571:(about 310 millivolts per meter using one kilowatt at one kilometre) to 5/8 wavelength (225 electrical degrees; about 440 millivolts per meter using one kilowatt at one kilometre), while high power stations mostly use half-wavelength to 5/9 wavelength. The usage of masts taller than 5/9 wavelength (200 electrical degrees; about 410 millivolts per meter using one kilowatt at one kilometre) with high power gives a poor vertical radiation pattern, and 195 electrical degrees (about 400 millivolts per meter using one kilowatt at one kilometre) is generally considered ideal in these cases. Mast antennas are usually series-excited (base driven); the feedline is attached to the mast at the base. The base of the antenna is at high electrical potential and must be supported on a ceramic
274:
arrangement had numerous practical difficulties. Early transmitters were technically crude and virtually impossible to set accurately on their intended frequency and if (as frequently happened) two (or more) stations in the same part of the country broadcast simultaneously the resultant interference meant that usually neither could be heard clearly. The
Commerce Department rarely intervened in such cases but left it up to stations to enter into voluntary timesharing agreements amongst themselves. The addition of a third "entertainment" wavelength, 400 meters, did little to solve this overcrowding.
662:, also known as a loopstick antenna. The high permeability ferrite core allows it to be compact enough to be enclosed inside the radio's case and still have adequate sensitivity. For weak signal reception or to discriminate between different signals sharing a common frequency directional antennas are used. For best signal-to-noise ratio these are best located outdoors away from sources of electrical interference. Examples of such medium wave antennas include broadband untuned loops, elongated terminated loops, wave antennas (e.g. the
548:
251:. This can allow very long-distance broadcasting, but can also interfere with distant local stations. Due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart. On nights of good skywave propagation, the skywave signals of a distant station may interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency. In North America, the
1331:
40:
78:. During the daytime, reception is usually limited to more local stations, though this is dependent on the signal conditions and quality of radio receiver used. Improved signal propagation at night allows the reception of much longer distance signals (within a range of about 2,000 km or 1,200 miles). This can cause increased interference because on most channels multiple transmitters operate simultaneously worldwide. In addition,
3409:
607:, which needs only one mast one-tenth wavelength or less in height. This antenna uses a single mast insulated from ground and fed at the lower end against ground. At the top of the mast, radial top-load wires are connected (usually about six) which slope downwards at an angle of 40–45 degrees as far as about one-third of the total height, where they are terminated in insulators and thence outwards to
3419:
643:
485:
3398:
3429:
286:
announced a new bandplan which set aside 81 frequencies, in 10 kHz steps, from 550 kHz to 1350 kHz (extended to 1500, then 1600 and ultimately 1700 kHz in later years). Each station would be assigned one frequency (albeit usually shared with stations in other parts of the country
215:
but sufficient for casual listening. In the UK, until 2024 most stations used a bandwidth of 6.3 kHz. However in 2024, Ofcom expanded the allowed bandwidth to 9khz, giving a noticeable improvement in quality. With AM, it largely depends on the frequency filters of each receiver how the audio is
504:
is the official standard in the United States as well as other countries, but receivers that implement the technology are no longer readily available to consumers. Used receivers with AM Stereo can be found. Names such as "FM/AM Stereo" or "AM & FM Stereo" can be misleading and usually do not
368:
radiation with minima in certain directions. The power limit can also be depending on daytime and it is possible that a station may not operate at nighttime, because it would then produce too much interference. Other countries may only operate low-powered transmitters on the same frequency, again
273:
Initially, broadcasting in the United States was restricted to two wavelengths: "entertainment" was broadcast at 360 meters (833 kHz), with stations required to switch to 485 meters (619 kHz) when broadcasting weather forecasts, crop price reports and other government reports. This
599:) to achieve equivalent signal strength with vertical masts shorter than a quarter wavelength. A "top hat" of radial wires is occasionally added to the top of mast radiators, to allow the mast to be made shorter. For local broadcast stations and amateur stations of under 5 kW,
93:
is gaining popularity and offers AM stations the chance to switch over if no frequency in the FM band is available, (however digital radio still has coverage issues in many parts of Europe). Many countries in Europe have switched off or limited their MW transmitters since the 2010s.
594:
For medium-wave (AM) broadcasting, quarter-wave masts are between 153 feet (47 m) and 463 feet (141 m) high, depending on the frequency. Because such tall masts can be costly and uneconomic, other types of antennas are often used, which employ capacitive top-loading
340:
Large networks of transmitters are remaining in the UK, Spain, Romania and Italy. In the
Netherlands and Scandinavia, some new idealistically driven stations have launched low power services on the former high power frequencies. This also applies to the ex-offshore pioneer
197:
North
America uses 118 channels from 530 to 1700 kHz using 10 kHz spaced channels. The range above 1610 kHz is primarily only used by low-power stations; it is the preferred range for services with automated traffic, weather, and tourist information.
206:
The channel steps of 9 and 10 kHz require limiting the audio bandwidth to 9 and 10 kHz (at maximum without causing interference; ±4.5 kHz (9 kHz) and ±5 kHz (10 kHz) on each two sidebands) because the audio spectrum is transmitted twice on each
579:
of the standing wave at ground potential and so does not need to be insulated from the ground, have fallen into disuse, except in cases of exceptionally high power, 1 MW or more, where series excitation might be impractical. If grounded masts or towers are required,
495:
Stereo transmission is possible and is or was offered by some stations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, the
Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Australia, The Philippines, Japan, South Korea, South Africa, Italy and France. However, there have been multiple standards for
336:
Many countries have switched off most of their MW transmitters in the 2010s due to cost-cutting and low usage of MW by the listeners. Among those are
Germany, France, Russia, Poland, Sweden, the Benelux, Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia and most of the Balkans.
189:
from 531 to 1602 kHz spaced every 9 kHz. Frequency coordination avoids the use of adjacent channels in one area. The total allocated spectrum including the modulated audio ranges from 526.5 to 1606.5 kHz. Australia uses an
349:
over decades. As the MW band is thinning out, many local stations from the remaining countries as well as from North Africa and the Middle East can now be received all over Europe, but often only weak with much interference.
373:
and the increased availability of satellite and
Internet TV and radio, although the cross-border reception of neighbouring countries' broadcasts by expatriates and other interested listeners still takes place.
281:
realized that as more and more stations were applying for commercial licenses, it was not practical to have every station broadcast on the same three wavelengths. On 15 May 1923, Commerce
Secretary
591:, which need not to be of the same height. It is also possible to realize directional aerials for mediumwave with cage aerials where some parts of the cage are fed with a certain phase difference.
392:
broadcasts from various transmitters on either 693 or 909 kHz. These transmitters are carefully synchronized to minimize interference from more distant transmitters on the same frequency.
224:
Wavelengths in this band are long enough that radio waves are not blocked by buildings and hills and can propagate beyond the horizon following the curvature of the Earth; this is called the
762:
316:(sometimes loosely called ‘skip’). Those stations which shut down completely at night are often known as "daytimers". Similar regulations are in force for Canadian stations, administered by
216:
reproduced. This is a major disadvantage compared to FM and digital modes where the demodulated audio is more objective. Extended audio bandwidths cause interference on adjacent channels.
972:
603:
are often used, which consist of one or more horizontal wires suspended between two masts, attached to a vertical radiator wire. A popular choice for lower-powered stations is the
353:
In Europe, each country is allocated a number of frequencies on which high power (up to 2 MW) can be used; the maximum power is also subject to international agreement by the
584:
or long-wire aerials are used. Another possibility consists of feeding the mast or the tower by cables running from the tuning unit to the guys or crossbars at a certain height.
255:(NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations. These channels are called
1276:
247:
virtually disappears. When this happens, MW radio waves can easily be received many hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be reflected by the higher
654:, inefficient antennas much smaller than a wavelength can be used for receiving. For reception at frequencies below 1.6 MHz, which includes long and medium waves,
309:(FCC) to shut down, reduce power, or employ a directional antenna array at night in order to avoid interference with each other due to night-time only long-distance
82:(AM) is often more prone to interference by various electronic devices, especially power supplies and computers. Strong transmitters cover larger areas than on the
268:
252:
228:. Practical groundwave reception of strong transmitters typically extends to 200–300 miles (320–480 km), with greater distances over terrain with higher
3381:
3353:
3348:
2373:
1789:
2091:
1841:
555:
of radio station WBZ, Massachusetts, USA, 1925. T antennas were the first antennas used for medium wave broadcasting, and are still used at lower power.
89:
MW was the main radio band for broadcasting from the beginnings in the 1920s into the 1950s until FM with a better sound quality took over. In Europe,
3465:
691:
1025:
384:
by many stations (particularly in
Germany). Due to the high demand for frequencies in Europe, many countries set up single frequency networks; in
997:
3375:
2130:
1269:
211:. This is adequate for talk and news but not for high-fidelity music. However, many stations use audio bandwidths up 10 kHz, which is not
634:
for transmitting RIAS used a cross dipole mounted on five 30.5-metre-high guyed masts to transmit the skywave to the ionosphere at nighttime.
377:
In the late 20th century, overcrowding on the Medium wave band was a serious problem in parts of Europe contributing to the early adoption of
3370:
3360:
3340:
3142:
2101:
354:
3548:
505:
signify that the radio will decode C-QUAM AM stereo, whereas a set labelled "FM Stereo/AM Stereo" or "AMAX Stereo" will support AM stereo.
278:
787:
3520:
3365:
3211:
2326:
2150:
1240:
889:
567:
in which the mast structure itself is used as the antenna. Stations broadcasting with low power can use masts with heights of a quarter-
658:
are popular because of their ability to reject locally generated noise. By far the most common antenna for broadcast reception is the
3137:
462:
broadcast in medium wave, with many high power transmitters operating across Japan. There are also some low power relay transmitters.
3231:
1262:
852:
509:
306:
3016:
2564:
2366:
1782:
3127:
539:. Some HD Radio receivers also support C-QUAM AM stereo, although this feature is usually not advertised by the manufacturer.
3122:
2673:
2263:
3534:
291:
and government reports on a different frequency than entertainment. Class A and B stations were segregated into sub-bands.
3458:
3147:
2111:
706:
3432:
3422:
3183:
3080:
2623:
2390:
2038:
1018:
755:
611:. Thus the umbrella antenna uses the guy wires as the top-load part of the antenna. In all these antennas the smaller
3412:
2919:
2359:
2336:
1775:
1377:
1096:
766:
3271:
3193:
3132:
2839:
2309:
2278:
2023:
1933:
1372:
524:
208:
369:
subject to agreement. International medium wave broadcasting in Europe has decreased markedly with the end of the
3043:
3004:
2849:
2749:
2678:
2611:
2438:
3451:
3402:
2644:
2579:
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2418:
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631:
730:
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2522:
2408:
2403:
2288:
2187:
2140:
2048:
1722:
1051:
1011:
536:
361:
232:, and greatest distances over salt water. The groundwave reaches further on lower medium wave frequencies.
86:
but require more energy and longer antennas. Digital modes are possible but have not reached momentum yet.
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2949:
2764:
2709:
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2517:
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1938:
675:
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256:
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1911:
1851:
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79:
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2018:
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1712:
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1418:
1201:
1126:
1111:
547:
389:
378:
365:
288:
243:. At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, the lower ionospheric
229:
74:. The spectrum provides about 120 channels with more limited sound quality than FM stations on the
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3173:
3104:
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2904:
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2814:
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1423:
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531:(DRM) system standardised by ETSI supports stereo and is the ITU-approved system for use outside
516:
294:
In the US and Canada the maximum transmitter power is restricted to 50 kilowatts, while in
791:
626:
are used, which are slung between two masts or towers. Such antennas are intended to radiate a
3256:
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83:
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63:
31:
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to isolate it from the ground. Shunt-excited masts, in which the base of the mast is at a
381:
325:
317:
302:
71:
48:
39:
2487:
1767:
1000:—List of long- and medium wave transmitters with Google Maps links to transmission sites
3087:
2959:
2934:
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1883:
1692:
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623:
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385:
342:
283:
98:
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there are medium wave stations with transmitter power up to 2 megawatts daytime.
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3236:
3009:
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2804:
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1983:
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212:
90:
44:
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2618:
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1805:
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655:
608:
433:
186:
400:
In Asia and the Middle East, many high-powered transmitters remain in operation.
3314:
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2874:
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2819:
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2253:
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1428:
1410:
1306:
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413:
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1823:
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1400:
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1326:
944:
642:
568:
564:
484:
449:
236:
225:
102:
67:
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2769:
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2222:
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1321:
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966:
822:
681:
600:
552:
497:
471:
405:
106:
1254:
259:, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW.
185:
For Europe, Africa and Asia the MW band consists of 120 channels with
3576:
3514:
3299:
3289:
3206:
3031:
2854:
1948:
1901:
1859:
1756:
1573:
1551:
1546:
1516:
1316:
650:
Because at these frequencies atmospheric noise is far above the receiver
520:
513:
475:
445:
421:
370:
97:
The term is a historic one, dating from the early 20th century, when the
563:
are the most common type of antenna used, consisting of a steel lattice
3294:
3279:
1988:
1943:
1897:
1625:
1611:
1003:
627:
425:
321:
310:
248:
244:
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17:
3324:
3284:
2606:
2398:
2351:
2212:
2028:
2002:
1997:
1956:
1907:
1893:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1567:
1496:
501:
295:
455:
China operates many single-frequency networks across the country.
3571:
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3309:
3246:
2554:
2033:
1928:
1820:
1491:
1387:
1301:
991:
696:
641:
546:
483:
479:
441:
437:
417:
401:
239:
and return to Earth at much greater distances; this is called the
38:
235:
Medium waves can also reflect off charged particle layers in the
3492:
3251:
1486:
1481:
3447:
2355:
2168:
1771:
1258:
1007:
527:, which is meant to improve the audio quality of signals. The
2497:
1506:
459:
345:
that now has a licence to use 648 kHz, which was used by the
1329:
987:
788:"§ 73.44 AM transmission system emission limitations"
763:
678:, a digital standard that is applicable on the medium wave
360:
In most cases there are two power limits: a lower one for
973:
Map of
Estimated Effective Ground Conductivity in the USA
983:
805:
869:"MWLIST quick and easy: Europe, Africa and Middle East"
619:
added by the wires attached to the top of the antenna.
969:—the development of the 520–1700 kHz MW (AM) band
646:
Typical ferrite rod antenna used in AM radio receivers
998:
MWLIST quick and easy: Europe, Africa and Middle East
910:
320:; however, daytimers no longer exist in Canada, the
3559:
3541:
3527:
3513:
3506:
3479:
3333:
3270:
3192:
3156:
3113:
3054:
2988:
2697:
2389:
2297:
2236:
2196:
2175:
2120:
2077:
2047:
2011:
1976:
1969:
1921:
1850:
1819:
1812:
1731:
1658:
1587:
1515:
1467:
1409:
1386:
1363:
890:"Fast alle ARD-Radiosender stellen Mittelwelle ein"
843:Christopher H. Sterling; John M. Kittross (2002).
324:having signed off in 2013, after migrating to the
458:As of May 2023, many Japanese broadcasters like
945:"4: MW Aerials – Antennas – Medium Wave Circle"
27:Radio transmission using wavelengths 200-1000 m
845:Stay tuned: a history of American broadcasting
287:and/or abroad), no longer having to broadcast
269:North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement
253:North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement
3459:
2367:
1783:
1270:
1019:
790:. Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from
8:
3382:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3510:
3466:
3452:
3444:
3418:
2374:
2360:
2352:
2165:
1973:
1816:
1790:
1776:
1768:
1346:
1277:
1263:
1255:
1044:
1026:
1012:
1004:
615:of the short radiator is increased by the
51:station, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.
980:—worldwide database of MW and LW stations
731:United Kingdom Frequency Allocation Table
692:List of European medium wave transmitters
122:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
934:, McGraw Hill Book Company, Section 2.6
911:"International Telecommunication Union"
722:
666:) and the ferrite sleeve loop antenna.
3535:List of mediumwave radio broadcasters
817:
815:
508:In September 2002, the United States
355:International Telecommunication Union
7:
3549:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
3428:
3521:List of longwave radio broadcasters
756:United States Frequency Allocations
736:(Report). 22 June 2017. p. 16
25:
630:. The medium-wave transmitter at
510:Federal Communications Commission
307:Federal Communications Commission
3427:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3396:
3017:Free-space optical communication
2324:
1238:
847:. Psychology Press. p. 95.
466:Stereo and digital transmissions
101:was divided on the basis of the
806:"Medium Wave in Central Europe"
587:Directional aerials consist of
117:Spectrum and channel allocation
2264:Error detection and correction
491:TM-152 AM stereo tuner c. 1988
1:
967:"Building the Broadcast Band"
823:"Building the Broadcast Band"
707:Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975
305:stations are required by the
3403:Telecommunication portal
3184:Telecommunications equipment
990:-based club for Medium Wave
47:of a commercial medium wave
2920:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2337:Comparison of radio systems
1378:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
767:U.S. Department of Commerce
220:Propagation characteristics
3614:
2624:Telecommunications history
2310:International broadcasting
2279:FM extended band in Brazil
1373:Very-high-energy gamma ray
525:digital audio broadcasting
469:
266:
29:
3391:
3232:Public Switched Telephone
3044:telecommunication circuit
3005:Fiber-optic communication
2750:Francis Blake (telephone)
2545:Optical telecommunication
2318:
2164:
1292:
1234:
1042:
744:– via ofcom.org.uk.
512:approved the proprietary
3143:Orbital angular-momentum
2580:Satellite communications
2419:Communications satellite
1286:Electromagnetic spectrum
168:North and South America
3567:World Radio TV Handbook
3022:Molecular communication
2845:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2674:Undersea telegraph line
2409:Cable protection system
2289:Shortwave relay station
2188:Audio signal processing
761:(spectrum wall chart).
452:still use medium wave.
109:(LW), medium wave, and
3164:Communication protocol
2950:Charles Sumner Tainter
2765:Walter Houser Brattain
2710:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2518:Information revolution
2183:Audio data compression
1334:
984:The Medium Wave Circle
892:. heise.de. 2015-01-06
825:. Earlyradiohistory.us
676:Digital Radio Mondiale
647:
597:electrical lengthening
556:
529:Digital Radio Mondiale
492:
52:
3138:Polarization-division
2870:Narinder Singh Kapany
2835:Erna Schneider Hoover
2755:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2735:Alexander Graham Bell
2466:online video platform
2284:Multipath propagation
2107:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
1977:Frequency allocations
1852:Frequency allocations
1333:
994:'ers and enthusiasts.
794:on 27 September 2011.
652:signal-to-noise ratio
645:
550:
487:
364:and a higher one for
194:up to 1701 kHz.
140:Europe, Asia, Africa
72:AM radio broadcasting
42:
2980:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2940:Almon Brown Strowger
2910:Charles Grafton Page
2565:Prepaid mobile phone
2493:Electrical telegraph
2237:Technical (emission)
613:radiation resistance
263:Use in North America
80:amplitude modulation
3498:Shortwave listening
2930:Johann Philipp Reis
2689:Wireless revolution
2651:The Telephone Cases
2508:Hydraulic telegraph
1419:Extreme ultraviolet
932:Antenna Engineering
660:ferrite-rod antenna
622:In some rare cases
390:BBC Radio Five Live
301:Most United States
279:Commerce Department
230:ground conductivity
187:carrier frequencies
62:) is a part of the
3487:Broadcast listener
3128:Frequency-division
3105:Telephone exchange
2975:Charles Wheatstone
2905:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2880:Innocenzo Manzetti
2815:Reginald Fessenden
2550:Optical telegraphy
2383:Telecommunications
1424:Vacuum ultraviolet
1335:
808:. 21 January 2020.
648:
638:Receiving antennas
559:For broadcasting,
557:
517:in-band on-channel
493:
113:(SW) radio bands.
105:of the waves into
53:
3585:
3584:
3555:
3554:
3441:
3440:
3179:Store and forward
3174:Data transmission
3088:Network switching
3039:Transmission line
2885:Guglielmo Marconi
2850:Internet pioneers
2715:Mohamed M. Atalla
2684:Whistled language
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2269:FM broadcast band
2176:Technical (audio)
2073:
2072:
1965:
1964:
1765:
1764:
1469:Visible (optical)
1252:
1251:
1229:
1228:
930:Weeks, W.L 1968,
601:T- and L-antennas
347:BBC World Service
181:
180:
84:FM broadcast band
76:FM broadcast band
16:(Redirected from
3605:
3511:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3272:Notable networks
3262:Wireless network
3202:Cellular network
3194:Types of network
3169:Computer network
3056:Network topology
2970:Thomas A. Watson
2825:Oliver Heaviside
2810:Philo Farnsworth
2785:Daniel Davis Jr.
2760:Charles Bourseul
2720:John Logie Baird
2429:Data compression
2424:Computer network
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2331:Radio portal
2329:
2328:
2327:
2305:History of radio
2249:AM expanded band
2166:
2049:Commercial radio
1974:
1817:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1340:
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1245:Radio portal
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796:
795:
784:
778:
777:
775:
774:
760:
752:
746:
745:
743:
741:
735:
727:
712:Monopole antenna
664:Beverage antenna
605:umbrella antenna
537:U.S. territories
171:530–1,700
157:522–1,710
143:522–1,602
123:
70:used mainly for
64:medium frequency
32:Medium frequency
21:
3613:
3612:
3608:
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3588:
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3474:Radio listening
3472:
3442:
3437:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3329:
3266:
3188:
3152:
3109:
3058:
3050:
2991:
2984:
2890:Robert Metcalfe
2745:Tim Berners-Lee
2693:
2513:Information Age
2385:
2380:
2350:
2341:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2293:
2274:FM broadcasting
2244:AM broadcasting
2232:
2192:
2171:
2160:
2116:
2069:
2043:
2012:Digital systems
2007:
1992:
1961:
1922:Digital systems
1917:
1846:
1808:
1796:
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1727:
1654:
1629:
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1463:
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1338:
1336:
1288:
1283:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:300 MHz/1 m
1220:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1176:300 kHz/1 km
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1131:300 Hz/1 Mm
1130:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1101:300 GHz/1 mm
1100:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1057:
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1038:
1032:
963:
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828:
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803:
799:
786:
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781:
772:
770:
758:
754:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:
724:
720:
702:Satellite radio
672:
640:
624:dipole antennas
545:
482:
468:
398:
382:FM broadcasting
362:omnidirectional
334:
318:Industry Canada
271:
265:
222:
204:
119:
49:AM broadcasting
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3611:
3609:
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3590:
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3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Space-division
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
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3019:
3014:
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3002:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Camille Tissot
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Claude Shannon
2932:
2927:
2925:Tivadar Puskás
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Antonio Meucci
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Charles K. Kao
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Harold Hopkins
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Emile Berliner
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
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2679:Videotelephony
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2594:
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2592:
2582:
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2575:Radiotelephone
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
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2485:
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2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Internet video
2453:
2452:
2451:
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2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
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2256:
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2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2223:Kahn-Hazeltine
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:Related topics
2169:
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2161:
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2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2118:
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2066:
2065:
2054:
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2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1941:
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1267:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1213:
1211:
1206:30 MHz/10 m
1198:
1196:
1183:
1181:
1168:
1166:
1161:30 kHz/10 km
1153:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1116:30 Hz/10 Mm
1108:
1106:
1093:
1091:
1086:30 GHz/10 mm
1078:
1076:
1063:
1061:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:Radio spectrum
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1002:
1001:
995:
981:
975:
970:
962:
961:External links
959:
957:
956:
936:
923:
902:
881:
860:
853:
835:
811:
797:
779:
769:. January 2016
747:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
671:
668:
639:
636:
609:ground anchors
589:multiple masts
561:mast radiators
544:
541:
467:
464:
397:
394:
343:Radio Caroline
333:
330:
284:Herbert Hoover
264:
261:
257:clear channels
221:
218:
203:
200:
183:
182:
179:
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175:
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169:
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158:
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130:
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118:
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99:radio spectrum
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3610:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3575:
3573:
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3565:
3564:
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3546:
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3532:
3530:
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3522:
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3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
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3469:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3434:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3383:
3379:
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3347:
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3344:
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3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
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3313:
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3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
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3281:
3278:
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3275:
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3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
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3243:
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3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3148:Code-division
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Time-division
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:and switching
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:optical fiber
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Coaxial cable
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Radia Perlman
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Lee de Forest
2803:
2801:
2800:Thomas Edison
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Donald Davies
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Claude Chappe
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
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2733:
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2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Smoke signals
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:Semiconductor
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
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2556:
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2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
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2534:
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2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:Digital media
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
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2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
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2308:
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2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Digital radio
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
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2211:
2209:
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2200:
2195:
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2181:
2180:
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2174:
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2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
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2084:
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2037:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1955:
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1950:
1947:
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1804:
1803:digital audio
1800:
1793:
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1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1224:
1223:3 GHz/100 mm
1219:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1191:3 MHz/100 m
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:300 kHz/1 km
1159:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1148:30 kHz/10 km
1146:3 kHz/100 km
1144:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:3 kHz/100 km
1129:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1103:3 THz/0.1 mm
1099:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:300 GHz/1 mm
1084:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:30 GHz/10 mm
1071:3 GHz/100 mm
1069:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1056:3 Hz/100 Mm
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
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989:
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946:
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933:
927:
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891:
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870:
864:
861:
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854:0-8058-2624-6
850:
846:
839:
836:
824:
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816:
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732:
726:
723:
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695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
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669:
667:
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661:
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656:loop antennas
653:
644:
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633:
629:
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602:
598:
592:
590:
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566:
562:
554:
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534:
533:North America
530:
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481:
477:
473:
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367:
363:
358:
356:
351:
348:
344:
338:
332:Use in Europe
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
285:
280:
277:In 1923, the
275:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
219:
217:
214:
210:
202:Sound quality
201:
199:
195:
193:
192:expanded band
188:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
129:kHz (centre)
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
91:digital radio
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
45:mast radiator
41:
37:
33:
19:
3115:Multiplexing
2990:Transmission
2955:Nikola Tesla
2945:Henry Sutton
2900:Samuel Morse
2830:Robert Hooke
2795:Amos Dolbear
2730:John Bardeen
2649:
2629:Telautograph
2533:Mobile phone
2488:Edholm's law
2471:social media
2404:Broadcasting
2322:
1869:
1806:broadcasting
1751:
1337:
1236:
1215:
1214:
1208:300 MHz/1 m
1200:
1199:
1193:30 MHz/10 m
1185:
1184:
1178:3 MHz/100 m
1170:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1124:
1118:300 Hz/1 Mm
1110:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1058:30 Hz/10 Mm
1050:
1049:
948:. Retrieved
939:
931:
926:
915:. Retrieved
905:
894:. Retrieved
884:
872:. Retrieved
863:
844:
838:
827:. Retrieved
800:
792:the original
782:
771:. Retrieved
750:
738:. Retrieved
725:
649:
632:Berlin-Britz
621:
593:
586:
558:
507:
494:
488:
457:
454:
434:Saudi Arabia
399:
376:
359:
352:
339:
335:
322:last station
300:
293:
276:
272:
234:
223:
205:
196:
184:
96:
88:
59:
55:
54:
36:
3315:NPL network
3027:Radio waves
2965:Alfred Vail
2875:Hedy Lamarr
2860:Dawon Kahng
2820:Elisha Gray
2780:Yogen Dalal
2705:Nasir Ahmed
2639:Teleprinter
2503:Heliographs
2254:Cable radio
2197:Technical (
1957:DVB-T2 Lite
1813:Terrestrial
1752:Medium wave
1429:Lyman-alpha
1411:Ultraviolet
1350:wavelengths
1343:frequencies
1307:Ultraviolet
874:11 December
617:capacitance
430:Philippines
414:North Korea
410:South Korea
396:Use in Asia
366:directional
314:propagation
56:Medium wave
3529:Mediumwave
3361:Antarctica
3320:Toasternet
3242:Television
2725:Paul Baran
2657:Television
2641:(teletype)
2634:Telegraphy
2612:transistor
2590:Phryctoria
2560:Photophone
2538:Smartphone
2528:Mass media
2136:DirectBand
2122:Subcarrier
1824:modulation
1733:Wavelength
1589:Microwaves
1401:Hard X-ray
1396:Soft X-ray
1365:Gamma rays
1297:Gamma rays
950:2021-11-28
917:2009-04-24
896:2015-12-31
829:2010-05-07
773:2017-08-22
740:August 22,
718:References
569:wavelength
565:guyed mast
551:Multiwire
523:system of
470:See also:
450:Bangladesh
267:See also:
237:ionosphere
226:groundwave
154:Australia
111:short wave
103:wavelength
68:radio band
3598:Bandplans
3543:Shortwave
3507:Listening
3345:Americas
3334:Locations
3305:Internet2
3066:Bandwidth
2770:Vint Cerf
2667:streaming
2645:Telephone
2585:Semaphore
2476:streaming
2199:AM stereo
2058:Sirius XM
2051:providers
1970:Satellite
1747:Shortwave
1742:Microwave
1322:Microwave
682:DAB radio
573:insulator
553:T antenna
498:AM stereo
489:Realistic
472:AM stereo
406:Indonesia
209:side band
135:channels
107:long wave
3592:Category
3577:QSL card
3515:Longwave
3413:Category
3300:Internet
3290:CYCLADES
3207:Ethernet
3157:Concepts
3081:terminal
3032:wireless
2855:Bob Kahn
2698:Pioneers
2523:Internet
2414:Cable TV
2298:Cultural
2228:Magnavox
2201:formats)
2151:SCA/SCMO
2146:RDS/RBDS
1949:HD Radio
1939:DRM/DRM+
1934:DAB/DAB+
1757:Longwave
1517:Infrared
1317:Infrared
687:FM radio
670:See also
543:Antennas
521:HD Radio
514:iBiquity
476:HD Radio
446:Pakistan
422:Thailand
371:Cold War
357:(ITU).
303:AM radio
132:spacing
43:Typical
3433:Commons
3423:Outline
3376:Oceania
3295:FidoNet
3280:ARPANET
3093:circuit
2662:digital
2391:History
2124:signals
2092:AMR-WB+
1944:FMeXtra
1348:longer
1341:higher
1312:Visible
628:skywave
519:(IBOC)
426:Vietnam
386:Britain
326:FM band
311:skywave
289:weather
249:F layer
245:D layer
241:skywave
174:10 kHz
18:AM band
3371:Europe
3341:Africa
3325:Usenet
3285:BITNET
3222:Mobile
3098:packet
2607:MOSFET
2602:device
2399:Beacon
2218:Harris
2213:C-QUAM
2102:HE-AAC
2079:Codecs
2063:Canada
2029:DVB-SH
2003:S band
1998:L band
1984:C band
1908:L band
1799:Analog
1650:L band
1645:S band
1640:C band
1635:X band
1621:K band
1607:Q band
1602:V band
1597:W band
1502:Orange
1497:Yellow
1477:Violet
1388:X-rays
1302:X-rays
978:MWLIST
851:
502:C-QUAM
478:, and
296:Europe
160:9 kHz
146:9 kHz
3572:SINPO
3560:Other
3489:(BCL)
3480:Types
3354:South
3349:North
3310:JANET
3247:Telex
3237:Radio
3076:Nodes
3071:Links
2992:media
2570:Radio
2555:Pager
2483:Drums
2449:video
2444:image
2434:audio
2208:Belar
2034:S-DMB
2024:DAB-S
1929:CAM-D
1842:COFDM
1821:Radio
1735:types
1660:Radio
1556:Bands
1529:Bands
1492:Green
1327:Radio
1037:(ITU)
913:. ITU
759:(PDF)
734:(PDF)
697:MW DX
480:DRM30
442:India
438:Egypt
418:Japan
402:China
213:hi-fi
126:area
66:(MF)
3493:DXer
3366:Asia
3252:UUCP
3212:ISDN
2156:DARC
2131:AMSS
2112:DRA+
1993:band
1902:high
1801:and
1630:band
1616:band
1574:LWIR
1552:MWIR
1547:SWIR
1487:Cyan
1482:Blue
986:- A
876:2015
849:ISBN
742:2017
582:cage
577:node
535:and
448:and
177:118
163:131
149:120
3257:WAN
3227:NGN
3217:LAN
2498:Fax
2439:DCT
2141:PAD
2097:HDC
2087:AAC
2039:SDR
2019:ADR
1953:CDR
1912:UHF
1898:mid
1894:low
1890:VHF
1723:ELF
1718:SLF
1713:ULF
1708:VLF
1688:VHF
1683:UHF
1678:SHF
1673:EHF
1668:THF
1579:FIR
1525:NIR
1507:Red
1459:UVA
1454:UVB
1449:UVC
1444:NUV
1439:MUV
1434:FUV
1217:UHF
1202:VHF
1142:VLF
1127:ULF
1112:SLF
1097:THF
1082:EHF
1067:SHF
1052:ELF
460:NHK
379:VHF
3594::
1900:/
1896:/
1884:HF
1880:SW
1874:MF
1870:MW
1864:LF
1860:LW
1837:FM
1832:AM
1703:LF
1698:MF
1693:HF
1566:,
1562:,
1558::
1539:,
1535:,
1531::
1187:HF
1172:MF
1157:LF
992:DX
988:UK
814:^
765:,
500:.
474:,
444:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
428:,
424:,
420:,
416:,
412:,
408:,
404:,
388:,
328:.
60:MW
3467:e
3460:t
3453:v
3384:)
3380:(
2375:e
2368:t
2361:v
1991:u
1989:K
1914:)
1910:(
1904:)
1892:(
1886:)
1882:(
1876:)
1872:(
1866:)
1862:(
1791:e
1784:t
1777:v
1628:u
1626:K
1614:a
1612:K
1570:)
1568:N
1564:M
1560:L
1554:(
1543:)
1541:H
1537:K
1533:J
1527:(
1353:→
1339:←
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
953:.
920:.
899:.
878:.
857:.
832:.
776:.
595:(
58:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
