69:
592:. Controls involve checking if ships rendezvous with other ships and when they dock. This information is then controlled with logs. This means of controlling has been an efficient preventative measure. Beyond use in the high north, AISSat-1 gradually sweeps above the entire globe in the course of a twenty-four hour period. This allows tracking of ship traffic in other areas under Norwegian jurisdiction around
969:
581:
monitor ship traffic. The data is stored and can also be used to collect accurate statistics on ship traffic in the Arctic. Unlike terrestrial data collection, the satellite information is not made publicly available. A contributing cause is that certain fishers many not want to reveal their fishing positions and could then have chosen to turn off their AIS instead.
546:
405:
unreadable. Research later concluded that satellite monitoring of heavily trafficked areas would be near impossible, but that satellite surveying of the sparsely used Arctic waters would be effective. The AIS infrastructure in Norway was built and is operated by the
Norwegian Coastal Administration in cooperation with the
441:
of 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) would be able to receive AIS communication. A particular challenge during this period was the need for an antenna with sufficient length to match the wavelength, which would be difficult with a small satellite profile. As part of the development, an AIS transceiver
599:
Data can also be used to identify any ship causing an oil spill. There are more than one thousand annual oil spills and illegal dumping in
Norwegian waters. While observation satellites have previously been able to identify spills, the satellite AIS monitoring can normally identify the culprit and
580:
The primary operational goal is the gathering of positioning and course information from fisheries and ship traffic within the
Norwegian EEZ with the intent of environmental surveillance. The vessel data is used by the Coastal Administration and in particular Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre to
449:
The satellite was regarded as experimental by the involved parties. Design of the payload and AIS components was carried out by
Kongsberg Seatex. The project is owned by the Norwegian Space Centre while NDRE was responsible for technical aspects. Once operational, the data was fed to the Coastal
536:
with an altitude of 635 kilometers (395 mi). It received an inclination of 97.71° and a period of 97.4 minutes. UTIAS retained responsibility for launch and commissioning, after which operational responsibility was transferred to NDRE. The satellite was designed, built and launched within
404:
The
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment took the first steps towards AIS satellite use in 2003 paper. A main concern was the low transmitting power of AIS, typically one to twelve watts. Simultaneous transmission could also result in data packet collision and thus make all transmissions
465:
AISSat-1 is built around the
University of Toronto's Generic Nanosatellite Bus. The satellite measures 20 centimeters (7.9 in) cubed. It is solar-powered collected by thirty-six panels and stored in two batteries. There are three onboard computers, each with an
615:
A build-to-print copy of the satellite, AISSat-2, was launched on 8 July 2014. It is intended to be followed by a third satellite, AISSat-3, in 2015. The added satellites are intended to provide redundancy in case of data capturing failure in one satellite.
401:(VHF) range. In addition to ship-to-ship tracking, AIS could be monitored by a series of coastal base stations. The idea for satellite monitoring arose later and was mostly intended for maritime surveillance and control, as well as safety monitoring.
552:
551:
548:
547:
553:
436:
Specific research into what became AISSat-1 began in 2005 as a cooperation between the
Norwegian Space Centre, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and Kongsberg Seatex. The initial research concluded that a satellite within an
564:
AISSat-1 was built as an experimental satellite to investigate the feasibility of collecting AIS data from space. The satellite quickly proved to meet its expectations and has since been regarded as an operational satellite.
550:
428:, which in addition to the continental EEZ gives it an area of 1,878,953 square kilometers (725,468 sq mi). Eighty percent of all Arctic shipping traffic passes through Norway's EEZ.
916:
451:
366:
126:
1002:
883:
1860:
549:
632:
495:
373:
and completed manufacture. The satellite measures 20 centimeters (7.9 in) cube and weighs 6 kilograms (13 lb). Ownership and operation passed to
187:
815:
1855:
397:
system. The system became mandatory most commercial ships from 2008. AIS was designed as a terrestrial system with AIS transponders operating on the
732:
354:
736:
995:
327:
1875:
1329:
906:
725:
1845:
1795:
1623:
1319:
585:
507:
347:
197:
988:
1823:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
339:
27:
1865:
873:
413:
304:
503:
173:
1840:
1514:
1818:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
393:
The
Automatic Identification System was developed as a navigational aid for shipping traffic, initially primarily as a
471:
443:
446:
to test out the receptivity of AIS signals in low Earth orbit. AISSat-1 was Norway's first non-commercial satellite.
1850:
1346:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1084:
570:
499:
323:
308:
184:
1751:
605:
846:
636:
1074:
688:
609:
577:, at Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre, was opened. Since 2013 operation of the satellite passed to Statsat.
455:
116:
77:
56:
807:
322:. Initially a development project, the satellite has since passed into ordinary operations. Via downlinks at
1870:
1272:
417:
1755:
416:
in 2005. The AISSats are part of a larger policy to strengthen Norway's grip on the Arctic areas. Norway's
947:
406:
358:
62:
1690:
1256:
1186:
811:
601:
482:. The payload consists of a VHF antenna and an onboard computer for storing and processing of AIS data.
343:
761:
Bekkevold, Jo Inge; Offerdal, Kristin (2014). "Norway's High North Policy and New Asian
Stakeholders".
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475:
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1600:
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257:
1614:
1783:
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1350:
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974:
778:
1759:
1462:
1293:
1706:
1410:
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515:
491:
382:
378:
312:
277:
1618:
1537:
1422:
1250:
519:
374:
49:
1324:
1268:
1264:
1047:
770:
700:
362:
220:
1767:
1763:
1354:
911:
589:
530:
319:
316:
230:
68:
1609:
1509:
1385:
1224:
1063:
980:
574:
479:
267:
1834:
1573:
1427:
782:
459:
370:
331:
111:
409:. It was this cooperation which led to the development of the satellite AIS system.
1789:
1649:
1360:
1174:
1157:
470:
microcontroller. One operates household issues such as telemetry while one handled
1558:
593:
774:
1716:
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1406:
1401:
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511:
335:
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1042:
964:
704:
1192:
1131:
1120:
1109:
878:
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425:
300:
26:
1711:
1654:
1496:
1380:
1366:
1335:
1314:
1289:
842:
658:
560:
video demonstrating the advantages of the
Norwegian AIS satellite program
421:
1801:
1720:
1702:
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523:
838:
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1524:
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1371:
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1198:
1152:
1148:
1144:
412:
Increased focus on the High North arose following the appointment of
510:. The main payload of the mission was the reconnaissance satellite
1214:
544:
438:
247:
237:
907:"Nytt satellitt-senter i Vardø gir sikrere skipstrafikk i Arktis"
635:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 1 September 2013. Archived from
557:
467:
984:
689:"Satellite AIS – Developing Technology or Existing Capability?"
377:
in 2013. The satellite has since 2014 been supplemented with
361:
and the Coastal Administration. The payload was developed by
478:
antennas for telemetry. Attitude is adjusted through three
494:
which was launched on 12 July 2010 at 03:52 UTC from the
353:
The satellite was developed as a cooperation between the
612:
and the Armed Force can utilize the data from the data.
596:
and for instance data for combating piracy off Africa.
474:. The third handles payload operations. There are four
452:
University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies
367:
University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies
588:
for surveillance of the fisheries fleet to identify
450:
Administration. Production was subcontracted to the
1729:
1632:
1551:
1471:
1436:
1394:
1307:
1233:
1166:
1098:
1056:
1035:
514:. In addition to AISSat-1, secondary payloads were
276:
266:
256:
246:
236:
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216:
211:
193:
180:
169:
153:
148:
132:
122:
110:
105:
89:
76:
55:
45:
37:
659:"AISSAT 1 Satellite details 2010-035C NORAD 36797"
874:"– En historisk dag for Norge som romfartsnasjon"
839:"Norway launches AISSat ship-tracking spacecraft"
726:"AISSat-1 – Norway's first observation satellite"
502:in India. The satellite was carried on board a
307:(AIS) signals. Launched on 12 June 2010 from
996:
8:
19:
1003:
989:
981:
938:
936:
934:
867:
865:
863:
67:
25:
18:
682:
680:
1861:Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
733:Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
569:including data download is handled from
355:Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
624:
818:from the original on 12 September 2015
739:from the original on 20 September 2015
720:
718:
716:
714:
7:
1330:Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
756:
754:
849:from the original on 31 August 2010
328:Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre
282:25 December 2013, 12:05:42 UTC
586:Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries
508:Indian Space Research Organisation
348:Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries
14:
919:from the original on 15 July 2015
1856:Norwegian Coastal Administration
967:
886:from the original on 12 May 2013
872:Barstein, Geir (29 April 2010).
340:Norwegian Coastal Administration
837:Amos, Jonathan (12 July 2010).
600:the data used as evidence. The
305:Automatic Identification System
905:Stensvold, Tore (7 May 2015).
504:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
420:(EEZ) covers sea areas around
79:
1:
810:. Earth Observation Portal /
775:10.1080/09700161.2014.952934
584:The AIS data is used by the
414:Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet
252:635 kilometres (395 mi)
242:618 kilometres (384 mi)
1876:Spacecraft launched in 2010
687:Carson-Jackson, J. (2012).
444:International Space Station
350:and other public agencies.
1892:
571:Svalbard Satellite Station
500:Satish Dhawan Space Centre
324:Svalbard Satellite Station
309:Satish Dhawan Space Centre
1846:Satellites orbiting Earth
1816:
1752:SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1
944:"Norsk satellitt innfrir"
705:10.1017/S037346331100066X
693:The Journal of Navigation
529:AISSat was placed into a
456:Generic Nanosatellite Bus
330:it tracks vessels in the
290:
286:
207:
203:
144:
140:
101:
97:
33:
24:
16:Norwegian space satellite
633:"UCS Satellite Database"
136:6 kilograms (13 lb)
418:exclusive economic zone
1866:Norwegian Space Centre
948:Norwegian Space Centre
561:
407:Norwegian Armed Forces
359:Norwegian Space Centre
812:European Space Agency
573:. From 2015 a second
556:
537:schedule and budget.
344:Norwegian Coast Guard
217:Reference system
106:Spacecraft properties
1841:Satellites of Norway
1019:Orbital launches in
476:ultra high frequency
454:(UTIAS) using their
442:was attached to the
1686:USA-222 / FASTRAC-2
1682:USA-222 / FASTRAC-1
399:very high frequency
395:collision avoidance
315:, AISSat-1 is in a
161:2010-07-12UTC03:52Z
157:12 July 2010, 03:52
21:
975:Spaceflight portal
763:Strategic Analysis
665:. 25 December 2013
562:
272:97.11 minutes
262:98.02 degrees
212:Orbital parameters
1851:Kongsberg Gruppen
1828:
1827:
1697:USA-219 / O/OREOS
1664:USA-220 / FASTSAT
639:on 4 January 2014
554:
492:secondary payload
381:and from 2015 by
313:secondary payload
294:
293:
1883:
1699:
1693:
1671:
1140:GOES-15 / EWS-G2
1048:Globus-1M No.12L
1024:
1023:
1022:
1005:
998:
991:
982:
977:
972:
971:
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960:
959:
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946:(in Norwegian).
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929:
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896:
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893:
891:
869:
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854:
834:
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808:"AISSat-1 and 2"
804:
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506:operated by the
496:First Launch Pad
472:attitude control
363:Kongsberg Seatex
303:used to receive
238:Perigee altitude
164:
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149:Start of mission
90:Mission duration
81:
72:
71:
65:
29:
22:
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1746:Glonass-M No.41
1742:Glonass-M No.40
1738:Glonass-M No.39
1725:
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1667:
1628:
1547:
1533:Zheda Pixing 1C
1529:Zheda Pixing 1B
1467:
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590:illegal fishing
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531:Sun-synchronous
488:
480:reaction wheels
434:
391:
320:low Earth orbit
317:Sun-synchronous
248:Apogee altitude
160:
158:
66:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1871:2010 in Norway
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1821:Crewed flights
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1610:Progress M-08M
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1510:Progress M-07M
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1386:Progress M-06M
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1225:Progress M-05M
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
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1190:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
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1142:
1137:
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1064:Progress M-04M
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859:
829:
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769:(6): 825–840.
750:
710:
699:(2): 303–321.
676:
650:
623:
621:
618:
610:Police Service
606:Custom Service
575:ground station
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1796:Compass-IGSO2
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1605:Globalstar 79
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1601:Globalstar 77
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1597:Globalstar 76
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1593:Globalstar 75
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1589:Globalstar 74
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1585:Globalstar 73
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1574:Soyuz TMA-01M
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1448:RASCOM-QAF 1R
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1428:Compass-IGSO1
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1187:Leonardo MPLM
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1712:Chinasat 20A
1615:Eutelsat W3B
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1361:Soyuz TMA-19
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1334:
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1175:Soyuz TMA-18
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1158:EchoStar XIV
1068:
954:20 September
952:. Retrieved
950:. 6 May 2011
923:20 September
921:. Retrieved
910:
900:
888:. Retrieved
877:
851:. Retrieved
832:
822:19 September
820:. Retrieved
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743:20 September
741:. Retrieved
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637:the original
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357:(NDRE), the
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123:Manufacturer
93:3 years
38:Mission type
1784:Perseus 003
1780:Perseus 002
1776:Perseus 001
1772:Perseus 000
1717:Intelsat 17
1678:FalconSat-5
1669:NanoSail-D2
1543:Kosmos 2469
1505:Kosmos 2468
1501:Kosmos 2467
1492:Chinasat-6A
1487:Kosmos 2466
1483:Kosmos 2465
1479:Kosmos 2464
1444:Nilesat 201
1407:Cartosat-2B
1402:EchoStar XV
1342:Shijian XII
1277:Waseda-SAT2
1220:Kosmos 2463
1205:Kosmos 2462
1128:Kosmos 2461
1117:Kosmos 2460
1106:Kosmos 2459
1090:Intelsat 16
1075:Tranquility
669:25 December
643:25 December
602:Coast Guard
534:polar orbit
512:Cartosat-2B
432:Development
336:Barents Sea
258:Inclination
181:Launch site
154:Launch date
133:Launch mass
1835:Categories
1760:SMDC-ONE 1
1655:SkyTerra-1
1645:Fengyun 3B
1640:Meridian 3
1624:Compass-G4
1568:Shijian 6H
1564:Shijian 6G
1463:Tian Hui 1
1377:Arabsat-5A
1320:Compass-G3
1294:COMSATBw-2
1043:Compass-G1
853:2010-09-22
620:References
389:Background
369:built the
365:while the
221:Geocentric
194:Contractor
41:Technology
1756:Mayflower
1559:Chang'e 2
1525:Yaogan 11
1515:Michibiki
1472:September
1453:Yaogan 10
1285:Negai ☆''
1193:CryoSat-2
1153:Yaogan 9C
1149:Yaogan 9B
1145:Yaogan 9A
1132:GLONASS-M
1121:GLONASS-M
1110:GLONASS-M
879:Dagbladet
783:153529820
594:Bouvetøya
567:Telemetry
426:Jan Mayen
301:satellite
231:Low Earth
165: UTC
63:2010-035C
57:COSPAR ID
1730:December
1660:STPSat-2
1633:November
1497:Gonets-M
1419:AISSat-1
1411:AlSat-2A
1381:Chollian
1367:TanDEM-X
1336:STSAT-2B
1315:SERVIS-2
1290:Astra 3B
1257:Akatsuki
1057:February
917:Archived
890:11 April
884:Archived
847:Archived
843:BBC News
816:Archived
737:Archived
516:AlSat-2A
422:Svalbard
383:AISSat-3
379:AISSat-2
338:for the
297:AISSat-1
46:Operator
20:AISSat-1
1802:GSAT-5P
1721:HYLAS-1
1707:Orion 7
1703:USA-223
1674:USA-221
1650:COSMO-4
1619:BSat 3B
1552:October
1538:USA-216
1520:USA-215
1458:USA-214
1423:TIsat-1
1415:StudSat
1299:USA-213
1273:Shin'en
1251:ICC-VLD
1247:Rassvet
1242:STS-132
1210:USA-212
1182:STS-131
1070:STS-130
1036:January
541:Mission
524:StudSat
520:TISat-1
458:as the
375:Statsat
326:and at
159: (
78:SATCAT
50:Statsat
1808:KA-SAT
1499:No.2,
1437:August
1372:Ofek-9
1351:Picard
1347:Prisma
1325:Badr-5
1281:Hayato
1269:DCAM-2
1265:DCAM-1
1261:IKAROS
1199:GSAT-4
1079:Cupola
1028:2011 →
1013:← 2009
781:
608:, the
604:, the
486:Launch
346:, the
342:, the
268:Period
227:Regime
170:Rocket
1768:QbX-2
1764:QbX-1
1355:BPA-1
1215:SES-1
1167:April
1099:March
779:S2CID
729:(PDF)
439:orbit
311:as a
299:is a
278:Epoch
127:UTIAS
85:36797
1580:XM-5
1395:July
1308:June
1021:2010
956:2015
925:2015
892:2012
824:2015
745:2015
671:2013
663:N2YO
645:2013
558:NASA
522:and
468:ARM7
424:and
334:and
198:ISRO
174:PSLV
1672:),
1271:),
1234:May
1135:735
1124:732
1113:731
1085:SDO
771:doi
701:doi
498:at
371:bus
188:FLP
176:C15
117:GNB
112:Bus
80:no.
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