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imperialistic ideas, with materialistic ideas, with reactionary or revolutionary ideas and trying to implement them first by
British pressure and then by American pressure, and then by terrorism on his own part – he is not the old cousin and we do not extend to him a very good welcome. The Zionist, the new Jew, wants to dominate and he pretends that he has got a particular civilizing mission with which he returns to a backward, degenerate race in order to put the elements of progress into an area which wants no progress. Well, that has been the pretension of every power that wanted to colonize and aimed at domination. The excuse has always been that the people are backward and that he has got a human mission to put them forward. The Arabs simply stand and say NO. We are not reactionary and we are not backward. Even if we are ignorant, the difference between ignorance and knowledge is ten years in school. We are a living, vitally strong nation, we are in our renaissance; we are producing as many children as any nation in the world. We still have our brains. We have a heritage of civilization and of spiritual life. We are not going to allow ourselves to be controlled either by great nations or small nations or dispersed nations.
346:. After negotiations between the Italians and Tripolitanian chiefs, on 1 June 1919 the Fundamental Law of Tripolitania (granting the natives full Italian nationality) was enacted. Despite the agreement, the Italians refused to implement the law. This led to the formation of the National Reform Party, led by Azzam, to pressure the Italians to uphold the law. The Italians refused to concede, and in January 1923 Azzam accompanied Sayyid Idris into exile in Egypt. By 1924, opposition in Tripolitania had waned.
1852:
537:. In 1961, an Egyptian writer called the quotation "completely out of context": "Azzam actually said that he feared that if the people of Palestine were to be forcibly and against all right dispossessed, a tragedy comparable to the Mongol invasions and the Crusades might not be avoidable ... The reference to the Crusaders and the Mongols aptly describes the view of the foreign Zionist invaders shared by most Arabs."
390:–the Egyptian government refused to send an official delegate to the meeting. However, Azzam and several other members of the Egyptian opposition attended the conference. Taking an active part in the proceedings, he was elected to the congress' executive committee and discussed Arab nationalism at length. This conference is one of the first instances in which Arab nationalists included Egypt in the
233:
always clung tenaciously to Arab traditions and ideals of life", adding, "in estimating Abdul Rahman's character, his early up-bringing and his Arab blood must never be forgotten." However, Coury writes that the Azzams were completely assimilated into village life and did not see themselves as different from other
Egyptians. Azzam once said, "We were not brought up with a strong consciousness of
249:("notable peasants"), whose position was determined by land, wealth, and political power. The Azzam household was frequently home to gatherings of the village elite, and he developed an interest in politics at an early age. According to his brother, Abd al-Aziz Azzam, Azzam was a "born politician" who would stand at the top of the stairs as a child and give political speeches to his siblings.
558:: "Personally I hope the Jews do not force us into this war because it will be a war of elimination and it will be a dangerous massacre which history will record similarly to the Mongol massacre or the wars of the Crusades. I think the number of volunteers from outside Palestine will exceed the Palestinian population."
575:
around
Jerusalem. However, no decision had yet been made by the UN and no Arab state had formally decided on military intervention in Palestine. After the partition resolution was passed, the comparison of the Zionists to the Mongols and crusaders was repeated when Azzam told a student rally in Cairo
397:
In
November 1932, Azzam and several other party members left the Wafd. Although he was viewed by some as a traitor, he maintained that changes in his opinions were the reason. Azzam's reputation for knowledge of Arab affairs was valued, and he soon became a member of the palace entourage surrounding
232:
According to biographer Ralph Coury, scholars and others have concluded that Azzam's "Peninsular" origins explain his later assumption of Arab identity. As early as 1923, a
British official wrote: "The Azzam family, though settled in Egypt for some generations, come of good old Arab stock, and have
458:
Our brother has gone to Europe and to the West and come back something else. He has come back with a totally different conception of things, West and not
Eastern. That doesn't mean that we are necessarily quarreling with anyone who comes from the West. But the Jew, our old cousin, coming back with
353:
with his turn to
Arabism. In 1970, he said: "When I was a boy, I was an Egyptian Muslim. Being an Egyptian and Muslim didn't change. But from 1919 on, with Syria and Iraq gone, I started talking of Arabism. Living with the bedouin, etc. worked gradually to make me a supporter for something Arabic.
533:. Azzam reportedly said on that day (or on the eve of the war), "This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and the Crusades." The quotation was usually cited to a press conference in Cairo, broadcast (in some versions) by the
494:
in the conflict began, Azzam told reporters: "We are fighting for an Arab
Palestine. Whatever the outcome the Arabs will stick to their offer of equal citizenship for Jews in Arab Palestine and let them be as Jewish as they like. In areas where they predominate, they will have complete autonomy."
587:
memorandum. Over the next few years, the same partial quotation appeared (with its correct 1947 source) in several books; however, by 1952 many publications (including one by the
Israeli government) had moved its date to 1948. With this inaccurate source, it has appeared in hundreds of books and
1290:
Jewish Agency for
Palestine, Memorandum on acts of Arab aggression to alter by force the settlement on the future government of Palestine approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations, Submitted to the United Nations Palestine Commission. Lake Success, New York. 2 February 1948. A copy
481:
On 11 May 1948, Azzam warned the Egyptian government that because of public pressure and strategic issues, it would be difficult for Arab leaders to avoid intervention in the Palestine War and Egypt might find itself isolated if it did not act in concert with its neighbours. Azzam believed that
1055:
264:. Azzam remained in Helwan through secondary school and, upon graduation, decided to study medicine. About his decision, he said: "I wanted to be active in politics and I thought that I could practice medicine wherever that struggle might lead." In 1912 Azzam left Egypt for
696:." In the book Azzam extols Muhammad's virtues of bravery, love, the ability to forgive, and eloquence in pursuit of the diplomatic resolution of conflict, calling Islam incompatible with racism or fanatical attachment to "tribe, nation, color, language, or culture".
1034:
596:
According to historians Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Azzam denied that the Egyptian nation was a continuation of Pharaonic Egypt. Instead, he believed that "modern Egypt had been shaped primarily by 'Arab religion, customs, language, and
53:
370:. Hoping to reestablish himself in the country, he ran for office in 1924 and was elected to parliament as a member of the Wafd. As a parliamentarian, Azzam became well-known through his articles for the party's newspaper.
225:; his father, Hassan Salim Azzam, was also active in many regional governing bodies. Azzam's mother, Nabiha, was also descended from a distinguished family. Her father, Khalaf al-Saudi, was a landowner and
1786:
1588:
Gerges, F. A. (2001). Egypt and the 1948 War: Internal conflict and regional ambition. In E. L. Rogan, A. Shlaim, C. Tripp, J. A. Clancy-Smith, I. Gershoni, R. Owen, Y. Sayigh & J. E. Tucker (Eds.),
373:
Due to his time in Libya, the Wafd often chose him to represent the party at formal meetings and international conferences. Azzam's most important trip as an Egyptian Wafd representative was to the 1931
467:, Syria, between 12 and 18 June 1946, which discussed the dangers of a possible confrontation with the Zionist movement and the Arab support to the Palestinians. He later returned to Egypt where he met
410:
After breaking with the Wafd, Azzam joined the elite ranks of liberals—all Wafd and Liberal Constitutionalist dissidents—who had supported liberal proposals for a coalition government in 1932. In 1936,
256:
who were frequent visitors to Shubak were now neighbors, and the friendships which quickly developed between the effendi children and Azzam led him to insist on attending a secular primary school (
237:
descent. We were Arabs because we were 'sons' or 'children' of the Arabs in contrast to the Turks, but the term 'Arab' as such was used for the Bedouin and we would not apply it to one another."
213:
Abd al-Rahman Azzam's father, Hassan Bey, was born into an upper-class Arab family which became prominent during the first half of the nineteenth century in Shubak al-Gharbi, a village near
1916:
298:
Back in Egypt, he was banned by occupation authorities from returning to England because of his nationalist activities there and in Egypt; arrangements were made for him to attend the
576:
in early December 1947: "The Arabs conquered the Tartars and the Crusaders and they are now ready to defeat the new enemy", echoing what he had said to a journalist the previous day.
486:
had decided to move his forces into Palestine on 15 May, regardless of what the other Arabs did, and would occupy the Arab part of Palestine (blaming other Arab states for failure).
1779:
1273:
338:
and the British signed a peace treaty in 1917, Nuri Bey and Azzam moved to Tripolitania in the hope of developing a centralized authority. On 18 November 1918, leaders met at
552:. It was the subject of an article by David Barnett and Efraim Karsh. Azzam's quote was found to have originated in an 11 October 1947 interview for the Egyptian newspaper
1906:
1772:
1926:
562:
275:
In London Azzam joined the Sphinx Society, a political group where he quickly became prominent. However, after his first year of study he grew concerned with
739:
386:
ministry were strongly opposed to two of the conference's major agenda items–the creation of a new Islamic university in Jerusalem and restoration of the
706:
and his meeting with Azzam are recounted in his autobiography. These events marked the point at which he turned towards orthodox, traditional Islam.
1931:
1921:
1901:
279:
and felt compelled to contribute to the Ottoman cause. Unsure of the form that contribution would take, Azzam decided to leave London for the
1891:
1881:
1795:
1746:
1219:
179:
64:
419:
ministry increased his diplomatic ministry to include Saudi Arabia. In 1944 he was appointed minister for Arab affairs and Azmir al Hajj.
1886:
510:
447:
299:
1653:
Great Power Discord in Palestine: The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry into the Problems of European Jewry and Palestine, 1945-1946
478:
twice in 1946 and 1951, where he discussed Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco issues which brought him criticism from the French journals.
1716:
1702:
1688:
1674:
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1646:
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1449:
1439:
1295:
450:
into the problems of European Jewry and Palestine, Azzam explained the Arab League’s attitude towards Palestine and rejected the
1911:
629:
1603:
Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski (1995). Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1165:
AH Joffe and A Romirowsky (2010). "A Tale of Two Galloways: Notes on the Early History of UNRWA and Zionist Historiography".
570:
490:
resolved to contain Abdullah and prevent him from gaining further influence and power in the Arab arena. Six days after
252:
In 1903, the Azzam family moved to Helwan to facilitate Hassan Bey's attendance at government meetings in the city. The
621:
1421:
367:
350:
295:. During his travels, Azzam connected with like-minded political activists and spoke with many non-Egyptian Arabs.
245:
Abd al-Rahman Azzam, the eighth of twelve children, was born on 8 March 1893, in Shubak al-Gharbi. His family were
530:
471:, and informed him of the Arab decision to discuss Palestine with the United Kingdom which controlled the ground.
1466:
750:
617:
1896:
1826:
610:
1728:
303:
1608:
British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism
625:
375:
343:
269:
1811:
504:
491:
97:
1876:
1871:
1756:
614:
483:
194:
1132:
221:). His grandfather, Salim Ali Azzam, was one of the first Arabs to become director of the southern
1371:
1570:
1553:
Coury Ralph (1988). "'Arabian Ethnicity' and Arab Nationalism: The Case of Abd al-Rahman Azzam".
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entered Palestine and joined several thousand Palestinians. This marked the beginning of the
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The Dispersion Of Egyptian Jewry. Culture, Politics, And The Formation Of A Modern Diaspora
680:, this man is known for valour of spirit and elevation of mind ... he combines in the best
1299:
545:
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rioting in Egypt in which Jewish- and other non-Muslim-owned shops were destroyed and the
412:
399:
261:
163:
1764:
1125:
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The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893-1936
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The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893-1936
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435:. One of his first acts as Secretary-General was to condemn the 2–3 November 1945
1178:
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In 1998 Ralph M. Coury published a book about his early nationalist activities,
648:
He died on 2 June 1976 in Cairo, and was later buried at Azam Mosque in Helwan.
487:
428:
391:
183:
1465:
Liptak, Kevin; Atwood, Kylie; Bertrand, Natasha; Judd, Donald (1 August 2022).
1387:
740:"Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations"
1831:
1537:
689:
601:" and asserted a linguistic basis for Egyptian identification with the Arabs.
583:
quotation, without its initial caveat, appeared in English in a February 1948
363:
190:
699:
440:
387:
379:
175:
1467:"US kills al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri in drone strike in Afghanistan"
17:
1056:"عبد الرحمن عزام باشا أول زعيم قررت ثورة يوليو الإطاحة به بعد الملك فاروق"
662:
The Hero of Heroes or the most Prominent Attribute of the Prophet Muhammad
52:
673:
637:
339:
319:
292:
284:
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and her mother's family descended from several Arabian Peninsula tribes.
198:
1667:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
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1517:
1501:
998:
982:
693:
681:
677:
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464:
451:
331:
288:
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234:
306:; this revived his desire to leave the country and join the Ottomans.
1639:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-2001.
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685:
526:
280:
265:
226:
214:
415:
appointed him Egyptian ambassador to Iraq and Iran, and in 1937 the
354:
The Tripolitanian Republic decisively marked the shift to Arabism."
197:. He was an Egyptian nationalist, one of the foremost proponents of
1276:(1 December 1947). ""Will Fight to Finish," Says League Official".
522:
514:
475:
427:
In 1945, Azzam was selected as the first Secretary-General of the
362:
Azzam's return to Egypt coincided with a number of debates by the
218:
146:
1200:
Benny Morris (July–August 2010). "Revisionism on the West Bank".
518:
1768:
1422:"Leading personalities in Egypt (British diplomatic document)"
534:
302:. While studying in Cairo, Azzam became disaffected with the
1593:(pp. 151–177). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
322:
from 1915 to 1923. In December 1915, he left Egypt to join
1220:"The makings of history / The blind misleading the blind"
1229:
540:
In 2010, doubt of the quotation's source was voiced by
1709:
The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel
1625:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
1265:"British Institute Gutted; Demonstration near Cairo".
895:
893:
891:
889:
870:
868:
1591:
The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
804:
802:
783:
781:
334:
army against the British. After fighting ceased and
443:synagogue in Cairo's Muski quarter was set ablaze.
136:
112:
107:
91:
81:
63:
34:
684:mode, the aspects of thought and action, like the
688:warriors of another time who are typified for us
569:be partitioned into Arab and Jewish states and a
463:Azzam attended an Arab League council meeting in
1555:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1035:"صدقي باشا فاوض اليهود على هجرة خمسين ألفا فقط"
713:, which was printed by Ithaca Press in London.
1681:Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
1024:, NY, Harper & Brothers, 1947, pp. 109–110
423:Secretary-General of the Arab League 1945–1952
1780:
1444:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 29.
1386:Israel Office of Information (January 1952).
1109:Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre (1972).
563:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
499:Controversy over "war of extermination" quote
170:; 8 March 1893 – 2 June 1976), also known as
8:
1917:Egyptian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1427:. Nasser Library. 8 October 1946. p. 8.
1148:The Egyptian Economic & Political Review
1050:
1048:
27:Egyptian diplomat and politician (1893–1976)
738:Bob Reinalda; Kent Kille (21 August 2012).
565:had presented its report recommending that
366:, the palace and the British about the new
1787:
1773:
1765:
1733:
513:(14 May 1948), troops and volunteers from
178:diplomat and politician. He was the first
51:
31:
1627:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
971:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, pp. 153–156
660:(published by Azzam in Arabic in 1938 as
1213:
1211:
186:, from 22 March 1945 to September 1952.
65:1st Secretary-General of the Arab League
1242:David Barnett and Efraim Karsh (2011).
721:
349:Azzam credited his tenure in the early
201:idealism, and opposed the partition of
77:22 March 1945 – September 1952
1907:Secretaries general of the Arab League
1796:Secretaries General of the Arab League
1367:Fulfillment: the epic story of Zionism
620:. One of Azzam's daughters married to
561:At the time of Azzam's interview, the
1441:Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia
7:
1927:Ambassadors of Egypt to Saudi Arabia
1747:Secretary-General of the Arab League
1370:. World Publishing Company. p.
1022:Palestine Mission: A Personal Record
944:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p. 150
935:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p. 148
300:Cairo Medical School of Qasr al-Ayni
1610:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1411:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p.120
1402:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p. 29
1382:. Philosophical Society. p. 6.
1099:, Fayard, Paris 2007 vol. 3 p. 106.
668:writes: "In Damascus as well as in
511:Israeli Declaration of Independence
448:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
382:. Because members of the Azhar and
314:Azzam actively participated in the
270:St. Thomas’ Hospital Medical School
189:Azzam also had a long career as an
167:
1542:. University of California Press.
1344:. Schoken Books. pp. 164–165.
25:
446:In a 2 March 1946 address to the
1850:
1711:. University of Michigan Press.
1500:Ibrahim Abu Rabi (Winter 2000).
632:. One of Azzam's great-nephews,
1932:20th-century Egyptian diplomats
1312:Isidor Feinstein Stone (1948).
704:The Eternal Message of Muhammad
658:The Eternal Message of Muhammad
283:and spent considerable time in
1020:Quoted Richard H.S. Crossman,
1:
1922:Endowments ministers of Egypt
1902:20th-century Egyptian writers
1342:I saw the Battle of Jerusalem
1269:. 3 December 1947. p. 5.
1218:Tom Segev (21 October 2011).
1146:"The Toynbee-Herzog debate".
640:from June 2011 to July 2022.
1892:Ambassadors of Egypt to Iraq
1882:Ambassadors of Egypt to Iran
1585:. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press.
1316:. Boni and Gaer. p. 21.
1179:10.1080/00263206.2010.504554
1154:(3): 6–9, 20–30. March 1961.
1062:(in Arabic). 6 October 2020.
1041:(in Arabic). 18 August 2017.
609:Azzam was the son-in-law of
330:officers who were leading a
310:Libyan resistance: 1915–1923
1669:. McFarland & Company.
1356:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
622:Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud
277:developments in the Balkans
1948:
1887:Egyptian Arab nationalists
1693:Sachar, Howard M. (1979).
1378:Joseph Schechtman (1952).
1244:"Azzam's genocidal threat"
1230:Knowledge (XXG) discussion
636:, led the terrorist group
502:
376:General Islamic Conference
358:Wafd membership: 1923–1932
351:Libyan resistance movement
1848:
1807:Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
1802:
1753:
1744:
1736:
1729:The Islamic Texts Society
1707:Torstrick, R. L. (2000).
1348:John Roy Carlson (1951).
1325:. Penguin Books. p.
160:Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
153:
103:
70:
59:
50:
41:
36:Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
1827:Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid
1490:Rippin, 2000, p. 197–198
1380:The Arab Refugee Problem
1319:Konni Zilliacus (1949).
1097:La Question de Palestine
1072:Gergesm 2001, p. 154–155
981:I. H. Baqai (May 1946).
611:Khalid Al Hud Al Gargani
42:
1438:J. E. Peterson (2003).
1298:2 November 2012 at the
1011:Beinin, 1998, pp. 64–65
656:In his introduction to
588:thousands of websites.
484:King Abdullah of Jordan
474:However, Azzam visited
268:, where he enrolled in
241:Childhood and education
1912:Wafd Party politicians
1637:Morris, Benny (2001).
1506:Arab Studies Quarterly
1167:Middle Eastern Studies
613:, a Libyan advisor of
461:
344:Tripolitanian Republic
1812:Abdul Khalek Hassouna
1683:. London: Routledge.
1655:. London: Routledge.
1651:Nachmani, A. (1988).
1606:Louis, W. R. (1986).
1581:Coury, Ralph. (1998)
1364:Rufus Learsi (1951).
1248:Middle East Quarterly
1202:The National Interest
1123:Benny Morris (1999).
983:"The Pan-Arab League"
756:on 28 September 2013.
531:1948 Arab–Israeli War
505:Azzam Pasha quotation
492:the Arab intervention
456:
454:claim to the region:
209:Family and early life
98:Abdul Khalek Hassouna
1757:Abdul Khlek Hassouna
1340:Harry Levin (1950).
1086:, 21 May 1948, p. 3.
883:Coury, 1998, p. 100.
1697:, New York: Knopf.
1695:A History of Israel
1389:The Arabs in Israel
962:Coury, 1998, p. 387
953:Coury, 1998, p. 257
926:Coury, 1998, p. 234
874:Coury, 1998, p. 96.
862:Coury, 1998, p. 75.
853:Coury, 1998, p. 67.
844:Coury, 1998, p. 49.
835:Coury, 1998, p. 31.
826:Coury, 1998, p. 29.
808:Coury, 1998, p. 24.
796:Coury, 1998, p. 22.
787:Coury, 1998, p. 16.
775:Coury, 1998, p. 15.
652:Writings and legacy
624:, the son of Saudi
592:Views on Arab unity
342:and proclaimed the
168:عبد الرحمن حسن عزام
44:عبد الرحمن حسن عزام
1740:Office established
1679:Rippin, A. (2000).
1665:Nisan, M. (2002).
1267:The Times of India
1228:in reference to a
1118:Palestine Betrayed
917:Coury, 1988, p. 69
899:Coury, 1988, p. 64
817:Coury, 1998, p. 48
509:One day after the
304:British occupation
131:Khedivate of Egypt
125:Shubak al-Gharbi,
1859:
1858:
1842:Ahmed Aboul Gheit
1763:
1762:
1754:Succeeded by
1352:Cairo to Damascus
1293:UN document S/710
1127:Righteous Victims
692:by the figure of
634:Ayman al-Zawahiri
630:Iffat Al Thunayan
618:Abdulaziz Al Saud
316:Libyan resistance
260:) instead of the
180:Secretary-General
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
1939:
1854:
1789:
1782:
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1737:Preceded by
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1567:10.2307/40000870
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1039:hounaloubnan.com
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1314:This is Israel
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1173:(5): 655–675.
1157:
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1120:. p. 209.
1116:Efraim Karsh.
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1817:Mahmoud Riad
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1474:. Retrieved
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1379:
1366:
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1280:. p. 2.
1278:The Scotsman
1277:
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1237:
1223:
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1111:O Jerusalem!
1110:
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1096:
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990:
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751:the original
746:
733:
728:Nisan, 2002.
724:
710:
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703:
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661:
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550:Benny Morris
539:
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473:
462:
457:
445:
433:World War II
426:
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368:constitution
361:
348:
336:Sayyid Idris
318:against the
313:
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257:
251:
246:
244:
231:
212:
188:
171:
159:
158:
142:(1976-06-02)
123:8 March 1893
93:Succeeded by
72:
29:
1877:1976 deaths
1872:1893 births
1291:appears in
1254:(4): 85–88.
766:Louis, 1986
626:King Faisal
527:Transjordan
488:King Farouk
437:anti-Jewish
429:Arab League
258:ibtidaiyyah
184:Arab League
172:Azzam Pasha
140:2 June 1976
83:Preceded by
18:Azzam Pasha
1866:Categories
1832:Amr Moussa
1751:1945–1952
1621:Morris, B.
1534:Beinin, J.
1131:. p.
1060:Al Jazeera
993:(2): 148.
717:References
690:Westerners
615:Saudi King
546:Romirowsky
413:'Ali Mahir
400:King Faruq
340:al-Qasabat
217:(south of
191:ambassador
119:1893-03-08
1641:Vintage.
1561:: 61–70.
1187:147251065
700:Malcolm X
567:Palestine
441:Ashkenazi
406:1932–1945
388:caliphate
380:Jerusalem
203:Palestine
174:, was an
73:In office
1623:(2003).
1575:40000870
1536:(1998).
1518:41858323
1476:1 August
1296:Archived
1204:: 73–81.
999:45067282
674:Istanbul
670:Djakarta
638:al-Qaeda
394:nation.
392:pan-Arab
324:Nuri Bey
320:Italians
293:Anatolia
285:Istanbul
254:effendis
199:pan-Arab
176:Egyptian
1528:Sources
1384:
1376:
1362:
1346:
1271:
1224:Haaretz
694:Saladin
682:Islamic
678:Baghdad
597:culture
465:Bloudan
452:Zionist
431:during
332:Senussi
328:Ottoman
289:Albania
281:Balkans
235:Bedouin
182:of the
149:, Egypt
1715:
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1573:
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1185:
997:
686:Muslim
417:Nahhas
291:, and
266:London
227:shaykh
215:Helwan
164:Arabic
1571:JSTOR
1514:JSTOR
1512:(1).
1425:(PDF)
1183:S2CID
995:JSTOR
754:(PDF)
743:(PDF)
644:Death
542:Joffe
523:Egypt
515:Syria
476:Paris
384:Sidqi
262:Azhar
219:Cairo
147:Cairo
1713:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1478:2022
1446:ISBN
676:and
628:and
579:The
548:and
544:and
525:and
519:Iraq
364:Wafd
193:and
137:Died
113:Born
1563:doi
1471:CNN
1372:384
1358:266
1327:259
1175:doi
1133:219
664:),
535:BBC
378:in
1868::
1569:.
1559:25
1557:.
1510:20
1508:.
1504:.
1469:.
1252:18
1250:.
1246:.
1222:.
1210:^
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1171:46
1169:.
1150:.
1058:.
1047:^
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985:.
888:^
867:^
801:^
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1565::
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1374:.
1360:.
1329:.
1302:.
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1189:.
1177::
1152:7
1135:.
1001:.
991:2
599:'
162:(
121:)
117:(
20:)
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