362:
28:
276:
822:
868:. AI.23 also included all of the features of earlier AI radars, and more. Among the highlights were an automatic lock-follow system which fed ranging information to the gunsight, as well as computer-calculated cueing information that located both the target and the proper position to fly to engage based on the selected weapon. For instance, when using missiles, the system guided the aircraft not toward its target, but a point behind it where the missile could be fired. This gave the system its name,
510:
905:
193:, operators would plot the map coordinates sent to them on a single large map, which allowed them to correlate multiple reports of the same target into a single track. Telephone operators, or "tellers", would then forward this information to group headquarters who would re-create the map, and then from group to the sector HQs who would give instructions to the fighter pilots.
1984:
637:
926:, an interceptor development of the Tornado that provides long-range defense against bomber-like targets. Development of the ADV began in 1976 and the radar system contract was eventually won by a curious combined bid; Marconi and Elliot Automation would provide most of the design, while Ferranti built the transmitter section and Antenna Platform.
933:. Further development slowed, and the radar was still not ready for service by 1987, although the aircraft itself was now rolling off the production lines. In place of the radar a concrete ballast plug had to be installed in early Tornado ADVs, where it was jokingly known as the "Blue Circle radar", a pun referring to the Ministry of Supply's
479:
dispersed from the target being tracked, faster than the radar could follow. Further testing by
Jackson demonstrated the opposite was true, and that the Mk. IX almost always locked-on to the window instead. Arthur Downing quickly implemented several changes to fix this problem. He was personally operating the system when he was shot down in a
682:. This produced the Mk. 18. Mk. 18 operated in the X band with a 180 kW peak power, using a 29 inches (740 mm) parabolic dish that could be pointed ±100° in azimuth, +50/-40° in elevation, and could keep a lock at as much as 75° in roll. The dish was unique in that it included a fibreglass ring around the outer rim as a stiffener.
665:
656:
Javelin FAW.2. In practice, the two systems offered similar performance and the AI.17 quality issues were soon addressed. Future versions of the
Javelin mostly mounted the AI.17, although the AI.22 was also used on the FAW.6. The last AI.17-equipped Javelin FAW.9's ended their service in Singapore in 1968.
525:
Compared to the Mk. VIII, the SCR-720 used a helical scan instead of spiral. The radar antenna was spun around a vertical axis through an entire 360 degrees 10 times a second, with the transmitter switching off when the antenna was pointed back towards the aircraft. This provided a 150 degree scan in
478:
A series of tests carried out in
September 1942 by Wing Commander Derek Jackson suggested that some changes to the display systems might solve the problems with window on the Mk. VIII. At this point it was suggested that the Mk. IX might ignore the window completely, as the light metal strips rapidly
420:
on the bottom of the display, a surprising side-effect which proved very useful. However, the limited power of the magnetron, about 5 kW, provided range of about 3 miles (4.8 km), not a great improvement over the Mk. IV. Performance of the system at low altitude was so improved over the Mk.
689:
at 28 nautical miles (52 km) at altitudes over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) and a closing speed of 900 knots (1,700 km/h). It could detect the Boeing B-47 at 38 nautical miles (70 km) under the same conditions, and could lock-follow after closing to about 25 nautical miles (46 km).
433:
to appear when aimed at friendly aircraft, and beacon tracking allowing it to home in on ground-based transmitters emplaced by friendly units. In
September 1942 a Mosquito NF.II was upgraded to the Mk. VIII, serving as the pattern for the Mosquito NF.XII. Starting in December, Beaufighter units were
448:
Although the precise origins of the concept are unknown, on 8 March 1941 Lovell mentions the concept of "lock-follow" for the first time in his notes. This was a modification to the spiral-scan system that allowed it to track targets automatically without further manual operation. This became known
196:
Due to delays in the flow of information between the various centres, and inherent inaccuracies in the reports coming from multiple sources, this system was accurate to perhaps 5 miles (8.0 km). Within 5 miles the fighters would normally be able to spot their targets visually and complete
521:
The Mark X was the UK version of the SCR-720. This was originally promised for delivery in the summer of 1942, but ran into delays and only started arriving in
December 1943. These were fit to the Mosquito to produce the NF.XVII and later versions. Conversions at operational units began in January
412:
The cockpit display was modified to spin the timebase at the same speed as the antenna, 17 times a second. The display still produced blips similar to those on the Mk. IV, but as the timebase now spun, they drew short arcs on the display during the period the antenna was pointed in that direction.
964:
There are passing mentions of an AI.25, described as a lightened or improved AI.18 for use on an updated Sea Vixen. The numbering is curious, as it suggests that the AI.24 pre-dates it, although this does not appear possible. References to the AI.25 should be considered unreliable without further
494:
Work on the Mk. IX continued, but it never saw operational service. In testing in 1944 it was found to be marginally better than the US SCR-720, but with the SCR-720 expected to arrive at any moment, the demand for another radar was not pressing. Instead, the Mk. IX was given more time to mature.
806:
which also had two-dish TWS, and the AN/APS-57. The -35 and -43 proved too large to install in these aircraft, forcing the selection of the -57 as the Mk. 21. The two TWS units proved interesting, and the -43 was considered for the
Javelin. These were used in small numbers in the FAW.2 and FAW.6
533:
In the post-war period the Mk. X became one of the UK's most widely used fighter radars, largely because a lack of foreign exchange to purchase newer designs, and the poor economy in general which required the RAF to have a "make do" attitude. The Mk. X would go on to equip the first jet-powered
404:
was put in charge of examining the use of a parabolic dish to improve the directionality of the signal. The resulting beam was so sharply focussed, spanning about 10 degrees, that it easily avoided ground reflections at even low altitudes. The narrow beam also meant that the radar could only see
389:, eventually generating 1 kW at 9.8 cm (3,060 MHz). Supported by GEC, the device quickly developed into a practical 10 kW system, and several test units were available by May 1940. Microwave wavelengths are so much shorter than the Mk. IV's 1.5 m, fifteen times, that the
205:
While the
Dowding system proved invaluable inputs during daylight attacks, it was essentially useless against night raids. Once the enemy aircraft passed the coastline they could not be seen by the radars, and the ROC could not see at night except under ideal conditions with bright moonlight, no
305:
It was not until 1939, with the war obviously looming, that the team was once again moved back to AI development full-time. A lingering problem was that the minimum range remained around 1,000 feet, too long to allow easy interception. This was due to the transmitter signal not turning off
655:
AI.17 entered service with the
Javelin in early 1956. Early sets had considerable reliability problems and it was decided to produce another version of the Javelin with the US AN/APQ-43, which on paper appeared to be a better system. In RAF service the APQ-43 became the AI.22, and produced the
490:
unit as a stop-gap measure. This proved to be able to pick the bomber from the window, and work on the Mk. IX was given low priority while the UK version of the SCR-720, known as the Mk. X, was purchased. With the night fighter force certain of its ability to continue operating successfully if
588:
The APS-6 was a modification of the APS-4 specifically for the interception role. It replaced the side-to-side scan with a spiral-scan system largely identical to the one in the Mk. VIII. It also included a switch that reduced the scanning pattern to a 15 degree cone in front of the aircraft,
346:
Several advanced versions of the Mk. IV were also produced, which offered direct readings for the pilot and options to allow use in single seat aircraft. However, these developments were overtaken by the rapid improvements in microwave systems, and both the Mark V and Mark VI saw only limited
856:
design, the P.1, had progressed to the point where development was undertaken anyway (along with TSR.2). This led to continued development of the AI.23 for this aircraft (and Mk. 20, see above), and it was given the official designation "ARI 5897". The system was mounted entirely in a single
727:
AI.20 was significantly simpler than the AI.23, being much closer in design to an upgraded AI.17 than the much more advanced AI.23. It used a simple spiral scan system driven at 10,000 RPM, scanning out to 45 degrees and then back every 2.25 seconds. Testing started in 1955, and the AI.20
763:. Its 200 kW transmitter improved range to as much as 25 miles (40 km) although this was rarely achieved in practice. It also included various beacon homing modes, as well as an air-to-surface mode for detecting ships. This was modified to add a British strobe unit and variable
879:
at 40 miles (64 km), allowing the
Lightning to accomplish fully independent interceptions with only the minimum of ground assistance. A version with fully automated guidance that would have flown the aircraft into range and fired its missiles automatically was cancelled in 1965.
309:
Starting in late 1939 the development team was asked to fit the existing Mk. III design, of limited use, to aircraft. This ended further attempts to address the minimum range issue while they worked on installations. While their development effort ended, the headquarters staff at the
330:
was used to produce pulses of the carrier signal using a timer. This timer also muted down the receiver, solving the ringing issue. Minimum range was reduced to about 400 feet. The resulting AI Mk. IV went into production in July 1940 and all units were sent to newly arriving
474:
had been pressing to use window over
Germany to reduce their losses, which were beginning to mount as the German defensive network improved. Fighter Command was concerned that if Bomber Command used it over Germany, the Germans would return the favour and use it over the UK.
298:. This unit demonstrated the ability to detect aircraft at the range of about 1 mile (1.6 km) in the air-to-air mode, but also demonstrated the ability to detect ships on the ocean at ranges up to 3 miles (4.8 km). This ability led to the split between AI and
247:
the wavelength or more, which demanded antennas at least 3 metres (9.8 ft) long, impractical for an aircraft. Additionally, available transmitters were large, heavy and fragile. The first AI experiments thus used ground-based transmitters and a receiver fit to a
69:
for locating and tracking other aircraft, although most AI radars could also be used in a number of secondary roles as well. The term was sometimes used generically for similar radars used in other countries, notably the US. AI radar stands in contrast with
213:
The obvious solution would be to mount a small radar on the aircraft, one able to cover the range between the Dowding system's 5-mile accuracy and the average visual spotting range, about 500 to 1,000 feet (150–300 m). As early as August 1936
306:
sharply, leaking through to the receiver causing it to oscillate or ring for a period. While this powerful signal was dying down, reflections from nearby aircraft were lost in the noise. Numerous solutions had been attempted, but were of limited use.
558:, which further reduced the size of the antennas. The original model was the Mark XI, followed by the improved Mark XII and lightened Mark XIII. It is not clear if any of these models saw service, and few references mention them even in passing.
413:
Like the Mk. IV, the distance from the center of the CRT indicated the range. As the target moved closer to the centreline of the aircraft, the beam spent more time painting the target, and the arc spread out, becoming a ring when dead ahead.
175:(ROC) using visual means. In testing it was found that the two different reporting systems provided information that varied enough to make tracking targets confusing and error prone, and the sheer volume of information could be overwhelming.
952:. This led to a further series of problems as the radar was adapted to fire this missile. Several mid-life upgrades have also been worked into the Foxhunter program to improve performance. These upgraded versions remain in service with the
421:
IV that it was decided to make an initial run of 100 units out of what were essentially prototype systems as the Mk. VII, requiring very large amount of aircraft space for the install. Conversions on the Beaufighter began in December 1941.
424:
This run was followed by the production Mark VIII that included the new "strapped magnetron" of 25 kW, improving range to about 5.5 miles (8.9 km). This version also had several major clean-ups in the electronics, support for
314:
attempted to develop their own solutions to the problem. This led to considerable strife and in-fighting between the two groups. The AI group was eventually broken up at the end of March 1940, leaving Bowen out of the AI effort.
256:. A working transmitter was first fit to the Heyford and flew in March 1937. In spite of this success, the system's antennas were still too large to be practical, and work continued on versions working at shorter wavelengths.
883:
Further development of Airpass led to AI.23 Airpass II, code named "Blue Parrot" and also known as ARI 5930. This was a version of the Airpass dedicated to low-level flying, especially target detection, fitted to the
138:. These radars were often given common names as well, and generally better known by these; the AI.24 is almost universally referred to as "Foxhunter". Other widely used post-war examples include the AI.18 used on the
770:
The Mk. 21 was first used on the Meteor NF.12 and flew for the first time on the 21 April 1953, entering service in January 1954. Small improvements produced the NF.14, which started deliveries in June. Likewise the
222:'s hand-picked radar development team, personally requested that he be allowed to start research into an airborne radar set for this role. This was approved, and the small aircraft interception team set up shop in
1725:
405:
targets directly in front of the antenna, unlike the Mk. IV which could see anything in the entire volume in front of the aircraft. To solve this problem, the dish was mounted on a bearing system from
206:
cloud cover, and considerable luck. Even when tracks could be developed, the difficulty of spotting a target from the cockpit of an aircraft while flying it at night proved to be equally difficult.
123:. By the end of the war, over a dozen AI models had been experimented with, and at least five units widely used in service. This included several US-built models, especially for the Fleet Air Arm.
1552:
at low level looking up and at medium and high level it was 20nm+ scan on a similar target but lock was unpredictable affecting missile usage, and level or look down at low level was non existent.
751:, which differed from the AI.20 primarily in the details of the operation and visual presentation. This was later upgraded to the Mark 2 model that equipped the V-force for most of its lifetime.
759:
As the Javelin ran into delays, it was decided to increase the useful life of the existing Meteor and Vampire night fighters with a new radar. After considering three US designs, they chose the
589:
producing a C-scope view used during the final approach. This was paired with a new and much smaller display, allowing it to be fit to smaller single-seat aircraft. It was widely used on the
732:
sized target at 7 miles (11 km) 95% of the time, excellent performance for that era. Nevertheless, as AI.23 began successful trials the same year, further work on AI.20 was cancelled.
460:
project and was replaced by Arthur Ernest Downing. This delayed the project just long enough that it got caught up in a great debate that broke out in the summer of 1942 about the use of
1967:
1963:
526:
front of the aircraft. As it spun, the antenna slowly nodded up and down to provide altitude coverage between +50 and -20 degrees. The resulting scanning pattern naturally produced a
210:
wrote a memo on the topic in 1936, indicating that the Germans would likely begin a night campaign if the daylight campaign went as poorly as he believed it would due to Chain Home.
197:
the interception on their own. Interception rates over 80% was common, and on several occasions the system succeeded in getting every fighter launched into position for an attack.
573:
The APS-4 was originally developed as the ASH, a forward-aimed surface-search system. It was packaged into an underwing pod so it could be used on single-engine aircraft like the
1547:
609:(MoS) allowed the Mk. X to soldier on while a definitive jet-powered night fighter evolved. This effort underwent similar delays and setbacks before finally emerging as the
1126:
The airborne radar group now had two major projects, the detection of ships, (ASV, Air to Surface Vessels) and the interception of aircraft (AI, Aircraft Interception).
581:, which had the size to carry a radar operator and the performance to operate as a fighter. Some were also used on the Mosquito. Considerably later, a single Meteor,
577:. It proved to have a useful interception function, and was modified to be able to scan up and down as well as just side to side. The Fleet Air Arm mounted it on the
393:
required for reasonable gain were only a few inches long. This dramatically reduced the size of the system, allowing it to fit entirely in the nose of the aircraft.
2009:
690:
When set to its longest range, 100 miles (160 km), it also offered sea surface search, and a ground-mapping display. The AI.18R added modes to support the
302:
systems, both of which would be widely used during the war. Practical ASV radars were operational in 1940, but the AI developments proved much more difficult.
167:(CH) radar stations had been positioned as far forward as possible, right on the coastline. These systems could only see targets in front of them, over the
126:
The AI naming convention was used in the post-war era as well, but these generally dropped the "Mk." when written in short form and used numbers instead of
1003:
system. However, most sources state Yellow Lemon was a Doppler navigation radar intended for the TSR.2 and other aircraft. A contemporary mention in
791:, This consisted of two radar antennas driven from a common magnetron transmitter. One used spiral-scan to search for targets, while the second used
922:
The final radar in the UK series of AI designs to see deployment was the Mark 24, better known as "Foxhunter". Foxhunter was developed for the
648:
AI.17 was essentially a version of the Mk. IXC with a number of detail cleanups and a 200 kW magnetron, as well as the ability to cue the
283:
Mk.VIF mounts the AI Mk. IV. The transmitter antenna is (just) visible on the nose, the left-side receiver just outboard of the landing lights.
716:
for single seat fighters. Code named "Green Willow" by the MoS, it was intended to be a backup system to the AI.23 being developed for the
74:, whose goal is to detect ships and other sea-suface vessels, rather than aircraft; both AI and ASV are often designed for airborne use.
361:
335:. The Beaufighter/AI Mk. IV achieved its first victory on the night of 15/16 November 1940, when an aircraft from No. 604 destroyed a
1949:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1833:
1813:
1091:
1071:
1041:
613:. Two radar sets competed for the design, the Mk. 16 and Mk. 17. The later went into production, and is better known as the AI.17.
981:
A Mk. VIIIB is also mentioned in various sources as a further development of the basic Mk. VIII, but any differences are unclear.
453:
joined the effort, and by the autumn of 1941 the system was basically functional and plans began to introduce it as the Mark IX.
115:, greatly improving performance while reducing size and weight. This gave the UK an enormous lead over their counterparts in the
27:
397:
85:, the first production air-to-air radar system. Mk. IV entered service in July 1940 and reached widespread availability on the
1529:
652:
that was then under development. It could detect a Javelin-sized target at about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi).
275:
470:. Window caused false returns on radar displays that made it difficult to tell where the bombers were amid a sea of blips.
841:
54:
systems used to equip aircraft with the means to find and track other flying aircraft. These radars are used primarily by
1627:
495:
Further development led to more testing in 1948, but it was again passed up for production and cancelled the next year.
802:
The APQ-43 was one of three designs also considered for updated versions of the Meteor and Venom, the others being the
775:
received the Mk. 21 to become the Venom NF.3, also entering service in June, but was withdrawn by the end of 1957. The
456:
Several unrelated events conspired to greatly delay further progress. On 1 January 1942 Lovell was sent to work on the
299:
71:
1988:
865:
853:
764:
717:
147:
930:
720:(see below). It is believed that the 1953 contract was awarded to EKCO due to their already existing work on the
686:
450:
678:
Having lost the contest for the Javelin, GEC submitted an updated version of the Mk. 16 for the contest for the
2004:
849:
621:
374:
889:
760:
649:
1705:
825:
The large red object in this image is the front part of the intake centrebody which houses the AI.23 radar.
938:
776:
679:
668:
465:
139:
1590:
369:
NF Mark XIII of No. 604 Squadron shows the distinctive upturned "Bull nose" containing the Mk. VIII radar
185:, networking together the radars and observation centres by telephone to a central station. Here, in the
1785:
1752:
1736:
1000:
953:
382:
366:
909:
845:
535:
311:
295:
249:
172:
150:. This article will use Mk. or AI. depending on which is most commonly used in available references.
66:
821:
509:
923:
885:
864:
system. The monopulse method allows higher resolution and is far more resistant to common forms of
744:
332:
280:
215:
186:
135:
86:
81:
research center began considering how to fit a radar system into an aircraft. This work led to the
32:
554:, the TRE developed a series of AI radars operating at the even shorter 3 cm wavelength, the
999:
Some sources claim the AI.17 was given the code-name "Yellow Lemon" under MoS's newly introduced
772:
736:
606:
471:
417:
219:
190:
406:
788:
434:
upgraded to the similar Mk. VIIIA, an interim type awaiting production quantities of the VIII.
1945:
1926:
1907:
1888:
1869:
1852:
1809:
1803:
1690:
1067:
904:
691:
443:
356:
104:
1614:
944:
Foxhunter finally entered service in the late 1980s and early 1990s, by which time the older
229:
At the time, radar development was in its infancy and the other teams were working with long-
796:
792:
721:
386:
323:
112:
917:
861:
857:
bullet-shaped housing that was suspended within the Lightning's circular nose air intake.
641:
625:
610:
416:
First introduced in March 1941, it was found that the ground reflection created a sort of
287:
A new system working at 1.25 m (220 MHz) was ready by August 1937 and fitted to
270:
234:
168:
131:
82:
55:
1095:
1007:
supports the navigation version, stating it is a long-wave doppler radar built by Decca.
990:
Hodgkin appears to suggest that it was Williams that led the primary development effort.
799:(TWS) operation, although it did so through the use of what was essentially two radars.
1885:
Boffin: A Personal Story of the Early Days of Radar, Radio Astronomy and Quantum Optics
1061:
837:
578:
539:
514:
486:
This so greatly delayed the program that the Air Ministry asked Jackson to test the US
401:
390:
182:
127:
62:
47:
570:
and AN/APS-6 radars, small under-wing X band radars used primarily by naval aircraft.
1998:
1092:"U.S. Radar: Operational Characteristics of Radar Classified by Tactical Application"
876:
729:
551:
480:
336:
223:
163:
In order to provide the maximum possible warning time of an incoming raid, the RAF's
78:
59:
1078:
AI: Aircraft interception. Radar to detect and trace aircraft from another airplane.
934:
426:
253:
207:
178:
120:
1846:
747:, and quickly chose the AI.20 as its basis. This was developed into the ARI-5919
491:
needed, Bomber Command received clearance to begin using window on 16 July 1943.
703:
594:
590:
574:
1942:
The History of Air Intercept (AI) Radar and the British Night-Fighter 1935-1959
872:, an acronym for aircraft interception radar and pilot's attack sight system.
709:
378:
340:
288:
230:
164:
674:
displays the unique stiffening ring used in the Mk. 18's parabolic reflector.
322:
who had developed a new type of transmitter that was not based on the common
1016:
A number of sources confuse the APQ-43 with the APG-43, an unrelated system.
893:
803:
748:
457:
327:
108:
95:
90:
1856:
1983:
795:
for tracking at close range. This was one of the earliest radars to offer
945:
829:
740:
567:
1805:
Fighters Over the Fleet: Naval Air Defence from Biplanes to the Cold War
636:
17:
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816:
527:
504:
487:
143:
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1113:
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bomber, with an antenna consisting of a wire strung between the fixed
949:
833:
555:
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1944, and the Mk. X remained in service through the rest of the war.
929:
The first test articles were flight tested in 1981 in the nose of a
896:. Many other variants were proposed for a wide variety of projects.
1520:
James D'Angina, Vought F4U Corsair, Osprey Publishing, 2014, p. 33.
1066:. Tomash Publishers, American Institute of Physics. p. 1123.
903:
860:
The AI.23 was the world's first operational aircraft interception
820:
663:
635:
508:
360:
274:
181:
addressed this through the creation of what is today known as the
51:
26:
1112:
Hanbury Brown, R.; Minnett, H.C.; White, F.W.G. (November 1992).
624:'s Mark 16 was one of two similar designs competing to equip the
779:
flew the Mk. 21 until 1959, and in second-line duty until 1970.
713:
664:
1851:. Ministry of Information on behalf of the Air Ministry. 1941.
585:, was fit with an APS-4 in a nose mounting as a test vehicle.
319:
1904:
Chance and Design: Reminiscences of Science in Peace and War
948:
missiles were in the process of being replaced by the new
233:
transmitters operating around 7 meters. An efficient
483:
incident, killing him and destroying the only prototype.
1591:
1950's Early Development Work and Recollections by Staff
735:
The next year the MoS published a requirement for a new
77:
The term was first used circa 1936, when a group at the
1649:
1647:
1574:
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1417:
1415:
1138:
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1134:
119:, an advantage that was to exist for the remainder of
100:
s night bombing campaign of late 1940 and early 1941.
1114:"Edward George Bowen: 14 January 1911–12 August 1991"
542:. Small numbers remained in service as late as 1957.
1118:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1769:"Fighter Aircraft Radar - A Scottish Success Story"
1601:
Tony Buttler, "De Havilland Sea Vixen", Air Britain
409:that allowed it to be rotated in a spiral pattern.
912:which gives the "dish" its unique conical shaping.
35:set the pattern for AI radars well into the 1970s.
1835:AP1093D: An Introduction Survey of Radar, Part II
1043:AP1093D: An Introduction Survey of Radar, Part II
1726:"Ferranti and the Buccaneer S1 Delivery System"
1548:"Flying & fighting in the Gloster Javelin"
787:The Mark 22 was the British version of the US
1322:
1298:
31:The centimetric AI. Mk. VIII shown here on a
8:
1848:The Battle of Britain; August - October 1940
836:design originally designed for the modified
644:FAW.7's large radome housed the AI.17 radar.
628:. The contest was eventually won by AI.17.
1701:
1699:
1720:
1718:
1609:
1607:
728:demonstrated its ability to lock-on to a
1142:
848:. Work on F.155 ended with the infamous
566:These designations were given to the US
1753:"Cancelled Projects: The List Up-dated"
1691:"The Illustrated Directory of Fighters"
1472:
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1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1310:
1286:
1033:
974:
1436:
1421:
1406:
1382:
840:proposed for the Ministry of Supply's
318:A solution was eventually provided by
2010:Military radars of the United Kingdom
1923:Echoes of War: The Story of H2S Radar
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875:AI.23 was able to detect and track a
89:by early 1941. The Mk. IV helped end
7:
1530:"Civil Trials of Doppler Navigators"
444:AI Mk. VIII radar § Lock-follow
605:With Mk. IX cancelled in 1949, the
25:
1617:, Osprey Publishing, 2008, p. 18.
888:. Further development led to the
712:was an X-band radar developed by
300:air-to-surface-vessel (ASV) radar
171:. Tracking over land fell to the
1982:
1808:. Pen & Sword. p. 335.
1049:. Air Ministry. 1946. p. 6.
1693:, Zenith Imprint, 2002, p. 117.
1100:AI — Aircraft Interception Sets
1063:Radar in World War II, Volume 2
852:, but by this time the interim
326:principle. Instead, a separate
1906:. Cambridge University Press.
1883:Hanbury Brown, Robert (1991).
1615:"Vulcan Units of the Cold War"
1546:Day, Peter (27 October 2020).
743:force, replacing the original
685:Mk. 18 was able to detect the
534:night fighters, including the
1:
1864:Bowen, Edward George (1998).
1792:, 4 February 1989, pp. 26-29.
956:'s Tornado F.3's as of 2014.
842:Operational Requirement F.155
1737:"English Electric Lightning"
724:missile illumination radar.
1743:, 6 September 1962, p. 403.
1628:"AI Mark 20 (Green Willow)"
1536:, 27 February 1957, p. 501.
1094:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
400:developed the electronics,
385:successfully ran the first
40:Aircraft interception radar
2026:
1962:Excerpts are available in
1786:"Squaring the Blue Circle"
1060:Guerlac, Henry E. (1987).
915:
854:English Electric Lightning
814:
765:pulse repetition frequency
718:English Electric Lightning
701:
502:
441:
354:
268:
148:English Electric Lightning
1802:Friedman, Norman (2016).
1771:, Museum of Communication
1759:, 17 August 1967, p. 262.
931:Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer
687:English Electric Canberra
1921:Lovell, Bernard (1991).
850:1957 Defence White Paper
767:, becoming the Mark 21.
622:General Electric Company
347:production and service.
237:requires it to be about
130:. A good example is the
1090:Joint Chiefs of Staff.
939:local brand of concrete
890:terrain following radar
159:Early radar development
1902:Hodgkin, Alan (1994).
913:
826:
761:Westinghouse AN/APS-57
680:de Havilland Sea Vixen
675:
669:De Havilland Sea Vixen
645:
518:
370:
284:
140:de Havilland Sea Vixen
111:frequencies using the
36:
1968:Part Two; 1945 – 1959
1964:Part One; 1936 – 1945
1841:. Air Ministry. 1946.
1098:on 26 November 2007.
954:Royal Saudi Air Force
908:The Foxhunter used a
907:
824:
667:
639:
512:
383:Birmingham University
367:De Havilland Mosquito
364:
278:
30:
1991:at Wikimedia Commons
1790:Flight International
1757:Flight International
1741:Flight International
1712:, 4 July 1958, p. 6.
1710:Flight International
1534:Flight International
910:cassegrain reflector
846:interceptor aircraft
530:display on the CRT.
333:Bristol Beaufighters
328:squegging oscillator
312:University of Dundee
296:RAF Martlesham Heath
250:Handley Page Heyford
189:'s "filter room" at
173:Royal Observer Corps
1944:. Pen & Sword.
1940:White, Ian (2007).
924:Panavia Tornado ADV
886:Blackburn Buccaneer
513:The Mk. X equipped
407:Nash & Thompson
396:While a team under
281:Bristol Beaufighter
154:Development history
87:Bristol Beaufighter
33:Bristol Beaufighter
1323:Hanbury Brown 1991
1299:Hanbury Brown 1991
914:
832:'s Mark 23 was an
827:
773:de Havilland Venom
737:tail warning radar
676:
650:"Blue Jay" missile
646:
607:Ministry of Supply
519:
451:"Freddie" Williams
418:artificial horizon
373:In February 1940,
371:
285:
220:Robert Watson-Watt
191:RAF Bentley Priory
103:Starting with the
37:
1987:Media related to
877:Bear-sized bomber
546:Mk. XI, XII, XIII
464:, today known as
357:AI Mk. VIII radar
16:(Redirected from
2017:
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793:conical scanning
722:Fairey Fireflash
714:EKCO Electronics
601:Post-war systems
387:cavity magnetron
246:
245:
241:
113:cavity magnetron
46:for short, is a
21:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
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2005:Aircraft radars
1995:
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1989:Aircraft radars
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862:monopulse radar
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757:
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692:Red Top missile
662:
642:Gloster Javelin
634:
626:Gloster Javelin
619:
611:Gloster Javelin
603:
564:
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507:
501:
446:
440:
431:sunrise pattern
429:which caused a
398:Herbert Skinner
391:dipole antennas
359:
353:
273:
271:AI Mk. IV radar
267:
262:
260:Wartime systems
243:
239:
238:
226:'s two towers.
203:
187:Fighter Command
169:English Channel
161:
156:
83:AI Mk. IV radar
56:Royal Air Force
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1993:
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1978:
1977:External links
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1680:, p. 224.
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916:Main article:
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838:Fairey Delta 2
815:Main article:
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702:Main article:
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579:Fairey Firefly
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515:Gloster Meteor
503:Main article:
500:
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472:Bomber Command
442:Main article:
439:
436:
402:Bernard Lovell
355:Main article:
352:
349:
269:Main article:
266:
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261:
258:
202:
199:
183:Dowding system
160:
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128:Roman numerals
107:, AI moved to
63:night fighters
24:
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1925:. CRC Press.
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1894:9780750301305
1890:
1887:. CRC Press.
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1868:. CRC Press.
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1550:(Interview).
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1439:, p. 81.
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1418:
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1409:, p. 78.
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1385:, p. 69.
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1252:
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1241:, p. 22.
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1217:, p. 38.
1216:
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1193:, p. 36.
1192:
1187:
1184:
1181:, p. 32.
1180:
1175:
1172:
1169:, p. 31.
1168:
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1160:
1157:, p. 30.
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:Ministry 1941
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1073:0-88318-486-9
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1023:
1013:
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1001:rainbow codes
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935:rainbow codes
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844:for a modern
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730:Hawker Hunter
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552:Fleet Air Arm
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536:Vampire NF.10
531:
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481:friendly fire
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337:Junkers Ju 88
334:
329:
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324:self exciting
321:
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277:
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264:
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236:
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224:Bawdsey Manor
221:
217:
216:"Taffy" Bowen
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144:AI.23 Airpass
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110:
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99:
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79:Bawdsey Manor
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60:Fleet Air Arm
57:
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49:
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41:
34:
29:
19:
1941:
1922:
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1884:
1865:
1847:
1834:
1826:Bibliography
1804:
1797:
1789:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1709:
1689:Mike Spick,
1685:
1673:
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1597:
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1559:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1473:AP1093D 1946
1468:
1461:Hodgkin 1994
1456:
1444:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1371:AP1093D 1946
1366:
1359:AP1093D 1946
1354:
1347:AP1093D 1946
1342:
1335:AP1093D 1946
1330:
1318:
1311:AP1093D 1946
1306:
1294:
1287:AP1093D 1946
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1205:, p. 8.
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1096:the original
1085:
1077:
1062:
1055:
1042:
1036:
1012:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
963:
943:
928:
921:
892:used in the
882:
874:
859:
828:
801:
786:
769:
758:
734:
726:
707:
684:
677:
671:
654:
647:
620:
604:
587:
582:
572:
565:
549:
540:Meteor NF.11
532:
524:
520:
493:
485:
477:
466:
461:
455:
447:
430:
427:IFF Mark III
423:
415:
411:
395:
375:John Randall
372:
345:
317:
308:
304:
291:
286:
254:landing gear
228:
212:
208:Henry Tizard
204:
195:
179:Hugh Dowding
177:
162:
125:
121:World War II
116:
102:
94:
76:
67:interceptors
43:
39:
38:
1437:Lovell 1991
1422:Lovell 1991
1407:Lovell 1991
1383:Lovell 1991
704:AI.20 radar
595:F4U Corsair
591:F6F Hellcat
575:TBM Avenger
562:Mk. XIV, XV
136:Tornado F.2
132:AI.24 radar
1999:Categories
1866:Radar Days
1678:White 2007
1666:White 2007
1654:White 2007
1639:White 2007
1579:White 2007
1564:White 2007
1509:White 2007
1497:White 2007
1485:White 2007
1449:White 2007
1395:White 2007
1275:White 2007
1263:White 2007
1251:Bowen 1998
1239:White 2007
1227:White 2007
1215:Bowen 1998
1203:White 2007
1191:Bowen 1998
1179:Bowen 1998
1167:Bowen 1998
1155:Bowen 1998
1024:References
965:examples.
710:AI Mark 20
379:Harry Boot
341:Chichester
289:Avro Anson
231:wavelength
201:AI concept
165:Chain Home
142:, and the
105:AI Mk. VII
58:(RAF) and
1706:"Airpass"
1373:, §70-75.
1337:, §59-61.
1029:Citations
894:BAC TSR.2
804:AN/APQ-35
789:AN/APQ-43
777:Sea Venom
749:Red Steer
458:H2S radar
339:A-5 near
265:AI Mk. IV
218:, one of
117:Luftwaffe
109:microwave
96:Luftwaffe
91:the Blitz
72:ASV radar
50:term for
946:Skyflash
937:, and a
830:Ferranti
807:models.
741:V bomber
739:for the
568:AN/APS-4
550:For the
449:as AIF.
351:Mk. VIII
44:AI radar
18:AI radar
1857:5245114
870:AIRPASS
866:jamming
817:AIRPASS
528:C-scope
505:SCR-720
488:SCR-720
242:⁄
235:antenna
146:on the
134:of the
48:British
1948:
1929:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1855:
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960:Mk. 25
950:AMRAAM
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783:Mk. 22
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660:Mk. 18
617:Mk. 16
556:X band
462:window
438:Mk. IX
93:, the
1839:(PDF)
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969:Notes
900:AI.24
811:AI.23
672:XJ565
632:AI.17
583:EE348
517:NF.11
499:Mk. X
467:chaff
365:This
292:K6260
279:This
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1853:OCLC
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