1316:
vascular malformation. It is vital to note that RA cannot be synthesized de novo due it being a carotenoid and thus it must be acquired by preformed animal-derived precursors such as retinol or retinyl esters. One of the metabolic routes used to produce RA in humans is by synthesizing retinol after it has been oxidized to retinaldehyde then to RA through various enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases. The second step is an irreversible conversion from retinaldehyde to RA which is converted by ALDH1A2. A study was conducted by researchers on the screening of patients with congenital heart diseases for genetic variation at the ALDH1A2 locus through bi-directional sequencing. Congenital heart disease (CHD) was initially thought to be multifactorial and polygenic disease; however, recent literature of familial forms of CHD such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and tetralogy of fallot are being explained by haploinsufficiency of genes including sarcomeric proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, transcription factors, and ionic channels. Through this study's methods and research, it was found that ALDH1A2 genetic variation is present in tetralogy of fallot patients meaning that it can play a potential role in human cases of CHD; however, there is no clear link on whether the variation at the ALDH1A2 locus is a significant modified of the risk for CHD.
1298:
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Its molecular nature and contribution to the pathophysiology of T-ALL remain largely not well understood. T-ALL is an acute leukemia that arises from immature T-cell precursors and is an aggressive form of cancer that primarily affects children but can also be found in adults. T-ALL has multiple genes encoding transcription factors including TAL1, TLX1, HOXA genes, TAL2, LYL1, LMO1, LMO2, and NKX3 though ALDH1A2 is one of the recognized downstream targets of TAL1. which works by binding to the intronic regulatory element of the gene thereby inducing T-ALL specific isoform with enzymatic activity. TAL-1 positive T-ALL accounts for approximately 40-60% of all primary cases. According to researchers’ data, depletion of ALDH1A2 demonstrated reduced cell viability in T-cell lines and caused apoptosis. ALDH1A2 has a role in glycolysis and the TCA during which it affects multiple metabolic enzymes to promote ATP production though depletion of ALDH1A2 revealed increased levels of reactive oxygen species. However, overexpression of ALDH1A2 findings suggested that it can increase tumor onset and tumor penetrance. Overall, it has been noted per researchers' data and findings that the ALDH1A2 can promote T-ALL cell metabolism due to direct activation by TAL-1 and promote leukemia cell survival and protect against intracellular stress by reducing the level of reactive oxygen species.
1334:
impact many individuals as they age though conventional disease-modifying treatments are not used for treatment. OA treatment is primarily focused on decreasing joint stress through exercise, pain medications, and using assistive devices such as canes. Zhu and her colleagues further explored in a research study how the variants in the ALDH1A2 gene which synthesizes atRA can be used with those with severe hand OA. The relationship between ALDH1A2 mRNA and inflammatory genes was viewed that revealed a reciprocal relationship. Many believe that the primary perpetuating factor of OA is from mechanoflammation which the research study describes as “articular cartilage injury that becomes upregulated by similar inflammatory genes.” The study used a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA) called talarozole which works by reducing inflammation and cartilage injury by a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and the results demonstrated that RAMBAs may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of OA as a disease modifying drug by suppressing mechanoflammation in the articular cartilage.
1325:
glioblastoma (GBM) though with limitations. Glioblastoma is an aggressive and malignant brain tumor and due to its heterogeneity, it is more difficult to treat. In another study published in 2021, the expression of ALDH1A2 in the GBM microenvironment was conducted. The study's results demonstrated that the M2 glioblastoma associated macrophages (GBM) highly express ALDH1A2 when compared to other ALDH family proteins and that the higher expression was increased with tumor recurrence at the gene and protein levels. The effect of ALDH1A2 and the effect RA on GBM tumor cells still requires further understanding and knowledge though researchers were able to gather that ALDH1A2 may promote a progressive phenotype of GBM.
1307:
epithelia from normal prostate though not from prostate cancer. Upon bisulfite sequencing, it was found that the ALDH1A2 promoter region was hypermethylated in primary prostate tumors compared with normal prostate specimens after DU145 cells which express retinoid receptors were cultured in the presence of either ATRA or 5-aza-DC. 5-Aza-DC can induce expression of ALDH1A2. Findings suggested that ALDH1A2 is a candidate tumor suppressor in prostate cancer and this provided further evidence of retinoids in the treatment or prevention of prostate cancer.
302:
279:
176:
201:
29:
308:
207:
2285:
1284:), is a paracrine hormone signaling molecule that functions in developing and adult tissues. The studies of a similar mouse gene suggest that this enzyme and the cytochrome CYP26A1, concurrently establish local embryonic retinoic acid levels that facilitate posterior organ development and prevent spina bifida. Three transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
1236:
1333:
In addition, ALDH1A2, which is a key enzyme for synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) that is associated with severe hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which can have symptoms including weakness, stiffness in joints, and limited range that can significantly
1306:
Due to ADLDH1A2's involvement in the conversion of retinal to RA, researchers have keen on understanding its role in different pathologies. RA has pro-differentiation properties including promoting apoptosis, differential, and cell growth arrest. It was observed that the ALDH1A2 can be expressed in
1297:
Cancer can be caused by both internal factors including genetic changes or environmental/acquired factors. Many forms of cancers have overexpressed aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), specifically one of the ALDH family genes, ALDH1A2 which has been abnormally expressed in more than half of instances of
1315:
ALDH1A1 is also a key step in cardiac development due to its involvement in the RA signaling pathway. RA regulates various cellular behaviors during early development and adult homeostasis. In particular, the vertebrate heart is affected by variations in RA signaling which can produce cardiac and
1324:
In the ALDH1 family of genes, ALDH1A2 is one of the most familiar enzymes represented in human tissue alongside ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3; however each have differing tissue distributions but still catalyze the synthesis of RA. RA has also been employed as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of
55:
2099:
Niederreither K, Abu-Abed S, Schuhbaur B, Petkovich M, Chambon P, Dollé P (May 2002). "Genetic evidence that oxidative derivatives of retinoic acid are not involved in retinoid signaling during mouse development".
2033:
Zhao D, McCaffery P, Ivins KJ, Neve RL, Hogan P, Chin WW, Dräger UC (August 1996). "Molecular identification of a major retinoic-acid-synthesizing enzyme, a retinaldehyde-specific dehydrogenase".
1694:
Kim H, Lapointe J, Kaygusuz G, Ong DE, Li C, van de Rijn M, et al. (September 2005). "The retinoic acid synthesis gene ALDH1a2 is a candidate tumor suppressor in prostate cancer".
2209:"Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2)-mediated retinoic acid synthesis regulates early mouse embryonic forebrain development by controlling FGF and sonic hedgehog signaling"
315:
214:
2325:
1821:
Blanchard EM, Iizuka K, Christe M, Conner DA, Geisterfer-Lowrance A, Schoen FJ, et al. (December 1997). "Targeted ablation of the murine alpha-tropomyosin gene".
1434:"TAL1 and LIM-only proteins synergistically induce retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by acting as cofactors for GATA3"
2062:
Niederreither K, Subbarayan V, Dollé P, Chambon P (April 1999). "Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development".
2490:
2480:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2424:
952:
137:
933:
2497:
2174:"Analysis of ALDH1A2, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CRABP1, and CRABP2 in human neural tube defects suggests a possible association with alleles in ALDH1A2"
2518:
2318:
2264:
1414:
1268:
This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. The product of this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of
1396:
52:
1971:
301:
2284:
1176:
2429:
1183:
278:
2000:"Cloning of a cDNA encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase and its expression in Escherichia coli. Recognition of retinal as substrate"
2311:
1484:
1383:
1362:
1977:
200:
175:
1379:
1358:
117:
314:
213:
307:
206:
1914:
reveal an anti-inflammatory role for retinoic acid and a new class of disease-modifying drugs in osteoarthritis".
2257:
1910:
Zhu L, Kamalathevan P, Koneva LA, Zarebska JM, Chanalaris A, Ismail H, et al. (December 2022). "Variants in
1647:"AMPK Is Essential to Balance Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Metabolism to Control T-ALL Cell Stress and Survival"
2338:
997:
125:
1549:"Oncorequisite role of an aldehyde dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia"
978:
2334:
189:
2250:
104:
1983:
1126:
1071:
2172:
Deak KL, Dickerson ME, Linney E, Enterline DS, George TM, Melvin EC, et al. (November 2005).
2139:"The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant list developed by combination of four separate sources"
2137:
Anderson NL, Polanski M, Pieper R, Gatlin T, Tirumalai RS, Conrads TP, et al. (April 2004).
2125:
2087:
1949:
149:
1780:
Moss JB, Xavier-Neto J, Shapiro MD, Nayeem SM, McCaffery P, Dräger UC, Rosenthal N (July 1998).
1159:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1100:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1729:
Pavan M, Ruiz VF, Silva FA, Sobreira TJ, Cravo RM, Vasconcelos M, et al. (November 2009).
1547:
Zhang C, Amanda S, Wang C, King Tan T, Zulfaqar Ali M, Zhong Leong W, et al. (June 2021).
611:
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
2230:
2195:
2160:
2117:
2079:
2050:
2021:
1941:
1889:
1838:
1803:
1762:
1711:
1676:
1627:
1578:
1529:
1463:
97:
45:
1645:
Kishton RJ, Barnes CE, Nichols AG, Cohen S, Gerriets VA, Siska PJ, et al. (April 2016).
145:
2220:
2185:
2150:
2109:
2071:
2042:
2011:
1931:
1923:
1879:
1869:
1830:
1793:
1782:"Dynamic patterns of retinoic acid synthesis and response in the developing mammalian heart"
1752:
1742:
1703:
1666:
1658:
1617:
1609:
1568:
1560:
1519:
1511:
1453:
1445:
394:
325:
269:
224:
1598:"The genomic landscape of pediatric and young adult T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia"
1856:
Sanders S, Herpai DM, Rodriguez A, Huang Y, Chou J, Hsu FC, et al. (September 2021).
369:
28:
1884:
1857:
1757:
1730:
1671:
1646:
1622:
1597:
1596:
Liu Y, Easton J, Shao Y, Maciaszek J, Wang Z, Wilkinson MR, et al. (August 2017).
1573:
1548:
1524:
1499:
1458:
1433:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
636:
631:
626:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
2512:
2399:
2303:
2046:
1953:
1273:
1269:
572:
2129:
2091:
387:
166:
129:
1707:
1927:
1858:"The Presence and Potential Role of ALDH1A2 in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment"
1564:
153:
1419:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1401:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2155:
2138:
1662:
1515:
470:
286:
183:
133:
2016:
1999:
1834:
1747:
1936:
1277:
897:
530:
408:
353:
340:
252:
239:
141:
2234:
2199:
2164:
2121:
2083:
1945:
1893:
1798:
1781:
1766:
1715:
1680:
1631:
1582:
1533:
1449:
2054:
2025:
1874:
1842:
1807:
1467:
1223:
1218:
2485:
1207:
1042:
1023:
108:, RALDH(II), RALDH2, RALDH2-T, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2
2475:
2470:
2439:
2434:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2190:
2173:
1281:
1009:
964:
2225:
2208:
1731:"ALDH1A2 (RALDH2) genetic variation in human congenital heart disease"
74:
1255:
1191:
919:
1613:
2408:
2113:
1500:"Retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during early organogenesis"
1234:
863:
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis
2178:
Birth
Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
2075:
1485:"Entrez Gene: ALDH1A2 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A2"
882:
878:
1262:
121:
2307:
2246:
1235:
2242:
2207:
Ribes V, Wang Z, Dollé P, Niederreither K (January 2006).
377:
542:
1239:
ALDH1A2 expressed from
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
853:
negative regulation of cell population proliferation
783:
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
2448:
2417:
2397:
2346:
1152:
1119:
1093:
1060:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1352:
1350:
324:
223:
2293:: RETINAL DEHYDROGENASE TYPE TWO WITH NAD BOUND
16:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
1380:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000013584
2319:
2258:
1432:Ono Y, Fukuhara N, Yoshie O (December 1998).
606:3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
8:
788:regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
1905:
1903:
1359:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000128918
2326:
2312:
2304:
2265:
2251:
2243:
1276:. Retinoic acid, the active derivative of
1244:Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A2
893:
568:
365:
264:
161:
63:
2224:
2189:
2154:
2015:
1998:Wang X, Penzes P, Napoli JL (July 1996).
1935:
1883:
1873:
1797:
1756:
1746:
1670:
1621:
1572:
1523:
1457:
1479:
1477:
848:anterior/posterior pattern specification
793:positive regulation of apoptotic process
753:retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway
678:9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process
2280:
1346:
1302:Potential suppressor in prostate cancer
2471:α-Aminoadipic semialdehyde — (ALDH7A1)
748:positive regulation of gene expression
591:aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
18:
1329:Potential treatment of osteoarthritis
838:embryonic digestive tract development
833:morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium
728:embryonic camera-type eye development
329:
290:
285:
228:
187:
182:
7:
2498:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate — (GAPDH)
2425:Dimeric NADP-preferring — (ALDH3A1)
2143:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
2004:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
803:determination of bilateral symmetry
1149:
1116:
1090:
1057:
1033:
1014:
988:
969:
943:
924:
733:retinoic acid biosynthetic process
653:cellular response to retinoic acid
547:
465:
403:
382:
14:
1258:that in humans is encoded by the
688:cardiac muscle tissue development
658:proximal/distal pattern formation
2283:
2047:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0015h.x
2035:European Journal of Biochemistry
843:embryonic forelimb morphogenesis
313:
306:
300:
277:
212:
205:
199:
174:
27:
718:retinoic acid metabolic process
637:perinuclear region of cytoplasm
1916:Science Translational Medicine
1438:Molecular and Cellular Biology
601:retinal dehydrogenase activity
531:More reference expression data
1:
1708:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4562
1252:retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2
683:neural crest cell development
489:vestibular sensory epithelium
298:
197:
2519:Genes on human chromosome 15
1928:10.1126/scitranslmed.abm4054
1565:10.3324/haematol.2019.245639
1498:Duester G (September 2008).
763:embryonic limb morphogenesis
868:protein homotetramerization
823:camera-type eye development
808:vitamin A metabolic process
668:pituitary gland development
2535:
2430:Fatty aldehyde — (ALDH3A2)
2156:10.1074/mcp.M300127-MCP200
1982:gene details page in the
1663:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.008
1516:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.002
2378:Formyltetrahydrofolate —
2278:
1415:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1397:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1222:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1171:
1156:
1123:
1112:
1097:
1064:
1053:
1040:
1036:
1021:
1017:
1008:
995:
991:
976:
972:
963:
950:
946:
931:
927:
918:
903:
896:
892:
876:
723:retinal metabolic process
703:retinol metabolic process
571:
567:
555:
550:
541:
528:
477:
468:
415:
406:
376:
368:
364:
347:
334:
297:
276:
267:
263:
246:
233:
196:
173:
164:
160:
115:
112:
102:
95:
90:
71:
66:
49:
44:
39:
35:
26:
21:
2017:10.1074/jbc.271.27.16288
1835:10.1161/01.res.81.6.1005
1748:10.1186/1471-2350-10-113
1311:Congenital heart disease
758:blood vessel development
2335:Aldehyde dehydrogenases
1177:Chr 15: 57.95 – 58.5 Mb
773:neural tube development
586:oxidoreductase activity
1799:10.1006/dbio.1998.8911
1450:10.1128/MCB.18.12.6939
1240:
1184:Chr 9: 71.12 – 71.2 Mb
778:neuron differentiation
1875:10.3390/cells10092485
1786:Developmental Biology
1288:Clinical significance
1238:
818:forebrain development
738:response to vitamin A
713:hindbrain development
673:response to estradiol
190:Chromosome 15 (human)
1976:genome location and
1823:Circulation Research
1735:BMC Medical Genetics
1293:Involvement in T-ALL
798:pancreas development
663:response to cytokine
292:Chromosome 9 (mouse)
67:List of PDB id codes
40:Available structures
2010:(27): 16288–16293.
1984:UCSC Genome Browser
708:heart morphogenesis
517:seminiferous tubule
419:germinal epithelium
331:9 D|9 39.85 cM
154:ALDH1A2 - orthologs
2191:10.1002/bdra.20183
1241:
998:ENSMUSG00000013584
858:midgut development
698:kidney development
646:Biological process
620:Cellular component
579:Molecular function
451:tail of epididymis
439:right uterine tube
2506:
2505:
2301:
2300:
2226:10.1242/dev.02204
1922:(676): eabm4054.
1702:(18): 8118–8124.
1444:(12): 6939–6950.
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1201:
1167:
1166:
1146:
1145:
1108:
1107:
1087:
1086:
1049:
1048:
1030:
1029:
1004:
1003:
985:
984:
959:
958:
940:
939:
888:
887:
813:liver development
768:ureter maturation
563:
562:
559:
558:
537:
536:
524:
523:
462:
461:
360:
359:
259:
258:
86:
85:
82:
81:
50:Ortholog search:
2526:
2353:Retinaldehyde —
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2228:
2203:
2193:
2168:
2158:
2133:
2095:
2058:
2029:
2019:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1829:(6): 1005–1010.
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1608:(8): 1211–1218.
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1559:(6): 1545–1558.
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1377:
1366:
1356:
1254:(RALDH2), is an
1246:, also known as
1215:
1214:
1186:
1179:
1162:
1150:
1141:
1117:
1113:RefSeq (protein)
1103:
1091:
1082:
1058:
1034:
1015:
989:
970:
944:
925:
894:
743:face development
693:lung development
569:
548:
533:
513:genital tubercle
497:stria vascularis
485:primitive streak
473:
471:Top expressed in
466:
435:secondary oocyte
431:seminal vesicula
411:
409:Top expressed in
404:
383:
366:
356:
343:
332:
317:
310:
304:
293:
281:
265:
255:
242:
231:
216:
209:
203:
192:
178:
162:
156:
107:
100:
77:
64:
58:
37:
36:
31:
19:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2444:
2413:
2393:
2342:
2332:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2274:
2271:
2241:
2206:
2184:(11): 868–875.
2171:
2136:
2102:Nature Genetics
2098:
2064:Nature Genetics
2061:
2032:
1997:
1993:
1991:Further reading
1967:
1962:
1961:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1696:Cancer Research
1693:
1692:
1688:
1651:Cell Metabolism
1644:
1643:
1639:
1614:10.1038/ng.3909
1602:Nature Genetics
1595:
1594:
1590:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1224:View/Edit Mouse
1219:View/Edit Human
1182:
1175:
1172:Location (UCSC)
1158:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1099:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
979:ENSG00000128918
872:
641:
615:
596:retinal binding
529:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
469:
458:
453:
449:
447:parietal pleura
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
407:
351:
338:
330:
320:
319:
318:
311:
291:
268:Gene location (
250:
237:
229:
219:
218:
217:
210:
188:
165:Gene location (
116:
103:
96:
73:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2504:
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2500:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
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2415:
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2405:
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2395:
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2316:
2308:
2299:
2298:
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2289:
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2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2219:(2): 351–361.
2204:
2169:
2149:(4): 311–326.
2134:
2096:
2070:(4): 444–448.
2059:
2030:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1966:
1965:External links
1963:
1960:
1959:
1937:10044/1/101589
1899:
1848:
1813:
1772:
1721:
1686:
1657:(4): 649–662.
1637:
1588:
1539:
1510:(6): 921–931.
1490:
1473:
1424:
1406:
1388:
1367:
1345:
1344:
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1038:
1037:
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790:
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695:
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459:
457:
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455:body of uterus
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
412:
400:
399:
391:
380:
374:
373:
370:RNA expression
362:
361:
358:
357:
349:
345:
344:
336:
333:
328:
322:
321:
312:
305:
299:
295:
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274:
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261:
260:
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248:
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186:
180:
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158:
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114:
110:
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93:
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88:
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84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
68:
60:
59:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2531:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:mitochondrial
2396:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
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2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:10.1038/ng876
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
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1787:
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1768:
1764:
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1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Haematologica
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:retinaldehyde
1271:
1270:retinoic acid
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:RefSeq (mRNA)
1052:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
987:
981:
980:
975:
971:
968:
966:
962:
955:
954:
949:
945:
942:
936:
935:
930:
926:
923:
921:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
884:
880:
875:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
619:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:Gene ontology
570:
566:
554:
549:
546:
544:
540:
532:
527:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
476:
472:
467:
464:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
405:
402:
401:
398:
396:
392:
390:
389:
385:
384:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
350:
346:
342:
337:
327:
323:
316:
309:
303:
296:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
266:
262:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
226:
222:
215:
208:
202:
195:
191:
185:
181:
177:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
99:
94:
89:
78:
76:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2361:
2290:
2216:
2212:
2181:
2177:
2146:
2142:
2108:(1): 84–88.
2105:
2101:
2076:10.1038/7788
2067:
2063:
2041:(1): 15–22.
2038:
2034:
2007:
2003:
1978:
1972:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1792:(1): 55–71.
1789:
1785:
1775:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1332:
1323:
1320:Glioblastoma
1314:
1305:
1296:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1157:
1127:NP_001193826
1124:
1098:
1072:NM_001206897
1065:
1041:
1022:
996:
977:
951:
932:
912:
907:
493:spermatocyte
481:vas deferens
393:
386:
113:External IDs
72:
2273:PDB gallery
2213:Development
1868:(9): 2485.
505:optic nerve
443:endometrium
352:71,203,525
339:71,123,071
251:58,497,866
238:57,953,424
91:Identifiers
2398:Family 2 (
1386:, May 2017
1365:, May 2017
1341:References
1272:(RA) from
828:metabolism
397:(ortholog)
134:HomoloGene
1954:237518470
1278:vitamin A
1160:NP_033048
1139:NP_733798
1135:NP_733797
1131:NP_003879
1101:NM_009022
1080:NM_170696
1076:NM_003888
1068:NM_170697
898:Orthologs
627:cytoplasm
142:GeneCards
2513:Category
2491:ALDH18A1
2486:ALDH16A1
2418:Family 3
2347:Family 1
2235:16368932
2200:16237707
2165:14718574
2130:13607364
2122:11953746
2092:35572750
2084:10192400
1946:36542696
1894:34572134
1767:19886994
1716:16166285
1681:27076078
1632:28671688
1583:32414855
1534:18805086
1382:–
1361:–
1208:Wikidata
877:Sources:
501:gastrula
2481:ALDH9A1
2476:ALDH8A1
2466:ALDH6A1
2461:ALDH5A1
2456:ALDH4A1
2440:ALDH3B2
2435:ALDH3B1
2387:ALDH1L2
2382:ALDH1L1
2374:ALDH1B1
2367:ALDH1A3
2362:ALDH1A2
2357:ALDH1A1
2055:8797830
2026:8663198
1979:ALDH1A2
1973:ALDH1A2
1912:ALDH1A2
1885:8468822
1843:9400381
1808:9676192
1758:2779186
1741:: 113.
1672:4832577
1623:5535770
1574:8168519
1525:2632951
1468:9819382
1384:Ensembl
1363:Ensembl
1337:
1282:retinol
1260:ALDH1A2
1248:ALDH1A2
1010:UniProt
965:Ensembl
904:Species
883:QuickGO
632:cytosol
423:decidua
372:pattern
230:15q21.3
146:ALDH1A2
105:ALDH1A2
98:Aliases
22:ALDH1A2
2341:1.2.1)
2233:
2198:
2163:
2128:
2120:
2090:
2082:
2053:
2024:
1970:Human
1952:
1944:
1892:
1882:
1841:
1806:
1765:
1755:
1714:
1679:
1669:
1630:
1620:
1581:
1571:
1532:
1522:
1466:
1459:109277
1456:
1256:enzyme
1194:search
1192:PubMed
1043:Q62148
1024:O94788
920:Entrez
543:BioGPS
509:uterus
130:107928
122:603687
2449:Other
2409:ALDH2
2126:S2CID
2088:S2CID
1950:S2CID
1862:Cells
953:19378
913:Mouse
908:Human
879:Amigo
427:sperm
395:Mouse
388:Human
335:Start
270:Mouse
234:Start
167:Human
138:68368
2291:1bi9
2231:PMID
2196:PMID
2161:PMID
2118:PMID
2080:PMID
2051:PMID
2022:PMID
1942:PMID
1890:PMID
1839:PMID
1804:PMID
1763:PMID
1712:PMID
1677:PMID
1628:PMID
1579:PMID
1530:PMID
1504:Cell
1464:PMID
1263:gene
934:8854
378:Bgee
326:Band
287:Chr.
225:Band
184:Chr.
118:OMIM
75:4X2Q
56:RCSB
53:PDBe
2221:doi
2217:133
2186:doi
2151:doi
2110:doi
2072:doi
2043:doi
2039:240
2012:doi
2008:271
1932:hdl
1924:doi
1880:PMC
1870:doi
1831:doi
1794:doi
1790:199
1753:PMC
1743:doi
1704:doi
1667:PMC
1659:doi
1618:PMC
1610:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1557:106
1520:PMC
1512:doi
1508:134
1454:PMC
1446:doi
1250:or
551:n/a
348:End
247:End
150:OMA
126:MGI
46:PDB
2515::
2339:EC
2229:.
2215:.
2211:.
2194:.
2182:73
2180:.
2176:.
2159:.
2145:.
2141:.
2124:.
2116:.
2106:31
2104:.
2086:.
2078:.
2068:21
2066:.
2049:.
2037:.
2020:.
2006:.
2002:.
1948:.
1940:.
1930:.
1920:14
1918:.
1902:^
1888:.
1878:.
1866:10
1864:.
1860:.
1837:.
1827:81
1825:.
1802:.
1788:.
1784:.
1761:.
1751:.
1739:10
1737:.
1733:.
1710:.
1700:65
1698:.
1675:.
1665:.
1655:23
1653:.
1649:.
1626:.
1616:.
1606:49
1604:.
1600:.
1577:.
1567:.
1555:.
1551:.
1528:.
1518:.
1506:.
1502:.
1476:^
1462:.
1452:.
1442:18
1440:.
1436:.
1417:.
1399:.
1370:^
1349:^
1265:.
881:/
354:bp
341:bp
253:bp
240:bp
148:;
144::
140:;
136::
132:;
128::
124:;
120::
2402:)
2337:(
2327:e
2320:t
2313:v
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
2237:.
2223::
2202:.
2188::
2167:.
2153::
2147:3
2132:.
2112::
2094:.
2074::
2057:.
2045::
2028:.
2014::
1986:.
1956:.
1934::
1926::
1896:.
1872::
1845:.
1833::
1810:.
1796::
1769:.
1745::
1718:.
1706::
1683:.
1661::
1634:.
1612::
1585:.
1563::
1536:.
1514::
1487:.
1470:.
1448::
1421:.
1403:.
1280:(
272:)
169:)
152::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
