846:
925:, or granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), has been shown to substantially improve health-related quality of life in pilot studies, measured by an increase in score on a 32-item IBD questionnaire. A recent Phase II trial showed that Sargramostim significantly decreased CD severity (48%, compared with 26% in the placebo group) and improved quality of life (40%, versus 19% for placebo).
190:, which is typically dosed at 0.5 mg/kg for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Intravenous steroids, administered in a hospital setting, are used when oral steroids do not work or cannot be taken. Because corticosteroids reduce the body's ability to fight infection, care must be taken to ensure that there is no active infection, particularly an intra-abdominal
492:) to treat Crohn's disease in 2014. It is indicated for management of moderate-to-severe, active Crohn's disease patients and it works by inhibiting the trafficking of pro-inflammatory immune cells to the site of inflammation. Evidence from three randomized control trials, including an international, multi-center, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial,
509:
133:
393:, like infliximab, is an antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor. It has been shown to reduce the signs and symptoms of, and is approved for treatment of, moderate to severe Crohn's disease in adults who have not responded well to conventional treatments and who have lost response to or are unable to tolerate infliximab.
241:
209:, meaning that lower quantities of the drug enter the bloodstream. It has been shown to be useful in the treatment of mild to moderate Crohn's disease, and in maintaining remission. It is also effective when used in combination with antibiotics to treat active Crohn's disease. Budesonide is released in the
750:
is an ayurvedic (Indian traditional medicine) herb, used as a natural alternative to drugs. One study has found that the effectiveness of H-15 extract is not inferior to mesalazine: "Considering both safety and efficacy of
Boswellia serrata extract H15, it appears to be superior over mesalazine in
1275:
Sandborn, William J.; Lofberg, Robert; Feagan, Brian G.; Hanauer, Stephen B.; Campieri, Massimo; Greenberg, Gordon R. (2005). "Budesonide for
Maintenance of Remission in Patients with Crohn's Disease in Medically Induced Remission: A Predetermined Pooled Analysis of Four Randomized, Double-Blind,
452:
Also associated with a rare but serious risk of multifocal leukoencephalopathy (brain infection leading to death or severe disability). Therefore, a specific program exists in which prescribers must be enrolled, CD-TOUCH (Crohn's
Disease-Tysabri Outreach Unified Commitment to Health) Prescribing
396:
Adalimumab also has a number of serious, potentially fatal, safety concerns characteristic of the anti-TNFα drugs. It, too, has a black-box warning on its FDA label. Listed potential side effects include serious and sometimes fatal blood disorders; serious infections including tuberculosis and
103:
Once remission is induced, the goal of treatment becomes maintenance of remission: avoiding the return of active disease, or "flares". Because of side effects, the prolonged use of corticosteroids is avoided. Although some people are able to maintain remission spontaneously, many require
476:
suggest that ustekinumab is effective for induction of clinical remission and clinical improvement in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Based on these studies, ustekinumab appears to be safe, but the implications of longer-term drug administration needs to be studied.
2911:
Schreiber, Stefan; Rutgeerts, Paul; Fedorak, Richard N.; Khaliq–Kareemi, Munaa; Kamm, Michael A.; Boivin, Michel; Bernstein, Charles N.; Staun, Michael; et al. (2005). "A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of
Certolizumab Pegol (CDP870) for Treatment of Crohn's Disease".
654:
programs. Smoking can not only make Crohn's disease worse in people who do it, but also increase the risk of recurrence after surgery. If a Crohn's disease patient who undergoes surgery does not quit smoking, the disease is likely to recur more aggressively.
100:, or if the disease does not respond to drugs within a reasonable time. However, surgery cannot cure Crohn's disease. It involves removing the diseased part of the intestine and rejoining the healthy ends, but the disease tends to recur after surgery.
1581:
Hanauer, Stephen B; Feagan, Brian G; Lichtenstein, Gary R; Mayer, Lloyd F; Schreiber, S; Colombel, Jean
Frederic; Rachmilewitz, Daniel; Wolf, Douglas C; et al. (2002). "Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: The ACCENT I randomised trial".
292:
Azathioprine treatment may lead to rare but life-threatening side effects. The rare side effects include leukopenia or pancreatitis. There may also be an increased risk of lymphoma that is associated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine treatment.
2576:
Joos, Stefanie; Brinkhaus, Benno; Maluche, Christa; Maupai, Nathalie; Kohnen, Ralf; Kraehmer, Nils; Hahn, Eckhart G.; Schuppan, Detlef (2004). "Acupuncture and
Moxibustion in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Study".
578:
usually requires adjustments by patients; if a patient finds that certain foods increase or decrease symptoms, they may adjust their diet accordingly. A food diary is recommended to see what positive or negative effects particular foods have. A
516:
Surgery is normally reserved for complications of Crohn's disease or when disease that resists treatment with drugs is confined to one location that can be removed. Surgery is often used to manage complications of Crohn's disease, including
549:). None of these surgeries cure or eliminate Crohn's disease, as the disease eventually comes back in healthy segments of the intestine, although when Crohn's disease recurs after surgery, it usually comes back at the site of the surgery.
788:
may be used to treat Crohn's disease with colonic or perianal involvement, although this usage has not been approved by the Food and Drug
Administration. They are also used to treat complications, including abscesses and other
1110:
Feuerstein, Joseph D.; Ho, Edith Y.; Shmidt, Eugenia; Singh, Harminder; Falck-Ytter, Yngve; Sultan, Shanaz; Terdiman, Jonathan P.; American
Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee (June 2021).
2620:
Gerhardt, H; Seifert, F; Buvari, P; Vogelsang, H; Repges, R (2001). "Therapie des aktiven Morbus Crohn mit dem
Boswellia-serrata-Extrakt H 15" [Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15].
2886:
124:, have shown to be of very little efficacy in the treatment of Crohn's disease, either for induction or for maintenance of remission. Current guidelines do not advise the use of 5-ASA compounds in Crohn's disease.
427:
monoclonal antibody that has shown utility as induction and maintenance treatment for moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Natalizumab may be appropriate in patients who do not respond to medications that block
1881:
Michetti, Pierre; Mottet, Christian; Juillerat, Pascal; Pittet, Valérie; Felley, Christian; Vader, John-Paul; Gonvers, Jean-Jacques; Froehlich, Florian (2007). "Severe and
Steroid-Resistant Crohn's Disease".
805:
may be used to treat Crohn's disease because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Cannabis and cannabis-derived drugs may also help to heal the gut lining, and may reduce the need for surgery and other
269:
A Cochrane systematic review that included 13 randomized controlled trials, concluded that azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are not effective for inducing remission when a person has Crohn's disease.
738:, improving quality of life, general well-being and a small decrease in blood-bound inflammatory markers. This study however had a very small test set and did not reach the threshold for benefit.
2147:
1991:
Feagan, Brian G.; Sandborn, William J.; Hass, Steven; Niecko, Timothy; White, Jeffrey (2007). "Health-Related Quality of Life During Natalizumab Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease".
147:
are a class of anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat moderate to severe flares of Crohn's disease. However, they are used sparingly because they can cause serious side effects, including
276:
Maintenance therapy with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine may lead people with active Crohn's to take less steroid medication. This may lower side effects related to steroid treatments.
288:
A combination of azathioprine and infliximab treatment may be more effective than a single dose of infliximab to induce steroid-free remission for people with active Crohn's disease.
968:, a very inexpensive drug, helped patients with active Crohn's disease. In the study, 89% of patients exhibited a response to therapy, and 67% achieved remission within four weeks.
821:, can cause flares of inflammatory bowel disease in approximately 25% of patients. These flares tend to occur within one week after starting regular use of the NSAID. In contrast,
336:
that inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. It is administered intravenously and dosed per weight starting at 5 mg/kg and increasing according to character of disease.
1047:
3258:
1645:
Sands, Bruce E.; Anderson, Frank H.; Bernstein, Charles N.; Chey, William Y.; Feagan, Brian G.; Fedorak, Richard N.; Kamm, Michael A.; Korzenik, Joshua R.; et al. (2004).
1826:
Sandborn, William J.; Colombel, Jean Frédéric; Enns, Roberts; Feagan, Brian G.; Hanauer, Stephen B.; Lawrance, Ian C.; Panaccione, Remo; Sanders, Martin; et al. (2005).
3484:
545:
and anastomosis – the removal of the affected section of intestine and the rejoining of the healthy sections – is the surgery usually performed for Crohn's disease (e.g.,
3198:
Smith, Jill P.; Stock, Heather; Bingaman, Sandra; Mauger, David; Rogosnitzky, Moshe; Zagon, Ian S. (2007). "Low-Dose Naltrexone Therapy Improves Active Crohn's Disease".
675:
were available in 2020, with no clear overall evidence of higher remission nor lower adverse effects, in people with Crohn's disease receiving probiotic supplementation.
3297:
1757:
Hanauer, Stephen B.; Sandborn, William J.; Rutgeerts, Paul; Fedorak, Richard N.; Lukas, Milan; MacIntosh, Donald; Panaccione, Remo; Wolf, Douglas; Pollack, Paul (2006).
978:
3515:
2338:
3510:
1012:
Hanauer, Stephen B.; Sandborn, William; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology (2001). "Management of Crohn's disease in adults".
3034:
2947:
2713:
Feagan, Brian G.; Fedorak, Richard N.; Irvine, E. Jan; Wild, Gary; Sutherland, Lloyd; Steinhart, A. Hillary; Greenberg, Gordon R.; Koval, John; et al. (2000).
1867:
954:
3474:
1950:
Ghosh, Subrata; Goldin, Eran; Gordon, Fiona H.; Malchow, Helmut A.; Rask-Madsen, Jørgen; Rutgeerts, Paul; Vyhnálek, Petr; Zádorová, Zdena; et al. (2003).
3090:
1234:
Greenberg, Gordon R.; Feagan, Brian G.; Martin, Francois; Sutherland, Lloyd R.; Thomson, Alan; Williams, C. Noel; Nilsson, Lars-Goran; Persson, Tore (1994).
266:. They have a duration of action of months (slow-acting). Both drugs are dosed at 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg, with literature supporting the use of higher doses.
691:
infections have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on hosts who have diseases linked to overactive immune systems. This may be explained by the
650:
Stress can influence the course of Crohn's disease. Smoking has also been associated with the disease, and smokers with Crohn's are encouraged to explore
3048:
Korzenik, Joshua R.; Dieckgraefe, Brian K.; Valentine, John F.; Hausman, Diana F.; Gilbert, Mark J.; Sargramostim in Crohn's Disease Study Group (2005).
2993:
Mannon, Peter J.; Fuss, Ivan J.; Mayer, Lloyd; Elson, Charles O.; Sandborn, William J.; Present, Daniel; Dolin, Ben; Goodman, Nancy; et al. (2004).
472:. Originally designed to treat psoriasis, ustekinumab was approved by the FDA for the treatment of Crohn's disease in 2016. Evidence from four quality
442:
have demonstrated that natalizumab is effective in increasing rates of remission and maintaining symptom-free status in patients with Crohn's disease.
3157:
Oyama, Yu; Craig, Robert M.; Traynor, Ann E.; Quigley, Kathleen; Statkute, Laisvyde; Halverson, Amy; Brush, Mary; Verda, Larissa; et al. (2005).
574:
Many diets have been proposed for the management of Crohn's disease, and many do improve symptoms, but none have been proven to cure the disease. The
3251:
2803:
Cohen, LB (2004). "Re: Disappearance of Crohn's ulcers in the terminal ileum after thalidomide therapy. Can J Gastroenterol 2004; 18(2): 101-104".
435:
In January 2008, the FDA approved natalizumab for both induction of remission and maintenance of remission for moderate to severe Crohn's disease.
1512:
Hanauer, Stephen B.; Korelitz, Burton I.; Rutgeerts, Paul; Peppercorn, Mark A.; Thisted, Ronald A.; Cohen, Russell D.; Present, Daniel H. (2004).
3520:
2764:"A comparative study of metronidazole and sulfasalazine for active Crohn's disease: The cooperative Crohn's disease study in Sweden. II. Result"
2361:
3494:
2898:
936:
810:
2855:
Naftali, T; Lev, LB; Yablecovitch, D; Half, E; Konikoff, FM (2011). "Treatment of Crohn's disease with cannabis: An observational study".
3244:
2148:"FDA Approves STELARA® (Ustekinumab) for Treatment of Adults With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease | Johnson & Johnson"
671:
has been researched recently to understand whether it may help to improve remission rate in people with Crohn's disease. However only 2
2116:
993:
958:
3289:
1113:"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Medical Management of Moderate to Severe Luminal and Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease"
2036:"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Complicating Treatment with Natalizumab and Interferon Beta-1a for Multiple Sclerosis"
500:), demonstrated that Vedolizumab is effective for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with active Crohn's disease.
488:
is a gut-selective, Alpha-4 Beta-7 anti-integrin, monoclonal antibody that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (
2830:
837:, also appears to be safe, at least in short-term studies of patients in remission and on medication for their Crohn's disease.
3236:
3479:
1319:
Steinhart, A; Feagan, BG; Wong, CJ; Vandervoort, M; Mikolainis, S; Croitoru, K; Seidman, E; Leddin, DJ; et al. (2002).
3489:
916:
202:
2762:
Ursing, B; Alm, T; Bárány, F; Bergelin, I; Ganrot-Norlin, K; Hoevels, J; Huitfeldt, B; Järnerot, G; et al. (1982).
1929:
489:
297:
919:
for the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease. Phase II trials showed promising results,
3546:
3541:
1514:"Postoperative maintenance of Crohn's disease remission with 6-mercaptopurine, mesalamine, or placebo: A 2-year trial"
473:
439:
429:
325:
707:
More than half of people with Crohn's disease have tried complementary or alternative therapy. These include diets,
3413:
3365:
3267:
575:
2524:
Caprilli, R; Gassull, MA; Escher, JC; Moser, G; Munkholm, P; Forbes, A; Hommes, DW; Lochs, H; et al. (2006).
552:
76:, it cannot be cured by medication or surgery. Treatment initially involves the use of medications to eliminate
2377:
Belluzzi, Andrea; Brignola, Corrado; Campieri, Massimo; Pera, Angelo; Boschi, Stefano; Miglioli, Mario (1996).
868:
have been recently completed or are ongoing for new therapies for Crohn's disease. They include the following:
696:
2961:
2975:
1759:"Human Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Monoclonal Antibody (Adalimumab) in Crohn's Disease: The CLASSIC-I Trial"
3423:
2526:"European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Special situations"
530:
449:). The label also recommends monitoring of liver enzymes due to concerns over possible damage or failure.
409:
351:
258:(6-MP) are the most commonly used immunosuppressants for maintenance therapy of Crohn's disease. They are
105:
3428:
3028:
2941:
2332:
1861:
1619:
1041:
987:
560:
89:
148:
1554:
1321:"Combined budesonide and antibiotic therapy for active Crohn's disease: A randomized controlled trial"
3418:
3380:
3370:
2666:"An old herbal medicine with a potentially new therapeutic application in inflammatory bowel disease"
2418:
Limketkai, Berkeley N.; Akobeng, Anthony K.; Gordon, Morris; Adepoju, Akinlolu Adedayo (2020-07-17).
592:
563:
556:
65:
2075:
Langer-Gould, Annette; Atlas, Scott W.; Green, Ari J.; Bollen, Andrew W.; Pelletier, Daniel (2005).
2477:"A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors"
1805:
1372:
Chande, Nilesh; Townsend, Cassandra M; Parker, Claire E; MacDonald, John K; Chande, Nilesh (2016).
965:
912:
876:
584:
542:
333:
619:
deficiency and may need supplementation. In cases with extensive small intestine involvement, the
3454:
3275:
3223:
2744:
2646:
2602:
2320:
2016:
1907:
1717:
1607:
1494:
1421:
1301:
872:
692:
684:
446:
375:
172:
73:
3271:
3159:"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory Crohn's disease"
69:
2715:"A Comparison of Methotrexate with Placebo for the Maintenance of Remission in Crohn's Disease"
957:, which may be a cause of Crohn's disease. This treatment, called Myoconda, is being tested by
890:
845:
3385:
3325:
3215:
3180:
3139:
3071:
3016:
2929:
2864:
2812:
2785:
2736:
2695:
2677:
2638:
2594:
2555:
2506:
2457:
2439:
2400:
2357:
2312:
2250:
2211:
2193:
2098:
2057:
2008:
1973:
1899:
1849:
1780:
1709:
1668:
1599:
1535:
1486:
1445:
1403:
1342:
1293:
1257:
1213:
1150:
1132:
1092:
1029:
672:
651:
640:
522:
355:
321:
206:
35:
715:
and nutritional supplements. The benefit, if any, and risks of these therapies is uncertain.
541:(expansion of the stricture) is sometimes performed. Otherwise, and for other complications,
3330:
3207:
3170:
3129:
3121:
3061:
3006:
2921:
2775:
2726:
2685:
2630:
2586:
2545:
2537:
2496:
2488:
2447:
2431:
2390:
2302:
2242:
2201:
2185:
2088:
2047:
2000:
1963:
1891:
1839:
1770:
1699:
1658:
1591:
1525:
1476:
1437:
1393:
1385:
1332:
1285:
1247:
1205:
1140:
1124:
1082:
1074:
1021:
802:
580:
397:
infections caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria; rare reports of lymphoma and solid tissue
359:
255:
180:
882:
fragment of a humanized anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody that was found to have efficacy over
1631:
865:
834:
538:
214:
61:
1925:
1196:
Hanauer, SB (1991). "Sulfasalazine vs. Steroids in Crohn's disease: David vs. Goliath?".
262:
anti-metabolites, meaning that they interfere with the synthesis of purines required for
1465:"Antibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease"
1463:
Dejaco, C.; Harrer, M.; Waldhoer, T.; Miehsler, W.; Vogelsang, H.; Reinisch, W. (2003).
3320:
3134:
3109:
2690:
2665:
2550:
2525:
2501:
2476:
2475:
Croese, J; O'Neil, J; Masson, J; Cooke, S; Melrose, W; Pritchard, D; Speare, R (2006).
2452:
2419:
2206:
2173:
1398:
1373:
1145:
1112:
1087:
1062:
983:
946:
908:
735:
734:. Evidence has been put forth suggesting that acupuncture can have benefits beyond the
605:
469:
465:
371:
229:
144:
93:
2780:
2763:
2230:
2172:
MacDonald, John K.; Nguyen, Tran M.; Khanna, Reena; Timmer, Antje (25 November 2016).
2123:
1595:
1425:
1025:
777:. It is useful in maintenance of remission for those no longer taking corticosteroids.
604:
Because the terminal ileum is the most common site of involvement and is the site for
493:
304:. However, it confers considerably less morbidity and mortality than corticosteroids.
3535:
3433:
3355:
3211:
3091:"Improving Mucosal Barrier Function—A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Crohn's Disease"
2834:
2831:""Cannabis-based drugs could offer new hope for inflammatory bowel disease patients""
2664:
Li, Richard; Alex, Philip; Ye, Mei; Zhang, Ting; Liu, Ling; Li, Xuhang (2011-10-29).
2650:
2307:
2290:
2004:
1704:
1687:
1481:
1464:
1289:
1209:
822:
785:
781:
754:
731:
620:
406:
121:
2748:
1911:
1721:
1688:"Review article: Infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease - seven years on"
1553:
National Toxicology Program, United States Department of Health and Human Services.
1498:
1305:
3449:
3375:
3227:
2606:
2435:
2324:
2189:
2020:
1611:
1389:
1078:
933:
is a pig whipworm that been shown in one study to improve Crohn's disease symptoms.
922:
774:
766:
644:
526:
445:
Natalizumab has also been linked to PML (though only when used in combination with
367:
251:
244:
168:
160:
85:
2077:"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient Treated with Natalizumab"
1798:
1735:
3175:
3158:
2925:
2379:"Effect of an Enteric-Coated Fish-Oil Preparation on Relapses in Crohn's Disease"
1775:
1758:
1530:
1513:
1128:
897:
chemokine receptor antagonist intended to modulate immune response. It failed in
2731:
2714:
2395:
2378:
2246:
1374:"Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
1252:
1235:
950:
898:
792:
723:
485:
461:
420:
497:
247:, shown here in tablet form, is a first line steroid-sparing immunosuppressant.
708:
668:
632:
555:
are becoming less experimental, but are still mainly performed in response to
390:
317:
301:
198:
187:
117:
81:
2681:
2541:
2443:
2268:
2197:
1136:
96:). Surgery may be required for complications such as obstructions, fistulae,
3360:
3340:
3125:
3108:
Summers, R W; Elliott, DE; Urban Jr, JF; Thompson, R; Weinstock, JV (2005).
2492:
1337:
1320:
1174:
1063:"Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease"
942:
830:
814:
796:
747:
712:
667:
supplements to modify the composition and behaviour of the gastrointestinal
664:
636:
628:
546:
263:
176:
77:
3219:
3184:
3143:
3075:
3020:
2933:
2868:
2816:
2740:
2699:
2642:
2598:
2559:
2510:
2461:
2316:
2215:
2174:"Anti-IL-12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
2102:
2061:
2012:
1977:
1903:
1853:
1784:
1713:
1672:
1603:
1539:
1490:
1449:
1407:
1346:
1297:
1154:
1096:
1033:
699:. Due to the unconventional nature of this therapy, it is not widely used.
508:
354:
class, can be serious and potentially fatal, and infliximab carries an FDA
2789:
2404:
2254:
1261:
1217:
47:
3390:
3066:
3049:
3011:
2994:
2634:
2093:
2076:
2052:
2035:
1968:
1951:
1844:
1827:
1663:
1646:
1441:
929:
879:
853:
818:
688:
601:
may be effective in reducing the chance of relapse in less severe cases.
598:
534:
424:
379:
329:
156:
3350:
3335:
1173:
Gopal, Latha; Nachimuthu, Senthil (June 16, 2011). Katz, Julian (ed.).
883:
860:
or pig whipworm has been investigated for treatment of Crohn's disease.
826:
624:
588:
583:
may be used to reduce the volume of stools excreted daily. People with
518:
363:
279:
191:
164:
97:
17:
2590:
1895:
343:
Induction and maintenance of remission for people with Crohn's disease
132:
770:
398:
259:
232:
and budesonide liquid and foam enemas are marketed for this purpose.
225:
240:
1828:"Natalizumab Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease"
272:
Azathioprine and 6-MP may be useful for the following indications:
217:, and therefore has a topical effect against disease in that area.
3345:
2291:"Intestinal transplantation: Current status and future directions"
1926:"FDA Approves Tysabri to Treat Moderate-to-Severe Crohn's Disease"
844:
727:
402:
239:
221:
210:
152:
137:
131:
350:
Side effects of infliximab, like other immunosuppressants of the
1647:"Infliximab Maintenance Therapy for Fistulizing Crohn's Disease"
894:
3240:
464:(CNTO 1275) is a monoclonal antibody that suppresses cytokines
2670:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
2976:"GSK's Crohn's disease treatment fails in Phase III trial"
2420:"Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
2354:
Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Intestinal Health Through Diet
2289:
Garg M., Jones R. M., Vaughan R. B., Testro A. G. (2011).
695:. Hookworm therapy is currently in the trial stage at the
647:
who do not simultaneously receive folate supplementation.
285:
Maintenance of remission after surgery for Crohn's disease
224:
can also be used to treat symptoms in the lower colon and
2995:"Anti–Interleukin-12 Antibody for Active Crohn's Disease"
1555:"Azathioprine. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition"
613:
absorption, people with Crohn's disease are at risk for B
2034:
Kleinschmidt-Demasters, B.K.; Tyler, Kenneth L. (2005).
591:-containing foods. Patients who cannot eat may be given
2271:. Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. March 2006
587:
due to small bowel disease may benefit from avoiding
320:(trade name Remicade, among others) is a mouse-human
140:
can be used for treatment of rectal disease symptoms.
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
3503:
3467:
3442:
3406:
3399:
3313:
3282:
1738:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
34:
29:
179:. Corticosteroids should not be confused with the
2229:Wood, Alastair J.J.; Hanauer, Stephen B. (1996).
1046:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
979:Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease
3516:List of people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis
3485:National Society for Colitis and Crohn's Disease
2887:What should patients with Crohn's disease avoid?
1686:Rutgeerts, P.; Assche, G.; Vermeire, S. (2006).
412:disorders; and rare reports of cardiac failure.
726:is used to treat inflammatory bowel disease in
3511:List of people diagnosed with Crohn's disease
3252:
186:The most commonly prescribed oral steroid is
8:
2337:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1236:"Oral Budesonide for Active Crohn's Disease"
296:Azathioprine is listed by the United States
3110:"Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease"
3095:US Gastroenterology & Hepatology Review
3033:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2946:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2424:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2178:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1866:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
955:mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
773:anti-metabolite drug that is also used for
595:(TPN), a source of vitamins and nutrients.
346:Maintenance for fistulizing Crohn's disease
3403:
3259:
3245:
3237:
2295:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
358:on the label. Listed side effects include
64:symptoms of the disease, then maintaining
3475:Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
3174:
3133:
3065:
3050:"Sargramostim for Active Crohn's Disease"
3010:
2779:
2730:
2689:
2549:
2500:
2451:
2394:
2306:
2205:
2092:
2051:
1967:
1843:
1774:
1703:
1662:
1529:
1480:
1397:
1336:
1251:
1144:
1086:
339:Infliximab has found utility as follows:
3200:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2882:
2880:
2878:
1993:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1952:"Natalizumab for Active Crohn's Disease"
1692:Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1469:Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1278:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1014:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
901:, showing no improvement over a placebo.
507:
2571:
2569:
1378:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1229:
1227:
1067:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1004:
911:monoclonal antibody being developed by
730:, and is being used more frequently in
3026:
2939:
2857:The Israel Medical Association Journal
2330:
1859:
1627:
1617:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1039:
332:in the inflammatory response. It is a
236:Mercaptopurine immunosuppressing drugs
183:used to enhance athletic performance.
26:
811:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
194:, before the initiation of steroids.
7:
3495:World Inflammatory Bowel Disease Day
2899:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
2805:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
751:terms of a benefit-risk-evaluation."
643:is a risk for patients treated with
366:reactions, risk of re-activation of
2117:"Tysabri product information sheet"
953:are antibiotics designed to attack
378:. Serious side effect also include
201:(trade name Entocort), has limited
43:
2891:Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program
512:Resected ileum for Crohn's disease
25:
2623:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie
1026:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.3671_c.x
994:Essential fatty acid interactions
30:Management of Crohn's disease
3212:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01045.x
2308:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06783.x
2005:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01508.x
1705:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02786.x
1482:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01793.x
1290:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41992.x
1061:Lim, Wee-Chian; Wang, Y (2016).
937:Autologous stem cell transplants
795:has shown efficacy in reversing
3054:New England Journal of Medicine
2999:New England Journal of Medicine
2719:New England Journal of Medicine
2383:New England Journal of Medicine
2235:New England Journal of Medicine
2081:New England Journal of Medicine
2040:New England Journal of Medicine
1956:New England Journal of Medicine
1832:New England Journal of Medicine
1651:New England Journal of Medicine
1430:New England Journal of Medicine
1240:New England Journal of Medicine
683:In an experimental idea called
3480:Digestive Disorders Foundation
3290:Crohn's Disease Activity Index
2436:10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub3
2190:10.1002/14651858.CD007572.pub3
1390:10.1002/14651858.CD000545.pub5
1079:10.1002/14651858.CD008870.pub2
1:
3089:Dieckgraefe, Brian K (2006).
2962:"GSK IBD Drug Fails in Trial"
2781:10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80189-3
2269:"Surgery for Crohn's Disease"
1596:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08512-4
917:Cambridge Antibody Technology
197:Another oral corticosteroid,
58:Management of Crohn's disease
3176:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.051
2926:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.064
2811:(6): 419, author reply 419.
2356:. Baltimore: Kirkton Press.
2231:"Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
1930:Food and Drug Administration
1776:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.030
1531:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.06.002
1426:"Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
1276:Placebo-Controlled Trials".
1210:10.1016/0016-5085(91)90746-8
1129:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.022
440:randomized controlled trials
405:injury; and rare reports of
92:anti-inflammatory drugs and
60:involves first treating the
3521:Deaths from Crohn's disease
2732:10.1056/NEJM200006013422202
2396:10.1056/NEJM199606133342401
2352:Gottschall, Elaine (1994).
2247:10.1056/NEJM199603283341307
1253:10.1056/NEJM199409293311303
889:Traficet-EN/CCX282/GSK'786/
553:Small intestine transplants
430:tumor necrosis factor-alpha
326:tumor necrosis factor alpha
3563:
3490:Crohn's and Colitis Canada
3414:Giovanni Battista Morgagni
3366:Protein losing enteropathy
3268:Inflammatory bowel disease
1799:"Medication guide: Humira"
593:total parenteral nutrition
576:specific carbohydrate diet
401:; rare reports of serious
964:A pilot study found that
939:have also been evaluated.
899:Phase III clinical trials
474:randomized control trials
116:5-ASA compounds, such as
44:
2895:Digestive Disease Center
2542:10.1136/gut.2005.081950c
697:University of Nottingham
3386:Small bowel obstruction
3126:10.1136/gut.2004.041749
2493:10.1136/gut.2005.079129
1769:(2): 323–33, quiz 591.
1338:10.1053/gast.2002.34225
1028:(inactive 2024-09-12).
659:Microbiome Modification
382:and severe infections.
106:immunosuppressive drugs
74:immune system condition
3424:Thomas Kennedy Dalziel
2901:. Retrieved March 2014
861:
559:due to a high rate of
531:small intestine cancer
513:
432:, such as infliximab.
410:central nervous system
248:
141:
3429:Burrill Bernard Crohn
988:Bile acid sequestrant
848:
711:, fish oil and other
547:ileocolonic resection
511:
243:
207:first-pass metabolism
135:
3381:Short bowel syndrome
3371:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3067:10.1056/NEJMoa041109
3012:10.1056/NEJMoa033402
2635:10.1055/s-2001-10708
2094:10.1056/NEJMoa051847
2053:10.1056/NEJMoa051782
1969:10.1056/NEJMoa020732
1845:10.1056/NEJMoa043335
1664:10.1056/NEJMoa030815
1442:10.1056/NEJMra020831
915:in conjunction with
799:evidence of disease.
703:Alternative medicine
557:short bowel syndrome
205:and a high level of
2536:(Suppl 1): i36–58.
2154:. 26 September 2016
1806:Abbott Laboratories
1422:Podolsky, Daniel K.
966:Low-dose naltrexone
913:Abbott Laboratories
886:in one large trial.
829:appear to be safe.
585:lactose intolerance
438:A total of 3 large
334:monoclonal antibody
3547:Medical treatments
3455:William Hale-White
3298:Biological therapy
3276:ulcerative colitis
2129:on August 22, 2007
1630:has generic name (
1475:(11–12): 1113–20.
862:
825:(paracetamol) and
813:(NSAIDs), such as
693:hygiene hypothesis
685:helminthic therapy
679:Helminthic therapy
639:may be deficient.
570:Diet and lifestyle
533:and fibrostenotic
514:
447:interferon beta-1a
376:multiple sclerosis
308:Biologic therapies
264:inflammatory cells
249:
173:avascular necrosis
149:Cushing's syndrome
142:
3529:
3528:
3463:
3462:
3419:Antoni Leśniowski
2591:10.1159/000078151
2363:978-0-9692768-1-4
1896:10.1159/000111023
1562:ntp.niehs.nih.gov
761:Other medications
673:controlled trials
652:smoking cessation
641:Folate deficiency
617:
610:
523:bowel obstruction
356:black-box warning
322:chimeric antibody
181:anabolic steroids
55:
54:
16:(Redirected from
3554:
3404:
3331:Erythema nodosum
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3163:Gastroenterology
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3060:(21): 2193–201.
3045:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3014:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2937:
2914:Gastroenterology
2908:
2902:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2833:. Archived from
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2768:Gastroenterology
2759:
2753:
2752:
2734:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2310:
2301:(8): 1221–1228.
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2184:(11): CD007572.
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2122:. Archived from
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1847:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1763:Gastroenterology
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1590:(9317): 1541–9.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1518:Gastroenterology
1509:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1384:(10): CD000545.
1369:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1325:Gastroenterology
1316:
1310:
1309:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1198:Gastroenterology
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1123:(7): 2496–2508.
1117:Gastroenterology
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1073:(12): CD008870.
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1009:
907:is a human anti-
780:The antibiotics
663:The use of oral
615:
608:
581:low residue diet
360:hypersensitivity
256:6-mercaptopurine
112:Aminosalicylates
48:edit on Wikidata
40:gastroenterology
27:
21:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3542:Crohn's disease
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3499:
3459:
3438:
3395:
3309:
3303:Crohn's disease
3278:
3272:Crohn's disease
3265:
3235:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3025:
3005:(20): 2069–79.
2992:
2991:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2938:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2885:
2876:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2725:(22): 1627–32.
2712:
2711:
2707:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2430:(7): CD006634.
2417:
2416:
2412:
2389:(24): 1557–60.
2376:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2329:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1999:(12): 2737–46.
1990:
1989:
1985:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1858:
1838:(18): 1912–25.
1825:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1626:
1616:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1175:"Crohn Disease"
1172:
1171:
1162:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1038:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
975:
866:clinical trials
843:
835:cox-2 inhibitor
763:
744:
732:Western society
721:
705:
681:
661:
618:
611:
572:
539:strictureplasty
506:
483:
459:
418:
388:
315:
310:
238:
145:Corticosteroids
130:
128:Corticosteroids
114:
94:corticosteroids
90:aminosalicylate
70:Crohn's disease
51:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Abdominal pain
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3190:
3149:
3100:
3081:
3040:
2985:
2967:
2953:
2903:
2874:
2847:
2822:
2795:
2754:
2705:
2676:(4): 309–319.
2656:
2612:
2565:
2516:
2467:
2410:
2369:
2362:
2344:
2281:
2260:
2221:
2164:
2139:
2108:
2067:
2026:
1983:
1942:
1917:
1873:
1818:
1790:
1749:
1727:
1678:
1637:
1628:|first12=
1573:
1545:
1504:
1455:
1413:
1353:
1311:
1267:
1246:(13): 836–41.
1223:
1188:
1160:
1102:
1053:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
991:
984:Cholestyramine
981:
974:
971:
970:
969:
962:
947:clarithromycin
940:
934:
930:Trichuris suis
926:
920:
902:
887:
858:Trichuris suis
851:Trichuris spp.
842:
839:
833:(Celebrex), a
808:
807:
800:
790:
778:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
743:
740:
736:placebo effect
720:
717:
704:
701:
680:
677:
660:
657:
614:
607:
571:
568:
505:
502:
482:
479:
458:
455:
417:
414:
387:
384:
374:, and risk of
372:serum sickness
348:
347:
344:
314:
311:
309:
306:
290:
289:
286:
283:
277:
237:
234:
230:Hydrocortisone
129:
126:
113:
110:
53:
52:
45:
42:
41:
38:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:Organizations
3466:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3434:Leon Ginzburg
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Malabsorption
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:Complications
3312:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3169:(3): 552–63.
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2982:. 2013-08-23.
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:. 2013-08-23.
2963:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:(3): 807–18.
2919:
2915:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
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2851:
2848:
2837:on 2010-01-12
2836:
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2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2774:(3): 550–62.
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2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
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2380:
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2292:
2285:
2282:
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2252:
2248:
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2240:
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2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
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2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
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2149:
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2100:
2095:
2090:
2087:(4): 375–81.
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2059:
2054:
2049:
2046:(4): 369–74.
2045:
2041:
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2030:
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2022:
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2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:(2): 99–108.
1889:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1855:
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1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
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1800:
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1791:
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1753:
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1731:
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1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:(4): 451–63.
1697:
1693:
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1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1657:(9): 876–85.
1656:
1652:
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1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
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1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:(6): 417–29.
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
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1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
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1368:
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1364:
1362:
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1358:
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1330:
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1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:(8): 1780–7.
1283:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
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1203:
1199:
1192:
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1176:
1169:
1167:
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1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
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1126:
1122:
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1114:
1106:
1103:
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1094:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
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1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:(3): 635–43.
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:
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927:
924:
921:
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906:
903:
900:
896:
892:
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881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
867:
859:
855:
852:
847:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:acetaminophen
820:
816:
812:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
786:ciprofloxacin
783:
782:Metronidazole
779:
776:
772:
768:
765:
764:
760:
756:
755:Yunnan Baiyao
753:
749:
746:
745:
741:
739:
737:
733:
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725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
612:
602:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
510:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
456:
454:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
433:
431:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
408:
407:demyelinating
404:
400:
394:
392:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
324:that targets
323:
319:
312:
307:
305:
303:
299:
294:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
267:
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261:
257:
253:
246:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:, high blood
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
139:
134:
127:
125:
123:
122:sulfasalazine
119:
111:
109:
107:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:) and reduce
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
49:
39:
37:
33:
28:
19:
3450:Samuel Wilks
3376:Sacroiliitis
3326:Anal abscess
3302:
3206:(4): 820–8.
3203:
3199:
3193:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3120:(1): 87–90.
3117:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3084:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3029:cite journal
3002:
2998:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2956:
2942:cite journal
2917:
2913:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2863:(8): 455–8.
2860:
2856:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2825:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2585:(3): 131–9.
2582:
2578:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2487:(1): 136–7.
2484:
2480:
2470:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2333:cite journal
2298:
2294:
2284:
2273:. Retrieved
2263:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2111:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2043:
2039:
2029:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1962:(1): 24–32.
1959:
1955:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1932:. 2008-01-14
1920:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1862:cite journal
1835:
1831:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1808:. 2008-02-01
1793:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:"Infliximab"
1730:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1620:cite journal
1587:
1583:
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1548:
1524:(3): 723–9.
1521:
1517:
1507:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1381:
1377:
1331:(1): 33–40.
1328:
1324:
1314:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1243:
1239:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1120:
1116:
1105:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1042:cite journal
1017:
1013:
1007:
928:
923:Sargramostim
904:
873:Certolizumab
863:
857:
850:
809:
806:medications.
775:chemotherapy
767:Methotrexate
722:
706:
682:
662:
649:
645:methotrexate
603:
597:
573:
551:
527:colon cancer
515:
484:
460:
451:
444:
437:
434:
419:
395:
389:
368:tuberculosis
349:
338:
316:
295:
291:
271:
268:
252:Azathioprine
250:
245:Azathioprine
219:
196:
185:
169:osteoporosis
161:hypertension
143:
115:
102:
86:inflammation
57:
56:
3097:(1): 19–22.
2629:(1): 11–7.
2152:www.jnj.com
951:clofazimine
793:Thalidomide
789:infections.
724:Acupuncture
719:Acupuncture
687:, moderate
621:fat-soluble
498:NCT00783692
486:Vedolizumab
481:Vedolizumab
462:Ustekinumab
457:Ustekinumab
423:is an anti-
421:Natalizumab
416:Natalizumab
300:as a human
280:Fistulizing
88:(generally
82:antibiotics
80:(generally
3536:Categories
3294:Treatment
2841:2008-06-12
2275:2006-06-08
2158:2018-04-05
2133:2008-03-13
1936:2008-03-09
1812:2008-03-25
1584:The Lancet
1567:2017-06-17
1000:References
797:endoscopic
709:probiotics
669:microbiome
561:transplant
535:strictures
391:Adalimumab
386:Adalimumab
328:(TNFα), a
318:Infliximab
313:Infliximab
302:carcinogen
213:and right
203:absorption
199:budesonide
188:prednisone
177:long bones
118:mesalazine
78:infections
3361:Proctitis
3341:Granuloma
2682:1940-5901
2651:260344280
2579:Digestion
2444:1469-493X
2198:1469-493X
1884:Digestion
1137:1528-0012
943:Rifabutin
891:vercirnon
877:PEGylated
831:Celecoxib
815:ibuprofen
748:Boswellia
665:probiotic
623:vitamins
606:vitamin B
564:rejection
543:resection
453:Program.
98:abscesses
66:remission
36:Specialty
3391:Stenosis
3220:17222320
3185:15765390
3144:15591509
3076:15917384
3021:15537905
2934:16143120
2869:21910367
2817:15230268
2749:78637617
2741:10833208
2700:22140602
2643:11215357
2599:15114043
2560:16481630
2511:16344586
2462:32678465
2317:21595748
2216:27885650
2103:15947078
2062:15947079
2013:18042106
1978:12510039
1912:23223340
1904:18239400
1854:16267322
1785:16472588
1722:36914194
1714:16441465
1673:14985485
1604:12047962
1540:15362027
1499:28389098
1491:14653831
1450:12167685
1424:(2002).
1408:27783843
1347:12105831
1306:32797185
1298:16086715
1155:34051983
1097:27372735
1034:11280528
973:See also
959:Giaconda
854:whipworm
841:Research
819:naproxen
803:Cannabis
689:hookworm
599:Fish oil
521:, small
519:fistulae
494:GEMINI 2
425:integrin
380:lymphoma
364:allergic
330:cytokine
220:Steroid
157:insomnia
136:Steroid
68:. Since
3400:History
3351:Ileitis
3336:Fistula
3228:7371107
3135:1774382
2980:Reuters
2893:at the
2889:, from
2790:6124474
2691:3228586
2607:7852406
2551:1859996
2502:1856386
2453:7389339
2405:8628335
2325:9067167
2255:8596552
2207:6464484
2021:5790970
1612:1905194
1399:6464152
1262:8078529
1218:1679735
1181:July 7,
1177:. WebMD
1146:8988893
1088:6457996
905:ABT-874
884:placebo
849:Egg of
827:aspirin
589:lactose
537:, when
504:Surgery
399:cancers
282:disease
192:abscess
165:glucose
18:ABT-874
3504:People
3407:Crohns
3226:
3218:
3183:
3142:
3132:
3074:
3019:
2932:
2867:
2815:
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2747:
2739:
2698:
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2680:
2649:
2641:
2605:
2597:
2558:
2548:
2509:
2499:
2460:
2450:
2442:
2403:
2360:
2323:
2315:
2253:
2214:
2204:
2196:
2101:
2060:
2019:
2011:
1976:
1910:
1902:
1852:
1783:
1742:Aug 1,
1720:
1712:
1671:
1610:
1602:
1538:
1497:
1489:
1448:
1406:
1396:
1345:
1304:
1296:
1260:
1216:
1153:
1143:
1135:
1095:
1085:
1032:
771:folate
742:Herbal
713:herbal
260:purine
226:rectum
222:enemas
171:, and
138:enemas
72:is an
3346:Ileum
3224:S2CID
2745:S2CID
2647:S2CID
2603:S2CID
2321:S2CID
2127:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2017:S2CID
1908:S2CID
1802:(PDF)
1718:S2CID
1608:S2CID
1558:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
1302:S2CID
909:IL-12
893:is a
875:is a
864:Many
769:is a
728:China
470:IL-23
466:IL-12
403:liver
215:colon
211:ileum
153:mania
62:acute
46:[
3283:Main
3274:and
3216:PMID
3181:PMID
3140:PMID
3072:PMID
3035:link
3017:PMID
2948:link
2930:PMID
2865:PMID
2813:PMID
2786:PMID
2737:PMID
2696:PMID
2678:ISSN
2639:PMID
2595:PMID
2556:PMID
2507:PMID
2458:PMID
2440:ISSN
2428:2020
2401:PMID
2358:ISBN
2339:link
2313:PMID
2251:PMID
2212:PMID
2194:ISSN
2182:2016
2099:PMID
2058:PMID
2009:PMID
1974:PMID
1900:PMID
1868:link
1850:PMID
1781:PMID
1744:2015
1710:PMID
1669:PMID
1632:help
1600:PMID
1536:PMID
1487:PMID
1446:PMID
1404:PMID
1343:PMID
1294:PMID
1258:PMID
1214:PMID
1183:2012
1151:PMID
1133:ISSN
1093:PMID
1048:link
1030:PMID
949:and
895:CCR9
817:and
784:and
635:and
468:and
362:and
254:and
120:and
3208:doi
3204:102
3171:doi
3167:128
3130:PMC
3122:doi
3114:Gut
3062:doi
3058:352
3007:doi
3003:351
2922:doi
2918:129
2897:at
2776:doi
2727:doi
2723:342
2686:PMC
2631:doi
2587:doi
2546:PMC
2538:doi
2530:Gut
2497:PMC
2489:doi
2481:Gut
2448:PMC
2432:doi
2391:doi
2387:334
2303:doi
2243:doi
2239:334
2202:PMC
2186:doi
2089:doi
2085:353
2048:doi
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2001:doi
1997:102
1964:doi
1960:348
1892:doi
1840:doi
1836:353
1771:doi
1767:130
1700:doi
1659:doi
1655:350
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1588:359
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1248:doi
1244:331
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1202:101
1141:PMC
1125:doi
1121:160
1083:PMC
1075:doi
1022:doi
880:Fab
856:.
490:FDA
352:TNF
298:FDA
175:of
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