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AVLIS continues to be developed by some countries and it presents some specific challenges to international monitoring. Iran is now known to have had a secret AVLIS program. However, since it was uncovered in 2003, Iran has claimed to have dismantled it.
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The choice of target electron has changed during the development of AVLIS as newer laser technologies have been developed. Early work generally focused on electrons in the 16 micron band, which could be efficiently produced using
155:, different isotopes have different energy levels. The designers pick a particular electron energy where the difference between isotopes is maximized and the energy level can be practically produced with a
265:
The history of AVLIS, as recorded in the open refereed literature, began in the early-mid 1970s in the former Soviet Union and the United States. In the US, AVLIS research was mainly carried out at the
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development for AVLIS, applicable to uranium, has also been reported from several countries including
Pakistan (1974), Australia (1982-1984), France (1984), India (1994), and Japan (1996).
135:
Due to the possibility of achieving much higher enrichment with much lower energy needs than conventional centrifuge based methods of uranium enrichment, AVLIS is a concern for
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The AVLIS system consists of a vaporizer and a collector, forming the separation system, and the laser system. The vaporizer produces a stream of pure gaseous uranium.
132:
still contained in waste products. AVLIS may offer an economic way to reprocess even the fuel that has undergone one cycle of reprocessing using existing methods.
95:. In contrast, AVLIS produces much higher enrichment in a single step without the need to mix it with acid. The technology could, in principle, also be used for
218:; the master oscillator is tunable, narrow-linewidth, low noise, and highly precise. Its power is significantly increased by a dye laser amplifier acting as
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consists of a large mass of U and a much smaller mass of fissile U. Traditionally, the U is separated from the mass by dissolving it in acid to produce
102:
As the process does not require the feedstock to be chemically processed before enrichment, it is also suitable for use with used nuclear fuel from
352:
Petr A. Bokhan, Vladimir V. Buchanov, Nikolai V. Fateev, Mikhail M. Kalugin, Mishik A. Kazaryan, Alexander M. Prokhorov, Dmitrij E. Zakrevskii:
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the desired atoms in a vaporized source material. As the energy levels of the electrons are affected by the nuclear structure, causing the
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which were emerging in the late 1960s. However, the transitions in this area were closely spaced which made it difficult to select due to
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of other elements, which is uneconomic outside specialist applications with current non-laser-based technologies for most elements.
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or magnetic fields. Other isotopes, which subtly different energy levels, will not be ionized and remain in the original mix.
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I. E. Olivares, A. E. Duarte, E. A. Saravia, and F. J. Duarte, Lithium isotope separation with tunable diode lasers,
191:, allowed the selection of more convenient excitations. Modern systems typically use the U absorption peak of 502.74
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for commercialization. However, on 9 June 1999 after a $ 100 million investment, USEC cancelled its AVLIS program.
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183:, requiring the vapor to be cooled with a complex expansion system. The introduction of lasers working at
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to separate the isotopes. Each trip through the centrifuge "enriches" the amount of U and leaves behind
84:
584:
F. J. Duarte (2016). "Tunable laser atomic vapor laser isotope separation". In F. J. Duarte (ed.).
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and thus ionize the atom, leaving it electrically charged. The ion can then be manipulated with
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222:. Three frequencies ("colors") of lasers are used for full ionization of uranium-235.
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and L.W. Hillman (Eds.), Dye Laser
Principles (Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 9.
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42:. The green light is from a copper vapor pump laser used to pump a highly tuned
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27:"AVLIS" redirects here. For the Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting, see
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139:. To date, no commercial-scale AVLIS production line is known to be in use.
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transitions. A similar technology, using molecules instead of atoms, is
34:
418:, Narrow linewidth high prf copper laser-pumped dye-laser oscillators,
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from those sources is only economical up to a degree, leaving tons of
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government history, in 1994 the AVLIS process was transferred to the
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17:
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28:
39:
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R.M. Feinburg and R.S. Hargrove. UCRL-ID-114671 August 1993.
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The basic concept behind the AVLIS system is to selectively
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although some industrial laboratories were early players.
476:
Ferguson, Charles D.; Boureston, Jack (March–April 2005).
401:, High-power dye lasers pumped by copper vapor lasers, in
339:
L. J. Radziemski, R. W. Solarz, and J. A. Paisner (Eds.),
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Overview of
Uranium Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation
627:
Oxford
Research Group report on Iran's nuclear activities
405:, F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Springer, Berlin, 1991) Chapter 5.
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Ferguson, Charles D.; Boureston, Jack (June 17, 2004).
38:
An atomic vapor laser isotope separation experiment at
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The laser commonly used is a two-stage tunable pulsed
374:"Uranium Enrichment Tails Upgrading (Re-enrichment)"
650:
Pakistani Laser
Isotope Separation Related Research
159:. The laser light causes the chosen electron to be
436:""Annex 3": List of Items to Be Reported to IAEA"
237:Commercialization and international significance
508:"Focusing on Iran's Laser Enrichment Program"
8:
294:Chemical reaction by isotope selective laser
633:Laser isotope separation uranium enrichment
343:(Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987) Chapter 3.
310:Separation of isotopes by laser excitation
354:Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapor
33:
538:. Oxford Research Group. Archived from
341:Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications
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579:
577:
563:
552:
478:"Laser Enrichment: Separation Anxiety"
268:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
225:For AVLIS in other elements, such as
51:Atomic vapor laser isotope separation
7:
251:United States Enrichment Corporation
46:which is producing the orange light.
284:Australian Atomic Energy Commission
617:USEC News Release Cancelling AVLIS
356:. Wiley-VCH, Berlin, August 2006,
75:molecular laser isotope separation
25:
57:, is a method by which specially
622:Report on Iranian AVLIS program
438:. Iraqwatch.org. Archived from
195:shifts to 502.73 nm in U.
69:using selective ionization of
1:
588:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton:
482:Council on Foreign Relations
536:"Iran's Nuclear Activities"
229:, tunable narrow-linewidth
696:
586:Tunable Laser Applications
534:Paul Rogers (March 2006).
26:
110:. At present, extracting
644:Laser Isotope Separation
515:FirstWatch International
562:Cite journal requires
305:List of laser articles
47:
403:High Power Dye Lasers
137:nuclear proliferation
37:
592:. pp. 371–384.
104:light water reactors
85:uranium hexafluoride
466:, 2973-2977 (2002).
425:, 1391-1394 (1984).
243:technology transfer
185:tunable frequencies
153:hyperfine structure
680:Laser applications
670:Isotope separation
665:Chemical processes
316:Nuclear fuel cycle
216:copper vapor laser
181:Doppler broadening
97:isotope separation
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414:F. J. Duarte and
300:Gaseous diffusion
220:optical amplifier
63:separate isotopes
16:(Redirected from
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89:gas centrifuges
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261:Brief history
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646:page at LLNL
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231:diode lasers
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161:photoexcited
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61:are used to
59:tuned lasers
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416:J. A. Piper
659:Categories
546:2010-11-22
520:2010-11-22
492:2010-11-22
461:Appl. Opt.
446:2010-11-22
420:Appl. Opt.
399:C. E. Webb
327:References
233:are used.
193:nanometers
189:dye lasers
106:and other
590:CRC Press
208:dye laser
143:Principle
71:hyperfine
44:dye laser
296:(CRISLA)
289:Calutron
278:See also
210:usually
77:(MLIS).
675:Uranium
312:(SILEX)
227:lithium
67:uranium
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360:
212:pumped
177:lasers
149:ionize
511:(PDF)
214:by a
157:laser
55:AVLIS
53:, or
29:Avlis
18:AVLIS
594:ISBN
568:help
358:ISBN
247:U.S.
40:LLNL
245:in
65:of
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130:U
119:U
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