35:
24:
946:
862:
178:. For this reason, doubt has been cast on the feasibility of AMPAR activators for use in medicine. However, low doses of AMPAR activators may nonetheless be useful, and AMPAR PAMs, which, unlike agonists, show selectivity for AMPAR subpopulations of different subunit compositions, may hold greater potential for medical applications.
190:
on the AMPAR complex and potentiate the receptor. Unlike orthosteric (active/glutamate) site AMPAR activators, otherwise known as AMPAR agonists, AMPAR PAMs only potentiate AMPAR signaling in the presence of glutamate and hence do not activate the receptor directly/themselves. Moreover, whereas AMPAR
235:
Low-impact AMPAR PAMs decrease AMPAR deactivation (channel closing) alone to augment synaptic currents while high-impact AMPAR PAMs decrease both deactivation and desensitization together to enhance and prolong synaptic currents. Low-impact AMPAR PAMs have only slight effects on AMPAR currents,
236:
whereas high-impact AMPAR PAMs have effects more similar to those of AMPAR agonists and can produce strong enhancement. Similarly to AMPAR agonists, high-impact AMPAR PAMs can cause convulsions and neurotoxicity in sufficiently high doses. Conversely, low-impact AMPAR PAMs have few
191:
agonists activate all AMPARs, AMPAR PAMs can show selectivity for specific subpopulations of AMPARs. This is because the AMPAR is composed of different combinations of various subunits, and the allosteric sites differ depending on the different subunit combinations.
486:. All of the biarylpropylsulfonamides are high-impact AMPAR PAMs, whereas the majority of the ampakines are low-impact AMPAR potentiators. The biarylpropylsulfonamides are highly potent, on the order of 1,000-fold more potent than the ampakines and cyclothiazide.
694:
Ranganathan M, DeMartinis N, Huguenel B, Gaudreault F, Bednar MM, Shaffer CL, et al. (November 2017). "Attenuation of ketamine-induced impairment in verbal learning and memory in healthy volunteers by the AMPA receptor potentiator PF-04958242".
126:, and for other indications. They can broadly be divided into low-impact and high-impact potentiators, with high-impact potentiators able to produce comparatively more robust increases in AMPAR activation. However, high-impact AMPAR PAMs can cause
743:
Roberts BM, Holden DE, Shaffer CL, Seymour PA, Menniti FS, Schmidt CJ, et al. (September 2010). "Prevention of ketamine-induced working memory impairments by AMPA potentiators in a nonhuman primate model of cognitive dysfunction".
174:(CNS). Considering the broad impact of the AMPARs in the CNS, selectively targeting AMPARs involved in disease is difficult, and it is thought that global enhancement of AMPARs may be associated with an intolerable level of
1119:
941:, Simmons, Danielle & Lynch, Gary, "Treatment of female sexual dysfunction by compounds that positively modulate ampa-type glutamate receptors", published 2010-03-18, assigned to
194:
AMPAR PAMs can be broadly grouped into two types based on their binding site and impact on AMPAR activation: low-impact (type I) and high-impact (type II). Low-impact AMPAR PAMs have the following criteria:
1139:
3136:
1112:
857:, Carmichael, Stanley T & Clarkson, Andrew N, "Locally released growth factors to mediate motor recovery after stroke", issued 2017-06-21, assigned to
3158:
998:
Gudasheva TA, Grigoriev VV, Koliasnikova KN, Zamoyski VL, Seredenin SB (November 2016). "Neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine is an endogenous positive modulator of AMPA receptors".
3129:
1105:
586:
942:
858:
804:
Black MD (April 2005). "Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA modulators and their relationship to AMPA receptor subunits. A review of preclinical data".
2188:
600:
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1809:
628:
Lee K, Goodman L, Fourie C, Schenk S, Leitch B, Montgomery JM (2016). "AMPA Receptors as
Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Disorders".
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Froestl W, Muhs A, Pfeifer A (2012). "Cognitive enhancers (nootropics). Part 1: drugs interacting with receptors".
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881:"Opiate-induced suppression of rat hypoglossal motoneuron activity and its reversal by ampakine therapy"
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Monti B, Contestabile A (June 2009). "Memory-enhancing drugs: a molecular perspective".
896:
632:. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Vol. 103. pp. 203–61.
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773:
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23:
905:
637:
30:, one of the earliest and a prototypical AMPAR PAM. It is a low-impact AMPAR PAM.
3067:
3052:
3032:
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2006:
1989:
1979:
1734:
1724:
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1511:
1491:
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2412:
2407:
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2158:
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2123:
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1994:
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1814:
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1639:
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83:
54:
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2011:
2001:
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1627:
1435:
1046:
Investigation of the
Functional Effects of Two Novel Ampakines in the CNS
265:
175:
115:
17:
3091:
2937:
2927:
2907:
2862:
2348:
1963:
1948:
1914:
1848:
1739:
1617:
1335:
1265:
1245:
1193:
519:
494:
AMPAR PAMs can be broadly grouped by their impact on AMPAR activation:
463:
459:
436:
370:
366:
313:
149:
708:
228:
Substantially bind to the cyclothiazide site on the AMPAR complex; and
2967:
2867:
2240:
1971:
1953:
1930:
1225:
1220:
1145:
Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
1053:
511:
507:
503:
297:
289:
281:
277:
87:
27:
2962:
2387:
2178:
1904:
1714:
1240:
1230:
160:
33:
22:
2855:
2682:
2268:
2255:
1889:
1709:
1679:
1669:
1582:
1415:
1380:
1370:
1168:
225:
Substantially alter/increase the half-width of the fEPSP; and/or
1101:
2093:
98:. It has potential medical applications in the treatment of
221:
While high-impact AMPAR PAMs have the following criteria:
2385:
Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):
41:(S-47445, CX-1632), a newer and high-impact AMPAR PAM.
1791:
1789:
1547:
1138:
470:These classes have divergent properties, including
199:Have little or no effect on the half-width of the
2043:
2028:
958:
956:
874:
872:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
738:
736:
734:
689:
687:
685:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
506:(Ampalex, BDP-12, BA-74, ORG-24292, SPD-420),
280:(Ampalex, BDP-12, BA-74, ORG-24292, SPD-420),
163:, and is responsible for the majority of fast
155:The AMPAR is one of the most highly expressed
1113:
1039:
1037:
879:Lorier AR, Funk GD, Greer JJ (January 2010).
8:
3159:AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators
482:for AMPAR populations composed of different
46:AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators
943:The Regents of the University of California
859:The Regents of the University of California
849:
847:
845:
843:
630:Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets, Part A
3130:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
1120:
1106:
1098:
1048:(Ph.D. thesis). Edinburgh Medical School.
3137:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
914:
904:
141:at sufficiently high doses, similarly to
1549:
611:
601:List of investigational antidepressants
201:field excitatory postsynaptic potential
2860:Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:
671:
661:
591:receptor positive allosteric modulator
478:, impact (i.e., low versus high), and
2016:Other positive allosteric modulators:
1796:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
264:and related compounds (also known as
7:
1000:Doklady. Biochemistry and Biophysics
439:and related compounds (very weak) –
2757:Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
1069:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
1321:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
14:
526:(CX-691, ORG-24481, SCH-900460),
296:(CX-691, ORG-24481, SCH-900460),
215:brain-derived neurotrophic factor
206:Do not substantially bind to the
213:Do not induce the expression of
2797:Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
1744:Negative allosteric modulators:
1632:Positive allosteric modulators:
1455:Negative allosteric modulators:
1208:Positive allosteric modulators:
186:AMPAR PAMs bind to one or more
2033:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
1341:Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)
1236:Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
965:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
210:site on the AMPAR complex; and
50:positive allosteric modulators
1:
3123:Receptor/signaling modulators
2972:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
1536:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
1129:Ionotropic glutamate receptor
231:Induce the expression of BDNF
61:ionotropic glutamate receptor
906:10.1371/journal.pone.0008766
638:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.10.004
2821:NR2A-selective antagonists:
2353:Polyamine site antagonists:
1578:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
1164:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
3175:
1261:Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
1081:10.2174/138955709788452621
746:Behavioural Brain Research
15:
3114:
2203:Glycine site antagonists:
1012:10.1134/s160767291606003x
818:10.1007/s00213-004-2065-6
758:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.039
568:(BIIB-104; PF-04958242),
458:(BIIB-104; PF-04958242),
414:(BIIB-104; PF-04958242),
244:Classes and list of drugs
112:mild cognitive impairment
63:which mediates most fast
2091:Competitive antagonists:
1999:Polyamine site agonists:
1985:Neboglamine (nebostinel)
1554:Tooltip Kainate receptor
596:NMDA receptor antagonist
378:and related compounds –
376:Biarylpropylsulfonamides
268:or CX compounds; mostly
253:There are several major
145:AMPAR activators (i.e.,
16:Not to be confused with
3073:Pentamidine isethionate
2817:Traxoprodil (CP-101606)
2056:Epipregnanolone sulfate
977:10.3233/JAD-2012-121186
536:High-impact (type II):
3103:Allosteric modulators:
3038:Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
2693:Pethidine (meperidine)
2314:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
2236:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
1900:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
1868:Glycine site agonists:
1700:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
1411:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
1296:Mibampator (LY-451395)
172:central nervous system
72:central nervous system
42:
31:
2772:CO-101244 (PD-174494)
2488:Delucemine (NPS-1506)
2438:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
498:Low-impact (type I):
249:By chemical structure
165:excitatory amino acid
147:active/glutamate site
37:
26:
2792:Radiprodil (RGH-896)
2767:Buphenine (nylidrin)
2344:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
2159:Midafotel (d-CPPene)
2066:Pregnenolone sulfate
1990:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
1781:Pregnenolone sulfate
1522:Pregnenolone sulfate
697:Molecular Psychiatry
312:(S-47445, CX-1632),
100:cognitive impairment
78:Medical applications
2023:-Hydroxycholesterol
1834:Homoquinolinic acid
1807:Main site agonists:
1565:Main site agonists:
1159:5-Fluorowillardiine
1156:Main site agonists:
897:2010PLoSO...5.8766L
363:hydrochlorothiazide
270:benzoylpyrrolidines
120:Alzheimer's disease
2371:Diethylenetriamine
2050:prasterone sulfate
1825:Homocysteic acid (
1568:5-Bromowillardiine
1044:Jordan GR (2007).
806:Psychopharmacology
576:(S-47445, CX-1632)
128:motor coordination
104:cognitive symptoms
96:preclinical models
59:(AMPR), a type of
43:
32:
3146:
3145:
2997:
2953:Trichloroethylene
2898:Ethanol (alcohol)
2263:
2206:4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
1974:
1966:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1874:
1859:Tetrazolylglycine
1828:
1766:Ethanol (alcohol)
1755:sodium thiopental
1573:5-Iodowillardiine
1482:Ethanol (alcohol)
1466:sodium thiopental
709:10.1038/mp.2017.6
703:(11): 1633–1640.
347:Benzothiadiazides
168:neurotransmission
94:-like effects in
68:neurotransmission
3166:
2995:
2948:Trichloroethanol
2508:Dextromethorphan
2261:
2045:
2034:
2030:
1972:
1964:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1872:
1826:
1797:
1793:
1555:
1551:
1386:Fanapanel (MPQX)
1146:
1142:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1041:
1032:
1031:
995:
989:
988:
960:
951:
950:
949:
945:
935:
929:
928:
918:
908:
876:
867:
866:
865:
861:
851:
838:
837:
801:
778:
777:
740:
729:
728:
691:
680:
679:
673:
669:
667:
659:
625:
447:, various others
255:chemical classes
188:allosteric sites
82:AMPAR PAMs have
56:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3110:
3008:Flufenamic acid
2943:Trichloroethane
2718:Rhynchophylline
2638:Methoxphenidine
2603:Levomilnacipran
2503:Dextromethadone
2428:α-Endopsychosin
2032:
1944:Dimethylglycine
1854:Quinolinic acid
1795:
1785:
1623:Quisqualic acid
1553:
1543:
1199:Quisqualic acid
1144:
1134:
1126:
1096:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1043:
1042:
1035:
997:
996:
992:
962:
961:
954:
947:
937:
936:
932:
878:
877:
870:
863:
853:
852:
841:
803:
802:
781:
742:
741:
732:
693:
692:
683:
670:
660:
648:
627:
626:
613:
609:
590:
583:
492:
472:allosteric site
257:of AMPAR PAMs:
251:
246:
238:adverse effects
184:
90:-enhancing and
80:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Methoxyflurane
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Nitromemantine
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Levomethorphan
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Dieticyclidine
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Dextrallorphan
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Argiotoxin-636
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Diaminopropane
2363:
2358:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Kynurenic acid
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2040:
2025:
2009:
2004:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1695:Kynurenic acid
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Kynurenic acid
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1149:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1059:
1033:
1006:(1): 387–389.
990:
971:(4): 793–887.
952:
930:
868:
839:
779:
730:
681:
672:|journal=
646:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
579:
578:
577:
534:
491:
488:
468:
467:
448:
434:
373:
344:
250:
247:
245:
242:
233:
232:
229:
226:
219:
218:
211:
204:
183:
180:
92:antidepressant
79:
76:
52:(PAMs) of the
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3171:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:Transcrocetin
3086:
3084:
3083:Psychotridine
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Niflumic acid
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Nitrous oxide
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Diethyl ether
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Tenocyclidine
2741:
2739:
2738:Tabernanthine
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Rolicyclidine
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Phencyclidine
2701:
2699:
2698:Phencyclamine
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Methoxetamine
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Levomethadone
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Fluorolintane
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Kaitocephalin
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Ibotenic acid
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:pentobarbital
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Kaitocephalin
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Cyclothiazide
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Ibotenic acid
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:pentobarbital
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Kaitocephalin
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Cyclothiazide
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Ibotenic acid
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:(7): 769–81.
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
957:
953:
944:
940:
939:US 2010069377
934:
931:
926:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
869:
860:
856:
850:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:(1): 154–63.
811:
807:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
737:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
665:
657:
653:
649:
647:9780128047941
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
612:
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
585:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:(LY-451395),
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
495:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
474:specificity,
473:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
435:
433:
431:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:(LY-451395),
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:cyclothiazide
352:
348:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
259:
258:
256:
248:
243:
241:
239:
230:
227:
224:
223:
222:
216:
212:
209:
208:cyclothiazide
205:
202:
198:
197:
196:
192:
189:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
148:
144:
140:
139:neurotoxicity
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:schizophrenia
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
77:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
40:
36:
29:
25:
19:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3102:
3099:
2971:
2878:Cyclopropane
2859:
2842:
2820:
2756:
2708:Propoxyphene
2678:Orphenadrine
2583:Ketobemidone
2548:Eticyclidine
2483:Coronaridine
2468:ARL-15896-AR
2384:
2352:
2264:-Cycloserine
2246:Carisoprodol
2202:
2090:
2088:Antagonists:
2087:
2020:
2015:
1998:
1926:-Cycloserine
1867:
1806:
1803:
1747:Barbiturates
1743:
1720:Selurampanel
1675:Dasolampanel
1662:Antagonists:
1661:
1631:
1564:
1561:
1535:
1472:Cyclopropane
1458:Barbiturates
1454:
1426:Selurampanel
1376:Dasolampanel
1348:Antagonists:
1347:
1331:Pramiracetam
1207:
1155:
1152:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1045:
1003:
999:
993:
968:
964:
933:
891:(1): e8766.
888:
884:
809:
805:
749:
745:
700:
696:
629:
493:
469:
429:
425:
252:
234:
220:
203:(fEPSP); and
193:
185:
182:Pharmacology
154:
81:
45:
44:
3068:Pentamidine
3053:Minocycline
3033:Hodgkinsine
3003:Dexanabinol
2933:Sevoflurane
2787:Isoxsuprine
2782:Haloperidol
2762:Besonprodil
2723:Rimantadine
2673:Norketamine
2668:Noribogaine
2643:Milnacipran
2608:Levorphanol
2558:Gacyclidine
2528:Dizocilpine
2523:Diphenidine
2513:Dextrorphan
2433:Alaproclate
2376:Huperzine A
2329:Meprobamate
2289:Harkoseride
2184:Perzinfotel
2061:Plazinemdor
1608:Kainic acid
1593:Domoic acid
1539:Minocycline
1527:Sevoflurane
1204:Willardiine
1179:Domoic acid
752:(1): 41–8.
574:tulrampator
480:selectivity
464:osavampator
452:PF-04701475
408:PF-04778574
310:tulrampator
143:orthosteric
135:convulsions
131:disruptions
39:Tulrampator
3106:AGN-241751
3078:Piretanide
3028:Furosemide
3013:Flupirtine
2990:Conantokin
2985:Caroverine
2980:Bumetanide
2913:Isoflurane
2883:Desflurane
2873:Chloroform
2812:Safaprodil
2807:Ro 25-6981
2748:Tiletamine
2733:Sabeluzole
2713:Remacemide
2658:Neramexane
2628:Methorphan
2613:Loperamide
2588:Lanicemine
2573:Indantadol
2538:Esketamine
2533:Ephenidine
2493:Dexoxadrol
2458:Arketamine
2443:Amantadine
2403:3-MeO-PCMo
2381:Putrescine
2324:MDL-105519
2299:Kynurenine
2279:Gavestinel
2194:SDZ-220581
2154:MDL-100453
2037:prasterone
2007:Spermidine
1980:Milacemide
1885:ACC (ACPC)
1771:Evans blue
1735:Topiramate
1725:Tezampanel
1655:Isoflurane
1532:Talampanel
1517:Perampanel
1512:Isoflurane
1497:GYKI-53655
1492:GYKI-52466
1487:Evans blue
1451:Zonampanel
1441:Topiramate
1431:Tezampanel
1406:Kynurenine
1366:Caroverine
1361:Becampanel
1311:Oxiracetam
1211:Aniracetam
1132:modulators
855:US 9700596
607:References
570:PF-4778574
566:pesampator
558:mibampator
524:farampator
500:aniracetam
466:(TAK-653).
456:pesampator
441:aniracetam
412:pesampator
396:LY-4516146
392:mibampator
294:farampator
288:(BDP-20),
124:depression
3120:See also:
3100:Unsorted:
3043:MDL-27266
3023:FR-115427
3018:FPL-12495
2975:ARR-15896
2903:Halothane
2893:Enflurane
2851:Magnesium
2802:Ro 8-4304
2777:Eliprodil
2688:PD-137889
2648:Morphanol
2623:Methadone
2618:Memantine
2568:Ibogamine
2543:Etoxadrol
2473:ARL-16247
2463:ARL-12495
2448:Aptiganel
2413:4-MeO-PCP
2408:3-MeO-PCP
2398:3-MeO-PCE
2361:Co 101676
2334:MRZ 2/576
2284:GV-196771
2274:Felbamate
2251:CGP-39653
2231:ACEA-1328
2226:ACEA-1011
2169:NPC-17742
2164:NPC-12626
2149:LY-274614
2144:LY-235959
2139:LY-233053
2124:CGS-19755
2119:CGP-40116
2114:CGP-39653
2109:CGP-39551
2104:CGP-37849
2094:AP5 (APV)
1995:Sarcosine
1871:β-Fluoro-
1820:Glutamate
1815:Aspartate
1804:Agonists:
1761:Enflurane
1705:LY-382884
1665:ACEA-1011
1650:Halothane
1645:Enflurane
1640:Diazoxide
1613:LY-339434
1598:Glutamate
1562:Agonists:
1507:Irampanel
1502:Halothane
1477:Enflurane
1351:ACEA-1011
1326:Piracetam
1306:ORG-26576
1301:Nooglutyl
1291:LY-503430
1286:LY-451646
1281:LY-404187
1276:LY-395153
1271:LY-392098
1256:Diazoxide
1184:Glutamate
1153:Agonists:
1054:1842/1946
674:ignored (
664:cite book
562:ORG-26576
554:LY-451646
550:LY-404187
532:piracetam
528:ORG-24448
490:By impact
445:piracetam
400:LY-503430
388:LY-450108
384:LY-404187
380:LY-392098
359:diazoxide
338:ORG-26576
276:(BA-14),
266:ampakines
262:Benzamide
157:receptors
84:cognition
3153:Category
3048:Metaphit
2958:Urethane
2846:Hydrogen
2843:Cations:
2753:Tramadol
2578:Ketamine
2563:Ibogaine
2478:Budipine
2393:3-HO-PCP
2319:LU-73068
2309:L-701324
2304:L-689560
2211:5,7-DCKA
2199:Selfotel
2081:SAGE-718
2076:SAGE-301
2071:SAGE-201
2012:Spermine
2002:Neomycin
1967:-Alanine
1959:L-687414
1918:-Alanine
1875:-alanine
1864:Theanine
1730:Theanine
1628:SYM-2081
1436:Theanine
1089:19519502
1028:11453708
1020:28058675
985:22886028
925:20098731
885:PLOS ONE
826:15672275
766:20347881
717:28242871
656:26920691
581:See also
484:subunits
450:Others:
365:(HCTZ),
351:BIIR-777
176:toxicity
150:agonists
116:dementia
65:synaptic
57:receptor
18:Ampakine
3092:saffron
2938:Toluene
2928:Octanol
2908:Hexanol
2863:Benzene
2839:TCN-213
2834:TCN-201
2829:MPX-007
2824:MPX-004
2418:8A-PDHQ
2356:Arcaine
2349:ZD-9379
2046:sulfate
1975:-Serine
1949:Glycine
1934:-Serine
1849:Proline
1776:NS-3763
1749:(e.g.,
1740:UBP-302
1618:Proline
1460:(e.g.,
1336:S-18986
1266:IDRA-21
1251:CX-1942
1246:CX-1739
1194:Proline
916:2808240
893:Bibcode
834:5869366
774:9432930
725:3691566
546:CX-1846
542:CX-1837
520:CX-1739
476:potency
460:GVS-111
437:Racetam
432:)-PIMSD
371:S-18986
367:IDRA-21
342:S-70340
334:CX-2076
330:CX-2007
326:CX-1942
322:CX-1837
318:CX-1796
314:CX-1739
306:CX-1501
170:in the
159:in the
118:(e.g.,
102:(e.g.,
70:in the
2968:Xylene
2868:Butane
2241:AV-101
1954:HA-966
1241:CX-717
1231:CX-614
1226:CX-546
1221:CX-516
1087:
1026:
1018:
983:
948:
923:
913:
864:
832:
824:
772:
764:
723:
715:
654:
644:
538:CX-701
516:CX-929
512:CX-717
508:CX-614
504:CX-516
302:CX-929
298:CX-717
290:CX-614
286:CX-554
282:CX-546
278:CX-516
217:(BDNF)
137:, and
88:memory
86:- and
28:CX-516
2963:Xenon
2423:18-MC
2388:2-MDP
2216:7-CKA
2179:PEAQX
1905:B6B21
1895:AK-51
1829:-HCA)
1792:NMDAR
1715:NS102
1446:YM90K
1141:AMPAR
1024:S2CID
830:S2CID
770:S2CID
721:S2CID
420:CMPDB
416:CMPDA
274:1-BCP
161:brain
3058:MPEP
2998:-αAA
2856:Zinc
2683:PCPr
2653:NEFA
2339:PNQX
2269:DNQX
2256:CNQX
2189:PPDA
2174:PBPD
2044:DHEA
2029:DHEA
1939:DHPG
1890:ACPD
1880:ACBD
1844:NMDA
1810:AMAA
1710:NBQX
1685:GAMS
1680:DNQX
1670:CNQX
1588:ATPA
1583:AMPA
1421:PNQX
1416:NBQX
1391:GAMS
1381:DNQX
1371:CNQX
1356:ATPO
1316:PEPA
1174:BOAA
1169:AMPA
1085:PMID
1016:PMID
981:PMID
921:PMID
822:PMID
762:PMID
713:PMID
676:help
652:PMID
642:ISBN
587:GABA
404:PEPA
272:) –
55:AMPA
48:are
2221:ACC
2129:CPP
2099:AP7
1910:CCG
1550:KAR
1077:doi
1050:hdl
1008:doi
1004:471
973:doi
911:PMC
901:doi
814:doi
810:179
754:doi
750:212
705:doi
634:doi
152:).
122:),
114:),
106:in
3155::
2970:;
2858:;
2841:;
2819:;
2755:;
2383:;
2351:;
2201:;
2019:24
2014:;
1997:;
1866:;
1753:,
1742:;
1630:;
1534:;
1464:,
1453:;
1206:;
1083:.
1071:.
1036:^
1022:.
1014:.
1002:.
979:.
969:32
967:.
955:^
919:.
909:.
899:.
887:.
883:.
871:^
842:^
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820:.
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782:^
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719:.
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701:22
699:.
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662:{{
650:.
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614:^
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564:,
556:,
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510:,
502:,
462:,
454:,
443:,
422:,
418:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
369:,
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357:,
353:,
349:–
340:,
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292:,
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3094:)
3090:(
2996:D
2262:D
2052:)
2048:(
2039:)
2035:(
2021:S
1973:L
1965:L
1932:D
1924:D
1916:D
1873:D
1827:L
1757:)
1468:)
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1114:t
1107:v
1091:.
1079::
1073:9
1056:.
1052::
1030:.
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987:.
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927:.
903::
895::
889:5
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816::
776:.
756::
727:.
707::
678:)
658:.
636::
589:A
430:R
428:,
426:R
424:(
20:.
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