1276:
35:
291:
183:
453:
26:
510:
573:
515:
514:
839:
has linked exposure to azodicarbonamide at workplaces where it is manufactured or handled in raw form to "respiratory issues, allergies and asthma". The available data are restricted to these occupational environments. Exposure of the general public to azodicarbonamide could not be evaluated because
759:
Azodicarbonamide is used in plastics, synthetic leather, and other industries and can be pure or modified. Modification affects the reaction temperatures. Pure azodicarbonamide generally reacts around 200 °C. In the plastic, leather, and other industries, modified azodicarbonamide (average
513:
875:
as a food additive. Azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent in plastics has been banned in the
European Union since August 2005 for the manufacture of plastic articles that are intended to come into direct contact with food. In the United States, azodicarbonamide has a
903:, a side product of ADA use. The EU banned ADA in food containers despite an EFSA report considering such exposure "not a concern" due to low levels produced. The FDA's review maintains that ADA is safe at amounts allowed.
461:
433:
856:
884:. However, use in products intended for human consumption is in decline under pressure of the public opinion. In 2014, amid public discomfort with the dual uses of azodicarbonamide, the sandwich franchise
647:. It is a yellow to orange-red, odorless, crystalline powder. It is sometimes called a 'yoga mat' chemical because of its widespread use in foamed plastics. It was first described by John Bryden in 1959.
1440:
756:. The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide produces nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases, which are trapped in the polymer as bubbles to form a foamed article.
1242:
586:
1485:
871:
In some jurisdictions, the use of azodicarbonamide as a flour bleaching agent has been phased out. For example, it is no longer authorized for use in
Australia and the
516:
1040:
855:) in workplace settings and determined that containers of it should be labeled with "May cause sensitisation by inhalation." Azodicarbonamide was added to the
1436:
340:
1366:"COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2004/1/EC of 6 January 2004 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the suspension of the use of azodicarbonamide as blowing agent"
968:
771:, where it forms bubbles upon breaking down into gas at high temperature. Vinyl foam is springy and does not slip on smooth surfaces. It is useful for
893:
840:
of the lack of available data. The WHO concluded, "The level of risk is uncertain; hence, exposure levels should be reduced as much as possible".
538:
1169:
WHO FAO 1965. Toxicological
Evaluation of Some Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers, Stabilizers, Flour-Treatment Agents, Acids and Bases:
1478:
1369:
896:
stated azodicarbonamide "has been poorly tested" and advocates for reducing the amount of azodicarbonamide that is allowed to be used in food.
1316:
1115:
972:
1254:
531:
1471:
305:
1186:
1154:
1458:
1292:
Diazene-1,2-dicarboxamide (C,C'-azodi(formamide)) (ADCA)... respiratory sensitising properties (Article 57(f) - human health)
927:
860:
1336:
593:
489:
877:
248:
1365:
760:
decomposition temperature 170 °C) contains additives that accelerate the reaction or react at lower temperatures.
452:
1396:
848:
269:
120:
1391:
910:
continues to use azodicarbonamide in an unspecified quantity ("under 2 %") in their standard hamburger buns.
1221:
986:
836:
524:
190:
1694:
178:
1699:
906:
As of
February, 2021, in contrast to direct competitors like Wendy's that have phased out the ingredient,
768:
960:
1584:
822:. Many restaurants in the US fast food industry removed the additive in response to negative publicity.
796:
475:
445:
140:
47:
783:
made of vinyl foam have been available since the 1980s; the first mats were cut from carpet underlay.
1630:
1069:
1636:
1332:
885:
286:
86:
1131:
764:
907:
34:
1704:
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1521:
1415:
1312:
1250:
1111:
1022:
935:
881:
800:
550:
1214:
1170:
160:
1672:
1654:
1597:
1548:
1527:
1103:
1077:
1012:
892:
announced that they would no longer use it as a dough conditioner. As of
February 2014, the
763:
An example of the use of azodicarbonamide as a blowing agent is found in the manufacture of
363:
257:
1444:
1001:"Azodicarbonamide (ADCA): A reconsideration of classification as a respiratory sensitiser"
812:
1098:
Heinz Weber; Isidoor De Grave; Eckhard Röhrl; Volker Altstädt (2016). "Foamed
Plastics".
96:
1073:
290:
182:
1191:
872:
844:
564:
1688:
1603:
1591:
1577:
1531:
1505:
900:
808:
792:
753:
418:
171:
556:
1511:
752:
The principal use of azodicarbonamide is in the production of foamed plastics as a
709:
1107:
237:
1340:
851:
has identified azodicarbonamide as a respiratory sensitizer (a possible cause of
803:. It reacts with moist flour as an oxidizing agent. The main reaction product is
1517:
1017:
1000:
899:
The ban on ADA in food is mostly motivated by the weak carcinogenic property of
25:
1535:
1081:
1060:
Bryden, J. H. (10 January 1961). "The crystal structure of azodicarbonamide".
889:
397:
151:
939:
1554:
928:"Banned bread: why does the US allow additives that Europe says are unsafe?"
776:
660:
1026:
1648:
1612:
1494:
1215:"Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 16: Azodicarbonamide"
816:
780:
772:
705:
537:
530:
523:
496:
216:
208:
481:
1621:
1311:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 548.
224:
191:
1277:"Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation"
1173:
FAO Nutrition
Meetings Report Series No. 40A,B,C. WHO/Food Add./67.29
880:(GRAS) status and is allowed to be added to flour at levels up to 45
852:
807:, which is stable during baking. Secondary reaction products include
804:
664:
131:
563:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1041:"Almost 500 Foods Contain the 'Yoga Mat' Compound. Should We Care?"
119:
109:
1666:
656:
485:
1467:
1571:
1045:
1463:
274:
1541:
1416:"Subway to remove 'dough conditioner' chemical from bread"
863:
list in 2012, for its respiratory sensitizing properties.
314:
InChI=1S/C2H4N4O2/c3-1(7)5-6-2(4)8/h(H2,3,7)(H2,4,8)/b6-5+
508:
324:
InChI=1/C2H4N4O2/c3-1(7)5-6-2(4)8/h(H2,3,7)(H2,4,8)/b6-5+
581:
209:
1155:
Frequently Asked
Questions on Azodicarbonamide (ADA)
628:, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula
423:225 °C (437 °F; 498 K) (decomposes)
236:
1136:History of Yoga Mat - Looking back with Friends
512:
95:
1187:"The Yoga-Mat Chemical's Quiet Fast-Food Exit"
1100:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1479:
655:It is prepared in two steps via treatment of
8:
1337:"European Union: Authorisation of Additives"
1181:
1179:
667:, as described in this idealized equation:
1486:
1472:
1464:
969:International Programme on Chemical Safety
289:
181:
159:
17:
1016:
999:Arts, Josje; Kimber, Ian (October 2017).
894:Center for Science in the Public Interest
256:
1165:
1163:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
643:
639:
635:
631:
413:Yellow to orange/red crystalline powder
1360:
1358:
1302:
1300:
918:
345:
310:
285:
1414:Landau, Elizabeth (17 February 2014).
1409:
1407:
1370:Official Journal of the European Union
1005:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
172:
1243:"Substances causing/worsening asthma"
1149:
1147:
1145:
1093:
1091:
317:Key: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N
139:
7:
1307:Smith, Jim; Hong-Shum, Lily (2011).
975:from the original on 24 August 2010
327:Key: XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKBW
227:
1459:International Chemical Safety Card
14:
1565:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599)
1247:UK Occupational Health and Safety
795:, azodicarbonamide is used as a
571:
451:
381:
375:
33:
24:
1157:Page Last Updated: 20 June 2014
861:Substances of Very High Concern
567:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
387:
369:
1:
1108:10.1002/14356007.a11_435.pub2
1102:. Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–54.
878:generally recognized as safe
1397:Code of Federal Regulations
1018:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.018
961:"Azodicarbonamide (CICADS)"
926:Farah, Troy (28 May 2019).
849:Health and Safety Executive
1721:
1501:
1222:World Health Organization
1082:10.1107/S0365110X61000139
987:World Health Organization
837:World Health Organization
831:Occupational (inhalation)
712:yields azodicarbonamide:
561:
432:
427:
356:
336:
301:
79:
56:
46:
41:
32:
23:
1561:Miscellaneous (E900–999)
1309:Food additives data book
888:and hamburger franchise
1062:Acta Crystallographica
835:In a 1999 report, the
721:N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH
692:N−C(=O)−NH−NH−C(=O)−NH
519:
1443:22 April 2022 at the
826:Safety and regulation
815:. It is known by the
797:flour bleaching agent
518:
217:(glazing agents, ...)
68:C,C'-Azodi(formamide)
1631:Potassium persulfate
733:N−C(=O)−N=N−C(=O)−NH
501:(fire diamond)
71:Diazenedicarboxamide
1637:Ammonium persulfate
1343:on 31 December 2014
1333:European Commission
1074:1961AcCry..14...61B
405: g·mol
20:
1522:acidity regulators
1439:awrestaurants.com
985:Also published by
594:Infobox references
520:
51:Carbamoyliminourea
18:
1682:
1681:
1643:Potassium bromate
1624:
1615:
1555:Flavour enhancers
1549:anticaking agents
1437:All American Food
1372:. 13 January 2004
1318:978-1-4051-9543-0
1251:WorkSafe Victoria
1117:978-3-527-30673-2
801:dough conditioner
602:Chemical compound
600:
599:
551:Safety data sheet
476:Hazard statements
348:O=C(/N=N/C(=O)N)N
270:CompTox Dashboard
121:Interactive image
19:Azodicarbonamide
1712:
1673:Benzoyl peroxide
1661:Azodicarbonamide
1655:Chlorine dioxide
1622:
1613:
1585:Improving agents
1578:Synthetic glazes
1488:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1427:
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1423:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:. Archived from
1329:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1253:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1183:
1174:
1171:Azodicarbonamide
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1140:
1139:
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948:
946:
923:
867:Food (ingestion)
857:REACH Regulation
738:
700:
646:
606:Azodicarbonamide
584:
578:
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574:
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526:
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383:
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364:Chemical formula
294:
293:
278:
276:
260:
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229:
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193:
185:
174:
163:
143:
123:
99:
62:Azodicarboxamide
37:
28:
21:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1609:
1592:Packaging gases
1568:
1497:
1492:
1455:
1450:
1445:Wayback Machine
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:. 1 April 2012.
1390:
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1375:
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1364:
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1241:
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1226:
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1208:
1198:
1196:
1195:. 8 August 2016
1185:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1034:
998:
997:
993:
989:, Geneva, 1999.
978:
976:
959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
925:
924:
920:
916:
869:
833:
828:
813:ethyl carbamate
789:
773:carpet underlay
750:
745:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
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704:Oxidation with
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89:
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65:Azobisformamide
52:
12:
11:
5:
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1702:
1697:
1695:Food additives
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1652:
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1604:Foaming agents
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1453:External links
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1449:
1448:
1429:
1403:
1392:"21CFR172.806"
1383:
1354:
1324:
1317:
1296:
1268:
1257:on 31 May 2013
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2:
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1701:
1700:Azo compounds
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904:
902:
901:semicarbazide
897:
895:
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809:semicarbazide
806:
802:
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793:food additive
787:Food additive
786:
784:
782:
779:. Commercial
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770:
766:
761:
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755:
754:blowing agent
748:Blowing agent
747:
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173:ECHA InfoCard
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40:
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27:
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1660:
1583:
1560:
1518:Antioxidants
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1327:
1308:
1291:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1190:
1135:
1132:Friend, John
1126:
1099:
1068:(1): 61–63.
1065:
1061:
1055:
1044:
1035:
1008:
1004:
994:
977:. Retrieved
964:
955:
943:. Retrieved
932:The Guardian
931:
921:
905:
898:
870:
842:
834:
819:
790:
769:EVA-PE foams
762:
758:
751:
743:Applications
710:chromic acid
703:
654:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
497:
467:
434:
80:Identifiers
57:Other names
15:
1536:emulsifiers
1532:stabilisers
1347:31 December
1011:: 268–278.
765:vinyl (PVC)
462:Signal word
410:Appearance
357:Properties
179:100.004.229
141:ChEMBL28517
1689:Categories
1606:(E990–999)
1600:(E950–969)
1598:Sweeteners
1594:(E930–949)
1587:(E920–929)
1580:(E910–919)
1574:(E900–909)
1557:(E600–699)
1551:(E500–599)
1545:regulators
1538:(E400–499)
1528:Thickeners
1524:(E300–399)
1514:(E200–299)
1508:(E100–199)
1422:3 November
1286:30 October
1227:5 February
914:References
859:candidate
777:floor mats
626:)formamide
446:Pictograms
398:Molar mass
258:56Z28B9C8O
152:ChemSpider
108:3D model (
87:CAS Number
48:IUPAC name
1667:Carbamide
1616:-cysteine
1495:E numbers
1261:14 August
1192:Bloomberg
979:14 August
940:0261-3077
781:yoga mats
661:hydrazine
651:Synthesis
437:labelling
200:204-650-8
192:EC Number
1705:Bleaches
1649:Chlorine
1625:-cystine
1441:Archived
1376:10 March
1199:8 August
1134:(2009).
1027:28734852
973:Archived
817:E number
706:chlorine
672:2 O=C(NH
663:to form
498:NFPA 704
428:Hazards
210:E number
97:123-77-3
1669:(E927b)
1506:Colours
1070:Bibcode
908:A&W
890:Wendy's
843:In the
737:+ 2 HCl
587:what is
585: (
403:116.080
225:PubChem
161:4575589
1675:(E928)
1663:(E927)
1657:(E926)
1651:(E925)
1645:(E924)
1639:(E923)
1633:(E922)
1627:(E921)
1618:(E920)
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965:Inchem
945:7 June
938:
886:Subway
853:asthma
847:, the
805:biurea
799:and a
696:+ 2 NH
665:biurea
582:verify
579:
553:(SDS)
468:Danger
341:SMILES
215:E927a
132:ChEMBL
42:Names
1572:Waxes
1418:. CNN
1218:(PDF)
791:As a
659:with
306:InChI
238:31269
110:JSmol
1424:2015
1378:2011
1349:2014
1313:ISBN
1288:2018
1281:ECHA
1263:2010
1229:2014
1201:2016
1153:FDA
1112:ISBN
1023:PMID
981:2010
947:2024
936:ISSN
820:E927
811:and
775:and
767:and
725:+ Cl
684:N−NH
657:urea
622:azo(
618:ADA,
610:ADCA
490:H334
486:H331
482:H242
249:UNII
1104:doi
1078:doi
1046:NPR
1013:doi
882:ppm
729:→ H
708:or
688:→ H
680:+ H
624:bis
620:or
614:ACA
435:GHS
275:EPA
228:CID
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1542:pH
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638:O
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634:H
632:2
630:C
577:Y
539:0
532:1
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391:2
388:O
385:4
382:N
379:4
376:H
373:2
370:C
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