739:
the 1984 advertisement who were threatened by the Church. It began, "We affirm our solidarity with all
Catholics whose right to free speech is under attack." Committee member Kissling said that, though seven nuns had "clarified" their positions, "There have been no retractions; there have been no withdrawals." She said the Church's assertion that many nuns had disavowed their 1984 signing was "a lot of wishful thinking". Nine conservative Catholic lay group leaders responded with a letter to Hamer asking for quick disciplinary action against dissenting nuns. They warned that "the revolt is spreading" against the church's position on abortion, and chided the Vatican for failing to react decisively against signers of the first ad.
649:—a shelter for homeless and abused women and children—were supported by CFFC in their dispute with the Church. By March 1986, Hussey and Ferraro were no longer calling for "dialogue" but were publicly demanding recognition of "a woman's right to choose." In July 1986 when the two nuns were pressured more strongly with expulsion, 11 of the other nuns who signed came forward with a statement in solidarity with them, denying a recent Vatican announcement that all nuns but Hussey and Ferraro were now aligned with the Church's position on abortion. The eleven complained of the Church's divisive tactics, which they said were intended to isolate Hussey and Ferraro. Signer
585:
citation to a poll showing only 11% of
American Catholics surveyed opposed abortion in all circumstance, and an endorsement of "candid and respectful discussion" within the Church of a "diversity of opinion" held by Catholics on the issue. The bottom of the page included 97 names divided into two groups: 15 members of the Catholic Committee on Pluralism and Abortion, and 82 others in a group marked "Other Signers". The advertisement concluded by saying the list of signers was only partial—that 75 priests, members of religious institutes, and theologians had written in support "but cannot sign because they fear losing their jobs."
735:. In some cases, signers of the statement grew more radical in their beliefs after being reprimanded by church authority. In the publicity surrounding the dispute with the nuns and the theologians, the statistics showing that most American Catholics disagreed with church teachings about abortion were repeated many times. Traxler appeared in a television spot with a tube of toothpaste, saying that you cannot put the toothpaste back in the tube. The various responses to the 1984 advertisement and its aftermath remained in the news through 1986.
654:
that they would not be dismissed from the order. However, the leadership of the School
Sisters of Notre Dame distanced the order from Hussey and Ferraro, calling them "intransigent" and stating that they "have in practice placed themselves outside the life and mission of the congregation." The two nuns subsequently held a press conference and announced that a woman "can be publicly pro-choice and still be a nun." In July 1988, the two resigned from the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur.
793:
31:
611:, requested on November 30, 1984, that the signers who were subject to Church authority be required to publicly retract their position or be dismissed. This elicited a good deal of international press coverage. Of the 26 nuns, two were taken off the Vatican's list, one for unknown reasons and the other because her missionary order was not under Hamer's supervision. The remaining 24 nuns were labeled the "Vatican 24" by the press.
707:, was quoted by the Vatican: "Sister Margaret's position is in accord with the teaching of the Church." This statement had been accepted as a recantation by Cardinal Hamer in December 1985. After learning of the Vatican response, Farley said Hamer's assumption was in error, that she had never recanted or asked that her signature be removed. She said, "What I did...was to clarify my position. And that was accepted as sufficient."
634:
variety of responses were received from the superiors. A few nuns disavowed their position on abortion and the cases were quickly closed. Most nuns held to their earlier conviction, although their superiors sent letters saying that they accepted Church teaching. Once a nun's superior had sent a letter to the
Vatican, the case was closed, without any further attempt to prevent the nun from speaking out on the issues.
349:
618:, on December 19, 1984, to determine a course of action. The meeting included 18 nuns of the Vatican 24. They said the Vatican, in its stern reaction, "seeks to stifle freedom of speech and public discussion in the Roman Catholic Church and create the appearance of a consensus where none exists." The group issued a statement describing the current Church stance as not in the spirit of the
908:
514:, wrote the introduction to the briefing. She wrote, "As Catholics we deal each day, both personally and politically, with the wrenching abortion issue ...the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue." Other endorsers of the briefing included fellow
533:, the president of CFFC, and Maguire's wife Marjorie Reily Maguire, a theologian and CFFC activist. The position paper, titled "A Catholic Statement on Abortion", was circulated among several groups of theologians including the College Theology Society, of which Marjorie Maguire was a member, and the
455:
as "morally wrong in all instances" was "not the only legitimate
Catholic position." It said that "a large number" of Catholic theologians considered abortion to be a moral choice in some cases and cited a recent survey which found that only 11% of Catholics believed that abortion was wrong under all
738:
On March 2, 1986, a follow-up advertisement was placed by the
Committee of Concerned Catholics, signed by more than 1,000 Catholics supportive of the right to speak dissenting views on abortion and other controversial subjects. This advertisement was intended to show solidarity for the 97 signers of
592:
Statements of recent Popes and of the
Catholic hierarchy have condemned the direct termination of pre-natal life as morally wrong in all instances. There is the mistaken belief in American society that this is the only legitimate Catholic position. In fact, a diversity of opinions regarding abortion
559:
issued statements denouncing her position on abortion. It is likely that O'Connor targeted
Ferraro because of her association with CFFC. O'Connor said that Catholic voters should not vote for pro-abortion politicians. O'Connor said Ferraro "has given the world to understand that Catholic teaching is
572:
CFFC wanted to make clear the church's hierarchy did not speak for them. The CFFC turned the
Maguire/Maguire/Kissling position paper holding about 80 signatures from leading Catholic reformers into a statement suitable for the public, and in August–September 1984 they sought further signatures from
482:
denounced it and called it contrary to "the clear and consistent teaching of the church that deliberately chosen abortion is objectively immoral." Subsequently, the
Vatican pursued recantings by or reprimands of the signers who were directly subject to Church authority, including 24 nuns who became
653:
said, "I have never retracted or recanted one syllable of the Catholic Statement on Abortion and Pluralism. I continue to stand behind every word of it without the slightest reservation." After nearly four years of dispute, Hussey and Ferraro were informed by their order's leadership in June 1988
633:
In seeking to discipline the nuns, the Vatican did not contact any one of them personally, and did not respond to direct individual communication. Rather, the superiors of the nuns were asked to write letters verifying whether or not the nuns were in line with Catholic teaching on abortion, and a
602:
On November 14, 1984, following the election (which Mondale and Ferraro lost), the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a statement saying the text of the advertisement could only represent the personal opinions of the signers because they were in contradiction to "the clear and consistent
584:
carried the combined statement of the CFFC and the other signers. At the top of the page were the bold-type words: "A Diversity of Opinions Regarding Abortion Exists Among Committed Catholics". Underneath that was the title "A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion". Following this was a
492:
672:
sent a memo to all Los Angeles social service directors, ordering them to cease referring homeless women to the shelter Vaughan supervised "because of pro-abortion position". Vaughan was reportedly expelled in February 1985 but in April 1986 she spoke to the
679:
to say that the Church had closed the case without requiring her to retract her statement. With the help of her superior, Sister Miriam Therese Larkin of St. Louis, Missouri, she retained her position in the order, and Languille's memo was overturned.
483:
known as the "Vatican 24". Some signers recanted their affiliation with CFFC; most were said by their superiors to be in line with Catholic teaching. Two nuns resisted, publicly embraced a pro-abortion rights position and eventually left their order.
573:
such groups as the Women Church Convergence, a group working to increase women's roles in the Church. A total of 97 signatures was gathered, including 26 nuns, two priests, and two lay brothers. The CFFC paid $ 30,000 for an advertisement in
608:
560:
divided on the subject of abortion", which he said was wrong. Ferraro said that her personal pro-abortion rights views were not something she would force on the nation; she said she would follow the law of the land as interpreted by the
702:
wrote to the Vatican to determine Farley's status, and the Vatican responded that Farley "has retracted her signature from the 'Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion.'" Sister Helen Amos, the president of Farley's order, the
771:
documentary about three nuns, including one of the Vatican 24. Titled "Faith Even to the Fire", the program followed statement signer Sister Judith Vaughan, who faced difficulty in Los Angeles then moved to Chicago to lead the
742:
Some Catholic theologians who signed the statement reported being threatened with stagnation in their careers, and found that speaking engagements were canceled because of the controversy. Theologians Daniel Maguire,
505:
to a briefing titled "The Abortion Issue in the Political Process" describing the problems facing Catholic politicians and to show that there was a range of personal and political responses to the issue of abortion.
1876:
629:
The four male members of institutes who signed—two priests and two lay brothers—recanted in published statements, the last on January 17, 1985. The Vatican announced that many of the nuns had also recanted.
665:, said, "We didn't commit a crime. All we did was say, 'Hey, there's a diversity of opinion among people and we need to talk about freedom of conscience.' I don't see myself as defiant." In January 1985,
564:. After receiving more criticism from O'Connor, Ferraro acknowledged that the Church's position on abortion was indeed "monolithic", but said many Catholics "do not share the view of the Catholic Church."
377:
2331:
69:
324:
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and discussion within the Church on the subject. More signatures were added, bringing the total to 97 prominent Catholics including theologians, nuns, priests and lay persons.
641:, Patricia Hussey and Barbara Ferraro (no relation to Geraldine Ferraro), did not recant from their pro-abortion rights positions. Hussey and Ferraro, directors of the
1884:
577:, to run on a day that was the annual "Respect Life Sunday" celebrated by American bishops. The timing was intended to help Ferraro retain support in her campaign.
370:
2326:
1834:
243:
884:
541:
and the possibility of nuanced abortion positions in the Catholic Church signed the statement and formed the Catholic Committee on Pluralism and Abortion.
622:
which said, "Let there be unity in what is necessary, freedom in what is unsettled and charity in any case." Sister Donna Quinn, a past president of the
363:
475:
159:
805:
534:
2316:
1003:
511:
2321:
2289:
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2193:
2161:
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1735:
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428:. The publicity and controversy which followed its publication helped to make the CFFC an important element of the abortion-rights movement.
95:
39:
773:
1625:
626:, said, "We believe we have a right to speak out when we have a differing opinion, and this is something European men do not understand."
1032:
699:
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623:
479:
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1995:
263:
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221:
177:
19:
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776:. Also featured were Sisters Marie de Pores Taylor of Oakland, California, and Rosa Marta Zarate of San Bernardino, California.
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Marjorie Reiley Maguire was a professor in the theology department at Marquette University, a Roman Catholic institution.
1057:
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said that her signing of the 1984 advertisement came up in early 1986 when she was to be honored with an award given by
182:
47:
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857:
763:
561:
471:
2336:
529:
Catholic ethicist Daniel C. Maguire co-authored a position paper on abortion and religious pluralism with feminist
139:
2224:
Maguire, Marjorie Reiley (1986). "Pluralism on Abortion in the Theological Community: The Controversy Continues".
1742:
Although the group became known as the Vatican 24, there were at least two more nuns who signed the advertisement.
943:
759:
felt pressured to quit the women's advisory committee assigned to assist U.S. bishops write a pastoral on women.
646:
425:
319:
206:
1853:"Abortion and Religion: L.A. Nun May Lose Her Job Because Vatican Opposes Her Statement Concerning Moral Choice"
1991:
1721:
1289:
1085:
880:
826:
744:
226:
2203:
Hunt, Mary E.; Kissling, Frances (Spring 1987). "The New York Times Ad: A Case Study in Religious Feminism".
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691:
216:
111:
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353:
211:
1973:
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119:
2153:
Feminism and Christian tradition: an annotated bibliography and critical introduction to the literature
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289:
258:
167:
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who were sympathetic to choice in abortion. This position paper was used by CFFC as the basis for
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896:
748:
724:
421:
408:
2281:
2273:
2254:
2246:
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1907:
1399:
1356:
1323:. South-Western Legal Studies in Business Academic (6 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 152.
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2007:
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teaching of the church that deliberately chosen abortion is objectively immoral." Cardinal
1445:. Reflection and theory in the study of religion. Oxford University Press US. p. 18.
1019:
990:
964:
911:
766:
695:
687:
650:
538:
457:
448:
238:
124:
2156:. Bibliographies and indexes in religious studies. Vol. 51. Greenwood. p. 234.
30:
2040:
1900:
1835:
A. Goldman, "'Pro-Choice Nuns'; Another Challenge to Rome by Liberal Catholics in U.S."
1392:
1349:
1196:
1162:
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732:
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642:
545:
432:
1765:
715:
Several nuns were given a platform to air their views including activist nuns such as
2305:
2183:
1044:
89:
607:, author of the 1974 reaffirmation against procured abortion and the prefect of the
1284:(2006). "Women's Freedom and Reproductive Rights: The Core Fear of Patriarchy". In
1105:
847:
519:
467:, a pro-abortion rights Catholic, to resist the sharp criticism directed at her by
334:
1069:
Judith Vaughan, nun, director of the House of Ruth shelter for women, Los Angeles
1791:
862:
Justus George Lawler, Executive Editor, Academic Bookline, Winston-Seabury Press
658:
523:
2217:
871:
Marjorie Reiley Maguire, Ph.D., theologian, an early and active member of CFFC.
609:
Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
348:
18:
1398:. Columbia contemporary American religion. Columbia University Press. p.
395:
134:
1727:
Faithful and Fearless: Moving Feminist Protest Inside the Church and Military
1485:
2249:. In Clarissa W. Atkinson; Constance H. Buchanan; Margaret R. Miles (eds.).
932:
784:
Signers of the statement whose names appeared in the advertisement include:
756:
666:
64:
2237:
2098:
2042:
Joining the revolution in theology: the College Theology Society, 1954–2004
2011:
1351:
Joining the revolution in theology: the College Theology Society, 1954–2004
400:
A Diversity of Opinions Regarding Abortion Exists Among Committed Catholics
762:
In August 1992, filmmakers Sylvia Morales and Jean Victor presented their
2274:"Sister Maureen Fiedler: A Nun for Gender Equality in Church and Society"
2074:
Good Catholic Girls: How Women Are Leading the Fight to Change the Church
1571:
Sisters in crisis: the tragic unraveling of women's religious communities
728:
452:
436:
417:
329:
907:
463:
The advertisement was intended to help 1984 vice-presidential candidate
1371:
Marjorie Maguire, CTS member and signer of the 'Catholic Statement'...
2213:
1198:
Catholics and politics: the dynamic tension between faith and power
416:(CFFC). Its publication brought to a head the conflict between the
906:
804:
Anthony Battaglia, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Religious Studies,
791:
490:
1194:
Heyer, Kristin E.; Rozell, Mark J.; Genovese, Michael A. (2008).
1114:. Religion, Marriage, and Family. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 449.
1504:
Castro, Janice; Castelli, Jim; Wynn, Wilton (January 7, 1985).
406:", was a full-page advertisement placed on October 7, 1984, in
2185:
No Turning Back: Two Nuns' Battle over Women's Right to Choose
1938:"1,000 Catholics Sign Ad Backing Right to Dissent on Abortion"
1202:. Religion and politics. Georgetown University Press. p.
1296:. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 1104–1106.
22:
The advertisement, with a list of signatories at the bottom.
2182:
Ferraro, Barbara; Hussey, Patricia; O'Reilly, Jane (1990).
2126:"Review/Television: Among the Fathers, Dissenting Sisters"
2251:
Shaping New Vision: Gender and Values in American Culture
868:, S.T.D., theologian, widely published Catholic ethicist.
850:, Ph.D., Women's Alliance for Theology, Ethics and Ritual
755:
all saw their careers limited after October 1984. Sister
2278:
Religious Leaders and Faith-Based Politics: Ten Profiles
1541:
Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances
1697:
Graceful exits: Catholic women and the art of departure
1060:, co-founder of the National Coalition of American Nuns
614:
Some 35 of the signers met at the St. Charles Hotel in
1902:
Catholic identity: balancing reason, faith, and power
1317:
Cihon, Patrick J.; Castagnera, James Ottavio (2008).
1931:
1929:
1927:
1956:"Oust nuns disagreeing with abortion stand: letter"
1294:
Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America
967:, Ph.D., S.L., nun, pacifist, and activist for the
2039:
1974:"Vatican Officials to Meet With 6 Dissenting Nuns"
1899:
1595:Baird-Windle, Patricia; Bader, Eleanor J. (2001).
1391:
1348:
1195:
1075:, district attorney, female priest, professor at
1028:Dolly Pomerleau, co-founder of the Quixote Center
2332:Works originally published in The New York Times
1442:Living words: studies in dialogues over religion
1152:"A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion"
2276:. In Jo Renée Formicola; Hubert Morken (eds.).
1996:"Catholics and Abortion: Authority vs. Dissent"
1962:. Dubuque, Iowa. UPI. March 4, 1986. p. 1.
1870:
1868:
1866:
1700:. Indiana University Press. pp. 146, 151.
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
590:
1574:. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 223.
1544:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 146–147.
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1139:Encyclopedia of American religion and politics
1133:
1131:
552:in the 1984 election, Archbishop O'Connor and
392:A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion
296:A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion
2247:"Ferraro, the Bishops, and the 1984 Election"
1755:"Statement by Pluralism and Abortion Signers"
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
371:
8:
1668:"Nun Doesn't Have to Retract Abortion Stand"
1066:, Dominican nun, native New Yorker, feminist
788:Catholic Committee on Pluralism and Abortion
751:, Mary I. Buckley, Kathleen M. O'Connor and
1730:. Princeton University Press. p. 218.
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
2253:. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. pp.
1818:"11 Nuns Deny Recanting Stand on Abortion"
1661:
1659:
1657:
1620:
1618:
1598:Targets of hatred: anti-abortion terrorism
942:Patty Crowley, long-term co-leader of the
378:
364:
25:
971:1978 to 1982. Fiedler attended the first
1563:
1561:
1533:
1531:
1506:"Religion: Shutting the Door on Dissent"
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1031:Donna Quinn, nun, past president of the
885:Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary
17:
2205:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
1936:Chandler, Russell (February 22, 1986).
1097:
806:California State University, Long Beach
535:Catholic Theological Society of America
46:
1906:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1851:Chandler, Russell (January 14, 1985).
1796:Voices of Change: Risking All In Faith
1762:Voices of Change: Risking All In Faith
1633:Voices of Change: Risking All In Faith
1601:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–80.
1159:Voices of Change: Risking All In Faith
1004:Michigan Department of Social Services
844:Patricia Hennessy, J.D., New York City
588:The second paragraph read as follows:
512:United States House of Representatives
478:. Following the ad's publication, the
2280:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.
2124:Goodman, Walter (September 7, 1992).
1355:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.
937:University of Chicago Divinity School
874:J. Giles Milhaven, Ph.D., Professor,
657:Signer Judith Vaughan, a resident of
580:On October 7, 1984, one full page of
435:was signed by about 80 reform-minded
7:
2327:Catholic Church in the United States
2046:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
1875:Anderson, David E. (March 1, 1986).
895:James F. Smurl, Ph.D., Professor at
774:National Assembly of Religious Women
394:", alternatively referred to by its
2077:. HarperCollins. pp. 116–117.
1666:Chandler, Russell (April 1, 1986).
1137:Djupe, Paul A. and Laura R. Olson,
1033:National Coalition of American Nuns
663:Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet
624:National Coalition of American Nuns
480:U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops
447:ad. CFFC's statement said that the
70:Eucharist denial or excommunication
926:The Journal of Religion & Film
889:Thomas Shannon, Ph.D., Professor,
593:exists among committed Catholics."
264:Center for Family and Human Rights
14:
1141:, p. 84, Infobase Publishing 2003
727:, an order known for its work on
501:In 1982, CFFC invited members of
178:2009 Brazilian girl abortion case
816:Joseph Fahey, Ph.D., Professor,
537:. Those who were sympathetic to
347:
269:National Right to Life Committee
173:Margaret McBride excommunication
29:
1230:Catholics in America: a history
921:University of Nebraska at Omaha
891:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
476:1984 U.S. presidential election
1877:"Vatican Statement Challenged"
1764:. Sturdy Roots. Archived from
1635:. Sturdy Roots. Archived from
1466:Klein, Joe (October 1, 1984).
1161:. Sturdy Roots. Archived from
1111:The child in Christian thought
1015:Princeton Theological Seminary
1002:, former nun, director of the
986:Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
960:Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
639:Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
1:
2317:Abortion in the United States
2028:As hosted by Religion Online.
1468:"Abortion and the Archbishop"
973:Women's Ordination Conference
810:Roddy O'Neil Cleary, D.Min.,
456:circumstances. It called for
2322:Catholic Church and abortion
2188:. New York: Poseidon Press.
1394:Roman Catholicism in America
1058:School Sisters of Notre Dame
978:Christine E. Gudorf, Ph.D.,
935:, nun and theologian at the
823:Elisabeth SchĂĽssler Fiorenza
753:Elisabeth SchĂĽssler Fiorenza
723:, and six nuns of the order
694:, a Catholic institution in
431:Before mid-1984, a Catholic
183:Death of Savita Halappanavar
2071:Bonavoglia, Angela (2006).
2038:Mize, Sandra Yocum (2007).
1439:Martin, Terence J. (1998).
1347:Mize, Sandra Yocum (2007).
1008:University of Detroit Mercy
858:Catholics for a Free Choice
414:Catholics for a Free Choice
2353:
2150:Walsh, Mary-Paula (1999).
1480:(39). New York Media: 40.
1320:Employment & Labor Law
1233:. Greenwood. p. 135.
1227:Carey, Patrick W. (2004).
1084:Arthur E. Zannoni, Ph.D.,
1013:Kathleen E. McVey, Ph.D.,
1006:, former president of the
984:Patricia Hussey, nun with
958:Barbara Ferraro, nun with
354:Catholic Church portal
1992:Ruether, Rosemary Radford
1722:Katzenstein, Mary Fainsod
944:Christian Family Movement
647:Charleston, West Virginia
2245:Segers, Mary C. (1987).
2099:"Faith Even to the Fire"
1898:Dillon, Michele (1999).
1694:Campbell, Debra (2003).
1390:Gillis, Chester (1999).
1290:Rosemary Radford Ruether
1086:University of Notre Dame
881:Rosemary Radford Ruether
827:University of Notre Dame
745:Rosemary Radford Ruether
686:ethics professor Sister
548:'s running mate for the
1429:Hunt and Kissling, 1987
1286:Rosemary Skinner Keller
1077:University of San Diego
692:John Carroll University
544:When Ferraro was named
510:, then a member of the
451:'s doctrine condemning
50:and the Catholic Church
1980:. UPI. March 15, 1986.
1887:on September 13, 2012.
1081:Mary Jo Weaver, author
1054:Margaret Ellen Traxler
1040:University of Missouri
969:Equal Rights Amendment
915:
856:, Executive Director,
800:
595:
498:
469:Archbishop of New York
23:
2272:Segers, Mary (2001).
2000:The Christian Century
1883:. UPI. Archived from
1824:. UPI. July 26, 1986.
1049:University of Detroit
919:Ronald Burke, Ph.D.,
910:
812:University of Vermont
795:
700:Cleveland archdiocese
494:
424:who were in favor of
404:The New York Times ad
320:Other Christian views
120:Consistent life ethic
21:
1960:The Telegraph-Herald
1626:"Catholic Committee"
954:Yale Divinity School
825:, Ph.D., Professor,
684:Yale Divinity School
554:Archbishop of Boston
472:John Joseph O'Connor
441:religious institutes
325:In the United States
290:Catholics for Choice
259:American Life League
168:Gianna Beretta Molla
2018:on November 2, 2011
1994:(October 3, 1985).
1771:on February 6, 2015
1568:Carey, Ann (1997).
1538:Davis, Tom (2005).
1516:on October 29, 2010
1106:Bunge, Marcia JoAnn
1038:Jill Raitt, Ph.D.,
1024:New York University
975:in Detroit in 1975.
883:, Ph.D. Professor,
661:and a nun with the
557:Bernard Francis Law
244:Knights of Columbus
58:Official opposition
2130:The New York Times
1073:Elizabeth Jane Via
1000:Agnes Mary Mansour
916:
897:Indiana University
834:, M.A., author of
801:
749:Elizabeth Jane Via
747:, Giles Milhaven,
725:Sisters of Loretto
582:The New York Times
575:The New York Times
499:
445:The New York Times
426:access to abortion
422:American Catholics
409:The New York Times
24:
2337:Catholic feminism
2291:978-0-8476-9963-6
2264:978-0-8357-1803-5
2195:978-0-671-64406-2
2163:978-0-313-26419-1
2084:978-0-06-057063-7
2057:978-0-7425-3195-6
1978:Los Angeles Times
1942:Los Angeles Times
1917:978-0-521-63959-0
1857:Los Angeles Times
1822:Los Angeles Times
1737:978-0-691-01008-3
1707:978-0-253-34316-1
1672:Los Angeles Times
1608:978-0-312-23925-1
1581:978-0-87973-655-2
1551:978-0-8135-3493-0
1452:978-0-7885-0512-6
1409:978-0-231-10871-3
1366:978-0-7425-3195-6
1330:978-0-324-66366-2
1303:978-0-253-34688-9
1282:Kissling, Frances
1240:978-0-275-98255-3
1213:978-1-58901-216-5
1121:978-0-8028-4693-8
995:Xavier University
980:Xavier University
866:Daniel C. Maguire
818:Manhattan College
676:Los Angeles Times
670:John P. Languille
605:Jean Jerome Hamer
508:Geraldine Ferraro
496:Geraldine Ferraro
465:Geraldine Ferraro
388:
387:
145:Indirect abortion
2344:
2295:
2268:
2241:
2212:
2199:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2045:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2014:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1872:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1792:"New York Times"
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1691:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1501:
1490:
1489:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1397:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1278:
1245:
1244:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1201:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1102:
923:, co-founder of
876:Brown University
854:Frances Kissling
840:Company of Women
721:Margaret Traxler
705:Sisters of Mercy
616:Washington, D.C.
550:Democratic Party
531:Frances Kissling
380:
373:
366:
352:
351:
254:CatholicVote.org
249:Catholic Answers
234:Priests for Life
222:Washington, D.C.
130:Sanctity of life
83:Evangelium vitae
33:
26:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2271:
2265:
2244:
2223:
2202:
2196:
2181:
2177:
2175:Further reading
2172:
2171:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2019:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:, June 12, 1988
1833:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1693:
1692:
1679:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1594:
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1589:
1582:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1417:
1410:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1367:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1280:
1279:
1248:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1056:, nun with the
1020:Jeanne L. Noble
991:Paul F. Knitter
965:Maureen Fiedler
950:Margaret Farley
912:Paul F. Knitter
905:
790:
782:
713:
696:Cleveland, Ohio
688:Margaret Farley
651:Maureen Fiedler
600:
570:
539:moral pluralism
489:
458:value pluralism
449:Catholic Church
439:and members of
384:
346:
341:
340:
339:
314:
306:
305:
304:
303:
284:
276:
275:
274:
273:
239:Sisters of Life
207:Life and Family
203:March for Life
198:
190:
189:
188:
187:
162:
152:
151:
150:
149:
125:Culture of life
114:
110:Philosophy and
103:
102:
101:
100:
59:
49:
12:
11:
5:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
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2319:
2314:
2312:1984 documents
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2194:
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2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2142:
2116:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2056:
2030:
2006:(6): 859–862.
1983:
1965:
1947:
1923:
1916:
1890:
1862:
1843:
1839:New York Times
1827:
1809:
1798:. Sturdy Roots
1790:Best, Judith.
1782:
1746:
1736:
1713:
1706:
1677:
1653:
1614:
1607:
1587:
1580:
1557:
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1491:
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1375:
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1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1246:
1239:
1219:
1212:
1179:
1143:
1127:
1120:
1108:, ed. (2001).
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1064:Marjorie Tuite
1061:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1017:
1011:
997:
988:
982:
976:
962:
956:
947:
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930:
904:
901:
900:
899:
893:
887:
878:
872:
869:
863:
860:
851:
845:
842:
836:Final Payments
829:
820:
814:
808:
789:
786:
781:
778:
733:social justice
717:Marjorie Tuite
712:
709:
643:Covenant House
599:
596:
569:
566:
546:Walter Mondale
488:
485:
433:position paper
386:
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375:
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148:
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142:
137:
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127:
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116:
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109:
108:
105:
104:
99:
98:
93:
86:
79:
74:
73:
72:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:of articles on
35:
34:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2349:
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2330:
2328:
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2256:
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2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:(1): 115–127.
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
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2180:
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2165:
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2076:
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2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1894:
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1886:
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1863:
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1688:
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1678:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1642:on 2015-12-26
1638:
1634:
1627:
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1615:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1588:
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1562:
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1547:
1543:
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1534:
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1528:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
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1469:
1462:
1459:
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1443:
1435:
1432:
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1424:
1422:
1420:
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1396:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1343:
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1332:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1310:
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1299:
1295:
1291:
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1223:
1220:
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1200:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1168:on 2015-02-16
1164:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1113:
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1107:
1101:
1098:
1091:
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1080:
1078:
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1055:
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1050:
1046:
1045:Jane Schaberg
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
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1012:
1009:
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945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:
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909:
903:Other signers
902:
898:
894:
892:
888:
886:
882:
879:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
855:
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693:
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681:
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671:
668:
664:
660:
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652:
648:
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635:
631:
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617:
612:
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606:
597:
594:
589:
586:
583:
578:
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565:
563:
562:Supreme Court
558:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
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525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
497:
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486:
484:
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477:
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466:
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454:
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423:
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415:
411:
410:
405:
402:" or simply "
401:
397:
393:
381:
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374:
369:
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362:
361:
359:
358:
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350:
345:
344:
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328:
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288:
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280:
279:
270:
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265:
262:
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257:
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250:
247:
245:
242:
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228:
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220:
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213:
210:
208:
205:
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202:
201:
194:
193:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
156:
155:
146:
143:
141:
140:Double effect
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
113:
107:
106:
97:
94:
92:
91:
90:Humanae vitae
87:
85:
84:
80:
78:
77:Canon 1397 §2
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
55:
54:
51:
45:
41:
37:
36:
32:
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2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2041:
2033:
2022:September 1,
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2003:
1999:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1901:
1893:
1885:the original
1881:Sun Sentinel
1880:
1856:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1761:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1716:
1696:
1671:
1644:. Retrieved
1637:the original
1632:
1597:
1590:
1570:
1540:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1509:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1441:
1434:
1393:
1370:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1319:
1312:
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1229:
1222:
1197:
1170:. Retrieved
1163:the original
1158:
1146:
1138:
1110:
1100:
925:
848:Mary E. Hunt
839:
835:
783:
767:
761:
741:
737:
714:
711:Later events
682:
674:
656:
636:
632:
628:
613:
601:
591:
587:
581:
579:
574:
571:
543:
528:
520:Leon Panetta
518:politicians
500:
462:
444:
430:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
335:Abortion law
295:
294:
88:
81:
15:
2232:(2): 1–10.
832:Mary Gordon
797:Mary Gordon
659:Los Angeles
568:Publication
524:Tom Daschle
474:during the
437:theologians
96:In politics
2306:Categories
2226:Conscience
2214:First page
2135:August 10,
2109:August 10,
1802:August 10,
1775:August 10,
1520:August 10,
1172:August 10,
1092:References
620:Vatican II
516:Democratic
487:Background
420:and those
396:pull quote
283:Dissidence
227:West Coast
135:Ensoulment
1646:August 9,
1486:0028-7369
1047:, Ph.D.,
1022:, Ph.D.,
993:, Th.D.,
952:, Ph.D.,
933:Anne Carr
757:Anne Carr
667:Monsignor
65:Canon 915
2238:12178935
2218:Abstract
2012:12178934
1724:(1999).
1473:New York
1292:(eds.).
729:pacifism
598:Reaction
503:Congress
453:abortion
330:Abortion
313:See also
197:Activism
112:theology
48:Abortion
40:a series
38:Part of
2282:175–196
2255:143–167
914:in 2007
799:in 2007
780:Signers
418:Vatican
160:History
2288:
2261:
2236:
2192:
2160:
2081:
2054:
2010:
1914:
1734:
1704:
1605:
1578:
1548:
1484:
1449:
1406:
1363:
1359:–175.
1327:
1300:
1237:
1210:
1118:
698:. The
217:Prague
2105:. PBS
1769:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1640:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
212:Paris
2286:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2234:PMID
2190:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2137:2011
2111:2011
2079:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2024:2011
2008:PMID
1912:ISBN
1804:2011
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