358:
conducts its business. Although the
Council has produced useful reports explaining the rationale behind its recommendations on drug classification decisions, we found a lack of transparency in other areas of its work and a disconcerting degree of confusion over its remit. We also note that the ACMD has failed to adhere to key elements of the Government’s Code of Practice for Scientific Advisory Committees. In response to these and other concerns about the Council’s operations, we have called for the Home Office to ensure that there is, in future, independent oversight of the Council’s workings. We have also highlighted the need for the ACMD to play a far more a proactive role in supporting the work of the Department of Health and Department for Education and Skills: the Government’s approach to drug education and treatment must be informed by scientific advice and stronger cross-departmental coordination will be vital if the Public Service Agreement targets on drugs policy are to be met.
570:- illegal. On 1 April 2010 Eric Carlin also resigned after the announcement of the ban, saying that the decision by the Home Secretary was "unduly based on media and political pressure". He also stated "We had little or no discussion about how our recommendation to classify this drug would be likely to impact on young people's behaviour. As well as being extremely unhappy with how the ACMD operates, I am not prepared to continue to be part of a body which, as its main activity, works to facilitate the potential criminalisation of increasing numbers of young people."
475:, Raabe had made a number of controversial statements concerning homosexuality, one being; "there is a disproportionately greater number of homosexuals among paedophiles and an overlap between the gay movement and the movement to make paedophilia acceptable". Dr Raabe once argued that "it is futile to pursue discredited policies of so-called 'harm-reduction'", and had written that "The only way of stopping people from dying from drug-related deaths is to prevent drug use in the first place". On the 8th of February 2011, Dr Raabe was sacked before his first meeting.
157:
209:
Ministers, where either
Council consider it expedient to do so or they are consulted by the Minister or Ministers in question, advice on measures (whether or not involving alteration of the law) which in the opinion of the Council ought to be taken for preventing the misuse of such drugs or dealing with social problems connected with their misuse, and in particular on measures which in the opinion of the Council, ought to be taken
463:, is a retired Oxford University professor of pharmacology and neuropharmacology specialist. The appointment of Dr Hans-Christian Raabe, a prominent member of the Maranatha Community, which aims to "re-establish Christian values in society" received coverage in the British press. Raabe, a General Practitioner from Manchester, had previously stood as a
443:, detailing progress made on recommendations made in 2006. The report stated that not enough was being done about alcohol and tobacco usage and that the Misuse of Drugs Act should be reviewed. Because it was published on the same day as the report on cathinones, it received no media coverage, nor a response from the Home Office.
504:, then Home Secretary, was also widely criticised by the scientific community for bullying Professor David Nutt into apologising for his comments that, in the course of a normal year, more people die from falling off horses than from taking ecstasy. Professor Nutt was sacked by Jacqui Smith's successor as Home Secretary
508:; Johnson saying "It is important that the government's messages on drugs are clear and as an advisor you do nothing to undermine public understanding of them. I cannot have public confusion between scientific advice and policy and have therefore lost confidence in your ability to advise me as Chair of the ACMD."
521:, that "He was asked to go because he cannot be both a government advisor and a campaigner against government policy. As for his comments about horse riding being more dangerous than ecstasy, which you quote with such reverence, it is of course a political rather than a scientific point." Responding in
368:
69. Overall, our examination of the processes used by the ACMD and Home Office to make, respectively, recommendations and decisions regarding the classification of drugs has revealed a disconcertingly ad hoc approach to determining when reviews should be undertaken and a worrying lack of transparency
208:
to keep under review the situation in the United
Kingdom with respect to drugs which are being or appear to them likely to be misused and of which the misuse is having or appears to them capable of having harmful effects sufficient to constitute a social problem, and to give to any one or more of the
499:
In
February 2009, the government was accused by Professor Nutt of making a political decision with regard to drug classification in rejecting the scientific advice to downgrade ecstasy from a class A drug. The ACMD report on ecstasy, based on a 12-month study of 4,000 academic papers, concluded that
357:
In the course of this case study, we have looked in detail at the role played by, and workings of, the
Government’s scientific advisory committee on drug classification and policy, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). We have identified a number of serious flaws in the way the Council
585:
Following the Act, the panel no longer has to have: someone who practices veterinary medicine; someone who practices medicine, other than veterinary medicine; someone who practices dentistry; someone who practices pharmacy; someone from the pharmaceutical industry; or a chemist, other than from the
545:
revealed that Alan
Johnson ordered what was described as a 'snap review' of the 40-strong ACMD in October 2009. This, it was said, would assess whether the body is "discharging the functions" that it was set up to deliver and decide if it still represented value for money for the public. The review
376:
73. .. It is extremely disappointing that the
Council has not taken any steps to increase the transparency of its operations and, moreover, that the Chairman displayed so little interest in improving the Council’s approach in evidence to us. It is incumbent upon the Chairman to ensure that the ACMD
529:
I gave a lecture on the assessment of drug harms and how these relate to the legislation controlling drugs. According to Alan
Johnson, the Home Secretary, some contents of this lecture meant I had crossed the line from science to policy and so he sacked me. I do not know which comments were beyond
348:
of the UK House of
Commons conducted a series of case studies examining the government's handling of scientific advice, risk and evidence in policy making. The second of its case-studies focused on the relationship between scientific advice and evidence and the classification of illegal drugs. It
534:
In the wake of Nutt's dismissal, Dr Les King, a part-time advisor to the
Department of Health, and the senior chemist on the ACMD, resigned from the body. His resignation was soon followed by that of Marion Walker, Clinical Director of Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust's substance misuse
392:
97. .. We understand that the ACMD operates within the framework set by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 but, bearing in mind that the Council is the sole scientific advisory body on drugs policy, we consider the Council’s failure to alert the Home Secretary to the serious doubts about the basis and
511:
In his October 2009 paper (based on a lecture given in July 2009) Nutt had repeated his familiar view that illicit drugs should be classified according to the actual evidence of the harm they cause and pointed out that alcohol and tobacco caused more harm than LSD, ecstasy and cannabis. Alcohol
1546:
384:
85. .. If, as the ACMD Chairman indicated to us, the Council’s work has been seriously hindered by the lack of evidence, the ACMD should have been far more vocal in pressing Ministers to ensure that more research was commissioned to fill the key gaps in the evidence
561:
On 10 November 2009 three further members of the Council resigned following a meeting with Alan Johnson. They were: Dr John Marsden, Dr Ian Ragan and Dr Simon Campbell. A sixth member, Dr Polly Taylor, resigned in March 2010, shortly before the decision to make
594:
Previous Home Secretaries, when responding to the advice of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, have all reiterated that the majority of public opinion is against reforming the current stance on prohibition. However, a poll commissioned by the
245:
for promoting research into, or otherwise obtaining information about, any matter which in the opinion of the Council is of relevance for the purpose of preventing the misuse of such drugs or dealing with any social problem connected with their
512:
should come fifth behind cocaine, heroin, barbiturates and methadone, and tobacco should rank ninth, ahead of cannabis, LSD and ecstasy, he said. He also argued that smoking cannabis created only a "relatively small risk" of psychotic illness.
1332:
1706:
599:
found that when the definitions of three regulatory options were given to members of the public instead of simply asking "Do you think drugs should be legalised?" the majority in fact supported new regulatory control.
491:
was Chairman of the ACMD until being relieved of his post on 30 October 2009 after criticising politicians for "distorting" and "devaluing" research evidence in the debate over illicit drugs. David Nutt founded the
1541:
231:
for promoting co-operation between the various professional and community services which in the opinion of the Council have a part to play in dealing with social problems connected with the misuse of drugs
223:
for enabling persons affected by the misuse of such drugs to obtain proper advice, and for securing the provision of proper facilities and services for the treatment, rehabilitation and aftercare of such
1218:
1443:
1368:
1536:
1247:
468:
1476:
1336:
1310:
292:
In order to have a rough but quantitative measure of the harms of a drug, the ACMD uses a risk assessment matrix, where nine different aspects of harm for each drug are evaluated:
496:
on 15 January 2010. The goal of his new committee is to complement and eventually supersede the ACMD by providing independent advice that is untainted by government interference.
1564:
1696:
1526:
579:
1665:
749:
273:
statistics, general population surveys, school surveys as well as international/European surveys such as European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other drugs;
947:
629:
404:
724:
1235:
1215:
558:
arguing that Nutt's controversial lecture actually conformed to government guidelines throughout. The report of the review was published in February 2011.
1469:
614:
493:
1440:
1359:
345:
1645:
1419:
1691:
1655:
1462:
500:
it is not as dangerous as other class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine, and should be downgraded to class B. The advice was not followed.
1635:
1600:
1302:
703:
238:
for educating the public (and in particular the young) in the dangers of misusing such drugs and for giving publicity to those dangers
1701:
420:
returned it to Class B in 2009, against the council's recommendation, and also declined to follow its recommendation to downgrade
967:
1288:
459:
In January 2011, the government appointed nine new members to the Advisory Council, including a new chair. The new chairman,
1640:
1556:
1521:
1165:
1660:
939:
753:
1650:
1630:
1615:
536:
184:
56:
1268:
142:
1670:
1122:
728:
258:
One of the key functions of the ACMD is to recommend classification of new or existing drugs, which may be misused.
1135:
1022:
472:
464:
1148:
1061:
895:
656:
1605:
270:
188:
1595:
1590:
451:
The ACMD is required to have at least 20 members. All members are unpaid, although expenses are reimbursed.
596:
667:
563:
488:
156:
1411:
1079:
Kmietowicz, Z (2009). "Home secretary accused of bullying drugs adviser over comments about ecstasy".
1202:
266:
582:
removed the legal requirement which meant the ACMD had to have scientists and experts on the panel.
619:
1585:
1104:
1004:
805:
624:
460:
200:
913:
216:
for restricting the availability of such drugs or supervising the arrangements for their supply
1096:
996:
797:
695:
279:
voluntary sector organisations with concerns and responsibilities for those who misuse drugs;
1547:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Safeguarding and Violence Against Women and Girls
1495:
1358:
1088:
988:
848:
787:
1447:
1333:"ACMD changes: removing scientific advice from drug policy is a catastrophically bad idea"
1222:
680:
393:
effectiveness of the classification system at an earlier stage a dereliction of its duty.
1500:
609:
413:
410:
181:
123:
83:
66:
792:
775:
128:
1685:
1504:
1189:
1177:
1008:
79:
1108:
809:
1580:
517:
505:
501:
417:
1531:
1513:
1485:
547:
110:
567:
484:
432:
1236:
Report of the 2010 NDPB Review of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
416:
downgraded cannabis from Class B to Class C in 2004. However, Home Secretary
1260:
1035:
869:
823:
522:
436:
1100:
1000:
801:
1389:
265:
formal surveys undertaken for, or on behalf of, government including the
992:
1303:"Political battle lines drawn over drugs advisory council scientists"
1216:
David Nutt's controversial lecture conformed to government guidelines
1092:
1542:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Migration and Citizenship
439:
should be made illegal. On the same day it released a report titled
17:
515:
Explaining his sacking of Nutt, Alan Johnson wrote in a letter to
377:
follows the spirit of openness prescribed by the Code of Practice.
421:
288:
submissions from special interest groups and the general public.
1707:
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
1458:
1454:
1412:"Government heads for clash with scientists over drugs advice"
1136:
David Nutt's sacking provokes mass revolt against Alan Johnson
655:
UK House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee (2006).
968:
BBC – Mark Easton's UK: Another ACMD member threatens to quit
696:"Jacqui Smith ecstatically ignores more scientific advice"
1537:
Minister of State for Policing, Fire and Crime Prevention
1062:"Government criticised over refusal to downgrade ecstasy"
776:"A collapse in integrity of scientific advice in the UK"
1360:"Exclusion of scientists from drugs council 'worrying'"
1289:
Eric Carlin's resignation letter to the Home Secretary
1565:
Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office
1390:"Drugs advice body needs scientists, say campaigners"
1248:
Three more drug advisers quit over David Nutt sacking
1203:
Alan Johnson orders swift review of drugs advice body
1036:"Sacked government drugs adviser vows to tell truth"
725:"ACMD report on the consideration of the cathinones"
1614:
1573:
1555:
1512:
896:"Government drug adviser sacked for anti-gay views"
824:"New drugs chief Les Iversen said cannabis 'safer'"
554:revealing this, an article was published online by
149:
137:
116:
106:
92:
72:
62:
52:
37:
32:
1201:Travis, Alan; Summers, Deborah (2 November 2009).
574:Potential reduction of scientists on the committee
750:"ACMD: Pathways to Problems - a follow-up report"
1527:Minister of State for Border Security and Asylum
914:"BBC – European election candidates: North West"
580:Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011
285:published and unpublished scientific literature;
1666:Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner
1335:. London: Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from
527:
467:candidate for the North West of England in the
261:The sources of evidence that the ACMD uses are
630:Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act
1470:
1134:Jones, Sam; Booth, Robert (1 November 2009).
650:
648:
646:
644:
405:Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom
8:
427:In March 2010, the ACMD published a report,
27:
1149:Why Professor David Nutt was shown the door
979:Room, R (2010). "Prohibition of cannabis".
657:"Drug classification, making a hash of it?"
352:A summary of the findings, vis-a-vis ACMD:
1477:
1463:
1455:
615:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
1697:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom
1023:Government drug adviser David Nutt sacked
791:
530:the line or, indeed, where the line was
494:Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs
369:in how classification decisions are made.
1166:Penalties for drug use must reflect harm
203:, according to the Act, are as follows:
1626:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
640:
346:Science and Technology Select Committee
174:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
143:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
28:Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
1646:Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority
676:
665:
26:
1656:Independent Office for Police Conduct
185:advisory non-departmental public body
57:Advisory non-departmental public body
7:
1636:Biometrics and Forensic Ethics Group
1422:from the original on 24 January 2011
1313:from the original on 24 January 2011
1234:Omand, Sir David (1 February 2011).
950:from the original on 27 January 2011
870:"BBC Profile: Professor Les Iversen"
706:from the original on 5 November 2009
1246:Whitehead, Tom (10 November 2009).
1214:Henderson, Mark (2 November 2009).
349:examined the workings of the ACMD.
1532:Minister of State for Home Affairs
1271:from the original on 30 March 2010
1261:"Resignation 'threatens drug ban'"
1147:Johnson, Alan (2 November 2009 ).
849:"Head of Drugs Advice Group Named"
305:Parenteral (i.e. intravenous harm)
187:, which was established under the
25:
1178:Government drugs adviser resigns
1164:Nutt, David (2 November 2009 ).
1121:Easton, Mark (30 October 2009).
694:Oates, John (11 February 2009).
471:of 2009. As a candidate for the
155:
129:Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
1439:Liberal Democrats (2010-07-10)
1371:from the original on 2010-12-10
1190:Second drugs adviser quits post
539:'s representative on the ACMD.
429:Consideration of the cathinones
161:Territory of the United Kingdom
1641:Disclosure and Barring Service
1522:Minister of State for Security
1357:Johnson, Wesley (2010-12-06).
1060:Travis, Alan (February 2009).
1021:Tran, Mark (30 October 2009).
894:Ramesh, Randeep (2011-02-07).
1:
1661:Investigatory Powers Tribunal
1291:. Eric Carlin's personal blog
793:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60556-9
752:. Home Office. Archived from
727:. Home Office. Archived from
469:European Parliament elections
276:the law enforcement agencies;
1692:Home Office (United Kingdom)
1651:Migration Advisory Committee
1631:Animals in Science Committee
1192:. BBC News. 1 November 2009.
1180:. BBC News. 1 November 2009.
940:"Guardian – Comment Is Free"
537:Royal Pharmaceutical Society
1671:Security Industry Authority
1410:Harris, Evan (2010-12-06).
1331:Chivers, Tom (2010-12-06).
1301:Harris, Evan (2010-12-07).
938:Harris, Evan (2011-01-25).
566:- including the legal high
409:On the advice of the ACMD,
99:Dr Owen Bowden-Jones, Chair
1723:
1441:Poll commissioned by LDDPR
586:pharmaceutical chemistry.
479:Controversial resignations
465:Christian Peoples Alliance
402:
1492:
455:January 2011 appointments
431:, which recommended that
424:from Class A to class B.
166:
154:
1702:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
1606:UK Visas and Immigration
363:Some specific findings:
316:Psychological dependence
271:Forensic Science Service
189:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
124:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
1596:Immigration Enforcement
1591:Homeland Security Group
1392:. Bbc.co.uk. 2010-12-06
546:was to be conducted by
525:, Professor Nutt said:
1250:. The Daily Telegraph.
675:Cite journal requires
564:substituted cathinones
532:
396:
388:
380:
372:
361:
251:
1601:National DNA Database
489:University of Bristol
389:
381:
373:
365:
354:
313:Intensity of pleasure
205:
441:Pathways to problems
282:professional bodies;
267:British Crime Survey
73:Minister responsible
774:The Lancet (2010).
620:Drug liberalisation
319:Physical dependence
29:
1586:HM Passport Office
1446:2010-09-09 at the
1221:2009-11-04 at the
1123:Nutt gets the sack
625:Drug policy reform
550:. Within hours of
330:Other social harms
201:terms of reference
1679:
1678:
1267:. 29 March 2010.
993:10.1136/bmj.c5492
597:Liberal Democrats
535:service, and the
170:
169:
107:Parent department
16:(Redirected from
1714:
1616:Non-departmental
1496:2 Marsham Street
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1093:10.1136/bmj.b612
1076:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1012:
976:
970:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
910:
904:
903:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
866:
860:
859:
857:
856:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
820:
814:
813:
795:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
721:
715:
714:
712:
711:
691:
685:
684:
678:
673:
671:
663:
661:
652:
333:Healthcare costs
159:
145:
93:Agency executive
48:
46:
30:
21:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1617:
1610:
1569:
1551:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1453:
1448:Wayback Machine
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1365:The Independent
1356:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1223:Wayback Machine
1213:
1209:
1205:. The Guardian.
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1151:. The Guardian
1146:
1142:
1138:. The Guardian.
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:, The Guardian.
1020:
1016:
978:
977:
973:
966:
962:
953:
951:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
912:
911:
907:
893:
892:
888:
879:
877:
868:
867:
863:
854:
852:
847:
846:
842:
833:
831:
822:
821:
817:
773:
772:
768:
759:
757:
748:
747:
743:
734:
732:
723:
722:
718:
709:
707:
693:
692:
688:
674:
664:
659:
654:
653:
642:
638:
606:
592:
576:
481:
457:
449:
407:
401:
342:
256:
197:
180:) is a British
162:
141:
133:
102:
88:
44:
42:
33:Agency overview
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1501:Home Secretary
1494:Headquarters:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1402:
1381:
1349:
1323:
1293:
1281:
1252:
1239:
1227:
1207:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1157:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1071:
1052:
1027:
1014:
971:
960:
930:
905:
886:
861:
840:
815:
786:(9723): 1319.
766:
741:
716:
686:
677:|journal=
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:Wootton Report
605:
602:
591:
590:Public opinion
588:
575:
572:
480:
477:
456:
453:
448:
445:
414:David Blunkett
411:Home Secretary
400:
397:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
331:
328:
322:
321:
320:
317:
314:
308:
307:
306:
303:
300:
296:Physical harm
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
255:
252:
250:
249:
241:
234:
227:
219:
196:
193:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
152:
151:
147:
146:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
120:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:
100:
96:
94:
90:
89:
87:
86:
84:Home Secretary
76:
74:
70:
69:
67:United Kingdom
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
39:
35:
34:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1719:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1618:public bodies
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1557:Civil Service
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:Yvette Cooper
1502:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1339:on 2010-12-10
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
969:
964:
961:
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
919:
915:
909:
906:
901:
897:
890:
887:
875:
871:
865:
862:
850:
844:
841:
829:
825:
819:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
767:
756:on 2010-07-06
755:
751:
745:
742:
731:on 2010-08-31
730:
726:
720:
717:
705:
701:
697:
690:
687:
682:
669:
658:
651:
649:
647:
645:
641:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
589:
587:
583:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
538:
531:
526:
524:
520:
519:
513:
509:
507:
503:
497:
495:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
452:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
412:
406:
398:
395:
394:
387:
386:
379:
378:
371:
370:
364:
360:
359:
353:
350:
347:
344:In 2006, the
339:
332:
329:
326:
325:
324:Social harms
323:
318:
315:
312:
311:
309:
304:
301:
298:
297:
295:
294:
293:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
263:
262:
259:
253:
247:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
220:
217:
213:
212:
211:
210:
204:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
165:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
117:Key documents
115:
112:
109:
105:
98:
97:
95:
91:
85:
81:
80:Yvette Cooper
78:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1625:
1581:Border Force
1499:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1306:
1296:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1242:
1230:
1225:. The Times.
1210:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1168:. The Times.
1160:
1152:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1066:The Guardian
1065:
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1042:. 2010-01-15
1039:
1030:
1017:
984:
980:
974:
963:
952:. Retrieved
944:The Guardian
943:
933:
922:. Retrieved
920:. 2009-06-02
917:
908:
900:The Guardian
899:
889:
878:. Retrieved
876:. 2011-01-13
873:
864:
853:. Retrieved
851:. 2011-01-19
843:
832:. Retrieved
830:. 2010-01-13
827:
818:
783:
779:
769:
758:. Retrieved
754:the original
744:
733:. Retrieved
729:the original
719:
708:. Retrieved
700:The Register
699:
689:
668:cite journal
593:
584:
577:
560:
555:
552:The Guardian
551:
543:The Guardian
542:
541:
533:
528:
518:The Guardian
516:
514:
510:
506:Alan Johnson
502:Jacqui Smith
498:
482:
458:
450:
440:
428:
426:
418:Jacqui Smith
408:
391:
390:
383:
382:
375:
374:
367:
366:
362:
356:
355:
351:
343:
327:Intoxication
291:
260:
257:
244:
237:
230:
222:
215:
207:
206:
198:
177:
173:
171:
63:Jurisdiction
1486:Home Office
1125:, BBC News.
548:David Omand
461:Les Iversen
310:Dependence
254:Functioning
111:Home Office
1686:Categories
1426:2011-01-23
1418:. London.
1396:2011-01-23
1375:2011-01-23
1367:. London.
1343:2011-01-23
1317:2011-01-23
1309:. London.
1275:2010-03-29
1046:2010-03-29
954:2011-02-04
946:. London.
924:2011-02-04
880:2011-02-04
874:BBC Online
855:2011-02-04
834:2011-01-23
780:The Lancet
760:2010-09-15
735:2010-09-15
710:2009-11-02
636:References
568:mephedrone
485:David Nutt
483:Professor
437:cathinones
435:and other
433:mephedrone
403:See also:
1574:Divisions
1514:Ministers
1068:. London.
1009:206892542
987:: c5492.
902:. London.
556:The Times
523:The Times
340:Criticism
182:statutory
1444:Archived
1420:Archived
1416:Guardian
1369:Archived
1311:Archived
1307:Guardian
1269:Archived
1265:BBC News
1219:Archived
1109:28874033
1101:19218327
1087:: b612.
1040:BBC News
1001:20929918
948:Archived
918:BBC News
828:BBC News
810:39998854
802:20399965
704:Archived
604:See also
399:Findings
1153:Letters
487:of the
447:Members
422:ecstasy
302:Chronic
224:persons
195:Mandate
138:Website
43: (
1107:
1099:
1007:
999:
808:
800:
269:, the
246:misuse
38:Formed
1105:S2CID
1005:S2CID
806:S2CID
660:(PDF)
385:base.
299:Acute
1097:PMID
997:PMID
798:PMID
681:help
578:The
199:Its
178:ACMD
172:The
53:Type
45:1971
41:1971
18:ACMD
1089:doi
1085:338
1081:BMJ
989:doi
985:341
981:BMJ
788:doi
784:375
473:CPA
243:e)
236:d)
229:c)
221:b)
214:a)
150:Map
1688::
1503::
1414:.
1363:.
1305:.
1263:.
1103:.
1095:.
1083:.
1064:.
1038:.
1003:.
995:.
983:.
942:.
916:.
898:.
872:.
826:.
804:.
796:.
782:.
778:.
702:.
698:.
672::
670:}}
666:{{
643:^
191:.
82:,
1478:e
1471:t
1464:v
1429:.
1399:.
1378:.
1346:.
1320:.
1278:.
1155:.
1111:.
1091::
1049:.
1011:.
991::
957:.
927:.
883:.
858:.
837:.
812:.
790::
763:.
738:.
713:.
683:)
679:(
662:.
248:.
240:;
233:;
226:;
218:;
176:(
47:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
