869:
863:
4998:
3687:
1012:
5022:
5034:
5010:
3699:
1024:
400:
with a cylindrical shape of about 25 mm in diameter and 55 mm in total length. Each counter is filled with He gas under 4 atmospheres of pressure. Each neutron detector will measure two 32-channel spectra. The data will be obtained as routine and passive measurements, which will not be saved but will
689:. I.G. Mitrofanov, M.L. Litvak, Y. Nikiforov, I. Jun, Y.I. Bobrovnitsky, D.V. Golovin, A.S. Grebennikov, F.S. Fedosov, A.S. Kozyrev, D.I. Lisov, A.V. Malakhov, M.I. Mokrousov, A.B. Sanin, V.N. Shvetsov, G.N. Timoshenko, T.M. Tomilina, V.I. Tret'yakov, and A.A. Vostrukhin.
2223:
1102:
1602:
1062:
3840:
4591:
3941:
401:
be immediately transmitted from the instrument to the rover computer. This means that all ADRON-RM measurements will be performed only when the 'Rover
Compute Element' is active (daytime).
4438:
3610:
4616:
927:
390:—the primary goal of which will be to measure water distribution in the Martian subsurface. Measurements by ADRON-RM and ADRON-EM will work in synergy with other ExoMars instruments.
3983:
2343:
1420:
4064:
1774:
1055:
4729:
3931:
3130:
3120:
2264:
2013:
1959:
942:
735:
4364:
3737:
1631:
3850:
1370:
3820:
1679:
1048:
225:
that will search for hydrogen in the form of bound water or water ice, and hydrogen-bearing compounds. It will be used in combination with WISDOM instrument (a
3035:
1964:
3205:
2702:
2651:
843:
229:) to study the subsurface beneath the rover and to search for optimal sites for drilling and sample collection. It can also detect trace elements such as
3999:
3460:
1491:
1201:
3647:
2737:
1762:
1718:
3140:
3055:
2155:
1597:
1395:
1390:
848:
3966:
3558:
2347:
2073:
4879:
3951:
2891:
2069:
3961:
3548:
1606:
1425:
4970:
4681:
4004:
3333:
3125:
3110:
3730:
3100:
2853:
1984:
5037:
5075:
4372:
4249:
4097:
3662:
3105:
3030:
1979:
1516:
4785:
4408:
4402:
4040:
3642:
3563:
3115:
2018:
1646:
1626:
1400:
987:
932:
779:
5080:
4755:
4444:
3825:
3815:
3667:
3500:
3020:
2778:
2116:
1641:
1496:
1410:
366:
210:
38:
452:
The potential to monitor seasonal changes of the neutron environment due to variations of atmospheric and subsurface properties.
5065:
5013:
4767:
3835:
3605:
3480:
3220:
3135:
2822:
1501:
1184:
5002:
4844:
4723:
4717:
3936:
3723:
3490:
3435:
2708:
2041:
952:
2275:
739:
5026:
3538:
3398:
3210:
3090:
2768:
2538:
2131:
195:
404:
ADRON-RM is installed inside the ExoMars rover body at the rear balcony. The height above the surface is 0.8 m (2.6 ft).
4273:
3080:
1879:
1756:
1693:
1616:
1486:
437:
Monitoring of the neutron component of the natural radiation background and estimation of neutron radiation dose at the
4607:
3672:
3657:
3573:
3250:
1699:
1556:
833:
2534:
4914:
4734:
4327:
4309:
4279:
4189:
3904:
3871:
3845:
3505:
2884:
2641:
2025:
1930:
370:
199:
4899:
4537:
4203:
4045:
3830:
3583:
3414:
3005:
2005:
890:
173:
122:
4859:
3615:
2848:
2576:
2213:
962:
226:
3703:
4904:
4658:
4426:
4103:
3956:
3892:
3510:
3276:
3095:
2843:
2102:
1745:
1162:
712:
4874:
4267:
3070:
2959:
691:
603:
498:
362:
5070:
4622:
3921:
3746:
3691:
3630:
3455:
3150:
3015:
2877:
2858:
2077:
1969:
1293:
1212:
1171:
1097:
1091:
772:
167:
28:
868:
4960:
4664:
4508:
4390:
4158:
4140:
4091:
3914:
3909:
3637:
3625:
3520:
3470:
3465:
3364:
3307:
3296:
3200:
3050:
2934:
2924:
2672:
2582:
2087:
1826:
1569:
1343:
1195:
612:
507:
446:
397:
317:
222:
155:
48:
2488:
2390:
1178:
1084:
4944:
4889:
4884:
4854:
4693:
4652:
4640:
4634:
4521:
4333:
4303:
4162:
4134:
4035:
3766:
3620:
3445:
2783:
2658:
2529:
2331:
1268:
1040:
1027:
442:
379:
also developed in Russia. Mitrofanov is also developing the active gamma and neutron spectrometer,
5021:
4934:
4839:
4646:
4583:
4456:
4340:
3450:
2471:
2373:
2227:
2198:
1674:
601:
Mitrofanov, I. G.; et al. (July 2017). "The ADRON-RM Instrument
Onboard the ExoMars Rover".
16:
Neutron spectrometer on an ESA rover searching for subsurface ice & hydrated minerals on Mars
1415:
4315:
4213:
4196:
4174:
3578:
3328:
3281:
3245:
2985:
2964:
2687:
2336:
1944:
1664:
1610:
1561:
1440:
1433:
817:
628:
533:
203:
163:
1521:
5060:
4975:
4834:
4559:
3899:
3190:
3175:
2597:
1358:
1016:
992:
811:
765:
696:
620:
523:
515:
416:
Measurement of the distribution of bulk hydrogen content in the form of free or bound water.
245:. It will also monitor the neutron component of the radiation background on Mars' surface.
4791:
4628:
3887:
3485:
3318:
2944:
2136:
2052:
1784:
1544:
1538:
1238:
838:
438:
375:
616:
511:
4824:
4025:
3781:
3404:
3000:
2939:
2914:
2081:
1806:
1801:
1464:
1447:
1152:
967:
686:
528:
493:
862:
5054:
4168:
4109:
3976:
3799:
3060:
2634:
2566:
2441:
2165:
2047:
1304:
472:
159:
494:"Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover"
4152:
3971:
3085:
3040:
3025:
3010:
2995:
2954:
2949:
2929:
2919:
2900:
2799:
2625:
2561:
2456:
2358:
2249:
2160:
2092:
1254:
947:
576:
467:
462:
303:
188:
180:
3230:
647:
4909:
4829:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4466:
4183:
4020:
3381:
3271:
2990:
2980:
997:
4924:
4575:
4567:
4543:
4514:
4494:
4476:
4462:
4285:
3358:
3045:
2434:
2421:
2311:
2304:
2170:
2142:
1819:
1812:
1790:
1712:
1481:
1364:
1334:
1287:
1280:
1248:
419:
Evaluation of the bulk composition of major soil neutron absorption elements (
230:
554:
81:
4965:
4939:
4864:
4687:
4529:
4450:
4261:
4116:
3758:
3495:
3352:
3313:
3291:
3180:
2827:
2665:
2571:
2427:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2325:
2318:
2183:
2176:
2149:
2058:
1974:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1722:
1550:
1323:
1316:
1274:
1261:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1147:
1142:
1137:
652:
184:
632:
537:
700:
624:
519:
154:(Autonomous Detector of Radiation of Neutrons Onboard Rover at Mars) is a
4414:
4396:
4356:
4291:
4221:
4030:
3794:
3789:
3553:
3543:
3475:
3266:
3240:
3215:
2751:
2744:
2269:
1832:
1652:
1377:
1310:
1298:
1132:
1127:
1122:
899:
428:
420:
394:
384:
314:
242:
234:
3715:
412:
The stated objectives of the ADRON-RM scientific investigation include:
4929:
4804:
4797:
4779:
4773:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4420:
4146:
3946:
3926:
3866:
3771:
3409:
3235:
2543:
2280:
1890:
1796:
1779:
1766:
1752:
1726:
1635:
1621:
1470:
1405:
788:
187:
on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched not earlier than 2028 and
75:
4919:
4551:
4321:
4255:
4085:
3652:
3225:
3195:
3185:
3145:
2773:
2401:
2396:
2298:
2097:
1705:
1686:
1476:
1429:
1384:
1206:
1117:
1112:
1107:
957:
431:
383:(Active Detection of Radiation of Nuclei-ExoMars) for the stationary
757:
4761:
4432:
4348:
4297:
4243:
3568:
3440:
2064:
2000:
1506:
922:
4894:
4869:
4849:
3515:
1885:
1511:
1189:
937:
424:
276:
238:
4062:
3719:
2873:
2869:
1044:
761:
135:
557:. Институт Космических Исследований Space Research Institute
166:. This analyser is part of the science payload on board the
3611:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
369:(IKI). The instrument is almost a reproduction of the
194:
ADRON-RM is a near copy of ADRO-EM on the stationary
4953:
4815:
4744:
4674:
4606:
4383:
4232:
4127:
4078:
4071:
4013:
3992:
3880:
3859:
3808:
3780:
3757:
3596:
3529:
3428:
3390:
3374:
3342:
3259:
3168:
3159:
3069:
2973:
2907:
2836:
2813:
2792:
2761:
2730:
2695:
2686:
2606:
2596:
2554:
2522:
2515:
2506:
2480:
2464:
2455:
2382:
2366:
2357:
2291:
2257:
2248:
2206:
2197:
2124:
2115:
1993:
1952:
1943:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1871:
1864:
1736:
1590:
1583:
1530:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1161:
1076:
980:
910:
883:
876:
826:
803:
796:
141:
131:
118:
113:
105:
100:
74:
66:
54:
44:
34:
24:
3131:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
3121:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
687:The ADRON-RM Instrument Onboard the ExoMars Rover
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
233:and major elements that constitute soil, such as
3841:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
1071:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
3056:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
3851:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
3731:
2885:
1056:
773:
8:
3036:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
736:"Remaining Martian Atmosphere Still Dynamic"
19:
209:, all designed by Igor Mitrofanov from the
4075:
4059:
4000:European Launcher Development Organisation
3754:
3738:
3724:
3716:
3461:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
3165:
2892:
2878:
2870:
2692:
2603:
2519:
2512:
2461:
2363:
2254:
2203:
2121:
1949:
1920:
1913:
1868:
1587:
1348:
1339:
1063:
1049:
1041:
880:
800:
780:
766:
758:
549:
547:
252:
18:
3648:European Astrobiology Network Association
527:
492:Vago, Jorge L.; et al. (July 2017).
3141:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
3559:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
484:
373:(DAN) neutron detector on board NASA's
334:
202:(DAN) neutron detector on board NASA's
3962:Space Situational Awareness Programme
3549:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
648:"ExoMars: Searching for Life on Mars"
7:
5009:
4005:European Space Research Organisation
3821:Space Research and Technology Centre
3698:
3126:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3111:Habitability of neutron star systems
1023:
5033:
3101:Habitability of binary star systems
2854:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
646:Howell, Elizabeth (July 24, 2018).
3663:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3106:Habitability of natural satellites
3031:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
713:"Mars Science Laboratory: Mission"
14:
3643:Center for Life Detection Science
3564:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3116:Habitability of red dwarf systems
695:, Vol. 17, No. 6-7. 1 July 2017.
5032:
5020:
5008:
4997:
4996:
3826:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
3697:
3686:
3685:
3668:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
3501:Life Investigation For Enceladus
3021:Extraterrestrial sample curation
1022:
1011:
1010:
867:
861:
367:Russian Space Research Institute
211:Russian Space Research Institute
39:Russian Space Research Institute
3606:Astrobiology Society of Britain
3481:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
3136:Habitable zone for complex life
2823:International Lunar Observatory
1634:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
4845:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
3491:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
734:Webster, Guy (April 8, 2013).
341:counter of epithermal neutrons
1:
3539:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3091:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2769:High Resolution Stereo Camera
196:ExoMars 2020 surface platform
3673:Spanish Astrobiology Center
3081:Circumstellar habitable zone
365:is Igor Mitrofanov from the
3658:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1700:Radiation Budget Instrument
350:counter of thermal neutrons
5097:
4915:Mars sample return mission
4735:European Data Relay System
4415:Meteosat Second Generation
4328:James Webb Space Telescope
4190:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
3872:European Data Relay System
3846:Concurrent Design Facility
3506:Mars sample return mission
2026:Infrared Space Observatory
371:Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons
200:Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons
5076:Space science experiments
4988:
4538:Meteosat Third Generation
4397:Meteosat First Generation
4058:
4046:Planetary Science Archive
3831:European Astronaut Centre
3753:
3681:
3584:Terrestrial Planet Finder
3006:Earliest known life forms
1006:
859:
3616:Breakthrough Initiatives
2849:Inertial Stellar Compass
2214:Raman Laser Spectrometer
227:ground-penetrating radar
5081:Space program of Russia
3957:Living Planet Programme
3816:Space Operations Centre
3277:Mars Science Laboratory
3096:Galactic habitable zone
2844:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2103:Venus Emissivity Mapper
179:, tasked to search for
5066:Spacecraft instruments
4268:Hubble Space Telescope
3836:Space Astronomy Centre
3456:Enceladus Life Finder
3436:Breakthrough Enceladus
2960:Planetary oceanography
738:. NASA. Archived from
555:"ExoMars 2018 mission"
363:Principal Investigator
4065:Projects and missions
3747:European Space Agency
3631:Breakthrough Starshot
3231:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
3151:Superhabitable planet
3016:Extraterrestrial life
2859:Plasma Wave Subsystem
1970:Multispectral Scanner
1294:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1098:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
701:10.1089/ast.2016.1566
625:10.1089/ast.2016.1566
577:"The ExoMars Project"
520:10.1089/ast.2016.1533
447:solar particle events
398:proportional counters
318:proportional counters
291:Energy range for CETN
168:European Space Agency
29:European Space Agency
4665:European Robotic Arm
4509:Sentinel-5 Precursor
3638:Carl Sagan Institute
3626:Breakthrough Message
3466:Enceladus Orbilander
3201:Biosatellite program
3051:Planetary protection
2935:Evolutionary biology
2925:Atmospheric sciences
1827:Mars Climate Orbiter
1469:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
742:on February 13, 2017
443:Galactic cosmic rays
327:20 sec (changeable)
299:Energy range for CTN
223:neutron spectrometer
160:subsurface water ice
156:neutron spectrometer
49:neutron spectrometer
4990:Future missions in
4036:European Space Camp
3767:Guiana Space Centre
3621:Breakthrough Listen
2784:Mars Orbiter Camera
617:2017AsBio..17..585M
581:RussianSpaceWeb.com
512:2017AsBio..17..471V
324:Accumulation period
21:
4840:Ceres Polar Lander
4675:Telecommunications
3451:Enceladus Explorer
2762:Imagers/telescopes
1910:Spectrophotometers
393:ADRON-RM uses two
259:Performance/units
5046:
5045:
4984:
4983:
4602:
4601:
4384:Earth observation
4214:Comet Interceptor
4205:Rosalind Franklin
4177:Trace Gas Orbiter
4128:Planetary science
4054:
4053:
3967:Science Programme
3713:
3712:
3592:
3591:
3416:Rosalind Franklin
3329:Trace Gas Orbiter
2986:Allan Hills 84001
2965:Planetary science
2867:
2866:
2804:Rosalind Franklin
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2713:Rosalind Franklin
2688:Mass spectrometer
2682:
2681:
2618:Rosalind Franklin
2592:
2591:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2451:
2450:
2359:Triaxial fluxgate
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2218:Rosalind Franklin
2193:
2192:
2117:UV-visible (UVVS)
2111:
2110:
2007:Rosalind Franklin
1945:Visible-IR (VIRS)
1939:
1938:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1860:
1859:
1579:
1578:
1391:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1038:
1037:
976:
975:
892:Rosalind Franklin
857:
856:
818:Trace Gas Orbiter
359:
358:
286:≈ 4 × 20 × 21 cm
272:Power consumption
175:Rosalind Franklin
164:hydrated minerals
149:
148:
124:Rosalind Franklin
5088:
5036:
5035:
5024:
5012:
5011:
5000:
4999:
4976:Schiaparelli EDM
4835:Calathus Mission
4659:Georges Lemaître
4617:ISS contribution
4076:
4060:
3755:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3701:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3166:
3061:Yamato meteorite
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2705:(Europa Clipper)
2693:
2654:(on ExoMars TGO)
2604:
2598:Neutral particle
2520:
2513:
2462:
2364:
2350:(Europa Clipper)
2255:
2204:
2122:
1950:
1921:
1914:
1869:
1865:Ultraviolet (UV)
1588:
1584:Infrared-visible
1349:
1340:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1013:
993:Meridiani Planum
881:
871:
865:
801:
782:
775:
768:
759:
752:
751:
749:
747:
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
709:
703:
684:
665:
664:
662:
660:
643:
637:
636:
611:(6–7): 585–594.
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
573:
567:
566:
564:
562:
551:
542:
541:
531:
506:(6–7): 471–510.
489:
351:
348:
342:
339:
253:
172:
96:
93:
91:
89:
87:
85:
83:
67:Mission duration
22:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5042:
4980:
4949:
4817:
4811:
4792:LISA Pathfinder
4749:
4747:
4740:
4670:
4653:Albert Einstein
4641:Johannes Kepler
4598:
4379:
4237:
4235:
4228:
4123:
4067:
4050:
4009:
3988:
3876:
3855:
3804:
3782:Launch vehicles
3776:
3749:
3744:
3714:
3709:
3677:
3598:
3588:
3531:
3525:
3486:Icebreaker Life
3424:
3386:
3370:
3344:
3338:
3255:
3161:
3155:
3072:
3065:
2969:
2945:Geomicrobiology
2903:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2832:
2815:
2809:
2788:
2757:
2718:
2678:
2588:
2550:
2508:
2494:
2489:Cassini–Huygens
2476:
2447:
2391:Cassini–Huygens
2378:
2353:
2287:
2236:
2189:
2137:Mariner 6 and 7
2107:
2053:Mariner 6 and 7
1989:
1935:
1917:Long wavelength
1897:
1856:
1785:Mariner 6 and 7
1732:
1661:MESSR and VTIR
1575:
1545:Electra (radio)
1539:Cassini-Huygens
1526:
1329:
1179:Cassini–Huygens
1157:
1085:Cassini–Huygens
1072:
1069:
1039:
1034:
1002:
972:
906:
872:
866:
853:
822:
792:
786:
756:
755:
745:
743:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
711:
710:
706:
685:
668:
658:
656:
645:
644:
640:
600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
575:
574:
570:
560:
558:
553:
552:
545:
491:
490:
486:
481:
459:
439:Martian surface
410:
376:Curiosity rover
355:
354:
349:
345:
340:
336:
294:0.4 eV - 1 keV
251:
219:
170:
114:Host spacecraft
80:
61:
45:Instrument type
17:
12:
11:
5:
5094:
5092:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:Darwin Mission
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4801:
4800:(2019–present)
4795:
4789:
4783:
4782:(2013–present)
4777:
4776:(2009–present)
4771:
4765:
4764:(2001–present)
4759:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:(2016–present)
4732:
4727:
4726:(2014–present)
4721:
4720:(2011–present)
4715:
4714:(2010–present)
4709:
4708:(2008–present)
4703:
4702:(2005–present)
4697:
4696:(2001–present)
4691:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4647:Edoardo Amaldi
4644:
4638:
4637:(2010–present)
4632:
4626:
4625:(2008–present)
4620:
4619:(1998–present)
4613:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4517:(2018–present)
4512:
4511:(2017–present)
4506:
4505:(2016–present)
4492:
4491:(2015–present)
4474:
4473:(2014–present)
4460:
4459:(2013–present)
4454:
4453:(2010–present)
4448:
4447:(2009–present)
4442:
4436:
4435:(2006–present)
4430:
4424:
4418:
4417:(2002–present)
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4393:(1988–present)
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4336:(2023–present)
4331:
4330:(2021–present)
4325:
4324:(2019–present)
4319:
4318:(2013–present)
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4294:(2002–present)
4289:
4288:(1999–present)
4283:
4277:
4271:
4270:(1990–present)
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4186:(2018–present)
4181:
4180:(2016–present)
4172:
4166:
4156:
4155:(2003–present)
4150:
4144:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4112:(2020–present)
4107:
4101:
4100:(1995–present)
4095:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:ESA Television
4023:
4017:
4015:
4014:Related topics
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3860:Communications
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Northern Light
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3530:Cancelled and
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3407:
3405:Europa Clipper
3402:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Drake equation
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Exoplanetology
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Astrochemistry
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2696:Interplanetary
2690:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2610:
2608:
2607:Interplanetary
2601:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2555:Interplanetary
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2481:Interplanetary
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2383:Interplanetary
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2292:Interplanetary
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2210:
2208:
2207:Interplanetary
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2125:Interplanetary
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2082:Europa Clipper
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1994:Interplanetary
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1924:Interplanetary
1918:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1737:Interplanetary
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1531:Interplanetary
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1190:ExoMars lander
1187:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
912:
908:
907:
905:
904:
896:
887:
885:
878:
874:
873:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
807:
805:
798:
794:
793:
787:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
754:
753:
726:
704:
666:
638:
593:
568:
543:
483:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
435:
417:
409:
406:
357:
356:
353:
352:
343:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
311:
307:
306:
300:
296:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
250:
247:
221:ADRON-RM is a
218:
215:
158:to search for
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:hydrogen and H
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5093:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5039:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4748:demonstrators
4743:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4234:Astronomy and
4231:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4169:Venus Express
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:Solar Orbiter
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:Solar physics
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3977:Cosmic Vision
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Europa Lander
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Extremophiles
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:Venus Express
2632:ASPERA-4 (on
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:ASPERA-3 (on
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:Ion detectors
2514:
2511:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2442:Venus Express
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1682:(Terra, Aqua)
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:DMSP 5D-2/F16
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1305:Venus Express
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:Radio science
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
979:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
909:
902:
901:
897:
895:
893:
889:
888:
886:
882:
879:
875:
870:
864:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
825:
819:
816:
814:
813:
809:
808:
806:
802:
799:
795:
790:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
760:
741:
737:
730:
727:
714:
708:
705:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
667:
655:
654:
649:
642:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
597:
594:
582:
578:
572:
569:
556:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
495:
488:
485:
478:
474:
473:Water on Mars
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
407:
405:
402:
399:
396:
391:
389:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
347:
344:
338:
335:
331:
330:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
308:
305:
301:
298:
297:
293:
290:
289:
285:
282:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
262:
258:
255:
254:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
214:
212:
208:
206:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:biosignatures
178:
176:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
40:
37:
33:
30:
27:
23:
5071:Astrobiology
5048:
5025:
5014:
5001:
4991:
4900:Lunar Lander
4818:and proposed
4803:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4195:
4176:
4153:Mars Express
4115:
3993:Predecessors
3972:Horizon 2000
3702:
3690:
3599:and programs
3597:Institutions
3415:
3397:
3375:Heliocentric
3363:
3351:
3319:
3306:
3298:Perseverance
3297:
3282:
3086:Earth analog
3073:habitability
3041:Ocean planet
3011:Earth analog
2996:Biosignature
2955:Paleontology
2950:Microbiology
2930:Biochemistry
2920:Astrophysics
2901:Astrobiology
2814:Astronomical
2803:
2800:MicrOmega-IR
2750:
2743:
2740:(on InSight)
2731:Seismometers
2712:
2671:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2626:Mars Express
2624:
2617:
2613:
2581:
2487:
2457:Helium vapor
2440:
2433:
2426:
2389:
2335:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2250:Magnetometer
2229:Perseverance
2228:
2217:
2182:
2175:
2148:
2141:
2057:
2035:
2031:
2006:
1849:
1842:
1818:
1811:
1789:
1746:Schiaparelli
1744:
1743:COMARS+ (on
1658:Kanopus-V-IK
1568:
1560:
1549:
1537:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1286:
1279:
1267:
1260:
1255:Mars Express
1253:
1211:
1194:
1177:
1170:
1090:
1083:
1028:
1015:
948:MicrOmega-IR
917:
898:
891:
812:Schiaparelli
810:
797:ExoMars 2016
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
729:
717:. Retrieved
707:
692:Astrobiology
690:
657:. Retrieved
651:
641:
608:
604:Astrobiology
602:
596:
584:. Retrieved
580:
571:
559:. Retrieved
503:
499:Astrobiology
497:
487:
468:Life on Mars
463:Astrobiology
411:
403:
392:
385:
380:
374:
360:
346:
337:
220:
204:
193:
189:land on Mars
174:
151:
150:
123:
92:/exomars2018
35:Manufacturer
5038:WikiProject
4910:MarcoPolo-R
4860:Don Quijote
4830:Ariane 5 ME
4794:(2015–2017)
4724:Galileo FOC
4718:Galileo IOV
4690:(1989–1993)
4629:Jules Verne
4610:spaceflight
4441:(2009–2013)
4429:(2003–2007)
4427:Double Star
4423:(2002–2012)
4411:(1995–2011)
4405:(1991–2000)
4399:(1977–1997)
4312:(2009–2013)
4306:(2009–2013)
4282:(1995–1998)
4264:(1989–1993)
4258:(1983–1986)
4252:(1978–1996)
4246:(1975–1982)
4184:BepiColombo
4171:(2005–2014)
4165:(2004–2016)
4149:(2003–2006)
4143:(1997–2005)
4137:(1985–1992)
4106:(2000–2024)
4094:(1990–2009)
4088:(1977–1987)
4021:Arianespace
3532:undeveloped
3382:BioSentinel
3272:Fobos-Grunt
3169:Earth orbit
2991:Biomolecule
2981:Abiogenesis
2974:Main topics
2908:Disciplines
2816:instruments
2793:Microscopes
1459:Meteor-M2-1
1448:Meteor-3M-1
998:Oxia Planum
988:MAX-C rover
911:Instruments
903:(cancelled)
877:2028 launch
827:Instruments
249:Development
142:Launch date
5055:Categories
4925:Phootprint
4905:Marco Polo
4746:Technology
4576:MetOp-SG-B
4568:MetOp-SG-A
4544:Sentinel-4
4515:ADM-Aeolus
4495:Sentinel-3
4477:Sentinel-2
4463:Sentinel-1
4391:Copernicus
4286:XMM-Newton
4104:Cluster II
3910:Copernicus
3881:Programmes
3809:Facilities
3759:Spaceports
3579:Red Dragon
3359:OSIRIS-REx
3343:Comets and
3046:Panspermia
2523:Near-Earth
2465:Near-Earth
2435:Pioneer 11
2367:Near-Earth
2305:Pioneer 10
2258:Near-Earth
2143:Mariner 10
1953:Near-Earth
1872:Near-Earth
1825:PMIRR (on
1813:Pioneer 10
1791:Mariner 10
1713:Sentinel-3
1591:Near-Earth
1482:Sentinel-3
1453:MTVZA-GYa
1416:Kanopus-ST
1365:Sentinel-6
1352:Near-Earth
1335:Radiometer
1185:Europa-UVS
884:Spacecraft
804:Spacecraft
715:. NASA/JPL
586:22 October
479:References
408:Objectives
283:Dimensions
185:biomarkers
119:Spacecraft
101:Properties
70:≥ 7 months
62:O detector
4966:CryoSat-1
4940:STE-QUEST
4875:Eddington
4865:e.Deorbit
4816:Cancelled
4688:Olympus-1
4530:EarthCARE
4451:CryoSat-2
4300:(2006–13)
4276:(1992–93)
4262:Hipparcos
4236:cosmology
3496:Laplace-P
3399:Dragonfly
3353:Hayabusa2
3345:asteroids
3314:Tianwen-1
3292:Mars 2020
3283:Curiosity
3216:Eu:CROPIS
3071:Planetary
2828:MoonLIGHT
2666:Mariner 2
2646:Curiosity
2572:Mariner 2
2509:detectors
2428:MESSENGER
2407:Mariner 2
2319:Voyager 1
2177:Voyager 1
2150:MESSENGER
2059:MESSENGER
2044:(on Juno)
2032:Voyager 1
1975:SCIAMACHY
1844:Voyager 1
1807:2M No.522
1802:2M No.521
1723:Suomi NPP
1551:Mariner 2
1456:Meteor-M2
1443:, MOS-1b)
1344:Microwave
1317:Voyager 1
1275:Pioneer 7
1262:MESSENGER
1219:Mariner 2
791:programme
719:August 6,
659:March 13,
653:Space.com
310:Detectors
205:Curiosity
198:and the
191:in 2029.
5027:Wikinews
5003:Category
4623:Columbus
4547:) (2024)
4357:ARRAKIHS
4310:Herschel
4292:INTEGRAL
4222:EnVision
4175:ExoMars
4031:EUMETSAT
3922:Columbus
3915:Sentinel
3795:Ariane 6
3790:Ariane 5
3692:Category
3554:Kazachok
3544:Beagle 3
3476:ExoLance
3429:Proposed
3267:Beagle 2
3241:OREOcube
3221:EXOSTACK
3162:missions
2745:Viking 1
2664:SPS (on
2614:ADRON-RM
2600:detector
2567:ASPERA-4
2562:ASPERA-3
2507:Particle
2270:QuakeSat
2070:E-THEMIS
1833:Venera 9
1675:Meteor-2
1653:ADEOS II
1465:Nimbus 7
1411:GPM Core
1378:ADEOS II
1311:Venera 9
1299:Sakigake
1213:Magellan
1172:Akatsuki
1123:Venera 4
1092:Magellan
1017:Category
918:ADRON-RM
900:Kazachok
746:April 9,
633:28731818
561:15 March
538:31067287
457:See also
386:Kazachok
381:ADRON-EM
256:ADRON-RM
217:Overview
152:ADRON-RM
145:NET 2028
132:Operator
55:Function
25:Operator
20:ADRON-RM
5061:ExoMars
5015:Commons
4992:italics
4961:Cluster
4945:THESEUS
4930:SOLARIS
4805:PROBA-3
4798:OPS-SAT
4780:PROBA-V
4774:PROBA-2
4762:PROBA-1
4712:HYLAS-1
4706:GIOVE-B
4700:GIOVE-A
4694:Artemis
4522:Biomass
4421:Envisat
4360:(2030s)
4159:Rosetta
4147:SMART-1
4141:Huygens
4092:Ulysses
4072:Science
3947:ExoMars
3937:GALILEO
3927:CryoSat
3888:Artemis
3867:ESTRACK
3772:Esrange
3704:Commons
3521:Trident
3511:Oceanus
3410:ExoMars
3391:Planned
3365:Rosetta
3320:Zhurong
3308:Phoenix
3246:Tanpopo
3236:O/OREOS
3181:BIOCORE
2673:Ulysses
2583:Ulysses
2544:Proba-2
2530:DEMETER
2281:Proba-2
2272:1 and 2
2224:SHERLOC
2014:MA-MISS
1891:Proba-2
1797:Mars 96
1780:Luna 13
1767:InSight
1753:Diviner
1727:NOAA-21
1711:SLSTR (
1636:NOAA-20
1627:AVNIR-2
1570:Rosetta
1522:Zond-PP
1471:Sich-1M
1446:MTVZA (
1406:Envisat
1385:Shizuku
1383:AMSR2 (
1363:AMR-C (
1202:InSight
1196:Galileo
1029:Commons
981:Related
943:MA-MISS
839:Electra
789:ExoMars
613:Bibcode
529:5685153
508:Bibcode
434:, etc.)
267:1.7 kg
213:(IKI).
76:Website
4971:GEOS 1
4954:Failed
4920:ODINUS
4890:Hopper
4885:Hermes
4880:EXPERT
4808:(2024)
4788:(2015)
4770:(2007)
4758:(1998)
4684:(1978)
4682:GEOS 2
4667:(2021)
4661:(2014)
4655:(2013)
4649:(2012)
4643:(2011)
4635:Cupola
4631:(2008)
4595:(2027)
4587:(2025)
4579:(2025)
4571:(2025)
4563:(2025)
4555:(2025)
4552:ALTIUS
4533:(2024)
4525:(2024)
4376:(2035)
4368:(2035)
4365:Athena
4352:(2029)
4344:(2026)
4334:Euclid
4322:CHEOPS
4304:Planck
4274:Eureca
4256:EXOSAT
4225:(2031)
4217:(2029)
4209:(2028)
4200:(2024)
4192:(2023)
4163:Philae
4135:Giotto
4120:(2031)
4086:ISEE-2
3900:Aurora
3653:MERMOZ
3446:CAESAR
3334:Viking
3251:VEGGIE
3226:EXPOSE
3206:E-MIST
3196:BIOPAN
3186:Biolab
3146:Tholin
2806:rover)
2774:HiRISE
2715:rover)
2703:MASPEX
2659:Nozomi
2620:rover)
2402:Magsat
2397:FIELDS
2344:ICEMAG
2299:FIELDS
2220:rover)
2166:SPICAV
2161:SPICAM
2098:SPICAV
2093:SPICAM
2030:IRIS (
1880:EURECA
1706:GCOM-C
1704:SGLI (
1694:EURECA
1687:JERS-1
1477:Seasat
1430:MOPITT
1376:AMSR (
1373:(AQUA)
1371:AMSR-E
1269:Nozomi
1207:Kaguya
1153:WISDOM
1118:MARSIS
1113:SHARAD
1108:SELENE
1103:REASON
968:WISDOM
958:PanCam
631:
536:
526:
388:lander
171:'s
109:1.7 kg
4935:SPICA
4730:EGNOS
4592:FORUM
4584:SMILE
4457:Swarm
4433:MetOp
4409:ERS-2
4403:ERS-1
4349:ARIEL
4341:PLATO
4298:CoRoT
4244:Cos-B
4207:rover
4117:Vigil
4041:GEWEX
3984:Pride
3942:ELIPS
3932:EGNOS
3569:MELOS
3441:BRUIE
3418:rover
3322:rover
3300:rover
3285:rover
3160:Space
2779:LORRI
2652:FREND
2472:Swarm
2374:Swarm
2231:rover
2199:Raman
2156:NOMAD
2132:Alice
2088:Ralph
2065:MERIS
2042:JIRAM
2009:rover
2001:AKARI
1878:ORI (
1719:VIIRS
1692:ORI (
1685:OPS (
1680:MODIS
1665:MOS-1
1651:GLI (
1632:CERES
1622:AVNIR
1611:Terra
1603:ASTER
1598:AVHRR
1517:WSF-M
1507:SSMIS
1502:SSM/I
1441:MOS-1
1439:MSR (
1434:Terra
1421:MIRAS
1077:Radar
928:HABIT
923:CLUPI
894:rover
849:NOMAD
844:FREND
441:from
207:rover
177:rover
126:rover
86:.rssi
4895:LOFT
4870:EChO
4850:CSTS
4825:AIDA
4768:YES2
4560:FLEX
4445:SMOS
4439:GOCE
4373:LISA
4316:Gaia
4197:Hera
4098:SOHO
3952:FLPP
3800:Vega
3516:THEO
3260:Mars
3191:Bion
2837:Misc
2738:SEIS
2709:MOMA
2644:(on
2539:DSLP
2537:and
2535:TPMU
2348:PIMS
2346:and
2337:Juno
2276:SGVM
2265:GOES
2080:(on
2078:SUDA
2074:MISE
2034:and
2019:ISEM
1985:TRMM
1965:MOMS
1960:CASE
1886:LYRA
1775:IRIS
1765:(on
1755:(on
1647:ERSS
1642:ERBS
1617:AIRS
1607:MISR
1562:Juno
1512:TRMM
1497:SMOS
1492:SMMR
1487:SMAP
1426:MISR
1401:ERSS
1359:AQUA
1239:6, 7
953:MOMA
938:LaRa
933:ISEM
748:2013
721:2012
661:2020
629:PMID
588:2013
563:2016
534:PMID
445:and
361:The
313:Two
302:≤ 1
264:Mass
183:and
162:and
106:Mass
94:.htm
90:/eng
84:.iki
4786:IXV
4756:ARD
4608:ISS
4280:ISO
4250:IUE
3905:ATV
3893:ESM
3211:ERA
3176:BIO
2642:DAN
2577:SPS
2332:MAG
2171:UVS
1980:TES
1931:ISO
1763:HP3
1757:LRO
1557:MWR
963:RLS
834:ACS
697:doi
621:doi
524:PMC
516:doi
304:keV
136:ESA
88:.ru
82:www
5057::
4503:3B
4501:/
4499:3A
4497:/
4489:2C
4487:/
4485:2B
4483:/
4481:2A
4479:/
4471:1B
4469:/
4467:1A
4465:/
2422:10
2312:11
2076:,
2072:,
1838:10
1820:11
1725:,
1669:1b
1605:,
1428:,
1288:11
1281:10
1249:10
1148:16
1143:15
1138:10
669:^
650:.
627:.
619:.
609:17
607:.
579:.
546:^
532:.
522:.
514:.
504:17
502:.
496:.
429:Ti
427:,
425:Fe
423:,
421:Cl
395:He
315:He
275:5
243:Ti
241:,
239:Fe
237:,
235:Cl
231:Gd
4541:(
4161:/
3739:e
3732:t
3725:v
2893:e
2886:t
2879:v
2802:(
2752:2
2711:(
2668:)
2648:)
2638:)
2629:)
2616:(
2417:5
2412:4
2340:)
2334:(
2326:2
2233:)
2226:(
2216:(
2184:2
2084:)
2048:M
2038:)
2036:2
1882:)
1851:2
1829:)
1769:)
1759:)
1749:)
1729:)
1721:(
1715:)
1708:)
1696:)
1689:)
1655:)
1638:)
1613:)
1609:(
1565:)
1559:(
1473:)
1450:)
1436:)
1432:(
1387:)
1380:)
1367:)
1324:2
1244:9
1234:5
1229:4
1224:3
1133:9
1128:8
1064:e
1057:t
1050:v
781:e
774:t
767:v
750:.
723:.
699::
663:.
635:.
623::
615::
590:.
565:.
540:.
518::
510::
449:.
432:S
277:W
60:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.