674:Bianquis 1998 3670: 3667: 3664:, p. 92. 3663: 3662:Bianquis 1998 3658: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3626:Bianquis 1998 3622: 3619: 3616:, p. 91. 3615: 3614:Bianquis 1998 3610: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3592:, p. 93. 3591: 3590:Bianquis 1998 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3566:Bianquis 1998 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3520:, p. 73. 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3496:, p. 71. 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3472:, p. 70. 3471: 3466: 3463: 3460:, p. 69. 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3446:Athamina 1997 3442: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422:Athamina 1997 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3395:Athamina 1997 3391: 3388: 3384: 3383:Athamina 1997 3379: 3376: 3372: 3371:Athamina 1997 3367: 3364: 3361:, p. 64. 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3190:Burji dynasty 3184:Burji dynasty 3183: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3145:Islamic world 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3073: 3072:Bahri dynasty 3066:Bahri dynasty 3065: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3004:Sixth Crusade 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992:Fifth Crusade 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694:Hasan al-Asam 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669:and neighbors 2668: 2663: 2658: 2647: 2644: 2636: 2633:November 2019 2626: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2610:This section 2608: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2318:millennialist 2315: 2311: 2308:, meant that 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Ibn al-Zubayr 2176: 2173:. During the 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082:south Arabian 2079: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Amr ibn al-As 1972: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:Fifth Crusade 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699:Umm al-Quwain 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1001: 1000:Muslim Sicily 998: 997: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 981: 978: 977: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 933: 931: 928: 927: 919: 918: 908: 906: 903: 902: 898: 896: 893: 892: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 876: 873: 872: 868: 866: 863: 862: 858: 856: 853: 852: 848: 846: 843: 842: 838: 836: 833: 832: 828: 826: 823: 822: 818: 816: 813: 812: 808: 806: 803: 802: 798: 796: 793: 792: 788: 786: 783: 782: 778: 776: 773: 772: 768: 766: 763: 762: 758: 756: 753: 752: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 683: 681: 678: 677: 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 661: 658: 657: 653: 651: 648: 647: 639: 638: 629:450 AD–550 AD 628: 626: 623: 622: 618: 616: 613: 612: 608: 606: 603: 602: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 586: 583: 582: 578: 576: 573: 572: 569:64 BC–300s AD 568: 566: 563: 562: 559:132 BC–244 AD 558: 556: 553: 552: 549:400 BC–106 AD 548: 546: 543: 542: 539:600 BC–100 BC 538: 536: 533: 532: 529:800 BC–300 BC 528: 526: 523: 522: 514: 513: 509: 505: 504: 499: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 469: 467: 466: 463: 453: 452: 442: 440: 437: 436: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 420: 417: 416: 412: 410: 407: 406: 401: 396: 395: 385: 383: 380: 379: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 363: 360: 359: 355: 353: 352:Ottoman Egypt 350: 349: 343: 338: 337: 327: 325: 322: 321: 317: 315: 312: 311: 307: 305: 302: 301: 297: 295: 292: 291: 287: 285: 282: 281: 277: 275: 272: 271: 267: 265: 262: 261: 257: 255: 252: 251: 246: 241: 240: 230: 228: 225: 224: 220: 218: 215: 214: 210: 208: 205: 204: 200: 198: 195: 194: 186: 185: 175: 173: 170: 169: 165: 163: 160: 159: 155: 153: 150: 149: 145: 143: 140: 139: 135: 133: 130: 129: 125: 123: 120: 119: 115: 113: 110: 109: 105: 103: 100: 99: 94: 93:Ancient Egypt 89: 88: 78: 76: 73: 72: 67: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 49: 42: 37: 31: 19: 18:Ayyubid Egypt 5747:Coat of arms 5717:Architecture 5606:Christianity 5586:Prostitution 5532:Human rights 5491:Abaza family 5479:Universities 5444:Demographics 5397:Billionaires 5041:Constitution 5036:Conscription 5019:Governorates 4900:Halfaya Pass 4770:1954–present 4730:Constitution 4685:2010s Crisis 4597:World War II 4559:Urabi revolt 4476:Islamization 4460: 4410:31st Dynasty 4405:27th Dynasty 4300: 4280: 4257: 4230: 4210: 4186: 4166: 4140: 4114: 4076: 4068: 4048: 4039: 4034: 4025: 4019: 3992: 3986: 3959: 3926: 3923: 3915: 3903: 3896:Kennedy 2004 3891: 3879: 3872:Kennedy 2004 3867: 3855: 3848:Kennedy 2004 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3725:Kennedy 2004 3720: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3638:Kennedy 2004 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3530:Kennedy 2004 3525: 3518:Kennedy 1998 3513: 3506:Kennedy 1998 3501: 3494:Kennedy 1998 3489: 3482:Kennedy 1998 3477: 3470:Kennedy 1998 3465: 3458:Kennedy 1998 3453: 3441: 3434:Kennedy 1998 3429: 3407:Kennedy 1998 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3359:Kennedy 1998 3310: 3304: 3263: 3211: 3204: 3193: 3176:Berekeh and 3171: 3153: 3134: 3107: 3083: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3036:Mamluk Egypt 3018:Khwarezmians 3008: 2977: 2962: 2935: 2924: 2894: 2879: 2855: 2840: 2808:In 1049 the 2807: 2800: 2776: 2735: 2727:North Africa 2715: 2703: 2672: 2639: 2630: 2619:Please help 2614:verification 2611: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2557: 2512:Diyar Rabi'a 2499: 2479: 2461: 2449: 2435: 2426:al-Madhara'i 2413: 2408: 2396: 2381: 2375: 2351: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2261: 2239: 2230: 2202: 2198: 2175:Second Fitna 2152: 2136: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2110:Second Fitna 2105: 2101: 2094: 2077: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2039:asfal al-ard 2038: 2026: 2004: 1968: 1891: 1869: 1839:in 641-642, 1834: 1794:1921–present 1779:1900–present 1764:1868–present 1749:1833–present 1734:1810–present 1719:1783–present 1704:1775–present 1689:1761–present 1674:1752–present 1659:1749–present 1644:1744–present 1639:Saudi Arabia 1629:1727–present 1614:1727–present 1599:1631–present 609:300s–500s AD 443:1953–present 342:Early modern 244: 221:30 BC–641 AD 156:1550–1069 BC 146:1650–1550 BC 136:2055–1650 BC 126:2181–2055 BC 116:2686–2181 BC 106:3150–2686 BC 79:6000–3000 BC 5911:WikiProject 5672:Scientology 5542:LGBT rights 5464:Law schools 5248:Lighthouses 5191:Agriculture 4920:Mount Sinai 4880:Earthquakes 4680:Mubarak era 4651:Six-Day War 4641:Suez Crisis 4636:Land reform 4383:Prehistoric 4081:. pp. 3174:Circassians 3160:Black Death 3135:Due to the 3110:Hulagu Khan 3010:Najm al-Din 3002:during the 2869:as he lost 2841:During the 2836:Hashshashin 2825:Tughrul Beg 2686:Carmathians 2577:became the 2540:al-Mu'tadid 2516:Diyar Mudar 2508:al-Mu'tadid 2476:Khumarawayh 2454:al-Muwaffaq 2446:al-Mu'tamid 2431:Nile floods 2393:non-Muslims 2310:Upper Egypt 2280:al-Mu'tasim 2195:Abd al-Aziz 2155:First Fitna 2153:During the 2031:Lower Egypt 2023:Upper Egypt 1995:Constans II 1908:recaptured 1906:Najm al-Din 1881:, ruled by 1865:Lower Egypt 1841:Lower Egypt 1499:Pate Island 1472:East Africa 1265:Sulaymanids 1205:Ukhaidhirds 990:Sulaymanids 960:Muhallabids 865:Munqidhites 765:Shirvanshah 619:300s–602 AD 589:196–1100 AD 579:100s–241 AD 172:Late Period 166:1069–664 BC 152:New Kingdom 112:Old Kingdom 45:History of 5936:Categories 5823:Newspapers 5813:Mass media 5665:Synagogues 5633:Irreligion 5581:Literature 5576:Liberalism 5515:Healthcare 5417:Corruption 5100:Parliament 5031:Corruption 5026:Civil Code 4969:Suez Canal 4927:Nile Delta 4812:Alexandria 4782:Population 4777:Parliament 4745:Healthcare 4626:Nasser era 4400:Achaemenid 4375:Chronology 4062:5484005604 3740:Brett 2010 3686:Brett 2010 3650:Brett 2010 3602:Brett 2001 3578:Brett 2010 3554:Brett 2010 3542:Brett 2010 3320:0582405254 3273:9004100326 3248:References 3196:Timur Lenk 2832:Malik Shah 2736:Under the 2729:as far as 2583:al-Ikhshid 2536:Qarmatians 2389: 861 2367:Ikhshidids 2354:al-Mu'tazz 2183:Kharijites 2091:Mu'awiya I 2035:Nile Delta 1987:Alexandria 1983:Heliopolis 1920:under the 1785:Hashemites 1740:Al Maktoum 1710:Al Khalifa 1395:Upper Yafa 1385:Ya'arubids 1225:Qarmatians 1110:Sumadihids 599:220–638 AD 595:Ghassanids 201:332–310 BC 176:664–332 BC 5818:Magazines 5808:Egyptians 5643:Ahmadiyya 5554:Languages 5520:Hospitals 5454:Education 5321:Transport 5280:Aswan Dam 5208:Companies 5149:Terrorism 5115:President 5078:Massacres 5068:Judiciary 5046:Elections 4915:Mountains 4844:Geography 4822:Port Said 4765:1939–1954 4760:1928–1938 4715:Anarchism 4658:Sadat era 4602:Sultanate 4549:Khedivate 4449:Christian 4417:Ptolemaic 4011:144525826 3978:144525826 3337:cite book 3290:cite book 3124:captured 3030:Turanshah 2984:Al-Adil I 2920:Amalric I 2875:Venetians 2788:Jerusalem 2698:Palestine 2438:Saffarids 2401:al-Qata'i 2157:, Caliph 2033:with the 1979:Byzantine 1770:Al Sharqi 1725:Al Nuaimi 1695:Al Mualla 1684:Abu Dhabi 1680:Al Nahyan 1620:Al Qasimi 1605:Al Qasimi 1569:1860–1887 1559:1858–1895 1544:1856–1964 1534:1746–1828 1519:1277–1495 1504:1203–1894 1459:1926–1970 1449:1906–1934 1439:1903–1967 1429:1858–1967 1425:Qu'aitids 1419:1836–1921 1415:Rashidids 1409:1820–1970 1399:1800–1967 1389:1624–1742 1379:1597–1872 1369:1463–1521 1359:1454–1526 1349:1395–1967 1345:Kathirids 1339:1305–1487 1335:Jarwanids 1329:1253–1320 1319:1229–1454 1309:1159–1174 1299:1154–1624 1295:Nabhanids 1289:1083–1174 1279:1076–1253 1269:1063–1174 1259:1047–1138 1255:Sulayhids 1154:1837–1969 1150:Senussids 1144:1554–1659 1134:1230–1492 1124:1049–1078 1114:1041–1091 1104:1039–1110 1094:1031–1091 1090:Jawharids 1084:1027–1063 1080:Muzaynids 1074:1026–1057 1070:Hammudids 1064:1023–1062 1060:Yahsubids 1054:1023–1091 1044:1020–1086 1034:1013–1039 1024:1012–1051 1014:1004–1412 980:Aghlabids 909:1697–1842 899:1517–1865 889:1480–1677 879:1517–1697 869:1025–1157 859:1024–1080 855:Mirdasids 845:Numayrids 825:Jarrahids 815:Mazyadids 795:Hamdanids 785:Hashimids 745:Habbarids 735:Dulafids 585:Tanukhids 433:1922–1953 423:1914–1922 413:1882–1922 386:1867–1914 376:1805–1953 366:1798–1801 356:1517–1867 328:1250–1517 318:1171–1250 211:310–30 BC 5891:Category 5855:Olympics 5791:Football 5623:Hinduism 5591:Religion 5498:Feminism 5486:Families 5449:Diaspora 5412:Censuses 5402:Cannabis 5387:Abortion 5331:Airports 5326:Airlines 5302:Internet 5105:Passport 5083:Military 5056:Missions 5003:Politics 4984:Wildlife 4708:By topic 4621:Republic 4456:Sassanid 4278:(2004). 4252:(1998). 4135:(1998). 3329:55792252 3282:34515063 3236:See also 3226:Istanbul 3214:Ottomans 3014:Mameluks 2996:Al-Kamil 2988:Damietta 2901:Nureddin 2880:In 1153 2847:Ortokids 2843:Crusades 2792:Crusades 2749:Buwayhid 2706:al-Muizz 2690:Damascus 2579:de facto 2452:regent, 2450:de facto 2397:de facto 2327:Fatimids 2226:Abdallah 2218:Ifriqiya 2203:de facto 2191:Marwan I 2167:Umayyads 2143:Egyptian 2114:en masse 2073:(army). 2027:al-sa'id 1894:Ayyubids 1887:Fatimids 1879:Tulunids 1845:Rashidun 1774:Fujairah 1755:Al Thani 1665:Al Sabah 1554:Wituland 1489:896–1279 1445:Idrisids 1375:Qasimids 1355:Tahirids 1325:Usfurids 1315:Rasulids 1285:Zurayids 1249:968–1925 1235:Wajihids 1229:899–1077 1219:897–1962 1209:865–1066 1195:Yufirids 1189:819–1138 1185:Ziyadids 1179:751–1970 1120:Tahirids 1050:Abbadids 1030:Tujibids 1004:831–1091 970:Idrisids 954:756–1031 934:710–1019 930:Salihids 895:Harfushs 885:Turabays 849:990–1081 839:990–1096 835:Uqaylids 829:970–1107 819:961–1150 809:955–1071 805:Rawadids 799:890–1004 789:869–1075 769:861–1538 755:Kaysites 749:854–1011 719:736–1122 684:909–1171 680:Fatimids 674:750–1258 670:Abbasids 660:Umayyads 650:Rashidun 615:Lakhmids 605:Salihids 439:Republic 308:969–1171 36:a series 34:Part of 5921:Commons 5840:Museums 5784:regions 5752:Cuisine 5737:Castles 5709:Culture 5679:Smoking 5660:Judaism 5648:Mosques 5527:Housing 5474:Schools 5380:General 5369:Society 5309:Tourism 5238:Fishing 5196:Banking 5180:Economy 4905:Islands 4895:Geology 4890:Fossils 4875:Deserts 4870:Climate 4860:Borders 4806:By city 4792:Saladin 4740:Genetic 4720:Capital 4607:Kingdom 4522:Ottoman 4388:Ancient 4363:History 4209:(ed.). 4165:(ed.). 4103:Sources 3932:159–161 3218:Selim I 3149:mosques 3141:Baghdad 3137:sacking 3118:Baybars 3112:at the 3103:Mongols 2990:in the 2973:Karaksh 2931:Saladin 2927:Shirkuh 2909:Shirkuh 2803:library 2741:al-Aziz 2731:Tangier 2701:Syria. 2568:919–921 2564:914–915 2560:Fatimid 2544:Shayban 2532:Rabi'ah 2486:sermons 2463:Thughūr 2458:Cilicia 2414:ghilmān 2369:to the 2273:Baghdad 2264:Abbasid 2244:Bilbeis 2206:viceroy 2098:al-jund 2007:Babylon 1914:Mamluks 1875:Abbasid 1849:Umayyad 1714:Bahrain 1650:Al Said 1635:Al Saud 1624:Sharjah 1594:Morocco 1590:'Alawis 1529:Mombasa 1365:Jabrids 1305:Mahdids 1275:Uyunids 1239:926–965 1215:Rassids 1199:847–997 1140:Saadids 1130:Nasrids 1040:Amirids 1020:Bakrids 1010:Kanzids 994:814–922 984:800–909 974:788–974 964:771–793 944:745-757 905:Shihabs 875:Ma'nids 779:864–928 775:Alavids 759:860–964 739:840–897 729:824–961 709:654–884 664:661–750 654:632–661 298:935–969 288:868–905 278:750–935 268:661–750 258:641–661 231:619–629 5901:Portal 5742:Cinema 5596:Baháʼí 5510:Health 5258:Mining 5228:Energy 4952:Rivers 4865:Cities 4787:Postal 4568:Modern 4513:Mamluk 4471:Fustat 4461:Muslim 4393:topics 4351:topics 4307: 4288: 4264: 4238: 4217: 4194: 4173: 4147: 4121: 4089: 4060: 4009: 3999: 3976: 3966: 3938: 3327: 3317: 3280: 3270: 3206:Plague 3200:Cyprus 3178:Barkuk 2980:Othman 2965:sultan 2897:Shawar 2886:Usamah 2862:Tinnis 2829:Seljuk 2822:Seljuk 2753:Aleppo 2738:vizier 2723:Medina 2711:Shiism 2692:under 2682:mosque 2468:Tarsus 2409:ghulām 2358:Bakbak 2043:Uthman 2029:) and 2015:Helwan 2011:Fustat 1962: 1956: 1950: 1789:Jordan 1669:Kuwait 1100:Hudids 38:on the 5845:Music 5828:Radio 5769:Films 5699:Women 5653:Niqāb 5638:Islam 5422:Crime 5263:Mines 4979:Wadis 4937:Oases 4910:Lakes 4855:Biota 4817:Cairo 4735:Copts 4544:Nahda 4434:Roman 4349:Egypt 3222:power 3130:Cairo 3099:Qutuz 3087:Aybak 3024:(the 2905:Kurds 2818:Yemen 2814:Sunni 2810:Zirid 2772:Cairo 2719:Mecca 2678:Cairo 2524:Jaysh 2481:jihād 2472:Abbas 2460:(the 2382:ʿāmil 2347:Cairo 2306:Aswan 2296:ʿaṭāʾ 2292:diwān 2288:ʿaṭāʾ 2138:nomoi 2133:Islam 2129:Copts 2121:Jizya 2102:ʿaṭāʾ 2096:diwān 2054:ribat 2019:Askar 1898:Cairo 1871:Egypt 1861:Upper 1857:Askar 1759:Qatar 1744:Dubai 1729:Ajman 1514:Kilwa 1484:Shewa 344:Egypt 47:Egypt 5779:list 5774:Flag 5762:Wine 5757:Beer 5437:Rape 5132:list 5120:list 4957:Nile 4750:Jews 4305:ISBN 4286:ISBN 4262:ISBN 4236:ISBN 4215:ISBN 4192:ISBN 4171:ISBN 4145:ISBN 4119:ISBN 4087:ISBN 4085:–3. 4058:ISBN 4007:OCLC 3997:ISBN 3974:OCLC 3964:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3343:link 3325:OCLC 3315:ISBN 3296:link 3278:OCLC 3268:ISBN 3126:Acre 2955:The 2871:Tyre 2796:Jews 2766:The 2757:Iraq 2721:and 2566:and 2514:and 2322:Alid 2284:jund 2262:The 2240:jund 2199:jund 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