376:. Azygos and hemiazygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was not common in daily life. It is very hard to observe, particularly when it is not associated with congenital heart disease or deep venous thrombosis. Thus, it is crucial to diagnose the enlarged azygos vein at the confluence with the superior vena cava and in the retrocrural space to prevent misdiagnosis as a right-sided paratracheal mass. The loss of the intrahepatic segment of IVC with azygous and hemiazygos continuation happens in 0.6% of patients diagnosed for congenital heart disease and usually occurs simultaneously with situs inversus, asplenia, or polysplenia, persistent left superior vena cava (SVC), and congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome. Azygos and hemiazygos continuation of the IVC is rare especially when it is not associated with congenital heart disease.
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It has been proposed that the azygos vein develops by originally draining to the posterior cardinal vein and then to the longitudinal venous channel. Following retrogression of the left common cardinal vein, the left azygos vein loses contact with the posterior cardinal vein. Thus, the blood drains
281:
The origin and anatomical course of the azygos vein are quite variable. Usually, there is a singular azygos vein on the right side of the body. However, the azygos vein is occasionally located in the midline or two independent veins may be present like in early embryonic development. In some rare
363:. It also creates a cavo-caval anastomosis by offering an alternative, collateral blood flow from the lower half of the body to the superior vena cava, bypassing the inferior vena cava. This can have clinical significance in any blood flow restriction of the inferior vena cava.
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Azygos vein abnormalities can be suggested on chest radiograph by enlargement of the azygos shadow to greater than 1 cm. False positives can occur in heart failure causing increased pressures on the right side of the heart, or adjacent
40:
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319:, draining into the azygous vein at the midthoracic level. These two veins are located at the opposite side of the vertebral column. The azygous vein also receives drainage from all the
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Posterior view: The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind. (Azygos vein labeled at bottom left.)
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variations, for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins, and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent
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270:) is an important anatomic landmark. As an anatomical variation in 1–2% of the population, the arch can be displaced laterally, thereby creating a
567:
Shin, Myung Soo; Ho, Kang Jey (1 July 1999). "Clinical significance of azygos vein enlargement: Radiographic recognition and etiologic analysis".
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This terminology is only accurate in some species, such as the human, dog, and cat. Ruminants (such as sheep and cows) have paired azygos veins.
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from behind to the front to join the superior vena cava. The trachea and oesophagus is located medially to the arch of the azygous vein.
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Piciucchi S, Barone D, Sanna S, Dubini A, Goodman LR, Oboldi D, Bertocco M, Ciccotosto C, Gavelli G, Carloni A, Poletti V (October 2014).
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and its accessory on the left side of the body, they are considered tributaries of the azygos vein rather than its left-side equivalent.
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400:. The azygos vein is unpaired in that there is only one in the body, mostly on the right side. While there is the
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The azygos system of veins is considered to be the azygos vein, along with its left-sided counterparts, the
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775:"Radiological features of azygos and hemiazygos continuation of inferior vena cava: A case report"
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Edward
Lamperti; Michael Schuenke; Erik Schulte; Udo Schumacher; Ross, Lawrence J. (2006).
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604:"The azygos vein pathway: an overview from anatomical variations to pathological changes"
200:ἄζυγος (ázugos)=unwedded, unpaired) is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic
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Liu, Y; Guo, D; Li, J; Zhang, X; He, J; Huang, M; Dai, J; Cai, H (April 2018).
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The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the
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at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Right side of the
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and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the
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at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra, ascending to the right of the
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Gray's
Anatomy The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition
181:
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259:. At the level of T4 vertebrae, it arches over the root of the right
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General
Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System (Thieme Atlas of Anatomy)
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424:
Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins.
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701:. Health & Medicine, Entertainment & Humor. 2013-05-23
327:(first intercostal vein). Other tributaries include the right
721:
Clinically
Oriented Anatomy Eighth, North American Edition
734:
Berman, Gerald de Lacey, Simon Morley, Laurence (2008).
436:
The venæ cavæ and azygos veins, with their tributaries.
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and their tributaries. (Vena azygos labeled at center.)
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695:"Development of superior venacava and azygous vein"
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719:Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; A. M. R. Agur.
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658:(Third ed.). Elsevier Ltd. p. 148.
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758:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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216:when either of the venae cavae is blocked.
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518:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
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738:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
736:The chest X-ray : a survival guide
546:. Thieme Publishing Group. p. 13.
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278:from the upper lobe of the right lung.
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208:. It connects the systems of superior
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29:
654:Ryan, Stephanie (2011). "Chapter 3".
293:Structure and location of azygos vein
7:
723:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
491:whose tip goes into the azygos vein.
448:Mediastinal surface of right lung.
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239:It is formed by the union of the
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941:Posterior of the left ventricle
266:The "arch of the azygos vein" (
27:Human blood vessel by the spine
950:Ligament of the left vena cava
683:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK.
656:Anatomy for diagnostic imaging
388:refers to a pair. 'A-' means
286:on the left side of the body.
1:
581:10.1016/S0899-7071(99)00141-2
853:Function at Knowyourbody.net
343:. It communicates with the
303:into the right azygos line.
204:draining itself towards the
791:10.1097/MD.0000000000010546
508:Posterior intercostal veins
1251:
1130:posterior intercostal 5-11
1116:right superior intercostal
946:Oblique of the left atrium
311:Major tributaries are the
1170:vertebral venous plexuses
1043:left superior intercostal
620:10.1007/s13244-014-0351-3
361:accessory hemiazygos vein
345:vertebral venous plexuses
323:on the right, except for
317:accessory hemiazygos vein
174:
94:Superior intercostal vein
60:
37:
826:Anatomy figure: 19:03-03
325:supreme intercostal vein
84:Right supracardinal vein
848:Radiology at umich.edu
836:Dissection at lumc.edu
294:
241:ascending lumbar veins
176:Anatomical terminology
367:Clinical significance
292:
274:septum separating an
1135:accessory hemiazygos
1033:anterior intercostal
257:intercostal arteries
1093:pericardiacophrenic
1038:superior epigastric
1235:Veins of the torso
966:Small cardiac vein
841:2007-09-28 at the
513:Superior vena cava
295:
268:arcus venae azygos
234:superior vena cava
206:superior vena cava
104:Superior vena cava
49:inferior vena cava
45:Superior vena cava
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411:Additional images
321:intercostal veins
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16:(Redirected from
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1162:Vertebral column
1144:superior phrenic
1098:internal jugular
1086:external jugular
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402:hemiazygos vein
384:The Greek root
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374:lymphadenopathy
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357:hemiazygos vein
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331:and veins from
329:bronchial veins
313:hemiazygos vein
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245:subcostal veins
243:with the right
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703:. Retrieved
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460:Azygos vein
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223:
214:right atrium
193:
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145:A12.3.07.001
120:
52:
18:Azygos veins
1126:intercostal
830:mediastinum
523:Azygos lobe
472:Azygos vein
337:mediastinum
333:pericardium
307:Tributaries
298:Development
276:azygos lobe
194:azygos vein
121:vena azygos
110:Identifiers
90:Drains from
53:azygos vein
33:Azygos vein
1224:Categories
1139:hemiazygos
1060:subclavian
705:2018-06-13
699:slideshare
529:References
487:showing a
341:oesophagus
1192:posterior
1121:bronchial
1055:vertebral
1011:vena cava
754:cite book
392:. Thus,
232:into the
220:Structure
210:vena cava
100:Drains to
79:Precursor
1197:anterior
1180:internal
1175:external
1065:axillary
1009:superior
839:Archived
809:29703035
779:Medicine
638:25171956
589:10631900
497:See also
398:unpaired
359:and the
351:Function
1050:supreme
891:of the
800:5944491
629:4195836
485:CT scan
380:History
272:pleural
230:abdomen
133:D001401
73:Details
1187:spinal
1108:Azygos
905:Thorax
893:thorax
807:
797:
742:
662:
636:
626:
587:
550:
396:means
394:azygos
339:, and
226:thorax
196:(from
992:Lungs
914:Heart
889:Veins
180:[
116:Latin
895:and
805:PMID
760:link
740:ISBN
660:ISBN
634:PMID
585:PMID
548:ISBN
489:port
315:and
284:vein
261:lung
251:and
228:and
192:The
169:4838
157:4747
140:TA98
128:MeSH
795:PMC
787:doi
624:PMC
616:doi
577:doi
390:not
386:zyg
164:FMA
152:TA2
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
