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We conclude that the residual signature is due either to a diffuse extragalactic background of emission from discrete radio sources with properties somewhat different than the faint end of the distribution of known sources or to unmodeled residual emission from our own Galaxy. Although we believe the
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In 2011, the ARCADE 2 researchers reported, "Correcting for instrumental systematic errors in measurements such as ARCADE 2 is always a primary concern. We emphasize that we detect residual emission at 3 GHz with the ARCADE 2 data, but the result is also independently detected by a combination of
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instrument package intended to measure the heating of the universe by the first stars and galaxies after the big bang and search for the signal of relic decay or annihilation. In July 2006 a strong residual radio source was found using the radiometer, approximately six times what is predicted by
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pumps in order to drench the radiometers in liquid helium. The design also utilized heaters in order to create a cloud of helium gas, in place of using a (relatively warm) window, which also simplified processing of the observational data.
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has been used to indicate the hypothesis that the ARCADE 2 results indicate that the actual faint end of the emission distribution of known sources is significantly different from the expected value predicted by the
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Kogut, A.; Fixsen, D; Fixsen, S; Levin, S; Limon, M; Lowe, L; Mirel, P; Seiffert, M; Singal, J; Lubin, P; Wollack, E (December 2006). "ARCADE: Absolute radiometer for cosmology, astrophysics, and diffuse emission".
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which cooled them in order to prevent the instruments from seeing the walls of the container, thereby simplifying the processing of the observational data. This design choice necessitated the use of
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Seiffert, M.; Fixsen, D. J.; Kogut, A.; Levin, S. M.; Limon, M.; Lubin, P. M.; Mirel, P.; Singal, J.; Villela, T.; Wollack, E.; Wuensche, C. A. (10 June 2011).
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ARCADE viewed about 7% of the sky. The observed region is colored on this all-sky radio map. The plane of our galaxy, the Milky Way, runs across the center.
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The ARCADE 2 science team came to the following conclusion concerning the unexpected residual emission at 3 GHz:
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The instrument is designed to detect radiation at centimeter wavelengths. The craft contained seven
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which were cooled to 2.7 K (−270.45 °C; −454.81 °F) using
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Absolute
Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission
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Absolute
Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission
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former to be more likely, we cannot exclude the latter explanation.
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theory. This phenomenon is known as "space roar" and remains an
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have frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 GHz. The term
312:"NASA Balloon Mission Tunes in to a Cosmic Radio Mystery"
291:"NASA Balloon Mission Tunes in to a Cosmic Radio Mystery"
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266:List of cosmic microwave background experiments
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508:Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB)
175:. The program is composed of a team led by
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894:Cosmic microwave background experiments
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191:, conducted under the auspices of the
271:Cosmic microwave background radiation
256:given the known sources of emission.
167:ARCADE has been funded by the NASA's
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185:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility
310:Reddy, Francis (January 7, 2009).
183:. ARCADE was launched from NASA's
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406:Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
388:Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
154:unsolved problem in astrophysics
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147:) is a program which utilizes
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714:Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
889:Goddard Space Flight Center
789:Mobile Anisotropy Telescope
749:Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope
709:Atacama Cosmology Telescope
384:"ARCADE Instrument Summary"
362:10.1016/j.newar.2006.09.023
181:Goddard Space Flight Center
169:Science Mission Directorate
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519:Discovery of CMB radiation
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524:Timeline of CMB astronomy
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454:10.1088/0004-637x/734/1/6
431:The Astrophysical Journal
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899:Balloon-borne telescopes
879:Astronomical instruments
754:Cosmic Background Imager
560:Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect
122:Related media on Commons
228:low-frequency data and
197:Wallops Flight Facility
21:Arcade (disambiguation)
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193:Balloon Program Office
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41:Alternative names
402:"Stupid Dewar Tricks"
332:New Astronomy Reviews
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149:high-altitude balloon
834:South Pole Telescope
578:image (2018) of the
19:For other uses, see
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354:2006NewAR..50..925K
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874:2006 introductions
829:Simons Observatory
565:Thomson scattering
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338:(11–12): 925–931.
299:. January 7, 2009.
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590:Experiments
245:Radio waves
212:dewar flask
204:radiometers
868:Categories
784:LSPE/STRIP
779:Keck Array
774:GroundBIRD
764:COSMOSOMAS
658:LSPE/SWIPE
277:References
249:space roar
216:superfluid
179:of NASA's
177:Alan Kogut
171:under the
74:2006
59:2001
824:Saskatoon
799:POLARBEAR
653:BOOMERanG
844:Tenerife
643:Archeops
622:RELIKT-1
610:LiteBIRD
437:(1): 6.
370:18757986
260:See also
99:/archive
819:QUIJOTE
636:Balloon
574:4-year
533:Effects
439:Bibcode
350:Bibcode
101:/arcade
86:Website
744:CAPMAP
692:Ground
683:TopHat
678:Spider
668:MAXIMA
648:ARCADE
616:Planck
576:Planck
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145:ARCADE
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27:ARCADE
814:QUIET
809:QUBIC
759:CLASS
719:AMiBA
704:ACBAR
598:Space
427:(PDF)
366:S2CID
340:arXiv
230:FIRAS
129:[
95:.nasa
93:.gsfc
804:QUaD
794:OVRO
769:DASI
739:BIMA
729:ATCA
724:APEX
673:QMAP
663:EBEX
627:WMAP
605:COBE
316:NASA
296:NASA
97:.gov
839:SZA
699:ABS
580:CMB
449:doi
435:734
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232:."
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