253:(Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data) message-passing computer. The design provided high degrees of scalability for I/O, memory, compute nodes, storage capacity, and communications; standard parallel interfaces also made it possible to port parallel applications to the machine. The machine was structured into four partitions: Compute, Service, I/O, and System. Parallel applications executed in the Compute Partition which contained nodes optimized for floating point performance. The compute nodes had only the features required for efficient computation – they were not purposed for general interactive services. The Service Partition provided an integrated, scalable host that supported interactive users (log-in sessions), application development, and system administration. The I/O Partition supported disk I/O, a scalable parallel file system and network services. The System Partition supported initial booting and system Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) capabilities.
31:
301:
Pro processors each clocked at 200 MHz. These were later upgraded to specially packaged
Pentium II Xeon processors, each clocked at 333 MHz. Overall, it required 850 kW of power (not including air conditioning). What sets ASCI Option Red aside from all of its predecessors in supercomputing is its high
300:
The computer itself took up almost 1,600 square feet (150 m) of space, and was made up of 104 "cabinets". Of those cabinets, 76 are computers (processors), 8 are switches, and 20 are disks. It had a total of 1212 GB of RAM, and 9298 separate processors. The original machine used Intel
Pentium
256:
The
Service partition helps integrate all of the different parts of ASCI Red together. It provides a scalable host for users, and it is used for general system administration. The I/O Partition provides a file system and network services, and the Service partition is made up of the log-in screens,
225:
computer. The original goals to deliver a true teraflop machine by the end of 1996 that would be capable of running an ASCI application using all memory and nodes by
September 1997 were met. It was used by the US government from the years of 1997 to 2005 and was the world's fastest supercomputer
324:
In
December, 1996, three quarters of ASCI Red was measured at a world record 1.06 TFLOPS on MP LINPACK and held the record for fastest supercomputer in the world for several consecutive years, maxing out at 2.38 TFLOPS after a processor and memory upgrade in 1999. The system used
329:
processors when initially constructed and when it recorded performance above one TFLOPS. In that configuration, when fully built it recorded 1.6 TFLOPS of performance. Upgrades later in 1999, to specially packaged
Pentium II Xeon processors, pushed performance to 3.1 TFLOPS.
237:
ASCI Red earned a reputation for reliability that some veterans say has never been beaten. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and “was supercomputing’s high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance.”
257:
tools for application development, and utilities for network connections. The
Compute partition contains nodes that are designed for floating point performance. This is where the actual computing takes place. Every one of the compute nodes accommodated two 200 MHz
590:
2454:
358:, two systems that were also designed for use on the Paragon supercomputer. It consists of a light weight kernel, the Process Control Thread, and other utilities and libraries. The
362:
2.4 kernel was ported to the system and a custom CNIC driver was written, but the heavy weight OS did not perform as well as the Cougar lightweight kernel on many benchmarks.
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342:. For example, users of the computer work in an environment called "Teraflops OS", an operating system (once called Paragon OS) that was originally developed for the
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1911:
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Warren, Michael (November 1997). "Pentium Pro Inside: I. A Treecode at 430 Gigaflops on ASCI Red, II. Price/Performance of $ 50/Mflop on Loki and Hyglac".
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until late 2000. It was the first ASCI machine that the
Department of Energy acquired, and also the first supercomputer to score above one
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285:, the ASCI Red Computer is also the first large scale supercomputer to be built entirely of common commercially available components.
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benchmark, a test that measures a computer's calculation speed. Later upgrades to ASCI Red allowed it to perform above two teraflops.
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Brightwell; Riesen; Underwood; Hudson; Bridges; MacCabe (2003). "A performance comparison of Linux and a lightweight kernel".
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All of ASCI Red's partitions are interconnected to form one supercomputer, however at the same time none of the nodes support
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1385:
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is an extremely efficient "Parallel File System" that can sustain transfer speeds of up to 1 GB/s, eliminating bottlenecks.
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292:. Each of the nodes works in its own memory, and each shares data with the others through "explicit message-passing".
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Garg, Sharad (1998). "TFLOPS PFS: Architecture and Design of A Highly
Efficient Parallel File System".
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1561:
544:
Garg, Sharad (2001). "Performance
Evaluation of Parallel File Systems for PC Clusters and ASCI Red".
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performance, yet their slow I/O speeds would slow down, or bottleneck the systems. Intel's TFLOPS
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named Cougar. Cougar is a Sandia Labs and University of New Mexico collaboration; it is a
211:
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194:) was the first computer built under the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (
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2012:
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Two-Thirds Operational March 1997, Fully Operational June 1997, decommissioned 2006
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1995:
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618:"Sandia's ASCI Red, world's first teraflop supercomputer, is decommissioned"
417:"Sandia's ASCI Red, world's first teraflop supercomputer, is decommissioned"
278:
274:
266:
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160:
129:
118:
642:"TOP500.org feature page on the ASCI Red of the Sandia National Laboratory"
755:
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Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing CLUSTR-03
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Proceedings 2001 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing
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827:
591:"7X Performance Results – Final Report: ASCI Red vs. Red Storm"
1673:
1625:
1412:
1087:
2455:
List of Intel graphics processing units (2013 or earlier)
823:
346:
Supercomputer. ASCI Red's Compute partition runs on an
338:
The different partitions of ASCI Red run on different
249:
The ASCI Red supercomputer was a distributed memory
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83:
69:
55:
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37:
612:
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2585:Intel International Science and Engineering Fair
269:, which were upgraded later to two 333 MHz
2295:Intel Corporation Inc. v CPM United Kingdom Ltd
451:"An Overview of the Intel TFLOPS Supercompute"
390:. Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from
1108:
839:
700:
698:
696:
694:
217:ASCI Red was built by Intel and installed at
8:
23:
2285:Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
2275:Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.
748:Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM SC98 Conference
221:in late 1996. The design was based on the
2312:
1557:
1476:
1263:
1115:
1101:
1093:
953:Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
846:
832:
824:
783:
29:
2565:List of mergers and acquisitions by Intel
585:
583:
581:
481:"TOP500.org Ranking History for ASCI Red"
2555:List of semiconductor fabrication plants
507:
505:
503:
501:
475:
473:
471:
159:First Supercomputer to achieve over 1.0
2280:High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation
2193:Process–architecture–optimization model
411:
409:
371:
206:created to help the maintenance of the
669:Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Conference
539:
537:
535:
381:
379:
377:
375:
22:
998:Intel Display Power Saving Technology
444:
442:
241:ASCI Red was decommissioned in 2006.
7:
308:. Previous supercomputers had multi-
2300:Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.
1053:Performance acceleration technology
804:World's most powerful supercomputer
514:"The ASCI Option Red Supercomputer"
2540:Intel Outstanding Researcher Award
2400:Mac transition to Intel processors
2395:Intel Foundation Achievement Award
109:1,600 sq ft (150 m)
14:
2610:Supervisor Mode Access Prevention
2560:List of Intel manufacturing sites
2208:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
151:nuclear materials testing, other
2590:Regeneron Science Talent Search
2440:Dynamic video memory technology
1296:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
423:. June 29, 2006. Archived from
271:Pentium II OverDrive processors
963:Client Initiated Remote Access
921:4Group Holdings (50% owned by
1:
2450:List of Intel microprocessors
1073:Stable Image Platform Program
210:after the 1992 moratorium on
208:United States nuclear arsenal
2656:Sandia National Laboratories
1018:Intel system development kit
219:Sandia National Laboratories
74:Sandia National Laboratories
60:Sandia National Laboratories
2535:Intel Mobile Communications
2460:I/O Acceleration Technology
1003:Intel Modular Server System
958:Cache Acceleration Software
808:June 1997 – June 2000
715:10.1109/CLUSTR.2003.1253322
2682:
2600:Single-chip Cloud Computer
973:Flexible Display Interface
554:10.1109/CLUSTR.2001.959973
548:. IEEE. pp. 172–177.
485:TOP500 Supercomputer Sites
2605:Software Guard Extensions
2595:Simple Firmware Interface
810:
801:
791:
786:
28:
296:Technical specifications
204:United States government
2405:Intel Architecture Labs
64:US Department of Energy
1291:P6 variant (Pentium M)
1008:Intel Quick Sync Video
968:Direct Media Interface
259:Pentium Pro processors
2470:IM Flash Technologies
2465:IA-32 Execution Layer
2445:Intel Extreme Masters
2435:Intel Developer Forum
2290:Intel Corp. v. Hamidi
1023:Intel Upgrade Service
756:10.1109/SC.1998.10003
677:10.1109/SC.1997.10057
427:on September 29, 2013
394:on September 26, 2011
2666:Intel supercomputers
2545:Intel SHA extensions
709:. pp. 251–258.
290:global shared memory
273:, each with a 32 KB
261:, each with a 16 KB
2525:Intel Compute Stick
2520:Intel Cluster Ready
2425:Convera Corporation
750:. IEEE. p. 2.
388:"ASCI Red Homepage"
25:
2646:X86 supercomputers
2580:Intel PRO/Wireless
2090:Sandy Bridge-based
1259:Microarchitectures
1244:Microarchitectures
943:Accounts & SSO
903:Wind River Systems
648:on January 9, 2016
512:Mattson, Timothy.
449:Mattson, Timothy.
354:based on PUMA and
344:Intel Paragon XP/S
202:initiative of the
143:: 1, June 2000
2633:
2632:
2625:Timeline of Intel
2495:The Beauty Inside
2383:
2382:
2263:
2262:
2176:
2175:
1549:
1548:
1468:
1467:
1078:Virtual 8086 mode
993:Intel Clear Video
893:Recon Instruments
822:
821:
811:Succeeded by
340:operating systems
181:
180:
50:Intel Corporation
2673:
2661:32-bit computers
2620:Intel Tera-Scale
2502:The Power Inside
2313:
2095:Ivy Bridge-based
1686:8/16-bit databus
1558:
1477:
1473:Current products
1264:
1124:Intel processors
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
848:
841:
834:
825:
798:368.20 gigaflops
792:Preceded by
784:
778:
777:
743:
737:
736:
702:
689:
688:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
644:. Archived from
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
622:
614:
605:
604:
602:
600:
595:
587:
576:
575:
541:
530:
529:
527:
525:
516:. Archived from
509:
496:
495:
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491:
477:
466:
465:
463:
461:
455:
446:
437:
436:
434:
432:
413:
404:
403:
401:
399:
386:Thomas, Robert.
383:
348:operating system
334:Operating system
245:System structure
97:Cougar / TOS (a
93:Operating system
33:
26:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2379:
2332:
2304:
2259:
2188:Tick–tock model
2172:
2116:
2105:Broadwell-based
1996:Extreme Edition
1928:
1726:
1668:
1619:
1586:
1545:
1464:
1407:
1307:
1253:
1126:
1121:
1092:
926:
912:
857:
852:
818:
817:4.938 teraflops
816:
807:
799:
797:
782:
781:
766:
745:
744:
740:
725:
704:
703:
692:
666:
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520:on May 28, 2010
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368:
336:
322:
320:First to TFLOPS
298:
281:. According to
247:
212:nuclear testing
188:ASCI Option Red
186:(also known as
176:web.archive.org
19:
12:
11:
5:
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2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
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2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2476:The Innovators
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2467:
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2457:
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2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
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2384:
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2380:
2378:
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2372:
2367:
2365:Brian Krzanich
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2215:
2210:
2205:
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2178:
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2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
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2087:
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2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:NetBurst-based
1904:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
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1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:32-bit databus
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:16-bit databus
1693:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1669:
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1400:
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1298:
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1283:
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1234:
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1207:
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1197:
1187:
1186:
1185:
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1170:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
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1045:
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1035:
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1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
948:Amplify Tablet
945:
940:
934:
932:
928:
927:
920:
918:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
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885:
882:Intel Security
878:
873:
865:
863:
859:
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850:
843:
836:
828:
820:
819:
812:
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279:level-2 cache
277:and a 512 KB
276:
275:level-1 cache
272:
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267:level-2 cache
265:and a 256 KB
264:
263:level-1 cache
260:
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27:
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18:Supercomputer
16:
2570:Intel Museum
2500:
2493:
2486:
2482:Inside Films
2474:
2420:Classmate PC
2409:
2350:Andrew Grove
2346:Gordon Moore
2343:Robert Noyce
2328:Robert Noyce
2323:Gordon Moore
1554:Discontinued
1391:Cypress Cove
1350:Sandy Bridge
1013:Intel Reader
880:
868:
862:Subsidiaries
802:
795:CP-PACS/2048
747:
741:
706:
671:. IEEE: 61.
668:
662:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
636:
624:. Retrieved
599:November 17,
597:. Retrieved
545:
522:. Retrieved
518:the original
488:. Retrieved
484:
458:. Retrieved
429:. Retrieved
425:the original
420:
396:. Retrieved
392:the original
337:
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287:
255:
248:
240:
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216:
191:
187:
183:
182:
20:
15:
2550:Intel Teach
1403:Golden Cove
1398:Willow Cove
1379:Cannon Lake
988:Intel AZ210
978:Hella Zippy
524:October 27,
490:October 29,
460:October 30,
398:October 30,
327:Pentium Pro
101:derivative)
99:Mach kernel
2640:Categories
2268:Litigation
2198:Intel GPUs
1912:Core-based
1676:(external
1564:oriented (
1434:Silvermont
1386:Sunny Cove
1355:Ivy Bridge
1138:Processors
983:Intel 1103
814:ASCI White
652:January 8,
626:January 8,
421:sandia.gov
366:References
2510:Intel ADX
2250:Codenames
2163:StrongARM
2001:Dual-Core
1974:Dual-Core
1885:Dual-Core
1855:OverDrive
1804:A100/A110
1797:OverDrive
1591:pre-x86 (
1458:Gracemont
1367:Broadwell
1048:Omni-Path
938:3D XPoint
898:Virtutech
306:bandwidth
228:teraflops
161:teraflops
130:teraflops
119:gigabytes
56:Operators
2410:ASCI Red
2370:Bob Swan
2316:Founders
2255:Larrabee
2133:iAPX 432
2068:11th gen
2063:10th gen
1902:P6-based
1792:RapidCAD
1534:14th gen
1529:13th gen
1524:12th gen
1519:11th gen
1514:10th gen
1441:Goldmont
1429:Saltwell
1343:Westmere
1303:NetBurst
1249:Chipsets
1028:Intel740
931:Products
888:Mobileye
787:Records
685:13167835
572:13224481
184:ASCI Red
70:Location
46:Sponsors
24:ASCI Red
2388:Related
2245:Stratix
2181:Related
2143:Itanium
2058:9th gen
2053:8th gen
2048:7th gen
2043:6th gen
2038:5th gen
2033:4th gen
2028:3rd gen
2023:2nd gen
2018:1st gen
1981:Pentium
1964:Celeron
1924:Tolapai
1845:Pentium
1828:(1998)
1826:Celeron
1717:80387DX
1709:80387SX
1504:Pentium
1499:Celeron
1453:Tremont
1424:Bonnell
1374:Skylake
1362:Haswell
1338:Nehalem
1237:Itanium
1153:Pentium
1148:Celeron
1038:IXP1200
1033:InTru3D
923:Vantiva
774:8683745
733:7454194
431:May 26,
232:LINPACK
230:on the
198:), the
172:Website
165:LINPACK
148:Purpose
137:Ranking
2615:Tarari
2488:Inside
2309:People
2168:XScale
1938:64-bit
1934:x86-64
1839:(2004)
1736:32-bit
1699:80C187
1692:(1980)
1665:(1982)
1659:(1982)
1653:(1982)
1647:(1979)
1641:(1978)
1630:16-bit
1624:Early
1616:(1977)
1610:(1974)
1604:(1972)
1583:(1974)
1577:(1971)
1485:64-bit
1481:x86-64
1331:Penryn
1317:64-bit
1313:x86-64
1272:32-bit
908:Xircom
876:Altera
870:3Dlabs
772:
762:
731:
721:
683:
570:
560:
356:SUNMOS
310:GFLOPS
192:TFLOPS
156:Legacy
141:TOP500
132:(peak)
114:Memory
87:850 kW
38:Active
2651:Intel
2575:OnCue
2240:PIIXs
2121:Other
1919:Quark
1732:IA-32
1722:80487
1704:80287
1663:80286
1657:80188
1651:80186
1593:8-bit
1566:4-bit
1268:IA-32
1232:Quark
1131:Lists
1067:X25-M
1043:OFono
855:Intel
770:S2CID
729:S2CID
681:S2CID
621:(PDF)
594:(PDF)
568:S2CID
456:. MIT
454:(PDF)
360:Linux
283:Intel
125:Speed
117:1212
106:Space
84:Power
2415:BiiN
2337:CEOs
2235:ICHs
2230:SCHs
2225:PCHs
2158:i960
2153:i860
2148:RISC
2138:EPIC
2128:CISC
2080:Xeon
2008:Core
1947:Atom
1897:Xeon
1892:Core
1809:Atom
1767:i486
1745:i386
1738:x86)
1690:8087
1678:FPUs
1645:8088
1639:8086
1614:8085
1608:8080
1602:8008
1581:4040
1575:4004
1541:Xeon
1509:Core
1494:Atom
1326:Core
1274:x86)
1227:Xeon
1190:Core
1143:Atom
1083:WiDi
1063:SSDs
760:ISBN
719:ISBN
654:2016
628:2013
601:2011
558:ISBN
526:2011
492:2011
462:2011
433:2014
400:2011
251:MIMD
196:ASCI
167:test
128:1.3
2218:Arc
2203:GMA
1952:SoC
1870:III
1860:Pro
1819:SoC
1782:DX4
1777:DX2
1755:376
1674:x87
1626:x86
1562:BCD
1416:ULV
1413:x86
1168:III
1158:Pro
1088:x86
752:doi
711:doi
673:doi
550:doi
314:PFS
303:I/O
190:or
163:on
2642::
2213:Xe
1957:CE
1865:II
1814:CE
1787:SL
1772:SX
1760:EX
1750:SX
1286:P6
1281:P5
1215:i9
1210:i7
1205:i5
1200:i3
1163:II
768:.
758:.
727:.
717:.
693:^
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609:^
580:^
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534:^
500:^
483:.
470:^
441:^
419:.
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374:^
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2073:M
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1991:D
1986:4
1969:D
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840:t
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776:.
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735:.
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687:.
675::
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630:.
603:.
574:.
552::
528:.
494:.
464:.
435:.
402:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
