1544:"third blessing" that brought power for witnessing to those who had already been sanctified. With the news tongues experience, sanctification was seen as a prerequisite "cleansing" that qualified the seeker to experience the "third blessing" of baptism in the Holy Spirit. An early prophetic utterance stated ominously that "My Spirit will not dwell in an unclean temple." Seekers were encouraged to abandon all the roots of bitterness and original sin so that nothing would block their reception of the Spirit. In fact, it was told that Seymour would not admit seekers to enter the upper room to seek the baptism until he was satisfied that their sanctification experience had been certified downstairs. The historic Azusa Street testimony was "I am saved, sanctified, and filled with the Holy Ghost."
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1360:. The Garrs later traveled to China where they arrived in Hong Kong and began to spread Pentecostalism in mainland China. They did this by working through other Protestant churches and organizations that had already been established. Garr significantly contributed to early Pentecostalism through his later work in redefining the "biblical evidence" doctrine and changing the doctrine from a belief that speaking in tongues was explicitly for evangelism to a belief that speaking in tongues was a gift for "spiritual empowerment".
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not move for hours as though they were dead. These people appear to be mad, mentally deranged or under a spell. They claim to be filled with the spirit. They have a one eyed, illiterate, Negro as their preacher who stays on his knees much of the time with his head hidden between the wooden milk crates. He doesn't talk very much but at times he can be heard shouting, "Repent," and he's supposed to be running the thing... They repeatedly sing the same song, "The
Comforter Has Come."
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crowd, stood at the pulpit, and delivered a stinging rebuke: "God is sick at his stomach!" He proceeded to explain that God would not stand for such "animalism." When it was clear that the majority of the Azusa Street
Mission would not accept Parham's leadership, Parham left with an estimated two to three hundred followers and opened a rival campaign at a nearby Women's Christian Temperance Union building.
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eventually spoke in tongues as her whole congregation began to attend the meetings. Soon the crowds became very large and were full of people speaking in tongues, shouting, singing and moaning. Finally, the front porch collapsed, forcing the group to begin looking for a new meeting place. A resident of the neighborhood described the happenings at 216 North Bonnie Brae with the following words:
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1292:, and a series of anecdotes of people's experience within the revival. One edition in 1907 wrote, "One token of the Lord's coming is that He is melting all races and nations together, and they are filled with the power and glory of God. He is baptizing by one spirit into one body and making up a people that will be ready to meet Him when He comes". The
855:, and though he had not experienced this personally, Terry was impressed with his character and message. Once home in California, Terry suggested that Seymour be invited to speak at the local church. Seymour received and accepted the invitation in February 1906, and he received financial help and a blessing from Parham for his planned one-month visit.
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had most recently been used as a stable with rooms for rent upstairs. It was a small, rectangular, flat-roofed building, approximately 60 feet (18 m) long and 40 feet (12 m) wide, totaling 2,400 square feet (220 m), sided with weathered whitewashed clapboards. The only sign that it had once been a house of God was a single
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1012:, an early participant in the revival, recalled that "Brother Seymour generally sat behind two empty shoe boxes, one on top of the other. He usually kept his head inside the top one during the meeting, in prayer. There was no pride there.... In that old building, with its low rafters and bare floors..."
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disgraceful intermingling of the races...they cry and make howling noises all day and into the night. They run, jump, shake all over, shout to the top of their voice, spin around in circles, fall out on the sawdust blanketed floor jerking, kicking and rolling all over it. Some of them pass out and do
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No instruments of music are used. None are needed. No choir – the angels have been heard by some in the spirit. No collections are taken. No bills have been posted to advertise the meetings. No church organization is back of it. All who are in touch with God realize as soon as they enter the meetings
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after his first Sunday. He continued his ministry in the homes of sympathetic parishioners, and on the night of April 9, 1906, first one, then six others in his meeting began to speak in tongues and shout out loud praising God, so loudly that the neighborhood was alerted. The news quickly spread; the
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Christians from many traditions were critical, saying the movement was hyper-emotional, misused
Scripture and lost focus on Christ by overemphasizing the Holy Spirit. Within a short time ministers were warning their congregations to stay away from the Azusa Street Mission. Some called the police and
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Arriving at Azusa Street, recoiled in disgust at the racial intermingling. He was aghast that black people were not in their "place," and simply could not abide "white people imitating unintelligent, crude negroisms of the
Southland, and laying it on the Holy Ghost." Parham made his way through the
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The second floor at the now-named
Apostolic Faith Mission housed an office and rooms for several residents including Seymour and his new wife, Jennie. It also had a large prayer room to handle the overflow from the altar services below. The prayer room was furnished with chairs and benches made from
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in what was then an impoverished part of town. The rent was $ 8.00 per month. A newspaper referred to the downtown Los
Angeles building as a "tumble down shack". Since the church had moved out, the building had served as a wholesale house, a warehouse, a lumberyard, stockyards, a tombstone shop, and
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While in
Houston, Texas, where he had moved his headquarters, Parham came into contact with William Seymour (1870-1922), an African-American Baptist-Holiness preacher. Seymour took from Parham the teaching that the baptism of the Holy Spirit was not the blessing of sanctification but rather a third
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to investigate the happenings after hearing that the biblical prophecy of Acts 2:4 was being fulfilled. Other visitors left the revival to become missionaries in remote areas all over the world. So many missionaries went out from Azusa (some thirty-eight left in
October 1906) that within two years
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Seymour's holiness background suggests that
Pentecostalism had roots in the holiness movement of the late nineteenth century. The holiness movement embraced the Wesleyan doctrine of "sanctification" or the second work of grace, subsequent to conversion. Pentecostalism added a third work of grace,
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and baptism of the Holy Spirit. Lawrence Catley, whose family attended the revival, said that in most services preaching consisted of
Seymour opening a Bible and worshippers coming forward to preach or testify as they were led by the Holy Spirit. Many people would continually shout throughout the
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They shouted three days and three nights. It was Easter season. The people came from everywhere. By the next morning there was no way of getting near the house. As people came in they would fall under God's power; and the whole city was stirred. They shouted until the foundation of the house gave
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Wesleyan Pentecostal Churches. ...Most of the first generation of Pentecostals were from this holiness stream that had its roots in Methodism. ...When the Pentecostal movement began, these "holiness Pentecostals" simply added the baptism in the Holy Spirit with tongues as "initial evidence" of a
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By 1913, the revival at Azusa Street had lost momentum, and most of the media attention and crowds had left by 1915. Seymour remained there with his wife, Jennie, for the rest of their lives as pastors of the small African American congregation, though he often made short trips to help establish
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reporter attempted to describe what would soon be known as the Azusa Street Revival. "Breathing strange utterances and mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand", the story began, "the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles". Another local paper reporter in
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Discarded lumber and plaster littered the large, barn-like room on the ground floor. Nonetheless, it was secured and cleaned in preparation for services. They held their first meeting on April 14, 1906. Church services were held on the first floor where the benches were placed in a rectangular
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and white residents of the city, and for several nights, various speakers would preach to the crowds of curious and interested onlookers from the front porch of the Asberry home. Members of the audience included people from a broad spectrum of income levels and religious backgrounds. Hutchins
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Seymour arrived in Los Angeles on February 22, 1906, and within two days was preaching at Julia Hutchins' church at the corner of Ninth Street and Santa Fe Avenue. During his first sermon, he preached that speaking in tongues was the first biblical evidence of the inevitable infilling in the
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Meetings are held in a tumble-down shack on Azusa Street, and the devotees of the weird doctrine practice the most fanatical rites, preach the wildest theories and work themselves into a state of mad excitement in their peculiar zeal. Colored people and a sprinkling of whites compose the
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By mid-May 1906, anywhere from 300 to 1,500 people would attempt to fit into the building. Since horses had very recently been the residents of the building, flies constantly bothered the attendees. People from a diversity of backgrounds came together to worship: men, women, children,
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1170:, and members read aloud testimonies that were sent to the mission by mail. There was prayer for the gift of tongues. There was prayer in tongues for the sick, for missionaries, and whatever requests were given by attenders or mailed in. There was spontaneous preaching and
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congregation, and night is made hideous in the neighborhood by the howlings of the worshippers, who spend hours swaying forth and back in a nerve racking attitude of prayer and supplication. They claim to have the "gift of tongues" and be able to understand the babel.
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Proud, well-dressed preachers came to "investigate". Soon their high looks were replaced with wonder, then conviction comes, and very often you will find them in a short time wallowing on the dirty floor, asking God to forgive them and make them as little
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city was stirred; crowds gathered; services were moved outside to accommodate the crowds who came from all around; people fell down as they approached, and attributed it to God; people were baptized in the Holy Spirit and the sick were said to be healed.
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Today, there are more than 500 million Pentecostal and charismatic believers across the globe, and it the fastest-growing form of Christianity today . The Azusa Street Revival is commonly regarded as the beginning of the modern-day Pentecostal Movement.
843:(second work of grace). Neely Terry, an African American woman who attended a small holiness church pastored by Julia Hutchins in Los Angeles, made a trip to visit family in Houston late in 1905. While in Houston, she visited Seymour's church, where he
761:(AME) church, had more recently been used as a livery stable, storage building and tenement house. In this humble Azusa Street mission, a continuous three-year revival occurred and became known around the world. Stanley H. Frodsham, in his book,
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reports advertised the events of the Azusa Street Revival internationally, thousands of individuals visited the mission in order to witness it firsthand. At the same time, thousands of people were leaving Azusa Street with intentions of
757:, the original branch of Pentecostalism. To further accommodate the crowds, an old dilapidated, two-story frame building at 312 Azusa Street in the industrial section of the city was secured. This building, originally built for an
926::4 and soon six others began to speak in tongues as well, including Jennie Moore, who would later become Seymour's wife. A few days later, on April 12, Seymour spoke in tongues for the first time after praying all night long.
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the door. Elders of the church rejected Seymour's teaching, primarily because he had not yet experienced the blessing about which he was preaching. Condemnation of his message also came from the Holiness Church Association of
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the movement had spread to over fifty nations, including Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, Holland, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, South Africa, Hong Kong, China, Ceylon and India. Christian leaders visited from all over the world.
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spiritual climate that had already been taking root in those areas. Other new missions were based on preachers who had charisma and energy. Nearly all of these new churches were founded among immigrants and the poor.
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families from local holiness churches began to attend as well. The group would get together regularly and pray to receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit. On April 9, 1906, after five weeks of Seymour's preaching and
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with which the church had affiliation. However, not all members of Hutchins' church rejected Seymour's preaching. He was invited to stay in the home of congregation member Edward S. Lee, and he began to hold
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was distributed without charge, and thousands of laypersons and ministers received copies worldwide. Five thousand copies of the first edition were printed, and by 1907 the press run reached over 40,000.
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publication reported the happenings at the Azusa Street Mission to the world. Its first issue's lead story was titled "Pentecost has Come". It contained a letter from Charles Parham, an article on
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pattern. Some of the benches were simply planks put on top of empty nail kegs. There was no elevated platform, as the ceiling was only eight feet high. Initially there was no pulpit.
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Worship at 312 Azusa Street was frequent and spontaneous with services going almost around the clock. Among those attracted to the revival were not only members of the
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1231:", "Holy Jumpers", "Tangled Tonguers" and "Holy Ghosters". Reports were published throughout the U.S. and the world of the strange happenings in Los Angeles.
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of those who attended the Azusa Street Revival was "I am saved, sanctified, and filled with the Holy Ghost" in reference to the three works of grace of
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formed in 1919—these represent Finished Work Pentecostal denominations. An early doctrinal controversy led to a split between Trinitarian and
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Among first-hand accounts were reports of the blind having their sight restored, diseases cured instantly, and immigrants speaking in German,
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True Stories of the Miracles of Azusa Street and Beyond: Re-live One of The Greatest Outpourings in History that is Breaking Loose Once Again
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Seymour was invited to Los Angeles for a one-month engagement at a local church, but found himself barred due to his controversial views on
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2512:"'The Newest Religious Sect Has Started in Los Angeles': Race, Class, Ethnicity, and the Origins of the Pentecostal Movement 1906–1913"
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Seymour and his small group of new followers soon relocated to the home of Richard and Ruth Asberry at 216 North Bonnie Brae Street.
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brought increasing attention to the happenings at Azusa Street and the fledgling movement that was emerging from the revival.
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The leaders of the Apostolic Faith Mission. Seymour is front row, second from the right; Jennie is back row, third from left.
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By October 1906, Charles Parham was invited to speak for a series of meetings at Azusa Street but was quickly un-invited.
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was a particularly prolific area of growth for the movement, since Seymour's approach gave a useful explanation for a
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of races and the group's encouragement of women in leadership was remarkable, as 1906 was the height of the "
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By the end of 1906, most leaders from Azusa Street had spun off to form other congregations, such as the
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The group from Bonnie Brae Street eventually discovered an available building at 312 Azusa Street (
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on September 28, 1922, Jennie led the church until 1931, when the congregation lost the building.
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918:, Edward S. Lee spoke in tongues for the first time. At the next meeting, Seymour shared Lee's
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Today, the revival is considered by historians to be the primary catalyst for the spread of
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The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901–2001
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The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901–2001
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Many existing Wesleyan-holiness denominations adopted the Pentecostal message, such as the
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News of the events at North Bonnie Brae St. quickly circulated among the African American,
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863:. On the following Sunday, March 4, he returned to the church and found that Hutchins had
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Pentecostal Church of God General Bylaws, Historical Perspective, Section 3 and History.
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Also starting in September 1906 was the publication of the revival's own newsletter, the
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2305:"William Joseph Seymour: The father of Pentecostalism | Azusa Street: The Impact"
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1412:, and are now Holiness Pentecostal denominations. Holiness Pentecostals, such as the
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831:. Seymour inherited from Parham the belief that baptism with the Holy Spirit was the
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Dove, Stephen (2009). "Hymnody and Liturgy in the Azusa Street Revival, 1906–1908".
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abroad. Reverend K. E. M. Spooner visited the revival in 1909 and became one of the
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The Apostolic Faith Mission on Azusa Street, now considered to be the birthplace of
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The Azusa Street Mission And Revival: The Birth Of The Global Pentecostal Movement
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The Holiness–Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century
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for behaviors considered to be outrageous and unorthodox, especially at the time.
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called the baptism of the Holy Ghost, which is often accompanied by glossolalia.
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1392:. These missions were largely composed of immigrant or ethnic groups. The
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2080:"Azusa St. and modern Pentecostalism – The 100-year celebration of what?"
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1068:" era of racial segregation, and fourteen years prior to women receiving
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738:. The revival began on April 9, 1906, and continued until roughly 1915.
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The Charismatic Century: The Enduring Impact of the Azusa Street Revival
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995:) in downtown Los Angeles, which had originally been constructed as an
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article criticizing the behavior of the revivalists at Azusa Street.
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publication claimed a common reaction to the revival from visitors:
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The Black Roots and White Racism of Early Pentecostalism in the USA
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Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century
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In a skeptical front-page story titled "Weird Babel of Tongues", a
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September 1906 described the happenings with the following words:
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work of grace that was accompanied by the experience of tongues.
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other smaller revivals later in life. After Seymour died of a
773:. The participants were criticized by some secular media and
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1657:. International Center for Spiritual Renewal. Archived from
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and his wife were sent from Azusa Street as missionaries to
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William J. Seymour and the Origins of Global Pentecostalism
1774:. International Pentecostal Holiness Church. Archived from
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Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies
2422:. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. October 6, 2006.
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1100:. An observer at one of the services wrote these words:
2420:"Spirit and Power: A 10 Country Survey of Pentecostals"
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1958:. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. pp. 42–45.
1622:. West Tennessee Historical Society. 2002. p. 41.
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The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers – Issue 56
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Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center digital archive of
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1484:"How a humble preacher ignited the Pentecostal fire"
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Missionary Bernt Bernsten traveled to the area from
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The Charismatic Movement: Is there a new Pentecost?
1183:meetings. The members of the mission never took an
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2213:, University of Hawaii Press, p. 122, 2017,
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1729:"William J. Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival"
1594:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1999. p. 415.
2845:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference
2144:"The Lasting Impact of the Azusa Street Revival"
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2720:General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
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1141:Azusa Street Historical Sign in Los Angeles, CA
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2672:Evangelical Protestantism in the United States
2252:. ChristianityTodayLibrary.com. Archived from
1917:"Pentecostal Movement Celebrates Humble Roots"
1260:Headline of the first ever publication of the
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2433:"Azusa Street revival (Pentecostal movement)"
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8:
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1799:"This Date in History: Azusa Street Revival"
1020:planks, laid end to end on backless chairs.
3460:Christian organizations established in 1906
2710:Conservative Baptist Association of America
1983:"Billy Wilson: The Miracle on Azusa Street"
1833:Newmann, Richard; Tinney, James S. (1978).
1772:"IPHC Azusa Street Links – 1901 to Present"
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2914:Christian Reformed Church in North America
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1691:Hayford, Jack W.; Moore, S. David (2006).
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20:
3318:Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus
3308:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
2827:Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
2299:
2297:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
914:, and three days into an intended 10-day
590:International Pentecostal Holiness Church
3450:African-American history in Los Angeles
2985:Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
2574:
2517:The Journal of African American History
2108:. lutherproductions.com. Archived from
1766:
1764:
1762:
1474:
1227:The attendees were often described as "
627:United Pentecostal Church International
342:
306:
278:
220:
185:
152:
34:
2400:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
2278:. The Latter Rain Page. Archived from
1891:
1753:
2385:. Duke University Press, 2014, p. 89.
2021:. religion-online.org. Archived from
1248:tried to get the building shut down.
7:
3333:National Association of Evangelicals
2990:Fundamentalist–modernist controversy
2784:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
2743:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
1731:. Enrichment Journal. Archived from
1115:was not so kind in its description:
807:, leader of the Azusa Street Revival
583:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)
50:Tongues as of fire representing the
16:Historic Pentecostal revival meeting
1801:. atheism.about.com. Archived from
1797:Cline, Austin (February 22, 2004).
1450:Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
1416:, affirm three works of grace: (1)
356:12 Articles from Niagara Falls (CC)
3455:African Methodist Episcopal Church
2106:"Azusa Street Revival (1906–1909)"
2086:from the original on April 3, 2007
2017:Blumhofer, Edith (March 7, 2006).
1915:Allen, Marshall (April 15, 2006).
1105:that the Holy Ghost is the leader.
997:African Methodist Episcopal Church
823:and an interim pastor for a small
14:
3445:1906 establishments in California
2896:Christian and Missionary Alliance
2878:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
3303:Christianity Today International
2950:Association of Vineyard Churches
2738:Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2359:. Mighty Moments. Archived from
2307:. April 17, 2001. Archived from
2207:"22. Constructive Living Maxims"
2185:10.1163/027209609X12470371387840
1989:from the original on May 9, 2007
1592:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
672:
610:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
3338:National Religious Broadcasters
2537:10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001
2529:10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.1.0001
1158:or occasionally there would be
3313:Evangelical Climate Initiative
2761:Presbyterian Church in America
1:
3287:Transformational Christianity
2146:. CBNnews.com. Archived from
1372:Birth of Pentecostal movement
1338:in Africa, working among the
3470:Pentecostalism in California
3232:Apostolic-Prophetic Movement
3060:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
2932:Seventh-day Adventist Church
2483:Robeck Jr., Cecil M (2006).
2454:Poloma, Margaret M. (1982).
2248:Ted, Olsen (April 1, 1998).
2082:. Let us Reason Ministries.
1152:Singing was sporadic and in
893:Seymour and his wife, Jennie
743:baptism with the Holy Spirit
595:Finished Work Pentecostalism
315:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
3323:Fuller Theological Seminary
2799:Pentecostal Holiness Church
2695:Southern Baptist Convention
2509:Campbell, Marne L. (2010).
2051:. Bridge-Logos Publishers.
1871:. London: Macmillan Press.
1426:Baptism with the Holy Ghost
1410:Pentecostal Holiness Church
1390:Italian Pentecostal Mission
1332:Pentecostal Holiness Church
1252:Apostolic Faith publication
901:House on Bonnie Brae Street
759:African Methodist Episcopal
271:Priesthood of all believers
3486:
3348:World Vision United States
3156:Contemporary worship music
3034:Los Angeles Crusade (1949)
2955:Calvary Chapel Association
2398:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
1436:counterparts, such as the
1194:
983:34.0483797°N 118.2411076°W
839:(first work of grace) and
91:Weslyean-Holiness movement
3267:New Apostolic Reformation
3095:Christianity and abortion
2794:Pentecostal Church of God
2435:. Encyclopædia Britannica
2357:"Reverend John W. Brooks"
2219:10.1515/9780824839178-024
2047:Bartleman, Frank (1980).
1454:United Pentecostal Church
1448:, the latter founded the
1442:Pentecostal Church of God
1434:Finished Work Pentecostal
1124:The first edition of the
939:way, but no one was hurt.
922:and preached a sermon on
853:speaking in other tongues
849:receiving the Holy Spirit
719:was a historic series of
3389:Charles Grandison Finney
3272:Neo-charismatic movement
3242:Christian fundamentalism
2942:Nondenominational Family
2837:Congregationalist Family
2402:. pp. 71, 125, 153–164.
1867:MacRobert, Iain (1988).
1004:over the main entrance.
988:34.0483797; -118.2411076
885:North Bonnie Brae Street
769:, worship services, and
528:Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson
478:Erik Andersen Nordquelle
351:Fundamental Truths (AOG)
2458:. G. K. Hall & Co.
1837:. G. K. Hall & Co.
1440:formed in 1914 and the
1406:Church of God in Christ
1394:Southeast United States
1313:Sending of missionaries
725:Los Angeles, California
679:Christianity portal
578:Church of God in Christ
568:Holiness Pentecostalism
119:1904–1905 Welsh Revival
3369:Aimee Semple McPherson
3282:Seven Mountain Mandate
3022:Fourth Great Awakening
3005:Second Great Awakening
2863:Church of the Nazarene
2394:Synan, Vinson (1997).
2276:"Azusa Street Mission"
2019:"Azusa Street Revival"
1954:Synan, Vinson (2001).
1571:"Azusa Street Mission"
1527:Synan, Vinson (2012).
1414:Apostolic Faith Church
1386:Apostolic Faith Church
1381:
1265:
1244:
1225:
1166:. Visitors gave their
1142:
1135:
1122:
1107:
1072:in the United States.
961:
941:
902:
894:
808:
622:Oneness Pentecostalism
573:Apostolic Faith Church
473:Aimee Semple McPherson
468:Charles Harrison Mason
3328:Moody Bible Institute
3277:Red-Letter Christians
3017:Third Great Awakening
3000:First Great Awakening
2873:Free Methodist Church
2814:Restorationist Family
2804:Apostolic Pentecostal
2779:Assemblies of God USA
2363:on September 29, 2007
2311:on September 27, 2007
2256:on September 27, 2007
2025:on September 27, 2007
1559:, Destiny Image, 2013
1430:Holiness Pentecostals
1422:entire sanctification
1379:
1264:, from September 1906
1259:
1237:
1140:
956:
900:
892:
851:with the evidence of
841:entire sanctification
803:
787:in the 20th century.
755:Holiness Pentecostals
615:The Foursquare Church
549:Category:Pentecostals
538:Maria Woodworth-Etter
3237:Bapticostal movement
3151:Contemporary worship
3130:Second work of grace
3110:Evangelical theology
2975:Azusa Street Revival
2250:"American Pentecost"
1446:Oneness Pentecostals
1076:Services and worship
763:With Signs Following
717:Azusa Street Revival
647:Charismatic Movement
463:Gerald Archie Mangun
246:Christian perfection
124:Azusa Street Revival
114:Bethel Bible College
3435:1910s in California
3430:1900s in California
3262:Post-evangelicalism
3080:Biblical patriarchy
3070:Biblical literalism
2753:Presbyterian Family
2705:Missionary Baptists
2700:Independent Baptist
2620:Greater Los Angeles
2561:The Apostolic Faith
1921:The Washington Post
1805:on October 24, 2005
1494:on December 7, 2011
1482:Corcoran, Michael.
1319:The Apostolic Faith
1164:slain in the Spirit
1002:Gothic-style window
979: /
870:Southern California
833:third work of grace
771:speaking in tongues
723:that took place in
562:Major denominations
518:Bishop Ida Robinson
393:Joseph Ayo Babalola
388:Thomas Ball Barratt
325:Speaking in tongues
320:Third work of grace
222:Systematic theology
3465:Christian revivals
3440:1906 in California
3085:Biblical womanhood
3075:Biblical inerrancy
3010:Cane Ridge Revival
2822:Churches of Christ
2771:Pentecostal Family
2381:Espinosa, Gaston.
2282:on January 8, 2007
2211:Water, Snow, Water
1894:, pp. 17, 65.
1382:
1334:'s most effective
1266:
1245:
1160:singing in tongues
1143:
1018:California Redwood
962:
903:
895:
813:William J. Seymour
809:
805:William J. Seymour
729:William J. Seymour
533:Smith Wigglesworth
523:William J. Seymour
493:Charles Fox Parham
408:William M. Branham
343:Pentecostal creeds
299:Believer's baptism
134:William J. Seymour
129:Charles Fox Parham
86:Methodist revivals
3417:
3416:
3105:Decision theology
3100:Christian Zionism
3065:Believers' Church
2963:
2962:
2888:Keswickian Family
2789:Foursquare Church
2715:Free Will Baptist
2487:. Thomas Nelson.
2408:978-0-8028-4103-2
2228:978-0-8248-3917-8
1702:978-0-446-57813-4
1538:978-1-4185-8753-6
1531:. Thomas Nelson.
1488:Cox News Services
1438:Assemblies of God
1215:Los Angeles Times
1112:Los Angeles Times
1082:Holiness Movement
713:
712:
641:Related movements
605:Assemblies of God
363:
362:
307:Private doctrines
294:Believers' Church
3477:
3409:Jonathan Edwards
3353:Youth for Christ
3247:Evangelical left
3120:Kingdom theology
2924:Adventist Family
2683:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2548:
2514:
2498:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2337:on July 10, 2006
2333:. Archived from
2331:"Page 1 Reprint"
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2239:
2238:
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2197:
2196:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:on June 13, 2007
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:. The 700 Club.
1979:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1864:
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1830:
1815:
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1794:
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1783:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1724:
1707:
1706:
1695:. Warner Faith.
1688:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1588:
1582:
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1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1490:. Archived from
1479:
1452:in 1916 and the
994:
993:
991:
990:
989:
984:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
835:, following the
733:African-American
727:. It was led by
721:revival meetings
705:
698:
691:
677:
676:
600:Apostolic Church
543:Niilo Yli-Vainio
503:David du Plessis
433:Mae Eleanor Frey
413:David Yonggi Cho
236:Premillennialism
150:
48:
38:
28:
21:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3399:Franklin Graham
3394:Dwight L. Moody
3357:
3343:Promise Keepers
3291:
3220:
3194:
3190:Sinner's prayer
3173:Revival meeting
3163:Mourner's bench
3134:
3055:Baptism by fire
3043:
3039:Revival of 1800
3029:Healing revival
2995:Great Awakening
2959:
2936:
2918:
2906:Reformed Family
2900:
2882:
2868:Wesleyan Church
2855:Holiness Family
2849:
2831:
2808:
2765:
2747:
2730:Lutheran Family
2724:
2674:
2669:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2576:
2568:
2555:
2508:
2505:
2503:Further reading
2495:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2466:
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2438:
2436:
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2430:
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2242:
2233:
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2205:
2204:
2200:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2150:on May 14, 2007
2141:
2140:
2125:
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2113:
2104:
2103:
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2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1852:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1778:on June 5, 2007
1770:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1735:on May 19, 2007
1726:
1725:
1710:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1661:on May 11, 2007
1655:"Azusa History"
1653:
1652:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1555:Tommy Welchel,
1554:
1550:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1374:
1354:Calcutta, India
1315:
1302:
1294:Apostolic Faith
1282:Apostolic Faith
1274:Apostolic Faith
1270:Apostolic Faith
1262:Apostolic Faith
1254:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1126:Apostolic Faith
1078:
1038:Native American
1010:Frank Bartleman
987:
985:
981:
978:
973:
970:
968:
966:
965:
951:
946:
887:
879:prayer meetings
798:
793:
709:
671:
657:
656:
642:
634:
633:
563:
555:
554:
458:Kathryn Kuhlman
453:George Jeffreys
403:Reinhard Bonnke
398:Nicholas Bhengu
373:
365:
364:
335:Spiritual gifts
147:
139:
138:
109:
101:
100:
76:The Reformation
66:
58:
36:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
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3432:
3422:
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3415:
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3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:C. I. Scofield
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
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3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Jesus movement
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3168:Prayer warrior
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
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3019:
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3002:
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2726:
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2723:
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2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2687:Baptist Family
2680:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2566:
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2554:
2553:External links
2551:
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2142:Strand, Paul.
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1569:Cloud, David.
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1197:Charles Parham
1195:Main article:
1192:
1191:Charles Parham
1189:
1180:sanctification
1077:
1074:
959:Pentecostalism
950:
947:
945:
942:
886:
883:
829:Topeka, Kansas
821:Charles Parham
797:
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785:Pentecostalism
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170:
165:
157:
156:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
96:Restorationism
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
64:
63:
60:
59:
49:
41:
40:
37:Pentecostalism
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3482:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Jerry Falwell
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:Major figures
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3216:Televangelism
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2608:United States
2599:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2494:9780785216933
2490:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:Cited sources
2476:
2467:
2465:0-8057-9701-7
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:(2): 242–63.
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:0-88270-439-7
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:0-7852-4550-2
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1878:0-333-43997-X
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:0-8161-8137-3
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1782:September 27,
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:, p. 60.
1755:
1750:
1747:
1734:
1730:
1727:McGee, Gary.
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:9789004116955
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:Tswana people
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:Presbyterians
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:intermingling
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
998:
992:
960:
955:
948:
943:
940:
935:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
899:
891:
884:
882:
880:
876:
875:Bible studies
871:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
802:
795:
790:
788:
786:
781:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
744:
739:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
684:
683:
680:
675:
670:
669:
668:Protestantism
665:
661:
660:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
628:
625:
624:
623:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
559:
558:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Pat Robertson
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
369:
368:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Finished Work
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
188:
184:
179:
176:
174:
173:Infallibility
171:
169:
168:New Testament
166:
164:
163:Old Testament
161:
160:
159:
158:
155:
151:
143:
142:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:Early history
105:
104:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Protestantism
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
42:
39:
33:
29:
23:
22:
19:
3379:Billy Sunday
3374:Billy Graham
3296:Institutions
3252:Exvangelical
3206:Bible church
3183:Tent revival
3178:Camp meeting
2980:Black church
2974:
2637:
2584:Christianity
2560:
2520:
2516:
2484:
2455:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2427:
2415:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:the original
2284:. Retrieved
2280:the original
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2243:
2232:, retrieved
2210:
2201:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2049:Azusa Street
2048:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
1991:. Retrieved
1955:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1887:
1868:
1834:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1692:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1623:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1591:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1564:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1528:
1508:
1498:November 19,
1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1487:
1477:
1458:
1403:
1383:
1362:
1348:
1336:missionaries
1328:evangelizing
1318:
1316:
1307:heart attack
1303:
1293:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1246:
1238:
1229:Holy Rollers
1226:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1079:
1022:
1014:
1006:
963:
944:Azusa Street
937:
928:
904:
857:
810:
782:
762:
748:
740:
716:
714:
664:Christianity
662:
547:
508:Oral Roberts
498:Lewi Pethrus
483:T. L. Osborn
378:Asa A. Allen
123:
71:Christianity
18:
3115:Full Gospel
2523:(1): 1–25.
1892:Robeck 2006
1754:Robeck 2006
1398:charismatic
1365:North China
1172:altar calls
1084:, but also
986: /
974:118°14′28″W
861:Holy Spirit
817:Pentecostal
796:Los Angeles
778:theologians
488:Agnes Ozman
448:Rex Humbard
261:Latter Rain
251:Full Gospel
231:Eschatology
52:Holy Spirit
3424:Categories
3211:Megachurch
3146:Altar call
3125:Quiverfull
3090:Born again
2596:California
1464:References
1432:and their
1424:, and (3)
1350:A. G. Garr
1155:a cappella
1090:Mennonites
1054:illiterate
1042:immigrants
971:34°02′54″N
949:Conditions
827:church in
791:Background
443:Benny Hinn
438:Donald Gee
383:Yiye Ávila
372:Key people
289:Born again
280:Conversion
266:Five solae
211:Holy Ghost
65:Background
3225:Movements
3139:Practices
2563:newspaper
2545:141225024
2193:162354428
1469:Citations
1456:in 1945.
1418:New Birth
1321:and many
1286:Pentecost
1209:Criticism
1176:salvation
1168:testimony
1133:children.
920:testimony
865:padlocked
837:new birth
819:preacher
811:In 1905,
775:Christian
751:testimony
56:Pentecost
2679:Churches
2341:June 28,
2084:Archived
1987:Archived
1408:and the
1344:Botswana
1240:LA Times
1185:offering
1086:Baptists
1070:suffrage
1066:Jim Crow
1058:educated
845:preached
825:holiness
767:miracles
736:preacher
418:Jack Coe
146:Theology
27:a series
24:Part of
3048:Thought
2968:History
2632:History
2570:Portals
2439:May 17,
2367:May 21,
2315:May 17,
2286:May 17,
2260:May 17,
2234:July 1,
2154:May 17,
2116:May 17,
2090:May 17,
2029:May 17,
1993:May 17,
1926:May 17,
1809:May 17,
1739:May 17,
1665:May 17,
1576:May 24,
1358:Bengali
1323:secular
1147:Yiddish
1094:Quakers
881:there.
330:Worship
196:Trinity
2543:
2535:
2491:
2462:
2406:
2225:
2191:
2055:
1962:
1875:
1841:
1699:
1598:
1535:
1420:, (2)
1300:Legacy
1096:, and
1056:, and
931:Latino
924:Acts 2
912:prayer
201:Father
3199:Forms
2541:S2CID
2533:JSTOR
2189:S2CID
1288:from
1034:Asian
1030:White
1026:Black
907:White
731:, an
154:Bible
2489:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2441:2007
2404:ISBN
2369:2007
2343:2007
2317:2007
2288:2007
2262:2007
2236:2021
2223:ISBN
2156:2007
2118:2007
2092:2007
2053:ISBN
2031:2007
1995:2007
1960:ISBN
1928:2007
1873:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1811:2007
1784:2012
1741:2007
1697:ISBN
1667:2007
1596:ISBN
1578:2007
1533:ISBN
1500:2011
1290:Acts
1280:The
1174:for
1109:The
1050:poor
1046:rich
916:fast
877:and
749:The
715:The
2525:doi
2215:doi
2181:doi
1342:of
1317:As
847:on
206:Son
187:God
54:on
3426::
2539:.
2531:.
2521:95
2519:.
2515:.
2296:^
2221:,
2209:,
2187:.
2177:31
2175:.
2126:^
2067:^
2039:^
2003:^
1974:^
1936:^
1919:.
1899:^
1853:^
1819:^
1761:^
1711:^
1675:^
1632:^
1604:.
1541:.
1519:^
1486:.
1346:.
1178:,
1092:,
1088:,
1052:,
1048:,
1044:,
1040:,
1036:,
1032:,
1028:,
666:•
30:on
2664:e
2657:t
2650:v
2572::
2547:.
2527::
2497:.
2468:.
2443:.
2410:.
2371:.
2345:.
2319:.
2290:.
2264:.
2217::
2195:.
2183::
2158:.
2120:.
2094:.
2061:.
2033:.
1997:.
1968:.
1930:.
1881:.
1847:.
1813:.
1786:.
1743:.
1705:.
1669:.
1580:.
1502:.
704:e
697:t
690:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
