350:
20:
136:. The original expansion of the abbreviation was "Arinc Communications Addressing and Reporting System". Later, it was changed to "Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System". The original avionics standard was ARINC 597, which defined an ACARS Management Unit consisting of discrete inputs for the doors, parking brake and weight on wheels sensors to automatically determine the flight phase and generate and send as telex messages. It also contained a
2614:
2624:
2603:
2634:
140:, which was used to transmit the reports over existing VHF voice radios. Global standards for ACARS were prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC). The first day of ACARS operations saw about 4,000 transactions, but it did not experience widespread use by the major airlines until the 1980s.
241:
Control messages are used to communicate between the aircraft and its base, with messages either standardized according to ARINC Standard 633, or user-defined in accordance with ARINC Standard 618. The contents of such messages can be OOOI events, flight plans, weather information, equipment health,
322:
ACARS interfaces with interactive display units in the cockpit, which flight crews can use to send and receive technical messages and reports to or from ground stations, such as a request for weather information or clearances or the status of connecting flights. The response from the ground station
296:
ACARS is used to send information from the aircraft to ground stations about the conditions of various aircraft systems and sensors in real-time. Maintenance faults and abnormal events are also transmitted to ground stations along with detailed messages, which are used by the airline for monitoring
201:
Ground system provision is the responsibility of either a participating air navigation service provider (ANSP) or an aircraft operator. Aircraft operators often contract out the function to either datalink service provider (DSP) or to a separate service provider. Messages from aircraft, especially
270:
mounted on doors, parking brakes, and struts. At the start of each flight phase, an ACARS message is transmitted to the ground describing the flight phase, the time at which it occurred, and other related information such as the amount of fuel on board or the flight origin and destination. These
313:
messages are used to test an aircraft's connection with the communication station. In the event that the aircraft ACARS unit has been silent for longer than a preset time interval, the ground station can ping the aircraft (directly or via satellite). A ping response indicates a healthy ACARS
120:
Further, the hourly rates for flight and cabin crew salaries depended on whether the aircraft was airborne or not, and if on the ground whether it was at the gate or not. The flight crews reported these times by voice to geographically dispersed radio operators. Airlines wanted to eliminate
1481:
543:. Thus commercial aircraft can act as weather data providers for weather agencies to use in their forecast models, sending meteorological observations like winds and temperatures over the ACARS network. NOAA provides real-time weather maps.
342:
and the typical range is up to 200 nautical miles at high altitudes. Where VHF is absent, an HF network or satellite communication may be used if available. Satellite coverage may be limited at high latitudes (trans-polar flights).
202:
automatically generated ones, can be pre-configured according to message type so that they are automatically delivered to the appropriate recipient just as ground-originated messages can be configured to reach the correct aircraft.
378:, California on 15 August 2006. The short "beep" at the beginning of the message is the "alert" preamble in the protocol. The remainder of the clip -- which sounds like radio static -- is the actual data stream of the message.
205:
The ACARS equipment on the aircraft is linked to that on the ground by the DSP. Because the ACARS network is modeled after the point-to-point telex network, all messages come to a central processing location to be routed.
287:
and weather information to be sent from the ground to the FMS. This enables the airline to update the FMS while in flight, and allows the flight crew to evaluate new weather conditions or alternative flight plans.
1324:
505:
sent ACARS messages indicating the presence of smoke in toilets and the avionics bay prior to the aircraft's crash into the
Mediterranean Sea on May 19, 2016, which killed all 66 persons on board.
185:
managed by a central site computer called AFEPS (Arinc Front End
Processor System), which handles and routes messages. Generally, ground ACARS units are either government agencies such as the
2658:
105:
Prior to the introduction of datalink in aviation, all communication between the aircraft and ground personnel was performed by the flight crew using voice communication, using either
1436:
1476:
1317:
899:
1050:
1451:
189:, an airline operations headquarters, or, for small airlines or general aviation, a third-party subscription service. Usually government agencies are responsible for
1456:
1310:
121:
self-reported times to preclude inaccuracies, whether accidental or deliberate. Doing so also reduced the need for human radio operators to receive the reports.
2586:
2558:
2553:
1578:
528:
651:
2683:
971:
163:
ACARS as a term refers to the complete air and ground system, consisting of equipment on board, equipment on the ground, and a service provider.
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1043:
557:
552:
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2347:
952:
849:
709:
683:
367:
250:
A major function of ACARS is to automatically detect and report the start of each major flight phase, called OOOI events in the industry (
2570:
2416:
331:
ACARS messages may be sent using a choice of communication methods, such as VHF or HF, either direct to ground or via satellite, using
2342:
1441:
814:
735:
540:
214:
are the two primary service providers, with smaller operations from others in some areas. Some areas have multiple service providers.
133:
2436:
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1471:
1361:
1036:
368:
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ACARS can send messages over VHF if a VHF ground station network exists in the current area of the aircraft. VHF communication is
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2221:
1769:
1571:
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1512:
1507:
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232:
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to an approximate location. While the primary ACARS system on board MH370 had been switched off, a second ACARS system called
113:
voice radios. In many cases, the voice-relayed information involved dedicated radio operators and digital messages sent to an
2327:
1878:
1060:
1022:
517:
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989:
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1595:
563:
487:
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2124:
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1302:
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178:
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1366:
339:
310:
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520:
to
Brussels sent an ACARS message about an “alpha floor event”, which was activated when the Airbus A340-600's
280:
148:
658:
323:
is received on the aircraft via ACARS as well. Each airline customizes ACARS to this role to suit its needs.
2446:
2431:
2275:
2226:
2149:
2049:
1727:
1613:
1608:
1466:
1201:
1141:
479:" to reduce the effects of the loss of a flight recorder. However no changes were made to the ACARS system.
114:
1028:
2368:
2154:
1969:
1914:
1909:
1722:
1687:
1181:
298:
2270:
2074:
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1959:
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626:
509:
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359:
2184:
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332:
137:
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2134:
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protection system activated to override the pilots to prevent the plane from stalling on take-off.
502:
226:
190:
927:"Crash: Egypt A320 over Mediterranean on May 19th 2016, fire on board, traces of explosives found"
839:
486:
analysis of ACARS satellite communication data played a very significant role in efforts to trace
2421:
2378:
2309:
2179:
2109:
2084:
2019:
1866:
1587:
739:
171:
713:
687:
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was active as long as the plane was powered up, and kept trying to establish a connection to an
124:
In an effort to reduce crew workload and improve data integrity, the engineering department at
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810:
211:
129:
94:
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2406:
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2302:
2260:
2174:
2029:
2014:
1989:
1964:
1924:
1774:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1281:
1226:
1131:
152:
38:
19:
2094:
1949:
1717:
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1356:
1334:
1261:
1256:
1221:
1166:
1091:
521:
476:
144:
1692:
1482:
Research Moored Array for
African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
2292:
2164:
2139:
2099:
2069:
1944:
1779:
1665:
872:
483:
110:
193:, while airline operations handle gate assignments, maintenance, and passenger needs.
2652:
2441:
2214:
2204:
2119:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1979:
1801:
1660:
1286:
1271:
1176:
807:
Aircraft communications and navigation systems: Principles, operation and maintenance
601:
710:"ARINC Specification 623-3Character-Oriented Air Traffic Service (ATS) Applications"
2319:
2159:
2104:
2034:
1999:
1934:
1833:
1823:
1675:
1401:
1396:
1276:
1266:
1156:
513:
491:
143:
Early ACARS systems were extended over the years to support aircraft with digital
366:
2519:
2169:
2079:
2064:
2024:
1984:
1843:
1246:
1236:
1216:
1206:
1171:
1116:
736:"ARINC Specification 618-7 Air/Ground Character-Oriented Protocol Specification"
284:
182:
2524:
2231:
1929:
1838:
1794:
1764:
1742:
1732:
1707:
1251:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1161:
1136:
1126:
1101:
1071:
972:"Pilots Advised Of Large White High-Altitude Balloon East Of Hawaii (Updated)"
780:
761:
387:
167:
824:
374:
The sound of an ACARS VHF transmission made on 130.025 MHz, recorded at
128:
introduced the ACARS system in July 1978, as an automated time clock system.
2509:
1974:
1789:
1376:
1121:
1086:
1081:
1076:
82:
1372:
Binary
Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR)
2504:
2494:
2411:
2236:
2059:
1291:
926:
900:"MH370: Britain finds itself at centre of blame game over crucial delays"
495:
375:
74:
70:
28:
684:"ARINC Characteristic 758-2 Communications Management Unit (CMU) Mark 2"
266:
nto the gate). These OOOI events are detected using input from aircraft
2499:
2484:
1461:
1386:
1111:
267:
78:
62:
2529:
2489:
1811:
1603:
1556:
1537:
1522:
1517:
569:
2514:
2451:
1759:
1391:
1211:
1146:
207:
125:
90:
86:
2456:
1371:
1560:
1418:
1345:
1306:
1032:
1702:
1437:
765:
106:
1477:
Prediction and
Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA)
271:
messages are used to track the status of aircraft and crews.
93:
format. More ACARS radio stations were added subsequently by
1538:
Tropospheric
Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
527:
On 19 February 2023, there were numerous ACARS reports of a
475:
in 2009, there was discussion about making ACARS an "online-
348:
50:
174:, which routes messages through the air-ground subnetwork.
44:
990:"Pilot reports "large white balloon" floating near Hawaii"
1452:
1016:
1010:
970:
Rogoway, Tyler; Trevithick, Joseph (February 20, 2023).
953:"SAA probed after 'extraordinarily dangerous' take-off"
67:
1457:
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)
652:"ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System"
53:
47:
875:[Online Black Box to solve crashes faster].
2538:
2475:
2397:
2361:
2318:
2259:
2193:
1902:
1594:
1500:
1429:
1333:Earth-based meteorological observation systems and
229:
messages are used to request or provide clearances.
41:
873:"Online-Black-Box soll Crashs schneller aufklären"
132:produced the avionics and the launch customer was
73:system for transmission of short messages between
2659:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1978
1019:, free ACARS decoder software for Linux/Windows
1487:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project (TAO/TRITON)
283:(FMS), acting as the communication system for
1572:
1318:
1044:
16:Aircraft digital message communication system
8:
1061:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
809:. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heineman.
467:Role of ACARS in air accidents and incidents
222:ACARS messages may be of three broad types:
2587:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2623:
1579:
1565:
1557:
1442:Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
1426:
1415:
1342:
1325:
1311:
1303:
1051:
1037:
1029:
600:(Press release). p. 4. Archived from
1472:Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
805:Tooley, Michael H.; Wyatt, David (2007).
508:On 24 February 2021, the ACARS unit of a
1513:Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)
394:
18:
1528:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)
1508:Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
1392:Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)
1025:, list and describe the ARINC standards
581:
1533:Road Weather Information System (RWIS)
558:Aeronautical Telecommunication Network
553:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
385:
501:The ACARS unit on the Airbus A320 of
297:equipment health, and to better plan
292:Equipment health and maintenance data
166:On-board ACARS equipment consists of
7:
2633:
531:near Hawaii in the aircraft lanes.
712:. ARINC. April 2005. Archived from
242:status of connecting flights, etc.
738:. ARINC. June 2013. Archived from
686:. ARINC. July 2005. Archived from
633:, Piedmont Airlines, May–June 1978
591:"GLOBALink/VHF: The Future Is Now"
589:Carlsson, Barbara (October 2002).
541:NOAA Observing System Architecture
482:In March 2014, ACARS messages and
396:A typical ACARS VHF transmission.
275:Flight management system interface
14:
1362:Automated airport weather station
177:Ground equipment is made up of a
2684:Meteorological data and networks
2632:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2601:
2222:Free-space optical communication
1492:Voluntary observing ship program
539:In 2002, ACARS was added to the
386:Problems playing this file? See
364:
233:Aeronautical operational control
159:System description and functions
89:and deployed in 1978, using the
37:
1367:Automatic weather station (AWS)
925:Hradecky, Simon (22 May 2017).
898:Rayner, Gordon; Collins, Nick.
187:Federal Aviation Administration
85:. The protocol was designed by
535:Uses of ACARS outside aviation
518:OR Tambo International Airport
237:Airline administrative control
1:
1467:Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
1023:ARINC Standards Document List
360:Sample ACARS VHF transmission
2608:Telecommunication portal
2389:Telecommunications equipment
838:Anderson, Lionel K. (2010).
564:Future Air Navigation System
488:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
471:In the wake of the crash of
197:The ground processing system
2125:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
844:. Las Atalayas. p. 5.
23:Example of an ACARS message
2705:
1829:Telecommunications history
333:minimum-shift keying (MSK)
2596:
2437:Public Switched Telephone
2249:telecommunication circuit
2210:Fiber-optic communication
1955:Francis Blake (telephone)
1750:Optical telecommunication
1462:FluxNet Project (FluxNet)
1425:
1414:
1352:
1341:
1067:
627:"ACARS is in and Working"
340:line-of-sight propagation
281:flight management systems
149:flight management systems
2348:Orbital angular-momentum
1785:Satellite communications
1624:Communications satellite
879:(in German). 6 June 2009
779:Hoppenbrouwers, Jeroen.
77:and ground stations via
2674:Aviation communications
2227:Molecular communication
2050:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1879:Undersea telegraph line
1614:Cable protection system
1523:Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)
1357:Aircraft report (AIREP)
1142:Ice accretion indicator
460:/KLAX.TI2/024KLAXA91A1
115:airline teletype system
2369:Communication protocol
2155:Charles Sumner Tainter
1970:Walter Houser Brattain
1915:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1723:Information revolution
1182:Present weather sensor
498:satellite every hour.
353:
318:Manually sent messages
299:repair and maintenance
279:ACARS interfaces with
117:or successor systems.
24:
2343:Polarization-division
2075:Narinder Singh Kapany
2040:Erna Schneider Hoover
1960:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1940:Alexander Graham Bell
1671:online video platform
841:ACARS – A Users Guide
781:"ACARS documentation"
510:South African Airways
473:Air France Flight 447
352:
327:Communication details
22:
2669:Aircraft instruments
2185:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2145:Almon Brown Strowger
2115:Charles Grafton Page
1770:Prepaid mobile phone
1698:Electrical telegraph
1397:Pilot report (PIREP)
1107:Dark adaptor goggles
1013:, inventors of ACARS
996:. February 20, 2023.
2135:Johann Philipp Reis
1894:Wireless revolution
1856:The Telephone Cases
1713:Hydraulic telegraph
933:. Salzburg, Austria
931:The Aviation Herald
607:on 11 February 2006
529:large white balloon
503:EgyptAir Flight 804
397:
227:Air traffic control
218:ACARS message types
2333:Frequency-division
2310:Telephone exchange
2180:Charles Wheatstone
2110:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2085:Innocenzo Manzetti
2020:Reginald Fessenden
1755:Optical telegraphy
1588:Telecommunications
1152:Lightning detector
395:
354:
262:n the ground, and
25:
2689:Computer printers
2646:
2645:
2384:Store and forward
2379:Data transmission
2293:Network switching
2244:Transmission line
2090:Guglielmo Marconi
2055:Internet pioneers
1920:Mohamed M. Atalla
1889:Whistled language
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1410:
1409:
1382:Hurricane Hunters
1300:
1299:
1242:Thermo-hygrograph
1232:Sunshine recorder
1097:Ceiling projector
851:978-1-4457-8847-0
464:
463:
369:
134:Piedmont Airlines
130:Teledyne Controls
2696:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2477:Notable networks
2467:Wireless network
2407:Cellular network
2399:Types of network
2374:Computer network
2261:Network topology
2175:Thomas A. Watson
2030:Oliver Heaviside
2015:Philo Farnsworth
1990:Daniel Davis Jr.
1965:Charles Bourseul
1925:John Logie Baird
1634:Data compression
1629:Computer network
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1427:
1416:
1343:
1335:weather stations
1327:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1282:Whole sky camera
1227:Stevenson screen
1132:Heat flux sensor
1053:
1046:
1039:
1030:
998:
997:
986:
980:
979:
967:
961:
960:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
835:
829:
828:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
776:
770:
769:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
663:
657:. Archived from
656:
648:
642:
641:
640:
638:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
606:
595:
586:
398:
371:
370:
351:
254:ut of the gate,
153:thermal printers
101:History of ACARS
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
43:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2534:
2471:
2393:
2357:
2314:
2263:
2255:
2196:
2189:
2095:Robert Metcalfe
1950:Tim Berners-Lee
1898:
1718:Information Age
1590:
1585:
1555:
1542:
1496:
1421:
1406:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1301:
1296:
1262:Weather balloon
1257:Transmissometer
1222:Sounding rocket
1167:Pan evaporation
1092:Ceiling balloon
1063:
1057:
1007:
1002:
1001:
988:
987:
983:
969:
968:
964:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
852:
837:
836:
832:
817:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
778:
777:
773:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
708:
707:
703:
693:
691:
690:on 10 June 2012
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
654:
650:
649:
645:
636:
634:
625:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
598:The Global Link
593:
588:
587:
583:
578:
549:
537:
469:
393:
392:
384:
382:
381:
380:
379:
372:
365:
362:
355:
349:
329:
320:
314:communication.
307:
294:
277:
258:ff the ground,
248:
220:
199:
161:
103:
69:) is a digital
40:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Space-division
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Camille Tissot
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Claude Shannon
2137:
2132:
2130:Tivadar Puskás
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Antonio Meucci
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Charles K. Kao
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
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2045:Harold Hopkins
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1945:Emile Berliner
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
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1904:
1900:
1899:
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1884:Videotelephony
1881:
1876:
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1869:
1859:
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1836:
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1826:
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1780:Radiotelephone
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1666:Internet video
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1027:
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1006:
1005:External links
1003:
1000:
999:
981:
962:
944:
917:
890:
877:Spiegel-Online
864:
850:
830:
816:978-0750681377
815:
797:
771:
753:
727:
716:on 10 May 2012
701:
675:
664:on 6 July 2011
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2354:
2353:Code-division
2351:
2349:
2346:
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2341:
2339:
2338:Time-division
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
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2287:
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2279:
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2269:
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2266:
2264:and switching
2262:
2258:
2250:
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2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:optical fiber
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Coaxial cable
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Radia Perlman
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
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2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Lee de Forest
2008:
2006:
2005:Thomas Edison
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Donald Davies
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Claude Chappe
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Smoke signals
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:Semiconductor
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
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1781:
1778:
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1773:
1771:
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1701:
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1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:Digital media
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
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1632:
1630:
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1577:
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1539:
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1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:United States
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
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1483:
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1478:
1475:
1473:
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1465:
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1417:
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1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
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1375:
1373:
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1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
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1355:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Wind profiler
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Weather radar
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Pyrheliometer
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
985:
982:
977:
973:
966:
963:
958:
954:
948:
945:
932:
928:
921:
918:
905:
904:The Telegraph
901:
894:
891:
878:
874:
868:
865:
853:
847:
843:
842:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
812:
808:
801:
798:
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
763:
757:
754:
742:on 2014-03-28
741:
737:
731:
728:
715:
711:
705:
702:
689:
685:
679:
676:
660:
653:
647:
644:
632:
628:
622:
619:
603:
599:
592:
585:
582:
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
542:
534:
532:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
466:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
399:
391:
389:
377:
361:
344:
341:
336:
334:
326:
324:
317:
315:
312:
305:Ping messages
304:
302:
300:
291:
289:
286:
282:
274:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
236:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
223:
217:
215:
213:
209:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
164:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
34:
30:
21:
2320:Multiplexing
2195:Transmission
2160:Nikola Tesla
2150:Henry Sutton
2105:Samuel Morse
2035:Robert Hooke
2000:Amos Dolbear
1935:John Bardeen
1854:
1834:Telautograph
1738:Mobile phone
1693:Edholm's law
1676:social media
1609:Broadcasting
1518:NEXRAD radar
1402:Weather ship
1277:Weather vane
1267:Weather buoy
1157:Nephelometer
1059:Earth-based
993:
984:
975:
965:
957:BusinessLIVE
956:
947:
935:. Retrieved
930:
920:
908:. Retrieved
903:
893:
881:. Retrieved
876:
867:
855:. Retrieved
840:
833:
806:
800:
788:. Retrieved
784:
774:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
730:
718:. Retrieved
714:the original
704:
692:. Retrieved
688:the original
678:
668:22 September
666:. Retrieved
659:the original
646:
635:, retrieved
630:
621:
609:. Retrieved
602:the original
597:
584:
538:
526:
514:Johannesburg
512:flight from
507:
500:
492:Classic Aero
481:
470:
337:
335:modulation.
330:
321:
308:
301:activities.
295:
285:flight plans
278:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
240:
221:
204:
200:
183:transceivers
176:
165:
162:
147:interfaces,
142:
123:
119:
104:
66:
32:
26:
2520:NPL network
2232:Radio waves
2170:Alfred Vail
2080:Hedy Lamarr
2065:Dawon Kahng
2025:Elisha Gray
1985:Yogen Dalal
1910:Nasir Ahmed
1844:Teleprinter
1708:Heliographs
1247:Thermometer
1237:Tethersonde
1217:Solarimeter
1207:Snow pillow
1172:Pyranometer
1117:Disdrometer
762:"OOOI Data"
631:Piedmonitor
246:OOOI events
168:end systems
2653:Categories
2566:Antarctica
2525:Toasternet
2447:Television
1930:Paul Baran
1862:Television
1846:(teletype)
1839:Telegraphy
1817:transistor
1795:Phryctoria
1765:Photophone
1743:Smartphone
1733:Mass media
1252:Tide gauge
1197:Snow gauge
1192:Rain gauge
1187:Radiosonde
1162:Nephoscope
1137:Hygrometer
1127:Field mill
1102:Ceilometer
1072:Anemometer
611:24 January
576:References
388:media help
309:Automated
191:clearances
2550:Americas
2539:Locations
2510:Internet2
2271:Bandwidth
1975:Vint Cerf
1872:streaming
1850:Telephone
1790:Semaphore
1681:streaming
1430:Worldwide
1420:By region
1377:Dropsonde
1202:Snowboard
1122:Dropsonde
1087:Barometer
1082:Barograph
1077:Atmometer
976:The Drive
825:127107537
637:7 January
477:black-box
425:Block id
409:Aircraft
181:of radio
138:MSK modem
83:satellite
81:radio or
2679:Avionics
2664:Airbands
2618:Category
2505:Internet
2495:CYCLADES
2412:Ethernet
2362:Concepts
2286:terminal
2237:wireless
2060:Bob Kahn
1903:Pioneers
1728:Internet
1619:Cable TV
1292:Windsock
994:Newsweek
910:28 March
857:24 March
790:26 March
746:28 March
720:28 March
694:27 March
547:See also
522:envelope
496:Inmarsat
457:Message
449:Msg No.
412:B-18722
376:Petaluma
145:data bus
75:aircraft
71:datalink
29:aviation
2638:Commons
2628:Outline
2581:Oceania
2500:FidoNet
2485:ARPANET
2298:circuit
1867:digital
1596:History
1387:Mesonet
1347:General
1112:Dewcell
484:Doppler
436:CI5118
433:Flight
268:sensors
179:network
170:with a
79:airband
63:acronym
2576:Europe
2546:Africa
2530:Usenet
2490:BITNET
2427:Mobile
2303:packet
1812:MOSFET
1807:device
1604:Beacon
1017:acarsd
937:22 May
883:6 June
848:
823:
813:
570:SELCAL
566:(FANS)
441:Label
172:router
151:, and
2559:South
2554:North
2515:JANET
2452:Telex
2442:Radio
2281:Nodes
2276:Links
2197:media
1775:Radio
1760:Pager
1688:Drums
1654:video
1649:image
1639:audio
1212:SODAR
1147:Lidar
1011:ARINC
785:ACARS
662:(PDF)
655:(PDF)
605:(PDF)
594:(PDF)
560:(ATN)
452:L05A
401:Mode
208:ARINC
126:ARINC
91:Telex
87:ARINC
61:; an
33:ACARS
2571:Asia
2457:UUCP
2417:ISDN
1447:Argo
939:2017
912:2014
906:. UK
885:2009
859:2014
846:ISBN
821:OCLC
811:ISBN
792:2014
748:2014
722:2014
696:2014
670:2011
639:2024
613:2007
420:NAK
417:Ack
311:ping
212:SITA
210:and
95:SITA
65:for
2462:WAN
2432:NGN
2422:LAN
1703:Fax
1644:DCT
766:FAA
516:'s
444:B9
109:or
107:VHF
51:ɑːr
27:In
2655::
992:.
974:.
955:.
929:.
902:.
819:.
783:.
764:.
629:,
596:.
428:2
404:A
155:.
111:HF
97:.
45:eɪ
31:,
2589:)
2585:(
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1326:e
1319:t
1312:v
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
978:.
959:.
941:.
914:.
887:.
861:.
827:.
794:.
768:.
750:.
724:.
698:.
672:.
615:.
390:.
264:i
260:o
256:o
252:o
57:/
54:z
48:k
42:ˈ
39:/
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
