Chatbot - Knowledge (XXG)

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gives chatbot-style techniques a potentially useful role in interactive systems that need to elicit information from users, as long as that information is relatively straightforward and falls into predictable categories. Thus, for example, online help systems can usefully employ chatbot techniques to identify the area of help that users require, potentially providing a "friendlier" interface than a more formal search or menu system. This sort of usage holds the prospect of moving chatbot technology from Weizenbaum's "shelf ... reserved for curios" to that marked "genuinely useful computational methods".

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while 6% had heard of a health chatbot and 3% had experience of using it, 67% perceived themselves as likely to use one within 12 months. The majority of participants would use a health chatbot for seeking general health information (78%), booking a medical appointment (78%), and looking for local health services (80%). However, a health chatbot was perceived as less suitable for seeking results of medical tests and seeking specialist advice such as sexual health.

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only seeking a doctor when experiencing a health problem and 65% thought that a chatbot was a good idea. 30% reported dislike about talking to computers, 41% felt it would be strange to discuss health matters with a chatbot and about half were unsure if they could trust the advice given by a chatbot. Therefore, perceived trustworthiness, individual attitudes towards bots, and dislike for talking to computers are the main barriers to health chatbots.

1818:, an AI chatbot designed to learn from previous interaction, caused major controversy due to it being targeted by internet trolls on Twitter. Soon after its launch, the bot was exploited, and with its "repeat after me" capability, it started releasing racist, sexist, and controversial responses to Twitter users. This suggests that although the bot learned effectively from experience, adequate protection was not put in place to prevent misuse. 1970: 1956: 1984: 92: 1208:

responding to any input that contains the word 'MOTHER' with 'TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY'). Thus an illusion of understanding is generated, even though the processing involved has been merely superficial. ELIZA showed that such an illusion is surprisingly easy to generate because human judges are so ready to give the benefit of the doubt when conversational responses are

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The observer says to himself "I could have written that". With that thought, he moves the program in question from the shelf marked "intelligent", to that reserved for curios. The object of this paper is to cause just such a re-evaluation of the program about to be "explained". Few programs ever needed it more.

1157:’. When humans use and apply chatbot content contaminated with hallucinations, this results in ‘botshit’. Given the increasing adoption and use of chatbots for generating content, there are concerns that this technology will significantly reduce the cost it takes humans to generate, spread and consume botshit. 4856:

reports how he was initially fooled by a chatterbot posing as an attractive girl in a personal ad he answered on a dating website. In the ad, the girl portrayed herself as being in Southern California and then soon revealed, in poor English, that she was actually in Russia. He became suspicious after

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The analysis of attitudinal variables showed that most participants reported their preference for discussing their health with doctors (73%) and having access to reliable and accurate health information (93%). While 80% were curious about new technologies that could improve their health, 66% reported

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can pass itself off as a human instead of a chatbot, its message would be more credible. Therefore, human-seeming chatbots with well-crafted online identities could start scattering fake news that seems plausible, for instance making false claims during an election. With enough chatbots, it might be

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is an Internet-connected version of the doll that uses a chatbot provided by the company ToyTalk, which previously used the chatbot for a range of smartphone-based characters for children. These characters' behaviors are constrained by a set of rules that in effect emulate a particular character and

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techniques can be incorporated into chatbot applications to allow them to map conversations between users and customer service agents, especially in social media. Research has shown that methods incorporating deep learning can learn writing styles from a brand and transfer them to another, promoting

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is one of the major concerns of chatbot technologies. Security threats and system vulnerabilities are weaknesses that are often exploited by malicious users. Storage of user data and past communication, that is highly valuable for training and development of chatbots, can also give rise to security

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Interface designers have come to appreciate that humans' readiness to interpret computer output as genuinely conversational—even when it is actually based on rather simple pattern-matching—can be exploited for useful purposes. Most people prefer to engage with programs that are human-like, and this

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threats. Chatbots operating on third-party networks may be subject to various security issues if owners of the third-party applications have policies regarding user data that differ from those of the chatbot. Security threats can be reduced or prevented by incorporating protective mechanisms. User

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unveiled that Messenger would allow chatbots into the app. In large companies, like in hospitals and aviation organizations, IT architects are designing reference architectures for Intelligent Chatbots that are used to unlock and share knowledge and experience in the organization more efficiently,

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In artificial intelligence, machines are made to behave in wondrous ways, often sufficient to dazzle even the most experienced observer. But once a particular program is unmasked, once its inner workings are explained, its magic crumbles away; it stands revealed as a mere collection of procedures.

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Chatbots have been used at different levels of government departments, including local, national and regional contexts. Chatbots are used to provide services like citizenship and immigration, court administrations, financial aid, and migrants’ rights inquiries. For example, EMMA answers more than

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Certain patient groups are still reluctant to use chatbots. A mixed-methods study showed that people are still hesitant to use chatbots for their healthcare due to poor understanding of the technological complexity, the lack of empathy, and concerns about cyber-security. The analysis showed that

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sequence. Such sequences can be triggered by user opt-in or the use of keywords within user interactions. After a trigger occurs a sequence of messages is delivered until the next anticipated user response. Each user response is used in the decision tree to help the chatbot navigate the response

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Chatbots are increasingly present in businesses and often are used to automate tasks that do not require skill-based talents. With customer service taking place via messaging apps as well as phone calls, there are growing numbers of use-cases where chatbot deployment gives organizations a clear

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Chatbots have great potential to serve as an alternate source for customer service. Many high-tech banking organizations are looking to integrate automated AI-based solutions such as chatbots into their customer service in order to provide faster and cheaper assistance to their clients who are

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ELIZA's key method of operation (copied by chatbot designers ever since) involves the recognition of clue words or phrases in the input, and the output of the corresponding pre-prepared or pre-programmed responses that can move the conversation forward in an apparently meaningful way (e.g. by

1198:, published in 1966, which seemed to be able to fool users into believing that they were conversing with a real human. However Weizenbaum himself did not claim that ELIZA was genuinely intelligent, and the introduction to his paper presented it more as a debunking exercise: 1375:. Despite criticism of its accuracy and tendency to “hallucinate”—that is, to confidently output false information and even cite non-existent sources—ChatGPT has gained attention for its detailed responses and historical knowledge. Another example is BioGPT, developed by 1626:

launched their chatbot called SoBot in March 2018. While 80% of users of the SoBot expressed their satisfaction after having tested it, Société Générale deputy director Bertrand Cozzarolo stated that it will never replace the expertise provided by a human advisor.

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As it happens usually with technology-led changes in existing services, some consumers, more often than not from older generations, are uncomfortable with chatbots due to their limited understanding, making it obvious that their requests are being dealt with by

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written conversation with a human judge to the extent that the judge is unable to distinguish reliably—on the basis of the conversational content alone—between the program and a real human. The notoriety of Turing's proposed test stimulated great interest in

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Chatbots are also appearing in the healthcare industry. A study suggested that physicians in the United States believed that chatbots would be most beneficial for scheduling doctor appointments, locating health clinics, or providing medication information.

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Chatbot developers create, debug, and maintain applications that automate customer services or other communication processes. Their duties include reviewing and simplifying code when needed. They may also help companies implement bots in their operations.

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Chatbots require a large amount of conversational data to train. Generative models, which are based on deep learning algorithms to generate new responses word by word based on user input, are usually trained on a large dataset of natural-language

60:. The reason given is: this article is using citations from 1970 and virtually all claims about conversational capabilities are at least ten years out of date (for example the Turing test was arguably made obsolete years ago by transformer models). 4198: 1122:

so as to target specific tasks or applications (i.e., simulating human conversation, in the case of chatbots). Chatbots can also be designed or customized to further target even more specific situations and/or particular subject-matter domains.

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predicted that by 2021, 15% of all customer service interactions globally will be handled completely by AI. A study by Juniper Research in 2019 estimates retail sales resulting from chatbot-based interactions will reach $ 112 billion by 2023.

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Since 2016, when Facebook allowed businesses to deliver automated customer support, e-commerce guidance, content, and interactive experiences through chatbots, a large variety of chatbots were developed for the Facebook Messenger platform.

1701:(made by Nick Gerritsen of Touchtech) – has been developed. It is designed to share its political thoughts, for example on topics such as climate change, healthcare and education, etc. It talks to people through Facebook Messenger. 1597:

the brand's image on social media platforms. Chatbots can create new ways of brands and user interactions, which can help improve the brand's performance and allow users to gain "social, information, and economic benefits".

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that optimize their ability to communicate based on each conversation held. Still, there is currently no general purpose conversational artificial intelligence, and some software developers focus on the practical aspect,

4588: 3119: 4133: 3014: 4103: 1940:, the task of designing and refining prompts (inputs) leading to desired AI-generated responses has gained significant demand and popularity in recent years, with the advent of sophisticated models, notably 4725: 4188: 4802: 2817:

Luo, Renqian; Sun, Liai; Xia, Yingce; Qin, Tao; Zhang, Sheng; Poon, Hoifung; Liu, Tie-Yan; et al. (2022). "BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining".

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In 2016, Facebook Messenger allowed developers to place chatbots on their platform. There were 30,000 bots created for Messenger in the first six months, rising to 100,000 by September 2017.

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with spam and advertisements by mimicking human behavior and conversations or to entice people into revealing personal information, such as bank account numbers. They were commonly found on

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Many banks, insurers, media companies, e-commerce companies, airlines, hotel chains, retailers, health care providers, government entities, and restaurant chains have used chatbots to

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becoming increasingly comfortable with technology. In particular, chatbots can efficiently conduct a dialogue, usually replacing other communication tools such as email, phone, or

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Gertner, Jon. (2023) "Knowledge (XXG)'s Moment of Truth: Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process?"

3696: 5429: 1866:, so the provided solutions, while possessing obvious advantages, have some important limitations in terms of functionalities and use cases. However, this is changing over time. 4369: 5589: 4686: 3782: 2314: 1565:

and reduce the errors in answers from expert service desks significantly. These Intelligent Chatbots make use of all kinds of artificial intelligence like image moderation and

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Sajani Senadheera, et al. (2024) Understanding Chatbot Adoption in Local Governments: A Review and Framework, Journal of Urban Technology, DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2297665

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Several studies report significant reduction in the cost of customer services, expected to lead to billions of dollars of economic savings in the next ten years. In 2019,

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Chatbots sometimes provide plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers. They can make up names, dates, historical events, and even simple math problems.

4093: 1723:, the state government has launched a chatbot for its Aaple Sarkar platform, which provides conversational access to information regarding public services managed. 3493: 4717: 3187: 1229: 983: 4400: 3070: 1371:, which provides a solid foundation for the model to perform well on downstream tasks with limited amounts of task-specific data. An example of a GPT chatbot is 5567: 4525: 1769:

mobile app to recognize the child's speech and have a conversation. Like the Hello Barbie doll, it attracted controversy due to vulnerabilities with the doll's

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Bird, Jordan J.; Ekart, Aniko; Faria, Diego R. (June 2018). "Learning from Interaction: An Intelligent Networked-Based Human-Bot and Bot-Bot Chatbot System".

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launched a chatbot called MyGov Corona Helpdesk, that worked through Whatsapp and helped people access information about the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

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2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include other functional features, such as games and

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In 2016, Russia-based Tochka Bank launched the world's first Facebook bot for a range of financial services, including a possibility of making payments.

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a couple of months of email exchanges, sent her an email test of gibberish, and she still replied in general terms. The dating website is not named.

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architecture, have become common to build sophisticated chatbots. The "pre-training" in its name refers to the initial training process on a large

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fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. uses a

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parliamentary election, and was built by the artist collective Computer Lars. Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a

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both announced their participation in the testing; both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.

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and by not pretending to be an objective candidate. This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.

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techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require

1170: 960: 723: 258: 1590:. In banking, their major application is related to quick customer service answering common requests, as well as transactional support. 3692: 6142: 3285: 1471:

A 2017 study showed 4% of companies used chatbots. According to a 2016 study, 80% of businesses said they intended to have one by 2020.

978: 4361: 2496: 5749: 4277: 2332: 2033: 1360: 1139: 1057: 811: 786: 735: 5171:"'This robot causes harm': National Eating Disorders Association's new chatbot advises people with disordering eating to lose weight" 4694: 3778: 6193: 5903: 5734: 3350: 2983: 1876:

A chatbot's efficiency highly depends on language processing and is limited because of irregularities, such as accents and mistakes.

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the meaning of their responses, this means they can produce coherent-sounding but inaccurate or fabricated content, referred to as ‘

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The advantages of using chatbots for customer interactions in banking include cost reduction, financial advice, and 24/7 support.

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Dandapani, Arundati (30 April 2020). "Redesigning Conversations with Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 11)". In Sha, Mandy (ed.).

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and The Chatterbox Challenge (the latter has been offline since 2015, however, materials can still be found from web archives).

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Other companies explore ways they can use chatbots internally, for example for Customer Support, Human Resources, or even in

1119: 1016: 676: 497: 4902:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 840 (1st ed.). Nottingham, UK: Springer. pp. 179–190. 6008: 5729: 5274: 2008: 887: 589: 365: 5002:

Hasal, Martin; Nowaková, Jana; Ahmed Saghair, Khalifa; Abdulla, Hussam; Snášel, Václav; Ogiela, Lidia (10 October 2021).

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protocols. There has also been a published report of a chatbot used in a fake personal ad on a dating service's website.

5701: 5252: 3485: 1291: 844: 781: 691: 669: 512: 502: 2894: 1623: 6046: 6031: 6003: 5868: 5863: 5438: 4392: 3062: 2457:(January 1966), "ELIZA – A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", 2063: 1570: 1287: 1069: 995: 907: 892: 353: 175: 4515: 882: 4971: 6183: 5783: 5754: 5532: 3834: 3812: 3428: 1879:

Chatbots are unable to deal with multiple questions at the same time and so conversation opportunities are limited.

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the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place 24–26 October 1972, whereas this session is from 18 September 1972.)

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Mauldin, Michael (1994), "ChatterBots, TinyMuds, and the Turing Test: Entering the Loebner Prize Competition",

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Chatbots have difficulty managing non-linear conversations that must go back and forth on a topic with a user.

2645: 2546: 6056: 6026: 5693: 3149: 2542: 1859: 1692: 1115: 584: 433: 333: 160: 4940: 2141: 1398: 5913: 5606: 5584: 5574: 5542: 5517: 3036: 2272: 1801: 1533: 1333: 764: 740: 642: 403: 378: 338: 150: 4222:"Acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI)-led chatbot services in healthcare: A mixed-methods study" 1873:

As the input/output database is fixed and limited, chatbots can fail while dealing with an unsaved query.

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is able to answer user queries related to health promotion and disease prevention such as screening and

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staff with a chatbot but had to take it offline after users reported receiving harmful advice from it.

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Chatbot competitions focus on the Turing test or more specific goals. Two such annual contests are the

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Parts of this article (those related to everything, particularly sections after the intro) need to be

6126: 5802: 5778: 5631: 5390: 5131: 5057: 3240: 2574: 2013: 1529: 1394: 1272: 647: 597: 1487:'s virtual customer service agent which launched in 2011. The newer generation of chatbots includes 6106: 6036: 5993: 5949: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5594: 5090:; Jacques, Richard (2019), "Chatbots, Humbots, and the Quest for Artificial General Intelligence", 3991:

Palanica, Adam; Flaschner, Peter; Thommandram, Anirudh; Li, Michael; Fossat, Yan (3 January 2019).

3898: 2508: 1850:, and self-destructing messages are some effective solutions to resist potential security threats. 1740:

Chatbots have also been incorporated into devices not primarily meant for computing, such as toys.

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The bots usually appear as one of the user's contacts, but can sometimes act as participants in a

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questions. In November 2023, Amazon announced a new chatbot, called Q, for people to use at work.

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and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use

728: 652: 438: 233: 4579:"Maharashtra government launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot to provide info on 1,400 public services" 2683:

Kolodner, Janet L. (1 October 1983). "Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory".

6178: 6121: 5833: 5641: 5552: 5366: 5356: 5219: 5151: 5103: 5033: 4911: 4880: 4251: 4189:"In focus: Mumbai-based Haptik which developed India's official WhatsApp chatbot for Covid-19" 4074: 4066: 4024: 3610: 3568: 3256: 2844: 2751: 2702: 2454: 2397: 2371: 2083: 2043: 1809: 1777: 1410: 1315: 1191: 1135: 1104: 1092: 821: 664: 577: 373: 343: 288: 283: 238: 180: 84: 5320: 4869:"Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Talking to Bots: Symbiotic Agency and the Case of Tay" 3277: 5998: 5883: 5858: 5659: 5562: 5397: 5332: 5143: 5095: 5023: 5015: 4903: 4241: 4233: 4098: 4058: 4014: 4004: 3602: 3558: 3550: 3312: 3246: 2836: 2743: 2692: 2610: 2606: 2512: 2468: 2434: 2363: 2232: 2199: 2053: 2003: 1863: 1797: 1574: 1464:, for promotion, and to offer additional ways to order from them. Chatbots are also used in 1307: 1182: 1131: 1127: 1100: 1061: 849: 602: 552: 462: 446: 416: 278: 273: 223: 213: 111: 4269: 3835:"Gagner du Temps avec le Chatbot Bancaire pour Gagner en Intelligence avec les Conseillers" 2328: 1944:’s GPT series (which still contain notable flaws and limitations, as previously outlined). 1858:

The creation and implementation of chatbots is still a developing area, heavily related to

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Since September 2017, this has also been as part of a pilot program on WhatsApp. Airlines

1299: 1295: 877: 681: 547: 487: 5170: 3718: 2979: 1934:(June 2017) predicted that 25% of all jobs would be impacted by AI technologies by 2019. 1732:

500,000 inquiries monthly, regarding services on citizenship and immigration in the US.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5818: 5798: 5522: 5003: 4853: 4246: 4221: 4019: 3992: 3601:. CHI '17. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 3506–3510. 3543:"What Makes Users Trust a Chatbot for Customer Service? An Exploratory Interview Study" 2110: 2073: 1843: 1524:, for one, has reportedly launched a chatbot named Mila to automate certain simple yet 1421: 1356: 1260: 1045: 897: 428: 165: 5092:

Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI '19

3993:"Physicians' Perceptions of Chatbots in Health Care: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey" 3669: 2697: 1479:

Previous generations of chatbots were present on company websites, e.g. Ask Jenn from

6172: 6081: 5893: 5873: 5654: 5117: 4767: 4646: 4161: 2949: 1838: 1593: 1521: 1504: 1443: 1345: 1280: 1245: 1065: 816: 745: 627: 358: 243: 5344: 4925: 4868: 4746: 4718:"Using Toy-talk Technology, New Hello Barbie Will Have Real Conversations With Kids" 2777: 1780:

has been used as the basis for chatbot-based educational toys for companies such as

6061: 2482: 2329:"2017 Messenger Bot Landscape, a Public Spreadsheet Gathering 1000+ Messenger Bots" 2078: 2048: 1827: 1709: 1545: 1178: 1049: 5147: 3251: 3120:"Podrás hacer 'check in' y consultar tu vuelo con Aeroméxico a través de WhatsApp" 91: 4907: 4826:"From Russia With Love: How I got fooled (and somewhat humiliated) by a computer" 3554: 3541:

Følstad, Asbjørn; Nordheim, Cecilie Bertinussen; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2018).

2747: 2367: 6018: 5898: 5611: 5527: 5504: 5452: 5316: 4795:"Elemental's smart connected toy taps IBM's Watson supercomputer for its brains" 4452:[Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence]. 2666: 2422: 2315:"GPT-4 takes the world by storm - List of companies that integrated the chatbot" 1969: 1915: 1653: 1553: 1368: 1264: 1233: 1174: 1166: 622: 116: 4220:

Nadarzynski, Tom; Miles, Oliver; Cowie, Aimee; Ridge, Damien (1 January 2019).

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also launched a Facebook chatbot, making it the first bank to do so in Africa.

1103:. Such examples reflect the recent practice of basing such products upon broad 5621: 5407: 5336: 5244: 2116: 2088: 2068: 1951: 1793: 1541: 1492: 1488: 1380: 771: 467: 393: 5370: 5223: 5155: 5037: 4884: 4237: 4070: 4046: 3593:

Xu, Anbang; Liu, Zhe; Guo, Yufan; Sinha, Vibha; Akkiraju, Rama (2 May 2017).

2791: 2706: 2401: 2375: 2356:"Beware of botshit: How to manage the epistemic risks of generative chatbots" 5489: 5099: 4583: 4487: 4126:"India's Coronavirus Chatbot on WhatsApp Crosses 1.7 Crore Users in 10 Days" 3934: 3606: 3599:

Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

3403:"Rare Carat's Watson-powered chatbot will help you put a diamond ring on it" 1822: 1815: 1770: 1450: 1376: 1138:. Companies spanning a wide range of industries have begun using the latest 1088: 930: 711: 5197:"Eating disorder helpline fires AI for harmful advice after sacking humans" 4255: 4078: 4028: 2848: 5385: 3594: 2840: 2473: 2112:

Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence

1256:(though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so). 17: 5964: 5944: 5929: 5908: 5878: 5823: 5788: 5669: 3563: 2204: 2177: 1902: 1657: 1557: 1495:

company Rare Carat to provide information to prospective diamond buyers.

1491:-powered "Rocky", introduced in February 2017 by the New York City-based 1329: 1311: 1303: 5028: 3804: 1302:, and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so-called, 5959: 5939: 5813: 5557: 5472: 5212:"US eating disorder helpline takes down AI chatbot over harmful advice" 4754: 3210:"Better believe the bot boom is blowing up big for B2B, B2C businesses" 2354:

Hannigan, Timothy R.; McCarthy, Ian P.; Spicer, André (20 March 2024).

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Used by marketers to script sequences of messages, very similar to an

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systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in

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doll was marketed as a line of 18-inch (46 cm) dolls which uses

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In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for

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processes when requesting sick leave. Other large companies such as

2864:"BioGPT is a Microsoft language model trained for biomedical tasks" 2831: 2194: 6157: 5793: 5004:"Chatbots: Security, privacy, data protection, and social aspects" 4009: 3632:"How Chatbots are Transforming Wall Street and Main Street Banks?" 2570:<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972) 2254:"ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note" 1720: 1225: 1195: 1111: 1052:

through text or voice interactions. Modern chatbots are typically

701: 696: 423: 96: 90: 78: 4450:"Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens" 4362:"Talk with the first-ever robot politician on Facebook Messenger" 4094:"How WhatsApp chatbots are helping in the fight against Covid-19" 2298:"ChatGPT vs. Bing vs. Google Bard: Which AI is the Most Helpful?" 1664:(WHO) to make a chatbot service that answers users' questions on 1332:. Some more recent chatbots also combine real-time learning with 5679: 4422: 1525: 1241: 1142:

technologies to power more advanced developments in such areas.

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chatbot business ecosystem has been steadily growing since the

1075:

Although chatbots have existed since the late 1960s, the field

5954: 1766: 1587: 1439: 1429: 1425: 42: 4687:"Conversational Toys – The Latest Trend in Speech Technology" 2176:

Caldarini, Guendalina; Jaf, Sardar; McGarry, Kenneth (2022).

1918:

workers may be particularly at risk from AI-driven chatbots.

1784:

intended to interact with children for educational purposes.

1773:

stack and its use of data collected from the child's speech.

1048:

application or web interface that is designed to mimic human

2919: 2632:– Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is 1259:

From 1978 to some time after 1983, the CYRUS project led by

1275:, and updated its database daily by parsing wire news from 1224:

Among the most notable early chatbots are ELIZA (1966) and

3063:"KLM claims airline first with WhatsApp Business Platform" 2667:

Memory organization for natural language data-base inquiry

3779:"Absa launches 'world-first' Facebook Messenger banking" 989:

List of datasets in computer vision and image processing

5275:"How chatbots are killing jobs (and creating new ones)" 4299:

Wellington, Victoria University of (15 December 2017).

3962:"AI chatbots have a future in healthcare, with caveats" 1173:" was published, which proposed what is now called the 3662:"How to Manage Customer Service Technology Innovation" 1321:

Jabberwacky learns new responses and context based on

1126:

A major area where chatbots have long been used is in

5058:"Meet 11 of the Most Interesting Chatbots in Banking" 4157:"COVID-19: Govt of India launches a WhatsApp chatbot" 3866:"Meet 11 of the Most Interesting Chatbots in Banking" 2734:

Dennett, Daniel C. (2004), Teuscher, Christof (ed.),

1544:

are now using automated online assistants instead of

5008:

Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience

3719:"Facebook launches Messenger platform with chatbots" 3595:"A New Chatbot for Customer Service on Social Media" 2178:"A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots" 1306:. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on 1298:

called AIML, which is specific to its function as a

6135: 6090: 6045: 6017: 5977: 5922: 5844: 5832: 5763: 5720: 5692: 5640: 5503: 5445: 5353:

Designing bots: Creating conversational experiences

4680: 4678: 3486:"Facebook opens its Messenger platform to chatbots" 2495:Güzeldere, Güven; Franchi, Stefano (24 July 1995), 1548:with humans to provide a first point of contact. A 1508:sequences to deliver the correct response message. 5355:(First ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. 5245:"How talking machines are taking call center jobs" 3094:"Aeroméxico te atenderá por WhatsApp durante 2018" 2895:"Amazon announces Q, an AI chatbot for businesses" 2742:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 295–316, 4941:"How Twitter bots get people to spread fake news" 4332:"This virtual politician wants to run for office" 3242:The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research 2221:"Chatbots: History, technology, and applications" 2219:Adamopoulou, Eleni; Moussiades, Lefteris (2020). 1072:, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades. 2425:(1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", 1622:The France's third-largest bank by total assets 1252:was published, allegedly written by the chatbot 2740:Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker 2390:"Transcript: Ezra Klein Interviews Gary Marcus" 1792:Malicious chatbots are frequently used to fill 4900:Advances in Computational Intelligence Systems 3749:"Российский банк запустил чат-бота в Facebook" 3456:"Chatbots Are Your Newest, Dumbest Co-Workers" 3429:"10 ways you may have already used IBM Watson" 3337: 3335: 3180:"She is the company's most effective employee" 2309: 2307: 1869:The most common limitations are listed below: 1077:gained widespread attention in the early 2020s 984:List of datasets for machine-learning research 5423: 4747:Oren Jacob, the co-founder and CEO of ToyTalk 4516:"This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI" 3930:"Baidu is bringing AI chatbots to healthcare" 3343:"A Virtual Travel Agent With All the Answers" 2719:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 2449: 2447: 1693:Government by algorithm § AI politicians 1228:(1972). More recent notable programs include 1181:. This criterion depends on the ability of a 1017: 8: 4972:"Five Potential Malicious Uses For Chatbots" 1697:In New Zealand, the chatbot SAM – short for 4867:Neff, Gina; Nagy, Peter (12 October 2016). 4642:"Maharashtra launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot" 4301:"Meet the world's first virtual politician" 3893: 3891: 5841: 5637: 5430: 5416: 5408: 4393:"AI-Politicians: A Revolution In Politics" 3805:"The Biggest French Banks by Total Assets" 2670:. Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1978. 1024: 1010: 102: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5027: 4245: 4018: 4008: 3562: 3308:"80% of businesses want chatbots by 2020" 3250: 3150:"Building for People, and Now Businesses" 2950:"Meet the DBpedia Chatbot | DBpedia" 2830: 2696: 2646:The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed 2614: 2472: 2236: 2203: 2193: 1328:, rather than being driven from a static 1250:The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed 2101: 1999:Applications of artificial intelligence 1432:customer service, sales and marketing. 110: 34:. For bots on Internet Relay Chat, see 4873:International Journal of Communication 3043:from the original on 22 September 2017 3037:"Facebook Messenger Hits 100,000 bots" 2712: 2597:"RFC 439, PARRY Encounters the DOCTOR" 1286:One pertinent field of AI research is 4997: 4995: 4993: 4978:from the original on 24 February 2023 4951:from the original on 27 November 2018 4774:from the original on 12 December 2021 4768:"Artificial intelligence script tool" 4621:from the original on 16 December 2020 4559:from the original on 22 December 2022 4342:from the original on 1 September 2019 4280:from the original on 1 September 2019 4040: 4038: 3588: 3586: 3584: 2986:from the original on 2 September 2019 2960:from the original on 2 September 2019 2930:from the original on 8 September 2019 2862:Bastian, Matthias (29 January 2023). 2678: 2676: 2623:from the original on 20 February 2008 2123:from the original on 13 December 2007 1899:National Eating Disorders Association 1640:Artificial intelligence in healthcare 7: 5889:Simple Knowledge Organization System 4842:from the original on 19 October 2010 4793:Takahashi, Dean (23 February 2015). 4528:from the original on 13 October 2022 3997:Journal of Medical Internet Research 3729:from the original on 26 October 2019 3522:from the original on 15 January 2019 3160:from the original on 9 February 2018 3073:from the original on 5 February 2020 2874:from the original on 7 February 2023 2335:from the original on 2 February 2019 2171: 2169: 2167: 2152:from the original on 2 November 2010 1826:even possible to achieve artificial 1475:As part of company apps and websites 1393:of 2017. It can communicate through 1171:Computing Machinery and Intelligence 4939:Temming, Maria (20 November 2018). 4495:from the original on 22 August 2022 4403:from the original on 10 August 2019 4311:from the original on 3 January 2020 4047:"Role of Chat GPT in Public Health" 3942:from the original on 3 January 2020 3699:from the original on 2 January 2020 3545:. In Bodrunova, Svetlana S. (ed.). 3435:from the original on 22 August 2017 3409:from the original on 22 August 2017 3373:"Chatbot vendor directory released" 2655:. everything2.com. 13 November 1999 1468:to collect short survey responses. 1361:generative pre-trained transformers 1087:, followed by alternatives such as 979:Glossary of artificial intelligence 30:For the bot-creation software, see 27:Program that simulates conversation 5094:, ACM CHI 2020, pp. 209–219, 4728:from the original on 15 March 2015 4547:Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022). 4391:Prakash, Abishur (8 August 2018). 4372:from the original on 4 August 2019 4092:Ahaskar, Abhijit (27 March 2020). 3972:from the original on 23 March 2023 3928:Larson, Selena (11 October 2016). 3454:Greenfield, Rebecca (5 May 2016). 3383:from the original on 23 April 2017 3220:from the original on 3 August 2017 3190:from the original on 23 March 2023 2893:Novet, Jordan (28 November 2023). 2225:Machine Learning with Applications 2034:Generative artificial intelligence 1761:technology in conjunction with an 1248:abilities. In 1984, a book called 1140:generative artificial intelligence 1058:generative artificial intelligence 25: 5904:Thesaurus (information retrieval) 5281:from the original on 1 April 2019 5255:from the original on 1 April 2019 5136:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5130:Stover, Dawn (3 September 2023). 5068:from the original on 1 April 2019 4654:from the original on 23 July 2020 4591:from the original on 23 July 2020 4462:from the original on 20 June 2022 4448:Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022). 4305:Victoria University of Wellington 4201:from the original on 23 July 2020 4169:from the original on 23 July 2020 4136:from the original on 21 June 2020 4106:from the original on 23 July 2020 3909:from the original on 1 April 2019 3876:from the original on 1 April 2019 3845:from the original on 1 April 2019 3785:from the original on 1 April 2019 3759:from the original on 1 April 2019 3642:from the original on 1 April 2019 3496:from the original on 23 June 2017 3466:from the original on 6 April 2017 3353:from the original on 15 June 2017 3320:from the original on 8 March 2018 3288:from the original on 8 March 2018 3126:. 27 October 2017. Archived from 1990:Human–computer interaction portal 1263:constructed a chatbot simulating 5396: 5384: 5169:Crimmins, Tricia (30 May 2023). 4824:Epstein, Robert (October 2007). 4805:from the original on 20 May 2015 4640:Aggarwal, Varun (5 March 2019). 4514:Xiang, Chloe (13 October 2022). 4481:Diwakar, Amar (22 August 2022). 4429:from the original on 11 May 2021 4330:Wagner, Meg (23 November 2017). 4051:Annals of Biomedical Engineering 3815:from the original on 9 July 2017 3516:"Chatbot Reference Architecture" 3405:. TechCrunch. 15 February 2017. 3278:"The AI Revolution is Underway!" 3276:Capan, Faruk (18 October 2017). 3100:from the original on 2 July 2018 3092:Forbes Staff (26 October 2017). 2533:Computer History Museum (2006), 2029:Friendly artificial intelligence 1982: 1968: 1954: 1420:Many companies' chatbots run on 1269:United States Secretary of State 1238:Agence Nationale de la Recherche 47: 5210:Aratani, Lauren (31 May 2023). 4716:Nagy, Evie (13 February 2015). 4155:Kurup, Rajesh (21 March 2020). 3245:. RTI Press. pp. 221–230. 3017:from the original on 3 May 2019 2982:. dbpedia.org. 22 August 2018. 2792:"What is ChatGPT? - MagicBuddy" 2602:Internet Engineering Task Force 2252:Hu, Krystal (2 February 2023). 5485:Natural language understanding 5195:Knight, Taylor (31 May 2023). 3431:. VentureBeat. 10 March 2017. 2778:"Chat Robots Simiulate People" 2595:Network Working Group (1973), 1567:natural-language understanding 399:Relevance vector machine (RVM) 1: 6009:Optical character recognition 5325:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5148:10.1080/00963402.2023.2245247 5056:Marous, Jim (14 March 2018). 4270:"Sam, the virtual politician" 4045:Biswas, Som S. (1 May 2023). 3864:Marous, Jim (14 March 2018). 3252:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004 2698:10.1016/S0364-0213(83)80001-9 2573:, nettime.org, archived from 2271:Hines, Kristi (4 June 2023). 2009:Conversational user interface 1389:created a chatbot during the 1379:, which focuses on answering 888:Computational learning theory 452:Expectation–maximization (EM) 5702:Multi-document summarization 5321:"Minds, Brains and Programs" 4908:10.1007/978-3-319-97982-3_15 3555:10.1007/978-3-030-01437-7_16 3005:Beaver, Laurie (July 2016). 2748:10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4_12 2368:10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.001 1210:capable of being interpreted 1185:to impersonate a human in a 845:Coefficient of determination 692:Convolutional neural network 404:Support vector machine (SVM) 6032:Latent Dirichlet allocation 6004:Natural language generation 5869:Machine-readable dictionary 5864:Linguistic Linked Open Data 5439:Natural language processing 4749:interviewed on the TV show 2535:"Internet History – 1970's" 2497:"Constructions of the Mind" 2064:Natural language processing 1571:natural-language generation 1288:natural-language processing 1070:natural language processing 996:Outline of machine learning 893:Empirical risk minimization 6210: 5784:Explicit semantic analysis 5533:Deep linguistic processing 4063:10.1007/s10439-023-03172-7 2980:"Meet the DBpedia Chatbot" 2701:(inactive 29 March 2024). 2501:Stanford Humanities Review 2238:10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006 1690: 1637: 1512:Company internal platforms 1408: 1353:artificial neural networks 1277:United Press International 633:Feedforward neural network 384:Artificial neural networks 29: 5627:Word-sense disambiguation 5480:Computational linguistics 5337:10.1017/S0140525X00005756 4833:Scientific American: Mind 3899:"Chatbots: Boon or Bane?" 3691:Smith, Sam (8 May 2019). 3377:www.hypergridbusiness.com 2567:Sondheim, Alan J (1997), 2460:Communications of the ACM 2039:Hybrid intelligent system 1699:Semantic Analysis Machine 1662:World Health Organization 1483:which debuted in 2008 or 1079:due to the popularity of 616:Artificial neural network 6194:Natural language parsing 6153:Natural Language Toolkit 6077:Pronunciation assessment 5979:Automatic identification 5809:Latent semantic analysis 5765:Distributional semantics 5650:Compound-term processing 5548:Named-entity recognition 5132:"Will AI make us crazy?" 4970:Epp, Len (11 May 2016). 4685:Amy (23 February 2015). 4238:10.1177/2055207619871808 3007:"The Chatbots Explainer" 2439:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433 1134:, with various sorts of 925:Journals and conferences 872:Mathematical foundations 782:Temporal difference (TD) 638:Recurrent neural network 558:Conditional random field 481:Dimensionality reduction 229:Dimensionality reduction 191:Quantum machine learning 186:Neuromorphic engineering 146:Self-supervised learning 141:Semi-supervised learning 6057:Automated essay scoring 6027:Document classification 5694:Automatic summarization 5305:New York Times Magazine 5100:10.1145/3290605.3300439 3607:10.1145/3025453.3025496 2651:4 February 2010 at the 2543:Computer History Museum 1860:artificial intelligence 1854:Limitations of chatbots 1660:has teamed up with the 1458:answer simple questions 1334:evolutionary algorithms 334:Apprenticeship learning 5914:Universal Dependencies 5607:Terminology extraction 5590:Semantic decomposition 5585:Semantic role labeling 5575:Part-of-speech tagging 5543:Information extraction 5528:Coreference resolution 5518:Collocation extraction 3809:Banks around the World 1914:return on investment. 1802:Windows Live Messenger 1534:Royal Bank of Scotland 1205: 1149:responses rather than 883:Bias–variance tradeoff 765:Reinforcement learning 741:Spiking neural network 151:Reinforcement learning 100: 88: 6189:Interactive narrative 5675:Sentence segmentation 5351:Shevat, Amir (2017). 2736:"Can Machines Think?" 2474:10.1145/365153.365168 2277:Search Engine Journal 1848:End-to-end encryption 1806:AOL Instant Messenger 1750:produce a storyline. 1673:The Indian Government 1399:Master of Code Global 1363:(GPT), which use the 1339:information retrieval 1200: 1116:Gemini language model 1108:large language models 719:Neural radiance field 541:Structured prediction 264:Structured prediction 136:Unsupervised learning 94: 82: 6127:Voice user interface 5838:datasets and corpora 5779:Document-term matrix 5632:Word-sense induction 5393:at Wikimedia Commons 4368:. 25 November 2017. 4232:: 2055207619871808. 3695:. Juniper Research. 3316:. 15 December 2016. 2205:10.3390/info13010041 2142:"What is a chatbot?" 2014:Dead Internet theory 1530:Lloyds Banking Group 1428:. They are used for 1300:conversational agent 1273:case-based reasoning 1145:As chatbots work by 908:Statistical learning 806:Learning with humans 598:Local outlier factor 6107:Interactive fiction 6037:Pachinko allocation 5994:Speech segmentation 5950:Google Ngram Viewer 5722:Machine translation 5712:Text simplification 5707:Sentence extraction 5595:Semantic similarity 5402:Conversational bots 5062:The Financial Brand 4697:on 21 February 2018 3870:The Financial Brand 3672:on 11 December 2019 3630:Hingrajia, Mirant. 3282:www.PM360online.com 3013:. BI Intelligence. 2841:10.1093/bib/bbac409 2664:Kolodner, Janet L. 2549:on 21 February 2008 2509:Stanford University 1901:replaced its human 1706:The Synthetic Party 1577:and deep learning. 1462:customer engagement 1169:'s famous article " 751:Electrochemical RAM 658:reservoir computing 389:Logistic regression 308:Supervised learning 294:Multimodal learning 269:Feature engineering 214:Generative modeling 176:Rule-based learning 171:Curriculum learning 131:Supervised learning 106:Part of a series on 6117:Question answering 5989:Speech recognition 5854:Corpus linguistics 5834:Language resources 5617:Textual entailment 5600:Sentiment analysis 5251:. 23 August 2018. 4835:. pp. 16–17. 4691:Virtual Agent Chat 4615:The Economic Times 3905:. 9 January 2018. 3518:. 1 January 2019. 3347:The New York Times 3186:. September 2017. 3067:www.phocuswire.com 2956:. 22 August 2018. 2780:. 11 October 2015. 2455:Weizenbaum, Joseph 2396:. 6 January 2023. 2394:The New York Times 2059:Multi-agent system 1976:Programming portal 1962:Linguistics portal 1938:Prompt Engineering 1897:In 2023, US-based 1821:If a text-sending 1759:speech recognition 1518:Internet-of-Things 1395:Facebook Messenger 1212:as "intelligent". 1177:as a criterion of 1136:virtual assistants 319: • 234:Density estimation 101: 89: 6184:Instant messaging 6166: 6165: 6122:Virtual assistant 6047:Computer-assisted 5973: 5972: 5730:Computer-assisted 5688: 5687: 5680:Word segmentation 5642:Text segmentation 5580:Semantic analysis 5568:Syntactic parsing 5553:Ontology learning 5389:Media related to 5362:978-1-4919-7482-7 5109:978-1-4503-5970-2 4917:978-3-319-97982-3 4521:Vice: Motherboard 3725:. 12 April 2016. 3616:978-1-4503-4655-9 3574:978-3-030-01437-7 3492:. 12 April 2016. 3262:978-1-934831-24-3 3039:. 18 April 2017. 2920:"DBpedia Chatbot" 2757:978-3-662-05642-4 2685:Cognitive Science 2360:Business Horizons 2084:Stochastic parrot 2044:Intelligent agent 1909:Chatbots and jobs 1810:instant messaging 1499:Chatbot sequences 1411:Virtual assistant 1351:Chatbots may use 1326:user interactions 1316:logical reasoning 1192:Joseph Weizenbaum 1034: 1033: 839:Model diagnostics 822:Human-in-the-loop 665:Boltzmann machine 578:Anomaly detection 374:Linear regression 289:Ontology learning 284:Grammar induction 259:Semantic analysis 254:Association rules 239:Anomaly detection 181:Neuro-symbolic AI 85:virtual assistant 77: 76: 16:(Redirected from 6201: 6143:Formal semantics 6092:Natural language 5999:Speech synthesis 5981:and data capture 5884:Semantic network 5859:Lexical resource 5842: 5660:Lexical analysis 5638: 5563:Semantic parsing 5432: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5388: 5374: 5347: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5277:. 18 June 2017. 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5088:Grudin, Jonathan 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5053: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5020:10.1002/cpe.6426 4999: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693:. Archived from 4682: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4587:. 5 March 2019. 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4197:. 7 April 2020. 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4130:NDTV Gadgets 360 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4012: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3966:AI in Healthcare 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3841:. 19 June 2018. 3839:Marketing Client 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3781:. 19 July 2016. 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755:. 13 July 2016. 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668:. Archived from 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3590: 3579: 3578: 3566: 3547:Internet Science 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379:. October 2011. 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3349:. 4 March 2008. 3339: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3313:Business Insider 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3254: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3216:. 24 July 2016. 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3130:on 10 March 2018 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3011:Business Insider 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2954:wiki.dbpedia.org 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2924:chat.dbpedia.org 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2834: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2710: 2700: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2618: 2616:10.17487/RFC0439 2607:Internet Society 2592: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2545:, archived from 2530: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2511:, archived from 2492: 2486: 2485: 2476: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2433:(236): 433–460, 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2317:. 21 March 2023. 2311: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2197: 2173: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2106: 2054:List of chatbots 2004:Autonomous agent 1992: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1864:machine learning 1798:Yahoo! Messenger 1648:The GPT chatbot 1624:Société Générale 1581:Customer service 1575:machine learning 1556:Conference when 1520:(IoT) projects. 1308:pattern matching 1183:computer program 1128:customer service 1062:natural language 1026: 1019: 1012: 973:Related articles 850:Confusion matrix 603:Isolation forest 548:Graphical models 327: 326: 279:Learning to rank 274:Feature learning 112:Machine learning 103: 72: 69: 63: 51: 50: 43: 21: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6131: 6111:Syntax guessing 6093: 6086: 6072:Predictive text 6067:Grammar checker 6048: 6041: 6013: 5980: 5969: 5935:Bank of English 5918: 5846: 5837: 5828: 5759: 5716: 5684: 5636: 5538:Distant reading 5513:Argument mining 5499: 5495:Text processing 5441: 5436: 5381: 5363: 5350: 5315: 5307:(18 July 2023) 5300: 5298:Further reading 5295: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5110: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5055: 5054: 5045: 5001: 5000: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4918: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4455:Jyllands-Posten 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4274:Tuia Innovation 4268: 4267: 4263: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4194:Hindustan Times 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4044: 4043: 4036: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3666:www.gartner.com 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3592: 3591: 3582: 3575: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3124:Huffington Post 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2819:Brief Bioinform 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2711: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2663: 2659: 2653:Wayback Machine 2644: 2640: 2626: 2624: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2577:on 13 June 2008 2566: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2515:on 11 July 2007 2494: 2493: 2489: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2188:(1). MDPI: 41. 2175: 2174: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2024:Eugene Goostman 2019:Dialogue system 1988: 1983: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1911: 1856: 1836: 1790: 1778:Watson computer 1755:My Friend Cayla 1738: 1729: 1714:political party 1695: 1689: 1642: 1636: 1617:Barclays Africa 1583: 1562:Mark Zuckerberg 1514: 1501: 1481:Alaska Airlines 1477: 1466:market research 1418: 1413: 1407: 1359:. For example, 1296:markup language 1222: 1163: 1030: 1001: 1000: 974: 966: 965: 926: 918: 917: 878:Kernel machines 873: 865: 864: 840: 832: 831: 812:Active learning 807: 799: 798: 767: 757: 756: 682:Diffusion model 618: 608: 607: 580: 570: 569: 543: 533: 532: 488:Factor analysis 483: 473: 472: 456: 419: 409: 408: 329: 328: 312: 311: 310: 299: 298: 204: 196: 195: 161:Online learning 126: 114: 73: 67: 64: 61: 52: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6207: 6205: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6094:user interface 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5819:Word embedding 5816: 5811: 5806: 5799:Language model 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5750:Transfer-based 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5523:Concept mining 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5394: 5380: 5379:External links 5377: 5376: 5375: 5361: 5348: 5331:(3): 417–457, 5312: 5311: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5266: 5236: 5202: 5187: 5161: 5142:(5): 299–303. 5122: 5108: 5079: 5043: 4989: 4962: 4931: 4916: 4890: 4859: 4854:Robert Epstein 4816: 4785: 4759: 4739: 4708: 4674: 4665: 4632: 4602: 4570: 4539: 4506: 4473: 4440: 4414: 4383: 4353: 4322: 4291: 4261: 4226:Digital Health 4212: 4180: 4147: 4132:. April 2020. 4117: 4084: 4057:(5): 868–869. 4034: 3983: 3953: 3920: 3887: 3856: 3826: 3796: 3770: 3740: 3710: 3683: 3653: 3622: 3615: 3580: 3573: 3533: 3507: 3477: 3446: 3420: 3394: 3364: 3331: 3299: 3268: 3261: 3231: 3201: 3171: 3141: 3111: 3084: 3054: 3028: 2997: 2971: 2941: 2911: 2885: 2854: 2809: 2783: 2769: 2756: 2726: 2691:(4): 243–280. 2672: 2657: 2638: 2587: 2559: 2525: 2487: 2443: 2414: 2381: 2346: 2331:. 3 May 2017. 2320: 2303: 2289: 2263: 2244: 2211: 2163: 2146:techtarget.com 2133: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2074:Software agent 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1979: 1965: 1949: 1946: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1855: 1852: 1844:authentication 1835: 1832: 1789: 1786: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1708:to run in the 1688: 1685: 1635: 1632: 1615:In July 2016, 1582: 1579: 1526:time-consuming 1513: 1510: 1500: 1497: 1476: 1473: 1424:or simply via 1422:messaging apps 1417: 1416:Messaging apps 1414: 1406: 1403: 1357:language model 1261:Janet Kolodner 1221: 1218: 1162: 1159: 1155:hallucinations 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 992: 991: 981: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 916: 915: 910: 905: 900: 898:Occam learning 895: 890: 885: 880: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 855:Learning curve 852: 847: 841: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794: 784: 779: 774: 768: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 748: 743: 738: 733: 732: 731: 721: 716: 715: 714: 709: 704: 699: 689: 684: 679: 674: 673: 672: 662: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 635: 630: 625: 619: 614: 613: 610: 609: 606: 605: 600: 595: 587: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 555: 544: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 484: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 454: 449: 444: 436: 431: 426: 420: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 363: 362: 361: 356: 351: 341: 339:Decision trees 336: 330: 316:classification 306: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 209:Classification 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 166:Batch learning 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 108: 107: 75: 74: 55: 53: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6206: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:Hallucination 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6082:Spell checker 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5894:Speech corpus 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5874:Parallel text 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Example-based 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:Text chunking 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Lemmatisation 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5505:Text analysis 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446:General terms 5444: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5188: 5176: 5175:The Daily Dot 5172: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4860: 4855: 4852:Psychologist 4838: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4817: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4751:Triangulation 4748: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4647:Business Line 4643: 4636: 4633: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4428: 4424: 4423:"SAM website" 4418: 4415: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4323: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4162:Business Line 4158: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4010:10.2196/12887 4006: 4003:(4): e12887. 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3565: 3564:11250/2571164 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3465: 3461: 3460:Bloomberg.com 3457: 3450: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 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