3361:
2867:, and large feeder circuits with heavy current loads, due to the various advantages they offer over copper wiring. Aluminium conductors both cost and weigh less than copper conductors, so a much larger cross sectional area can be used for the same weight and price. This can compensate for the higher resistance and lower mechanical strength of aluminium, meaning the larger cross sectional area is needed to achieve comparable current capacity and other features. Aluminium conductors must be installed with compatible connectors and special care must be taken to ensure the contact surface does not oxidise.
3348:(K&T) wiring: single conductors were run through cavities between the structural members in walls and ceilings, with ceramic tubes forming protective channels through joists and ceramic knobs attached to the structural members to provide air between the wire and the lumber and to support the wires. Since air was free to circulate over the wires, smaller conductors could be used than required in cables. By arranging wires on opposite sides of building structural members, some protection was afforded against short-circuits that can be caused by driving a nail into both conductors simultaneously.
2691:
Special cable fittings may be applied to prevent explosive gases from flowing in the interior of jacketed cables, where the cable passes through areas where flammable gases are present. To prevent loosening of the connections of individual conductors of a cable, cables must be supported near their entrance to devices and at regular intervals along their runs. In tall buildings, special designs are required to support the conductors of vertical runs of cable. Generally, only one cable per fitting is permitted, unless the fitting is rated or listed for multiple cables.
431:. Hence national standards follow an identical system of sections and chapters. However, this standard is not written in such language that it can readily be adopted as a national wiring code. Neither is it designed for field use by electrical tradespeople and inspectors for testing compliance with national wiring standards. By contrast, national codes, such as the NEC or CSA C22.1, generally exemplify the common objectives of IEC 60364, but provide specific rules in a form that allows for guidance of those installing and inspecting electrical systems.
2798:
384:
1771:
1490:
1390:
1834:
1505:
971:
1229:
rule.) In buildings with multiple voltage systems, the grounded conductors (neutrals) of both systems are required to be separately identified and made distinguishable to avoid cross-system connections. Most often, 120/208-volt systems use white insulation, while 277/480-volt systems use grey insulation, although this particular colour code is not currently an explicit requirement of the NEC. Some local jurisdictions do specify required colour coding in their local building codes, however.
1786:
1781:
1500:
1844:
1839:
1776:
1510:
1495:
923:
3430:
2487:
2247:
2171:
2093:
1860:
1735:
1658:
1628:
1594:
1533:
1411:
2300:
1909:
1802:
2253:
2086:
1866:
1546:
1075:
3200:
665:
3163:– meaning "for all".) Each live ("hot") conductor of such a system is a rigid piece of copper or aluminium, usually in flat bars (but sometimes as tubing or other shapes). Open bus bars are never used in publicly accessible areas, although they are used in manufacturing plants and power company switch yards to gain the benefit of air cooling. A variation is to use heavy cables, especially where it is desirable to transpose or "roll" phases.
1902:
1650:
1621:
1525:
1397:
881:
3017:
1157:
1795:
2687:. Tables in electrical safety codes give the maximum allowable current based on size of conductor, voltage potential, insulation type and thickness, and the temperature rating of the cable itself. The allowable current will also be different for wet or dry locations, for hot (attic) or cool (underground) locations. In a run of cable through several areas, the part with the lowest rating becomes the rating of the overall run.
2512:
frequent wiring changes can be expected, large apparatus may be installed and special conditions of heat or moisture may apply. Heavy industries have more demanding wiring requirements, such as very large currents and higher voltages, frequent changes of equipment layout, corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres. In facilities that handle flammable gases or liquids, special rules may govern the installation and wiring of
997:
2285:
2275:
2263:
2033:
2028:
1885:
1716:
3171:
610:
2294:
2280:
2268:
2238:
2225:
2211:
2199:
2162:
2150:
2137:
2122:
2077:
2052:
2023:
2001:
1959:
1952:
1933:
1890:
1853:
1808:
1741:
1728:
1682:
1675:
1641:
1608:
1603:
1585:
1570:
1539:
1519:
1472:
1455:
1440:
1377:
1372:
1575:
1460:
1403:
2940:
1087:
1065:
1019:
990:
941:
851:
2231:
2216:
2064:
2011:
1938:
1721:
1613:
1382:
471:. The first edition was published in 1882. In 2018, the 18th edition of the wiring regulations BS7671:2018 was released and came into force in January 2019 and BS7671:2018 Amendment 2 was issued March 2022. BS 7671 is the standard to which the UK electrical industry adheres, and compliance with BS 7671 is now required by law through the Electricity, Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002.
3337:
1143:
1101:
1039:
1032:
1025:
983:
961:
913:
893:
864:
845:
809:
766:
761:
732:
725:
703:
696:
797:
713:
677:
2206:
2194:
2142:
2006:
1928:
1895:
1711:
1667:
1565:
1450:
1435:
3259:
3067:
2887:
2711:
2559:
2426:
1243:
555:
331:
1150:
1094:
954:
947:
907:
858:
816:
935:
900:
871:
823:
775:
739:
689:
3128:
785:
1007:
833:
749:
2978:) tubing. Rectangular cross-section metal or PVC wire troughs (North America) or trunking (UK) may be used if many circuits are required. Wires run underground may be run in plastic tubing encased in concrete, but metal elbows may be used in severe pulls. Wiring in exposed areas, for example factory floors, may be run in cable trays or rectangular raceways having lids.
1049:
274:
2652:
for very flexible service or in marine applications may be protected by woven bronze wires. Power or communications cables (e.g., computer networking) that are routed in or through air-handling spaces (plenums) of office buildings are required under the model building code to be either encased in metal conduit, or rated for low flame and smoke production.
1110:
2656:
3414:
634:
as they were deemed to be too close to other colours. Even so, there were unavoidable clashes. Blue was a phase conductor in the United
Kingdom and Ireland, which delayed the adoption of the new colours for several decades. But flexible cable was changed pretty much instantly following pressure from manufacturers of appliances.
3166:
In industrial applications, conductor bars are often pre-assembled with insulators in grounded enclosures. This assembly, known as bus duct or busway, can be used for connections to large switchgear or for bringing the main power feed into a building. A form of bus duct known as "plug-in bus" is used
2620:
insulation, plus a wire for
Protective Earthing/Grounding (bonding), surrounded by a flexible plastic jacket. In North America and the UK this conductor is usually bare wire but in the UK it is required that this bare Protective Earth (PE) conductor be sheathed in Green/Yellow insulating tubing where
1228:
In the United States, colour-coding of three-phase system conductors follows a de facto standard, wherein black, red, and blue are used for three-phase 120/208-volt systems, and brown, orange or violet, and yellow are used in 277/480-volt systems. (Violet avoids conflict with the NEC's high-leg delta
1224:
The introduction of the NEC clearly states that it is not intended to be a design manual, and therefore creating a colour code for ungrounded or "hot" conductors falls outside the scope and purpose of the NEC. However, it is a common misconception that "hot" conductor colour-coding is required by the
411:
standard, commonly known as the "wiring rules", specifies requirements for the selection and installation of electrical equipment, and the design and testing of such installations. The standard is mandatory in both New
Zealand and Australia; therefore, all electrical work covered by the standard must
3390:
manufactured fittings for the system and a few buildings were wired with it, it was never adopted into the US National
Electrical Code. Drawbacks of the system were that special fittings were required, and that any defect in the connection of the sheath would result in the sheath becoming energised.
2651:
Cables for industrial, commercial and apartment buildings may contain many insulated conductors in an overall jacket, with helical tape steel or aluminium armour, or steel wire armour, and perhaps as well an overall PVC or lead jacket for protection from moisture and physical damage. Cables intended
3369:
In the United
Kingdom, an early form of insulated cable, introduced in 1896, consisted of two impregnated-paper-insulated conductors in an overall lead sheath. Joints were soldered, and special fittings were used for lamp holders and switches. These cables were similar to underground telegraph and
2823:
Solid aluminium conductors were originally made in the 1960s from a utility-grade aluminium alloy that had undesirable properties for a building wire, and were used with wiring devices intended for copper conductors. These practices were found to cause defective connections and fire hazards. In the
633:
From 1970 European countries started a process of harmonising their wiring colours, as several countries had chosen the same colour to denote different wires. The new harmonised colours were chosen mainly because no country had used them. Colours like pink, orange and turquoise were not available
3316:
were done similarly to telegraph connections, and soldered for security. Underground conductors were insulated with wrappings of cloth tape soaked in pitch, and laid in wooden troughs which were then buried. Such wiring systems were unsatisfactory because of the danger of electrocution and fire,
3190:
is used. Each phase of the circuit is run in a separate grounded metal enclosure. The only fault possible is a phase-to-ground fault, since the enclosures are separated. This type of bus can be rated up to 50,000 amperes and up to hundreds of kilovolts (during normal service, not just for faults),
2690:
Cables usually are secured with special fittings where they enter electrical apparatus; this may be a simple screw clamp for jacketed cables in a dry location, or a polymer-gasketed cable connector that mechanically engages the armour of an armoured cable and provides a water-resistant connection.
1197:
In 2004, the UK adopted the
European Union standard for phase colours of brown, black, and grey, and for neutral, blue. However, the old phase colours of red, yellow, and blue with black for neutral are still found in old installations. Single-phase wiring should strictly be in brown (red in old
3377:
A system developed in
Germany called "Kuhlo wire" used one, two, or three rubber-insulated wires in a brass or lead-coated iron sheet tube, with a crimped seam. The enclosure could also be used as a return conductor. Kuhlo wire could be run exposed on surfaces and painted, or embedded in plaster.
2694:
Special cable constructions and termination techniques are required for cables installed in ships. Such assemblies are subjected to environmental and mechanical extremes. Therefore, in addition to electrical and fire safety concerns, such cables may also be required to be pressure-resistant where
2519:
Wires and cables are rated by the circuit voltage, temperature rating and environmental conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can be used. A wire or cable has a voltage (to neutral) rating and a maximum conductor surface temperature rating. The amount of current a cable or
1170:
In Sweden, IEC 60364 is implemented through the national standard SS-436 40 000. Notable is the exception for blue, where while the colour normally is used for neutral may be used as connecting wire between switches and between switch and fixture, as well as phase wire in a two-phase circuit, all
2839:
under pressure, so older plain steel screw clamped connections could become loose over time. Newer electrical devices designed for aluminium conductors have features intended to compensate for this effect. Unlike copper, aluminium forms an insulating oxide layer on the surface. This is sometimes
2832:, etc. — were specially designed for the purpose. These newer aluminium wires and special designs address problems with junctions between dissimilar metals, oxidation on metal surfaces, and mechanical effects that occur as different metals expand at different rates with increases in temperature.
2734:
is run to the service entrance point. The cable is a three conductor twisted "triplex" cable with a bare neutral and two insulated conductors, with no overall cable jacket. The neutral conductor is often a supporting "messenger" steel wire, which is used to support the insulated line conductors.
3167:
to distribute power down the length of a building; it is constructed to allow tap-off switches or motor controllers to be installed at designated places along the bus. The big advantage of this scheme is the ability to remove or add a branch circuit without removing voltage from the whole duct.
3419:. These were two or more solid copper electrical wires with rubber insulation, plus woven cotton cloth over each conductor for protection of the insulation, with an overall woven jacket, usually impregnated with tar as a protection from moisture. Waxed paper was used as a filler and separator.
3385:
A somewhat similar system called "concentric wiring" was introduced in the United States around 1905. In this system, an insulated electrical wire was wrapped with copper tape which was then soldered, forming the grounded (return) conductor of the wiring system. The bare metal sheath, at earth
3035:
Local electrical regulations may restrict or place special requirements on mixing of voltage levels within one cable tray. Good design practices may segregate, for example, low level measurement or signal cables from trays carrying high power branch circuits, to prevent induction of noise into
3031:
are used in industrial areas where many insulated cables are run together. Individual cables can exit the tray at any point, simplifying the wiring installation and reducing the labour cost for installing new cables. Power cables may have fittings in the tray to maintain clearance between the
2511:
Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex, for example, are simple, with relatively low power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and layout, usually with dry, moderate temperature and non-corrosive environmental conditions. In a light commercial environment, more
3422:
Over time, rubber-insulated cables become brittle because of exposure to atmospheric oxygen, so they must be handled with care and are usually replaced during renovations. When switches, socket outlets or light fixtures are replaced, the mere act of tightening connections may cause hardened
1189:
requires the use of wire covered with green/yellow striped insulation, for safety earthing (grounding) connections. This growing international standard was adopted for its distinctive appearance, to reduce the likelihood of dangerous confusion of safety earthing (grounding) wires with other
503:(NEC). States, counties or cities often include the NEC in their local building codes by reference along with local differences. The NEC is modified every three years. It is a consensus code considering suggestions from interested parties. The proposals are studied by committees of
3245:, rats, and other rodents may gnaw on unprotected wiring, causing fire and shock hazards. This is especially true of PVC-insulated telephone and computer network cables. Several techniques have been developed to deter these pests, including insulation loaded with pepper dust.
3321:
arose in the 1880s with the commercial introduction of electrical power; however, many conflicting standards existed for the selection of wire sizes and other design rules for electrical installations, and a need was seen to introduce uniformity on the grounds of safety.
534:) and states that the code addresses the fundamental principles of electrical protection in Section 131. The Canadian code reprints Chapter 13 of IEC 60364, but there are no numerical criteria listed in that chapter to assess the adequacy of any electrical installation.
3351:
By the 1940s, the labor cost of installing two conductors rather than one cable resulted in a decline in new knob-and-tube installations. However, the US code still allows new K&T wiring installations in special situations (some rural and industrial applications).
2856:"copper-aluminium-revised" designation) were developed to reduce these problems. While larger sizes are still used to feed power to electrical panels and large devices, aluminium wiring for residential use has acquired a poor reputation and has fallen out of favour.
1198:
system), regardless of which phase it originated from, but it is common practice to use three-core cable in the three-phase colours for two-way lighting switches. The accepted practice is to sleeve the ends of the cores in brown or blue sleeves as appropriate.
3182:
Bus ducts may have all phase conductors in the same enclosure (non-isolated bus), or may have each conductor separated by a grounded barrier from the adjacent phases (segregated bus). For conducting large currents between devices, a cable bus is used.
3311:
The first interior power wiring systems used conductors that were bare or covered with cloth, which were secured by staples to the framing of the building or on running boards. Where conductors went through walls, they were protected with cloth tape.
2682:
The environment of the installed wires determine how much current a cable is permitted to carry. Because multiple conductors bundled in a cable cannot dissipate heat as easily as single insulated conductors, those circuits are always rated at a lower
1220:
system to have orange insulation, or to be identified by other suitable means such as tagging. Prior to the adoption of orange as the suggested colour for the high-leg in the 1971 NEC, it was common practice in some areas to use red for this purpose.
3472:
with grooves cut for single conductor wires, covered by a wooden cap strip. These were prohibited in North
American electrical codes by 1928. Wooden moulding was also used to some degree in the UK, but was never permitted by German and Austrian
443:
is the organisation responsible for the promulgation of electrical standards and safety specifications. DIN VDE 0100 is the German wiring regulations document harmonised with IEC 60364. In
Germany, blue can also mean phase or switched phase.
3364:
Lead-cased electrical cable from a circa 1912 house in southern
England. Two conductors are sheathed in red and black rubber, and the central earth wire is bare. These cables are dangerous because the sheath is prone to split if repeatedly
3464:
installations to electric lighting. Insulated conductors were pulled through the pipes that had formerly supplied the gas lamps. Although used occasionally, this method risked insulation damage from sharp edges inside the pipe at each
3479:
During the first years of the 20th century, various patented forms of wiring system such as Bergman and Peschel tubing were used to protect wiring; these used very thin fibre tubes, or metal tubes which were also used as return
2851:
Some terminations on wiring devices designed only for copper wire would overheat under heavy current load and cause fires when used with aluminium conductors. Revised standards for wire materials and wiring devices (such as the
625:, some colour-coding of wires is mandatory. Many local rules and exceptions exist per country, state, or region. Older installations vary in colour codes, and colours may fade with insulation exposure to heat, light, and aging.
306:
Associated circuit protection, control, and distribution devices within a building's wiring system are subject to voltage, current, and functional specifications. Wiring safety codes vary by locality, country, or region. The
3039:
Since wires run in conduits or underground cannot dissipate heat as easily as in open air, and since adjacent circuits contribute induced currents, wiring regulations give rules to establish the current capacity (ampacity).
3370:
telephone cables of the time. Paper-insulated cables proved unsuitable for interior wiring installations because very careful workmanship was required on the lead sheaths to ensure moisture did not affect the insulation.
3399:
Armored cables with two rubber-insulated conductors in a flexible metal sheath were used as early as 1906, and were considered at the time a better method than open knob-and-tube wiring, although much more expensive.
3441:
insulation and jackets were introduced, especially for residential wiring. About the same time, single conductors with a thinner PVC insulation and a thin nylon jacket (e.g. US Type THN, THHN, etc.) became common.
3491:
Metal moulding systems, with a flattened oval section consisting of a base strip and a snap-on cap channel, were more costly than open wiring or wooden moulding, but could be easily run on wall surfaces. Similar
2621:
the Cable Sheathing has been removed. Most other jurisdictions now require the Protective Earth conductor to be insulated to the same standard as the current carrying conductors with Green/Yellow insulation.
3373:
A system later invented in the UK in 1908 employed vulcanised-rubber insulated wire enclosed in a strip metal sheath. The metal sheath was bonded to each metal wiring device to ensure earthing continuity.
4130:
1216:
requires a bare copper, or green or green/yellow insulated protective conductor, a white or grey neutral, with any other colour used for single phase. The NEC also requires the high-leg conductor of a
1117:
As of March 2011, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) requires the use of green/yellow colour cables as protective conductors, blue as neutral conductors and brown as
440:
3423:
insulation to flake off the conductors. Rubber insulation further inside the cable often is in better condition than the insulation exposed at connections, due to reduced exposure to oxygen.
2627:
Special versions of non-metallic sheathed cables, such as US Type UF, are designed for direct underground burial (often with separate mechanical protection) or exterior use where exposure to
4166:
3426:
The sulfur in vulcanized rubber insulation attacked bare copper wire so the conductors were tinned to prevent this. The conductors reverted to being bare when rubber ceased to be used.
537:
Although the US and Canadian national standards deal with the same physical phenomena and broadly similar objectives, they differ occasionally in technical detail. As part of the
2641:
at the conductor surface. A cable may carry multiple usage ratings for applications, for example, one rating for dry installations and another when exposed to moisture or oil.
260:
4019:
AS/NZS 3000 "Wiring Rules", Table 3.4, CONDUCTOR COLOURS FOR INSTALLATION WIRING, "Function: Active: Any colour other than green, yellow, green/yellow, black or light blue."
3765:
3159:
For very high currents in electrical apparatus, and for high currents distributed through a building, bus bars can be used. (The term "bus" is a contraction of the Latin
2631:(UV) is a possibility. These cables differ in having a moisture-resistant construction, lacking paper or other absorbent fillers, and being formulated for UV resistance.
3585:
3136:
395:
and fire hazards. They are usually based on a model code (with or without local amendments) produced by a national or international standards organisation, such as the
2644:
Generally, single conductor building wire in small sizes is solid wire, since the wiring is not required to be very flexible. Building wire conductors larger than 10
3378:
Special outlet and junction boxes were made for lamps and switches, made either of porcelain or sheet steel. The crimped seam was not considered as watertight as the
3476:
A system of flexible twin cords supported by glass or porcelain buttons was used near the turn of the 20th century in Europe, but was soon replaced by other methods.
3445:
The simplest form of cable has two insulated conductors twisted together to form a unit. Such non-jacketed cables with two (or more) conductors are used only for
2679:
fire resistance rating and are more costly than non–fire-rated cable. They have little flexibility and behave more like rigid conduit rather than flexible cables.
303:
capability, with further restrictions on the environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals.
3605:
4202:
4141:
2374:
Use of light blue for Neutral may cause confusion with dark blue for L3. In New Zealand domestic installations, the only permitted color for Neutral is black.
2322:
The colors in this table represent the most common and preferred standard colors for wiring; however others may be in use, especially in older installations.
3676:
2634:
Rubber-like synthetic polymer insulation is used in industrial cables and power cables installed underground because of its superior moisture resistance.
311:(IEC) is attempting to harmonise wiring standards among member countries, but significant variations in design and installation requirements still exist.
3412:, Burley, Harry & Rooney, Henry, "Insulated electric wire", issued 1923-06-12, assigned to Boston Insulated Wire and Cable
3360:
2663:
For some industrial uses in steel mills and similar hot environments, no organic material gives satisfactory service. Cables insulated with compressed
3884:
2532:
1750:
453:
421:
396:
308:
4383:
National Electrical Code 2011 (2011 ed.), Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association, 2010. — periodically re-issued every 3 years
284:
is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure.
3565:
2513:
1692:
1332:
1180:
253:
79:
4177:
2383:
Australian and NZ cable identification colours and European cable identification colours should not be combined within the same wiring enclosure.
4373:
4430:
4380:— Basis of most US electrical codes. Choose NFPA 70 (general purpose) or NFPA 70A (one and two family dwellings). Free registration required.
4113:
4054:
3740:
494:
2824:
early 1970s new aluminium wire made from one of several special alloys was introduced, and all devices – breakers, switches, receptacles,
2812:
was common in North American residential wiring from the late 1960s to mid-1970s due to the rising cost of copper. Because of its greater
3540:
2668:
538:
143:
4415:
3560:
3276:
3088:
2904:
2576:
2447:
1260:
1207:
572:
484:
348:
246:
74:
4405:
4279:
3894:
3298:
3114:
2926:
2598:
2473:
1815:
1282:
594:
370:
2820:) copper wire, aluminium wiring would need to be 12 AWG on a typical 15 ampere lighting circuit, though local building codes vary.
3772:
2648:(or about 5 mm) are stranded for flexibility during installation, but are not sufficiently pliable to use as appliance cord.
2966:
Insulated wires may be run in one of several forms between electrical devices. This may be a specialised bendable pipe, called a
2774:
4472:
2707:, which is accomplished through the use of thicker, specially constructed jackets, and by tinning the individual wire stands.
3925:
3280:
3092:
2908:
2580:
2451:
1264:
576:
515:
352:
4386:
2616:
Modern non-metallic sheathed cables, such as (US and Canadian) Types NMB and NMC, consist of two to four wires covered with
1770:
1489:
1389:
3860:
2722:
conductor (derived from the earthed center-tap of the transformer). The distribution supporting cantenaries are also shown.
1943:
3344:
The earliest standardized method of wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s, was
499:
189:
184:
3009:
materials used in conjunction with wiring and raceways has a quantifiable impact upon the ampacity derating, because the
541:(NAFTA) program, US and Canadian standards are slowly converging toward each other, in a process known as harmonisation.
2848:
base) at joints, or by applying a mechanical termination designed to break through the oxide layer during installation.
2617:
2365:
color in the Australia/New Zealand standard. Care must be taken when determining the system used in any existing wiring.
168:
3186:
For very large currents in generating stations or substations, where it is difficult to provide circuit protection, an
1504:
4245:
4032:
3611:
3545:
1833:
1118:
480:
42:
38:
4462:
3621:
2727:
128:
3871:
2343:
Sweden allow the use of blue for other purposes in circuits without a neutral, for instance two-phase with ground.
3645:
3077:
2809:
2797:
2436:
2181:
1966:
1213:
523:
194:
112:
107:
2675:
powder. The whole assembly is drawn down to smaller sizes, thereby compressing the powder. Such cables have a
1780:
1499:
2246:
2170:
2092:
1859:
1734:
1657:
1627:
1593:
1532:
1410:
4467:
3269:
3096:
3081:
3006:
2897:
2750:
2569:
2455:
2440:
1843:
1838:
1775:
1509:
1494:
1253:
565:
341:
214:
2252:
2085:
1865:
1545:
463:, which are harmonised with IEC 60364. The 17th edition (issued in January 2008) included new sections for
383:
3152:
2982:
2947:
2524:
1976:
3942:(1968 ed.). National Fire Protection Association; NFPA No. 70-1968 USAS C1-1968 edition. p. 34.
1901:
1649:
1620:
1524:
1396:
4477:
3032:
conductors, but small control wiring is often installed without any intentional spacing between cables.
3002:
2676:
2638:
2628:
3704:
2490:
Installing electrical wiring by "chasing" grooves into the masonry structure of the walls of a building
2299:
1908:
1801:
3409:
2624:
With some cables the individual conductors are wrapped in paper before the plastic jacket is applied.
4303:
Wiring houses for the electric light; together with special references to low voltage battery systems
3570:
3469:
3331:
2967:
2943:
2801:
Terminal blocks for joining aluminium and copper conductors. The terminal blocks may be mounted on a
2786:
2770:
2766:
4370:
4070:
3755:
DIN VDE 0293-308 (Kennzeichnung der Adern von Kabeln/Leitungen und flexiblen Leitungen durch Farben)
1785:
2836:
2817:
2782:
2762:
2726:
In North American practice, for residential and light commercial buildings fed with a single-phase
2645:
2536:
1794:
682:
468:
4110:
3616:
3590:
3575:
3550:
3520:
3493:
3231:
3227:
3187:
3010:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2749:
Electrical devices often use copper conductors because of their properties, including their high
614:
219:
148:
138:
49:
1574:
1459:
1402:
2486:
2284:
2274:
2262:
2032:
2027:
1884:
1715:
4426:
4401:
4275:
4050:
3921:
3890:
3736:
3446:
3043:
Special sealed fittings are used for wiring routed through potentially explosive atmospheres.
2998:
1468:
While light blue is prohibited from use for active function, dark blue is recommended for L3.
209:
31:
2293:
2279:
2267:
2237:
2224:
2210:
2198:
2161:
2149:
2136:
2121:
2076:
2051:
2022:
2000:
1958:
1951:
1932:
1889:
1852:
1807:
1740:
1727:
1681:
1674:
1640:
1607:
1602:
1584:
1569:
1538:
1518:
1471:
1454:
1439:
1376:
1371:
420:
In European countries, an attempt has been made to harmonise national wiring standards in an
3530:
3433:
Diagram of a simple electrical cable with three insulated conductors, with IEC colour scheme
3429:
3387:
3199:
3175:
3144:
2993:. In cases where safety-critical wiring must be kept operational during an accidental fire,
2955:
2825:
2816:, aluminium wiring requires larger conductors than copper. For instance, instead of 14 AWG (
2754:
2744:
2404:
Canadian and American wiring practices are very similar, with ongoing harmonisation efforts.
1191:
490:
392:
300:
292:
234:
3016:
2392:
For safety reasons, yellow should not be used when green/yellow striped cables are present.
2357:
Australian-standard phase colors conflict with IEC 60446 colors, where IEC-60446 supported
2334:
Australian and New Zealand wiring standards allow both Australian and European color codes.
2230:
2215:
2063:
2010:
1937:
1720:
1612:
1381:
391:
Wiring installation codes and regulations are intended to protect people and property from
4377:
4117:
3626:
3555:
3318:
3208:
2672:
622:
464:
320:
199:
88:
1644:
Current AS/NZS flexible cords, flexible cables and equipment wiring, and European cables
4355:
2205:
2193:
2141:
2005:
1927:
1894:
1710:
1666:
1564:
1449:
1434:
1156:
4047:
C22.1-15—Canadian Electrical Code, Part I: Safety Standard for Electrical Installations
2105:
1217:
1186:
670:
158:
153:
2714:
US single-phase residential power distribution transformer, showing the two insulated
996:
4456:
4302:
3595:
3483:
In Austria, wires were concealed by embedding a rubber tube in a groove in the wall,
3242:
2986:
2778:
224:
4446:
3170:
3013:
properties needed for fire resistance also inhibit air cooling of power conductors.
609:
497:, a private non-profit association formed by insurance companies, has published the
3461:
3223:
3148:
2994:
2970:, or one of several varieties of metal (rigid steel or aluminium) or non-metallic (
2959:
2939:
2731:
2671:, with individual conductors placed within a copper tube and the space filled with
1080:
790:
204:
163:
3975:
3336:
2637:
Insulated cables are rated by their allowable operating voltage and their maximum
4394:
2494:
Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:
3953:
3580:
3525:
3484:
3404:
3313:
3258:
3066:
2886:
2840:
addressed by coating aluminium conductors with an antioxidant paste (containing
2813:
2710:
2558:
2548:
2425:
1418:
1242:
1086:
1064:
1018:
989:
976:
940:
886:
850:
554:
522:, which is the basis for provincial electrical codes. The CSA also produces the
408:
330:
4049:(23rd ed.). Canadian Standards Association. 2015. Rules 4-038, 24-208(c).
3839:
2789:, and ease of installation. Copper is used in many types of electrical wiring.
1142:
1100:
1038:
1031:
1024:
982:
960:
912:
892:
863:
844:
808:
765:
760:
731:
724:
702:
695:
3797:
3600:
3535:
3127:
3028:
3021:
2845:
2704:
1149:
1093:
953:
946:
906:
857:
815:
133:
4096:
Pops, Horace (June 2008). "Processing of wire from antiquity to the future".
3234:
or fuseboxes. Local codes can specify physical clearance around the panels.
287:
Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable
2758:
2696:
2528:
2109:
1322:
1317:
1171:
under the condition that no neutral wire is used in the particular circuit.
934:
899:
870:
822:
774:
738:
688:
527:
508:
504:
425:
102:
273:
17:
493:
in 1881 to regulate installations of electric lighting. Since 1897 the US
3515:
3509:
3457:
3204:
3140:
3132:
3056:
2990:
2951:
2829:
2802:
2700:
2684:
4131:"The Evolution of Aluminum Conductors Used for Building Wire and Cable"
4071:"Generating Power to Your House - How Power Grids Work - HowStuffWorks"
3340:
Knob-and-tube wiring (The orange cable is an unrelated extension cord.)
3283: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3212:
2911: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2583: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1267: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
928:
802:
718:
579: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
458:
355: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
296:
97:
3487:
over it, then removing the tube and pulling wires through the cavity.
3052:
2667:
flakes are sometimes used. Another form of high-temperature cable is
1012:
838:
754:
229:
2655:
4423:
Taunton's wiring complete : expert advice from start to finish
1109:
511:, manufacturer representatives, fire fighters, and other invitees.
457:
Requirements for Electrical Installations: IEE Wiring Regulations,
37:
This article is about building wiring. For power distribution, see
3886:
NEC Q and A: Questions and Answers on the National Electrical Code
3505:
3428:
3359:
3335:
3198:
3169:
3126:
3015:
2938:
2796:
2709:
2654:
2485:
1190:
electrical functions, especially by persons affected by red–green
1108:
1054:
608:
382:
272:
4219:
3386:
potential, was considered safe to touch. While companies such as
452:
In the United Kingdom, wiring installations are regulated by the
295:
types and sizes are specified according to the circuit operating
3818:
3452:
Other methods of securing wiring that are now obsolete include:
2975:
2841:
2664:
288:
3191:
but is not used for building wiring in the conventional sense.
2962:
on the bottom. Raceways are used to protect cables from damage.
3438:
3252:
3060:
2981:
Where wiring, or raceways that hold the wiring, must traverse
2971:
2880:
2552:
2520:
wire can safely carry depends on the installation conditions.
2419:
1236:
548:
489:
The first electrical codes in the United States originated in
324:
4425:(Revised ed.). Newtown, Connecticut, US: Taunton Press.
4246:"Tree Squirrels > Damage Prevention and Control Measures"
3317:
plus the high labour cost for such installations. The first
3798:"Dawne oraz pozaunijne oznaczenia przewodów, systemy sieci"
3728:
2695:
they penetrate a vessel's bulkheads. They must also resist
4008:
Switzerland blue or light blue for neutral conductors
3449:
signal and control applications such as doorbell wiring.
2659:
Copper sheathed mineral insulated cables at a panel board
2312:
translucent purple) denote markings on wiring terminals.
1296:
Standard wire insulation colours for alternating current
481:
Electric power distribution § Secondary distribution
4167:"Aluminum Building Wire Installation & Terminations"
3938:
National Fire Protection Association (1 January 1968).
1762:
Local rules may specify colours to be used for phases.
3999:
Switzerland before 2005 also red and white for phases.
2498:
Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit
4203:"Ideal Noalox Antioxidant Material Safety Data Sheet"
2985:
walls and floors, the openings are required by local
2859:
Aluminium conductors are still heavily used for bulk
3840:"New Cable Colour Code for Electrical Installations"
3677:"The history of colour identification of conductors"
3407:
for US building wiring were introduced in 1922 with
3382:wire used in England, which had a soldered sheath.
3139:consisting of electrical conduit on the left and a
4393:
3766:"Informationen zur Harmonisierung der Aderfarben"
3586:Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets
30:"Wiring" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4421:Litchfield, Michael; McAlister, Michael (2008).
4306:, Spon and Chamberlain, New York 1916, pp. 93–98
3143:on the right. The firestop consists of firestop
3648:. National Electrical Manufacturers Association
643:Pre-harmonised single-phase colours by country
3889:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 117.
1826:To designate any phase, the below colours are
1764:To designate any phase, the below colours are
1481:To designate any phase, the below colours are
3916:Bill Atkinson, Roger Lovegrove, Gary Gundry,
3606:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
2507:Environment in which the wiring must operate.
1704:Malaysia and Singapore prior to February 2011
254:
8:
4387:NEMA comparison of IEC 60364 with the US NEC
3940:National Electrical Code 1968 a USA Standard
2730:, an overhead cable from a transformer on a
2353:
2351:
2349:
520:Safety Standard for Electrical Installations
4400:. Newtown, Connecticut, US: Taunton Press.
3920:, pp. 111–112, John Wiley & Sons, 2013
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3095:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2835:Unlike copper, aluminium has a tendency to
2454:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2330:
2328:
4252:. University of Illinois Board of Trustees
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3496:wiring systems are still available today.
2501:Type of occupancy and size of the building
261:
247:
56:
3883:Noel Williams, Jeffrey S. Sargen (2007).
3299:Learn how and when to remove this message
3115:Learn how and when to remove this message
2927:Learn how and when to remove this message
2599:Learn how and when to remove this message
2533:International Electrotechnical Commission
2474:Learn how and when to remove this message
1283:Learn how and when to remove this message
613:Colour-coded wires in a flexible plastic
595:Learn how and when to remove this message
454:Institution of Engineering and Technology
371:Learn how and when to remove this message
309:International Electrotechnical Commission
2400:
2398:
1294:
1123:
758:
641:
617:found commonly in modern European houses
315:Wiring codes of practice and regulations
48:For broader coverage of this topic, see
4272:The History of Electric Wires and Cable
4033:"NEC adoption and use in Latin America"
3637:
3566:Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom
3001:in a manner to comply with a product's
2514:electrical equipment in hazardous areas
2315:
1181:Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom
526:, the 2006 edition of which references
176:
120:
87:
66:
59:
4449:(oriented to US and Canadian practice)
3980:Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
3861:SS-436 40 000 section 514.3. (Swedish)
3230:. The term is often used to refer to
532:Electrical Installations for Buildings
429:Electrical Installations for Buildings
89:Regulation of electrical installations
3819:"Правила Устройства электроустановок"
1986:Panama, Dominican Republic, Colombia,
7:
4274:, Peter Pergrinus Ltd. London, 1983
3281:adding citations to reliable sources
3093:adding citations to reliable sources
3024:can be used in stores and dwellings.
2950:shaft, as seen entering bottom of a
2909:adding citations to reliable sources
2581:adding citations to reliable sources
2452:adding citations to reliable sources
1265:adding citations to reliable sources
577:adding citations to reliable sources
495:National Fire Protection Association
353:adding citations to reliable sources
103:IEC 60364 IEC international standard
67:Wiring practice by region or country
3541:Domestic AC power plugs and sockets
3005:. The nature and thickness of any
2954:. The firestop is made of firestop
539:North American Free Trade Agreement
144:Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
113:U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC)
4244:University of Illinois Extension.
3561:Electrical wiring in North America
2271:for isolated single-phase systems
1984:El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica,
1982:Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
1208:Electrical wiring in North America
485:Electrical wiring in North America
407:In Australia and New Zealand, the
108:Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code)
27:Electrical installation of cabling
25:
4396:Wiring a House (For Pros By Pros)
4174:IAEI News (January/February 2006)
2539:standard for wire sizes is used.
2288:for isolated three-phase systems
1670:Superseded AS/NZS flexible cords
545:Colour coding of wiring by region
4250:Living with Wildlife in Illinois
3257:
3065:
2885:
2775:coefficient of thermal expansion
2557:
2424:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2169:
2160:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2120:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2062:
2050:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1957:
1950:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1470:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1241:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1125:Harmonised single-phase colours
1099:
1092:
1085:
1073:
1063:
1047:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1005:
995:
988:
981:
969:
959:
952:
945:
939:
933:
921:
911:
905:
898:
891:
879:
869:
862:
856:
849:
843:
831:
821:
814:
807:
795:
783:
773:
764:
759:
747:
737:
730:
723:
711:
701:
694:
687:
675:
663:
553:
518:(CSA) has produced the Canadian
329:
177:Switching and protection devices
3918:Electrical Installation Designs
3395:Other historical wiring methods
3268:needs additional citations for
2896:needs additional citations for
2568:needs additional citations for
1695:until April 2006 (BS 7671)
1252:needs additional citations for
638:Pre-harmonised European colours
564:needs additional citations for
340:needs additional citations for
3976:"Korea Electro-technical Code"
3727:Håkansson, Paul författarlänk=
3203:Electrical panels, cables and
3151:on the bottom, for a two-hour
2504:National and local regulations
1335:from April 2004 (BS 7671)
1329:European Union from April 2004
516:Canadian Standards Association
387:Wiring layout plan for a house
1:
4416:Electric Utilities and Energy
4111:The Metallurgy of Copper Wire
3717:DS/EN 60364 afsnit 514.3.1.Z1
3047:Bus bars, bus duct, cable bus
1555:Cable identification colours:
1359:South Korea from January 2021
1312:Protective earth/ground (PE)
277:Electrical symbols for wiring
98:BS 7671 UK wiring regulations
4357:Wiring of Finished Buildings
2997:must be applied to maintain
2527:wire sizes are given in the
1356:Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan
1113:CENELEC affiliated countries
770:(L & N Interchangeable)
169:Thermoplastic-sheathed cable
3705:"Wire colour coding abroad"
3612:Single-phase electric power
3546:Electric power distribution
3403:The first rubber-insulated
3226:used to reroute and switch
2361:color (blue) is an allowed
43:Electric power distribution
39:Electric power transmission
4494:
4098:Wire Journal International
3646:"National Electrical Code"
3622:Three-phase electric power
3329:
3050:
2874:
2742:
2546:
1478:used for "Switched Line"
1205:
1178:
478:
469:solar photovoltaic systems
318:
129:AC power plugs and sockets
47:
36:
29:
3872:Cecilia Axelsson (Swedish
3842:. Energy Market Authority
3174:Busbars for distributing
2307:
2222:
2202:for single-phase systems
2180:
1965:
1423:Australia and New Zealand
1417:
1362:Australia and New Zealand
1347:Singapore from March 2009
403:Australia and New Zealand
154:Steel wire armoured cable
4371:National Electrical Code
4360:, McGraw Hill, New York.
4116:1 September 2013 at the
3729:https://peallkonsult.se/
2718:conductors and the bare
2535:. In North America, the
2219:for three-phase systems
2175:
1988:Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
1344:Hong Kong from July 2007
1214:National Electrical Code
524:Canadian Electrical Code
500:National Electrical Code
195:Electrical busbar system
61:Electrical installations
4392:Cauldwell, Rex (2002).
4220:"Guide to Safe Removal"
3494:surface mounted raceway
3209:electrical service room
3007:passive fire protection
2871:Raceways and cable runs
2751:electrical conductivity
2669:mineral-insulated cable
2612:Modern wiring materials
2046:120, 208, or 240 V
1995:120, 208, or 240 V
1701:Hong Kong prior to 2009
215:Residual-current device
121:Cabling and accessories
80:United Kingdom practice
75:North American practice
4473:Electrical engineering
4300:Schneider, Norman H.,
4224:Squirrels in the Attic
4140:. 2012. Archived from
3434:
3366:
3341:
3232:circuit breaker panels
3222:are easily accessible
3216:
3179:
3156:
3153:fire-resistance rating
3025:
2963:
2844:dust in a low-residue
2806:
2723:
2660:
2525:international standard
2491:
1578:Current AS/NZS cables
1136:Protective earth (PE)
1114:
657:Protective earth (PE)
618:
388:
278:
4447:Electrical wiring FAQ
4354:Croft, Terrel (1915)
3432:
3410:US patent 1458803
3363:
3339:
3202:
3173:
3130:
3019:
3003:certification listing
2983:fire-resistance rated
2948:fire-resistance–rated
2942:
2800:
2787:electrical insulators
2785:, compatibility with
2728:split 120/240 service
2713:
2658:
2639:operating temperature
2629:ultraviolet radiation
2489:
2303:for isolated systems
2096:for isolated systems
1419:AS/NZS 3000:2018
1338:Switzerland from 2005
1306:Phases (L, L1/L2/L3)
1112:
612:
479:Further information:
386:
276:
4376:28 July 2011 at the
3954:"Color Coding Chart"
3508:– a frequently used
3356:Metal-sheathed wires
3332:Knob-and-tube wiring
3277:improve this article
3249:Early wiring methods
3238:Degradation by pests
3089:improve this section
3036:sensitive circuits.
2946:risers, seen inside
2905:improve this article
2793:Aluminium conductors
2783:electrical overloads
2771:thermal conductivity
2767:corrosion resistance
2577:improve this article
2448:improve this section
1429:Installation wiring:
1261:improve this article
573:improve this article
349:improve this article
3707:. 25 February 2011.
3456:Re-use of existing
3228:electrical services
3211:at a paper mill in
2818:American wire gauge
2537:American Wire Gauge
1636:Single-phase cables
1297:
1126:
1081:Former Soviet Union
644:
4183:on 27 January 2021
4147:on 10 October 2016
3617:Structured cabling
3591:Oxygen-free copper
3576:Ground and neutral
3551:Electrical conduit
3521:Cable entry system
3435:
3367:
3342:
3326:Knob and tube (US)
3217:
3188:isolated-phase bus
3180:
3157:
3026:
3011:thermal insulation
2964:
2944:Electrical conduit
2877:Electrical conduit
2865:power distribution
2861:power transmission
2837:creep or cold-flow
2807:
2724:
2661:
2492:
2058:277, or 480 V
2017:277, or 480 V
1818:SANS 10142-1
1303:Region or country
1295:
1212:The United States
1124:
1115:
642:
619:
615:electrical conduit
389:
279:
220:Distribution board
149:Multiway switching
139:Electrical conduit
50:Electrical cabling
4463:Electrical wiring
4432:978-1-60085-256-5
4270:Robert M. Black,
4056:978-1-77139-718-6
3742:978-91-89259-14-0
3447:extra-low voltage
3309:
3308:
3301:
3220:Electrical panels
3195:Electrical panels
3125:
3124:
3117:
2999:circuit integrity
2937:
2936:
2929:
2826:splice connectors
2739:Copper conductors
2609:
2608:
2601:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2413:
2412:
2184:(CSA C22.1)
2132:split-phase 240 V
1560:Multiphase cables
1557:(section 3.8.3.4)
1446:for single phase
1350:Russia from 2009
1293:
1292:
1285:
1163:
1162:
1107:
1106:
605:
604:
597:
381:
380:
373:
282:Electrical wiring
271:
270:
230:Electrical switch
32:Wiring (software)
16:(Redirected from
4485:
4436:
4411:
4399:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4176:. Archived from
4171:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3880:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3771:. Archived from
3770:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3642:
3531:Cable management
3460:when converting
3418:
3417:
3413:
3388:General Electric
3319:electrical codes
3304:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3261:
3253:
3176:protective earth
3120:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3069:
3061:
2932:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2889:
2881:
2781:, resistance to
2755:tensile strength
2745:Copper conductor
2604:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2561:
2553:
2531:standard of the
2479:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2428:
2420:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2384:
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2375:
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2323:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2157:metallic silver
2156:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2127:
2124:
2113:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2071:metallic silver
2070:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1961:
1954:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1875:
1868:
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1855:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1788:
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1778:
1773:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1630:
1623:
1616:European cables
1615:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1474:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1431:(section 3.8.1)
1413:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1353:
1326:
1298:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1245:
1237:
1192:colour blindness
1159:
1152:
1145:
1127:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1008:
999:
992:
985:
975:
973:
972:
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956:
949:
943:
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927:
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924:
915:
909:
902:
895:
885:
883:
882:
873:
866:
860:
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837:
835:
834:
825:
818:
811:
801:
799:
798:
789:
787:
786:
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753:
751:
750:
741:
734:
727:
717:
715:
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691:
681:
679:
678:
669:
667:
666:
645:
600:
593:
589:
586:
580:
557:
549:
514:Since 1927, the
393:electrical shock
376:
369:
365:
362:
356:
333:
325:
301:electric current
263:
256:
249:
235:Earthing systems
200:Circuit breakers
57:
21:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4453:
4452:
4443:
4433:
4420:
4408:
4391:
4378:Wayback Machine
4367:
4365:Further reading
4351:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4120:. litz-wire.com
4118:Wayback Machine
4109:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4040:
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4030:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3952:
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3947:
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3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3882:
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3877:
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3859:
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3845:
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3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3778:on 4 March 2016
3775:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3735:. p. 109.
3726:
3725:
3721:
3716:
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3691:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3627:Tri-rated cable
3556:Electrical room
3502:
3415:
3408:
3397:
3358:
3334:
3328:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3274:
3262:
3251:
3240:
3197:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3086:
3070:
3059:
3051:Main articles:
3049:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2902:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2795:
2747:
2741:
2673:magnesium oxide
2614:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2574:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2460:
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2429:
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2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2297:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2134:
2128:metallic brass
2125:
2119:
2103:
2102:Flexible cable
2090:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:metallic brass
2037:
2036:
2020:
2016:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1969:(NFPA 70)
1916:
1873:
1863:
1847:
1805:
1789:
1749:
1738:
1698:India, Pakistan
1655:
1647:
1638:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1536:
1513:
1469:
1467:
1466:for multiphase
1447:
1351:
1320:
1302:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1246:
1235:
1210:
1204:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1074:
1072:
1048:
1046:
1022:
1006:
1004:
970:
968:
944:
938:
922:
920:
910:
880:
878:
861:
848:
832:
830:
796:
794:
793:
784:
782:
769:
748:
746:
712:
710:
676:
674:
673:
664:
662:
640:
631:
623:electrical code
601:
590:
584:
581:
570:
558:
547:
487:
477:
465:microgeneration
450:
437:
418:
405:
377:
366:
360:
357:
346:
334:
323:
321:Electrical code
317:
267:
53:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Building codes
4465:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4441:External links
4439:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4293:
4284:
4263:
4236:
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4122:
4103:
4088:
4062:
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4024:
4010:
4001:
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3909:
3895:
3875:
3864:
3853:
3831:
3810:
3789:
3757:
3748:
3741:
3733:Elektromekanik
3719:
3710:
3689:
3659:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3512:compliant wire
3501:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3466:
3396:
3393:
3357:
3354:
3330:Main article:
3327:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3239:
3236:
3224:junction boxes
3196:
3193:
3123:
3122:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3048:
3045:
2987:building codes
2935:
2934:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2872:
2869:
2810:Aluminium wire
2794:
2791:
2743:Main article:
2740:
2737:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2547:Main article:
2544:
2541:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2482:
2481:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2416:Wiring methods
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2345:
2336:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2290:
2258:
2257:
2256:no insulation
2234:
2221:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2158:
2146:
2098:
2097:
2073:
2042:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1849:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1798:
1791:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1744:(before 1977)
1731:
1724:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:United Kingdom
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1551:
1550:
1549:(before 1966)
1529:
1515:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:(GOST R 50462)
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:United Kingdom
1330:
1323:IEC 60445
1318:IEC 60446
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1273:September 2022
1249:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1218:high-leg delta
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1187:United Kingdom
1179:Main article:
1176:
1175:United Kingdom
1173:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1015:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
965:
964:
957:
950:
931:
917:
916:
903:
896:
889:
875:
874:
867:
854:
841:
827:
826:
819:
812:
805:
779:
778:
771:
757:
743:
742:
735:
728:
721:
707:
706:
699:
692:
685:
671:United Kingdom
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
639:
636:
630:
627:
603:
602:
561:
559:
552:
546:
543:
476:
473:
449:
448:United Kingdom
446:
436:
433:
417:
414:
404:
401:
379:
378:
337:
335:
328:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
269:
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266:
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258:
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243:
240:
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238:
237:
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227:
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217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
159:Ring main unit
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
123:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
64:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4490:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4407:1-56158-527-0
4403:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4342:Croft, p. 137
4339:
4336:
4333:Croft, p. 136
4330:
4327:
4324:Croft, p. 143
4321:
4318:
4315:Croft, p. 142
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4282:, pp. 155–158
4281:
4280:0-86341-001-4
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4076:
4075:HowStuffWorks
4072:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3898:
3896:9780763744731
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Portable cord
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:knob and tube
3338:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3303:
3300:
3292:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3266:This section
3264:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3116:
3108:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:This section
3072:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2928:
2920:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2894:This section
2892:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:solderability
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:thermoplastic
2611:
2603:
2600:
2592:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2566:This section
2564:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2467:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:This section
2431:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2308:Boxes (e.g.,
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:, power, and
2107:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:no insulation
2087:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1972:United States
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1874:GB 50303-2015
1872:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:Pre-2004 IEE
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:(before 1980)
1540:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:(now part of
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1284:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:This section
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1202:United States
1201:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
978:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
942:
936:
932:
930:
919:
918:
914:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
888:
877:
876:
872:
868:
865:
859:
855:
852:
846:
842:
840:
829:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
810:
806:
804:
792:
781:
780:
776:
772:
767:
762:
756:
745:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
720:
709:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
690:
686:
684:
672:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
637:
635:
628:
626:
624:
621:In a typical
616:
611:
607:
599:
596:
588:
578:
574:
568:
567:
562:This section
560:
556:
551:
550:
544:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
486:
482:
475:North America
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
460:
455:
447:
445:
442:
434:
432:
430:
427:
423:
415:
413:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
385:
375:
372:
364:
354:
350:
344:
343:
338:This section
336:
332:
327:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
275:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:
242:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Consumer unit
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
90:
86:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4478:Power cables
4422:
4395:
4356:
4349:Bibliography
4338:
4329:
4320:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4271:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4249:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:
4214:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4178:the original
4173:
4161:
4149:. Retrieved
4142:the original
4137:
4125:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4077:. April 2000
4074:
4065:
4046:
4041:
4027:
4018:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3985:17 September
3983:. Retrieved
3979:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3948:
3939:
3933:
3917:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3885:
3878:
3867:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3773:the original
3760:
3751:
3732:
3722:
3713:
3680:. Retrieved
3650:. Retrieved
3640:
3490:
3462:gas lighting
3451:
3444:
3437:About 1950,
3436:
3425:
3421:
3402:
3398:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3310:
3295:
3286:
3275:Please help
3270:verification
3267:
3241:
3219:
3218:
3185:
3181:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3111:
3102:
3087:Please help
3075:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
2995:fireproofing
2980:
2965:
2923:
2914:
2903:Please help
2898:verification
2895:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2834:
2822:
2808:
2765:resistance,
2748:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2662:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2615:
2595:
2586:
2575:Please help
2570:verification
2567:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2493:
2470:
2461:
2446:Please help
2434:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2339:
2318:
2272:
2203:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2015:
2014:
1993:
1946:for details
1944:ja:識別標識 (電線)
1941:
1831:
1827:
1821:South Africa
1765:
1763:
1635:
1559:
1554:
1522:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1400:
1385:
1309:Neutral (N)
1279:
1270:
1259:Please help
1254:verification
1251:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1133:Neutral (N)
1121:conductors.
1119:single-phase
1116:
791:West Germany
654:Neutral (N)
632:
620:
606:
591:
582:
571:Please help
566:verification
563:
536:
531:
519:
513:
498:
488:
456:
451:
438:
428:
419:
406:
390:
367:
358:
347:Please help
342:verification
339:
305:
286:
281:
280:
205:Disconnector
164:Ring circuit
60:
54:
4081:21 February
3581:Home wiring
3526:Cable gland
3480:conductors.
3147:on top and
3131:Topside of
3029:Cable trays
2991:firestopped
2814:resistivity
2549:Power cable
1878:China (PRC)
1464:recommended
1444:recommended
1386:Prohibited:
1233:Color codes
977:Switzerland
887:Netherlands
409:AS/NZS 3000
18:AS/NZS 3000
4457:Categories
4414:Hirst, E.
4187:12 October
4151:12 October
3926:1119992842
3633:References
3601:Power cord
3536:Cable tray
3485:plastering
3289:April 2021
3137:penetrants
3105:April 2021
3022:cable tray
2917:April 2021
2875:See also:
2846:polybutene
2732:power pole
2705:salt spray
2701:salt water
2699:caused by
2589:April 2021
2464:April 2021
1917:JIS C 0446
1828:prohibited
1766:prohibited
1483:prohibited
585:April 2021
424:standard,
361:April 2021
134:Cable tray
3960:4 January
3956:. Conwire
3902:4 January
3846:4 January
3652:4 January
3571:Grounding
3470:mouldings
3458:gas pipes
3243:Squirrels
3205:firestops
3076:does not
2830:wire nuts
2759:ductility
2697:corrosion
2677:certified
2529:IEC 60228
2435:does not
2106:extension
1341:Argentina
1130:Line (L)
651:Line (L)
528:IEC 60364
509:tradesmen
505:engineers
426:IEC 60364
4374:Archived
4256:12 March
4229:19 April
4114:Archived
4100:: 58–66.
3731:(2021).
3516:Bus duct
3510:MIL-SPEC
3500:See also
3215:, Canada
3178:(ground)
3149:rockwool
3141:bus duct
3133:firestop
3057:Bus duct
2960:rockwool
2958:on top,
2952:firestop
2803:DIN rail
2685:ampacity
1975:Mexico (
1753:NBR 5410
1301:Standard
648:Country
491:New York
412:comply.
4021:. 2007.
3824:17 July
3803:17 July
3782:11 July
3682:10 July
3380:Stannos
3365:flexed.
3314:Splices
3213:Ontario
3161:omnibus
3097:removed
3082:sources
2968:conduit
2720:neutral
2456:removed
2441:sources
2359:neutral
2182:CE Code
2104:(e.g.,
1476:usually
929:Belgium
803:Austria
719:Denmark
683:Ireland
459:BS 7671
435:Germany
297:voltage
4429:
4404:
4278:
4053:
3924:
3893:
3739:
3608:(RoHS)
3473:rules.
3465:joint.
3416:
3405:cables
3207:in an
3145:mortar
3053:Busbar
2989:to be
2956:mortar
2854:CO/ALR
2543:Cables
2310:
2242:
2187:Canada
2166:
2155:
2126:
2112:cords)
2081:
2069:
2038:
1757:Brazil
1225:Code.
1166:Sweden
1078:
1052:
1013:Poland
1010:
974:
926:
884:
839:France
836:
800:
788:
755:Sweden
752:
716:
680:
668:
629:Europe
483:, and
461:: 2008
416:Europe
4291:Croft
4206:(PDF)
4181:(PDF)
4170:(PDF)
4145:(PDF)
4134:(PDF)
3776:(PDF)
3769:(PDF)
3506:10603
3468:Wood
3135:with
2763:creep
2363:phase
2117:120 V
1979:-001)
1921:Japan
1365:Italy
1055:Italy
293:cable
4427:ISBN
4402:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4258:2013
4231:2012
4189:2016
4153:2016
4138:NEMA
4083:2016
4051:ISBN
3987:2021
3962:2016
3922:ISBN
3904:2016
3891:ISBN
3848:2016
3826:2024
3805:2024
3784:2024
3737:ISBN
3684:2024
3654:2016
3080:any
3078:cite
3055:and
2976:HDPE
2842:zinc
2716:line
2665:mica
2523:The
2439:any
2437:cite
2110:lamp
1942:See
1816:SABS
1751:ABNT
1185:The
467:and
439:The
299:and
291:and
289:wire
210:Fuse
190:ELCB
185:AFCI
41:and
3439:PVC
3279:by
3091:by
2974:or
2972:PVC
2907:by
2703:or
2646:AWG
2579:by
2450:by
1977:NOM
1967:NEC
1263:by
575:by
441:VDE
422:IEC
397:IEC
351:by
4459::
4248:.
4222:.
4172:.
4136:.
4073:.
3978:.
3692:^
3662:^
3020:A
2863:,
2828:,
2777:,
2773:,
2769:,
2761:,
2757:,
2753:,
2516:.
2397:^
2348:^
2327:^
1830::
1768::
1485::
1194:.
507:,
399:.
4435:.
4410:.
4260:.
4233:.
4208:.
4191:.
4155:.
4085:.
4059:.
4035:.
3989:.
3964:.
3928:.
3906:.
3850:.
3828:.
3807:.
3786:.
3745:.
3686:.
3656:.
3302:)
3296:(
3291:)
3287:(
3273:.
3155:.
3118:)
3112:(
3107:)
3103:(
3099:.
3085:.
2930:)
2924:(
2919:)
2915:(
2901:.
2805:.
2602:)
2596:(
2591:)
2587:(
2573:.
2477:)
2471:(
2466:)
2462:(
2458:.
2444:.
1325:)
1286:)
1280:(
1275:)
1271:(
1257:.
598:)
592:(
587:)
583:(
569:.
530:(
374:)
368:(
363:)
359:(
345:.
262:e
255:t
248:v
52:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.