497:
Nussbaum himself never claimed to be certain about the identification, saying "I think it’s me, but I can’t honestly swear to it. A million and a half Jewish children were told to raise their hands". Dobroszycki pointed out the discrepancies between
Nussbaum's claim and what is known about the photograph. All images in the Stroop Report are believed to have been taken inside the Warsaw Ghetto, while the Hotel Polski is not in the ghetto. The Hotel Polski roundups occurred in a courtyard, while the photograph depicts a street. Most of the Jews in the photograph are wearing heavy clothing, which suggests that the photograph was not taken in July; they are wearing armbands that they would not have worn while in hiding on the "Aryan" side of the city. The Germans are wearing combat uniforms which they would not have needed at the Hotel Polski roundups. Furthermore, Nussbaum was arrested more than a month after the Stroop Report was delivered to Himmler. A comparison with Nussbaum's 1945 photograph by
546:
186:
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310:
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33:
351:), by Magdalena Kicińska and Marcin Dziedzic. The photographer was either Franz Konrad or a member of Propaganda Company 689. Albert Cusian, Erhard Josef Knoblach and Arthur Grimm served as photographers in Propaganda Company 689; Cusian may have claimed to have taken the photograph. On trial in Poland, Konrad claimed to have taken photographs during the uprising only so that he could complain about Stroop's brutality to
105:
237:. The report was intended to promote Stroop's efficiency as a commander and excuse his failure to clear the ghetto quickly. The report memorialized the supposed heroism of the SS men who participated in the suppression of the uprising, especially the sixteen who were killed by Jewish fighters. More than 7,000 Jews were shot during the uprising, the vast majority noncombatants.
2435:
2159:
444:, born in 1932. Avrahim escaped to the Soviet Union in 1940, but his wife Chana (who would be the woman in the photograph), son, and daughter are all believed to have been killed during the Holocaust. Richard Raskin personally doubted the Zelinwarger claim because of the lack of resemblance between Levi and the boy in the photograph.
675:
Magazine listed it as one of the 100 most influential photographs of all time, stating that it had an "evidentiary impact" exceeding that of the many other "searing images" produced during the
Holocaust; the child "has come to represent the face of the 6 million defenseless Jews killed by the Nazis".
648:
The luckier of the ghetto's inhabitants died in battle, taking some
Germans with them. But not all were lucky. There was a little boy, perhaps 10 years old. A woman, glancing back over her shoulder at the supermen with their readied rifles, may have been this boy’s mother. There was a little girl
588:
The picture shows me, as a member of the
Gestapo office in the Warsaw Ghetto, together with a group of SS members, driving a large number of Jewish citizens out from a house. The group of Jewish citizens is comprised predominantly of children, women and old people, driven out of a house through a
496:
in 1945, Nussbaum stated in 1982 that he had been arrested in front of the Hotel Polski on 13 July 1943 and forced to raise his arms as depicted. Although some Jewish organizations uncritically accepted this claim at the time it was made, it is not possible that
Nussbaum was the boy in the photo.
385:
holds a submachine gun pointing downwards in his direction. The photograph contains many opposites; as
Richard Raskin put it: "SS vs. Jews, perpetrators vs. victims, military vs. civilians, power vs. helplessness, threatening hands on weapons vs. empty hands raised in surrender, steel helmets vs
338:
The photograph was taken during the Warsaw Ghetto uprising (between 19 April and 16 May) in the Warsaw Ghetto. An
Internet forum discussion on the "Marki Commuter Railway" Association for Defending the Remnant of Warsaw cautiously identified the location as Nowolipie 34 from similarities in the
134:, which contained as many as 460,000 people in only 2.4% of the city's area. The official food ration was only 180 calories per person daily. Although being caught on the "Aryan" side of the city was an offense punishable by death, people survived by smuggling and running illegal workshops.
407:
There are several individuals who have been claimed to be the boy in the photo, but his identity remains unclear. All of the proposed claimants' stories are inconsistent with the known facts about the photograph. The boy was probably younger than ten, because he was not wearing a
436:
in the Łowicz Ghetto, liquidated to Warsaw in 1941. Jadwiga
Piesecka, a cousin of Siemiątek and resident of Warsaw, and her husband fled to the Soviet Union in September 1939. They survived the Holocaust and signed affidavits that Siemiątek was the boy in the photo in the
699:) by Frédéric Rousseau. The photograph is perceived differently by the SS man who took it and other observers; in Raskin's words, "one set of men saw in that photograph heroic soldiers combating humanity's dregs while the vast majority of mankind sees here the gross
59:
points a submachine gun in his direction. The boy and others hid in a bunker during the final liquidation of the ghetto, but they were caught and forced out by German troops. After the photograph was taken, all of the Jews in the photograph were marched to the
575:
testified that Blösche murdered Jews as part of his "daily routine" and he was known to have committed violence against children and pregnant women. Due to his performance during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, Blösche was awarded the
420:
who has studied the photograph, stated that "This photograph of the most dramatic event of the
Holocaust requires a greater level of responsibility from historians than almost any other... t is too holy to let people do with it what they want."
750:", also juxtaposing the Warsaw photograph with images of Palestinian suffering. The subtitle read in all caps: "the grandchildren of Holocaust survivors are doing to the Palestinians exactly what was done to them by Nazi Germany".
757:
has created a series of more than a hundred paintings inspired by the photograph, as well as by his own experiences and the memory of a lost childhood friend. In these works, the boy's extended arms are often depicted with a
653:
The photograph was not well known until the 1970s, perhaps because most countries preferred to celebrate resistance to Nazism rather than the anonymous victims. In 1969, it appeared on the cover of the
English edition of the
1777:"German soldiers pointing guns at women and children during the liquidation of the ghetto. The original German caption (Stroop collection) reads: "Pulled from the bunkers by force" Warsaw, Poland, April 19 – May 16, 1943"
649:
with a pale, sweet face. There was a bareheaded old man. They came out into the streets, the children with their little hands raised in imitation of their elders, for the supermen didn't mind killing children.
644:
published the picture on 26 December 1945 along with others from the Stroop Report, which had been entered into evidence at the Nuremberg Trial. On 27 December it reprinted the photograph, stating:
584:, the photographs were used as circumstantial evidence for the prosecution. He was convicted of the murder of at least 2,000 people and executed in 1969. Of the photograph, Blösche stated:
358:
The photograph depicts a group of Jewish men, women and children who have been forced out of a bunker by armed German soldiers. The original caption was "Forcibly pulled out of bunkers" (
1710:
355:. The court did not accept this claim. Convicted of personally murdering seven Jews and deporting a thousand others to death camps, Konrad was sentenced to death and executed in 1952.
2191:
1580:
74:. The exact location and the photographer are not known, and Blösche is the only person in the photograph who can be identified with certainty. The image is one of the most famous
1376:
272:". Instead of being killed or murdered, Jews were "destroyed". Three copies of the report were made, for Himmler, Krüger, and Stroop. One copy of the Stroop Report is held by the
1683:
164:, dragged on for four weeks. The Germans had to set the ghetto on fire, pump poison gas into bunkers, and blast the Jews out of their positions in order to march them to the
488:
but his family returned to Poland before the war. He lived in hiding on the "Aryan" side of Warsaw. Since he and his family had valid Palestinian visas, they fell into the
1741:
601:
Judge: "You were with a submachine gun...against a small boy that you extracted from a building with his hands raised. How did those inhabitants react in those moments?"
1814:"Jews captured by SS and SD troops during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising are forced to leave their shelter and march to the Umschlagplatz for deportation"
1135:
1185:
374:. In the center of the photograph is a small boy wearing a newsboy cap and knee-length socks who appears six or seven years old. He holds his hands up in surrender as
1990:
730:
by British-Israeli artist Alan Schechner, a camera zooms in on the boy in the photo, who is holding a different photograph of a child in Gaza being carried by
457:
that he was the boy in the photograph, but because he said that the photograph was taken in 1941, and other details do not match, his claim has been dismissed.
1776:
2412:
1619:
281:
1434:
2163:
2184:
818:
Michael Rothberg: "the frequently reproduced photograph of a boy in the Warsaw Ghetto with his hands up—perhaps the most famous image from the Holocaust"
1100:
Magilow, Daniel H.; Silverman, Lisa (2019). "The Boy in the Warsaw Ghetto (photograph, 1943): What Do Iconic Photographs Tell Us About the Holocaust?".
1583:[This picture from the ghetto says more than a thousand words. Expelled Jews, an escort of Germans, and the terrified eyes of a small boy...].
2438:
1330:
845:
Magazine: "The child, whose identity has never been confirmed, has come to represent the face of the 6 million defenseless Jews killed by the Nazis."
781:, which acquired Corbis license rights in 2016, continues to offer it for sale, providing a copy of it with a copyright claim watermark as a sample.
156:
entered the ghetto with tanks in order to liquidate the ghetto. They expected to quickly defeat the poorly armed Jewish insurgents, but instead the
149:
staged armed resistance. Jews began to dig bunkers and smuggle weapons into the ghetto. On 19 April 1943, about 2,000 soldiers under the command of
2509:
1817:
1189:
175:
161:
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366:). Most of the Jews are wearing ragged clothing and have few personal possessions. After being removed from the bunker, they were marched to the
1718:
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2177:
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1938:
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took photographs to document the events. Selected photographs and communiqués were compiled, along with a summary of German actions, as the
2494:
1866:
927:
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in 1935, was first proposed as the subject of the photo in 1950. Siemiątek was from a well-off family and his father was a member of the
2238:
545:
2489:
417:
440:
In 1999, a 95-year-old man named Avrahim Zelinwarger told the Ghetto Fighters House in Israel that the boy in the photo was his son,
2141:
2109:
2046:
1874:
273:
735:
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530:. Polish-American Holocaust survivor Esther Grosband-Lamet said that the small girl on the extreme left foreground was her niece
493:
2519:
1293:
1143:
2499:
2208:
178:, "his seemingly hopeless struggle... became one of the most significant occurrences in the history of the Jewish people".
857:: "His anonymity symbolizes the one and a half million children who perished in the Holocaust and were reduced to ashes."
518:, according to Stawarowska's granddaughter Golda Shulkes. The boy with the white bag over his shoulder was identified as
2200:
1542:
1009:
821:
809:
Magazine: "The Holocaust produced scores of searing images. But none had the evidentiary impact of the boy’s surrender."
142:
122:
is the capital of Poland. Before the war, about 380,000 Jews lived there, about one-quarter of the population. Upon the
75:
1581:"To zdjęcie z getta mówi więcej niż tysiąc słów. Wypędzani Żydzi, eskorta Niemców i przerażony wzrok małego chłopca..."
1334:
708:
67:
534:(or Hannah Lemet) (1937–1943) who was murdered at Majdanek. The woman wearing the scarf would then be Hanka's mother
214:
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32:
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bare-headedness or soft caps, smugness vs. fear, security vs. doom, men vs. women and children". According to
2310:
2119:
2101:
1384:
759:
498:
387:
222:
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1364:
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390:, Stroop probably chose to include the photograph in the report because it showed his ability to overcome
157:
95:
45:
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trap in which the Germans promised safe passage out of occupied Europe. Liberated by American troops at
280:, although the photograph was not ultimately shown to the court. That copy is held by the United States
827:
Daniel H. Magilow and Lisa Silverman: "the image soon came to symbolize the entirety of the Holocaust".
936:. No. 100 Photographs | The Most Influential Images of All Time. 17 November 2016. Archived from
714:
The image has been used in some controversial artwork juxtaposing the Warsaw Ghetto uprising with the
316:
2372:
1503:
1173:
213:
During the suppression of the uprising, Stroop sent daily communiqués to Higher SS and Police Leader
150:
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2026:
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1917:
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17:
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824:: "The photograph everyone knows: a boy in a peaked cap and knee-length socks, his hands raised"
597:
During the trial, the Judge asked Blösche about the events depicted in the infamous photograph:
2137:
2105:
2080:
2042:
1944:
1934:
1870:
1475:
1193:
1109:
1067:
739:
700:
1921:
815:
Magazine: "The boy in question can be seen in one of the most famous images of the Holocaust"
2382:
1890:
1714:
1059:
1013:
997:
774:
453:
382:
277:
234:
153:
109:
56:
1861:
Middleton-Kaplan, Richard (2014). "The Myth of Jewish Passivity". In Henry, Patrick (ed.).
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2341:
2221:
1615:
972:
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671:
580:. Blösche appears in several of the photographs in the Stroop Report. During his trial in
577:
391:
359:
261:
253:
245:
2226:
1813:
475:
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51:
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and licensed three versions of it, charging commercial rates for its usage. As of 2018,
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1963:
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1968:
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131:
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91:
62:
1217:
1050:
Radstone, Susannah (January 2001). "Social Bonds and Psychical Order: Testimonies".
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soldiers. Schechner stated that he did not intend to compare the Holocaust with the
589:
gateway, with their arms raised. The Jewish citizens were then led to the so-called
1995:
1301:
895:
778:
742:
in which trauma causes victims to become abusers. A different approach was used by
704:
581:
489:
479:
409:
352:
2123:
2095:
2070:
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1471:
1377:""L'Enfant juif de Varsovie. Histoire d'une photographie", de Frédéric Rousseau"
562:
265:
257:
2169:
505:
revealed that Nussbaum had detached earlobes, unlike the boy in the photograph.
1930:
1781:
1585:
1063:
754:
719:
2465:
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1948:
1071:
2066:
1839:
1620:"Rockland Physician Thinks he is the Boy in Holocaust Photo Taken in Warsaw"
685:
571:, and he was a policeman employed at the Warsaw Ghetto during the uprising.
340:
269:
71:
523:
429:
218:
2158:
1744:[Warsaw 1943: Who is the boy in the infamous ghetto photograph?].
1017:
610:
Blösche: "We witnessed scenes like these daily. We could not even think."
2133:
1746:
1389:
485:
171:
1025:
900:
593:, from which they were transported to the extermination camp Treblinka.
1435:"Only the oppressor has a name. The story of the boy from the picture"
526:
by his sister, Hana Ichengrin. The same person was also identified as
1000:(Fall 2011). "From Gaza to Warsaw: Mapping Multidimensional Memory".
119:
607:
Judge: "This reflects well in that little boy. What did you think?"
1742:"Warschau 1943: Wer ist der Junge auf dem berüchtigten Getto-Foto?"
803:: "One of the most compelling and enduring images of the Holocaust"
1439:
630:
618:
558:
544:
460:
103:
738:, but merely illustrate the suffering of children because of the
707:, the photograph has promoted the myth that Jews went passively "
514:
The woman emerging from the building directly behind the boy was
1847:
1518:[The Jewish child of Warsaw] (in French). 2 October 2013
676:
Several books have been written about the photograph, including
2173:
276:(IPN) in Warsaw. Another copy was entered into evidence at the
1547:
303:"Jewish Rabbis" at Nowolipie 32; Blösche is second from right.
145:. In January 1943, when the Germans resumed deportations, the
343:. These claims are discussed in a 2018 Polish-language book,
1467:
Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the Evidence
1188:. Vol. 2. Translated by Fishman, Samuel. Bloomington:
697: The Jewish child of Warsaw: History of a photograph
2097:
A Child at Gunpoint: A Case Study in the Life of a Photo
762:
or with the boy seen as a part of an imagined monument.
678:
A Child at Gunpoint: A Case Study in the Life of a Photo
137:
In mid-1942, most of the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto were
896:"Holocaust Studies / A picture worth six million names"
728:
The Legacy of Abused Children: from Poland to Palestine
191:
185:
2125:
L'Enfant juif de Varsovie. Histoire d'une photographie
1964:"The Decade-Long Image Licensing War Is Suddenly Over"
1136:"Who is that Boy in the Famous Warsaw Ghetto Picture?"
690:
L'Enfant juif de Varsovie. Histoire d'une photographie
542:, married to Mosze Lamet; the family was from Warsaw.
1381:
The Jewish child of Warsaw. The story of a photograph
1102:
Holocaust Representations in History: An Introduction
250:
Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!
1923:
Icon of loss : the haunting child of Samuel Bak
268:", or "rats" and their deportation and murder as a "
2405:
2365:
2319:
2288:
2279:
2207:
2130:
The Jewish Child of Warsaw: History of a Photograph
1220:[Photos of the ghetto uprising] (in Polish)
928:"How A Little Boy Became the Face of The Holocaust"
561:submachine gun at the boy. Blösche was born in the
553:The only identification that is certain is that of
44:In the best-known photograph taken during the 1943
394:morality and attack innocent women and children.
1891:"Holocaust Survivor/Artist Asks Tough Questions"
765:Both NARA and IPN describe the image as in the
646:
586:
126:in September 1939, Jews began to be subject to
1543:"Boy An Icon For Childhoods Lost In Holocaust"
2185:
1211:
1209:
8:
2413:Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1186:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
375:
282:National Archives and Records Administration
49:
48:, a boy holds his hands over his head while
1684:"Warsaw Ghetto Boy-Symbol of The Holocaust"
1294:"Stroop Report (full high resolution copy)"
1129:
1127:
1125:
130:. In 1941, they were forced to move to the
2285:
2192:
2178:
2170:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1045:
1043:
992:
990:
604:Blösche: "They were in tremendous dread."
1656:"The Ghetto, the Nazis and One Small Boy"
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1182:Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
889:
887:
885:
883:
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877:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1459:
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1360:
1358:
1356:
1163:
1161:
961:
959:
957:
955:
242:The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is No More!
31:
1991:"Nazis Arresting Jews in Warsaw Ghetto"
1818:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1288:
1286:
1284:
1190:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
873:
790:
627:preserved in many digital reproductions
176:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
162:Jewish resistance against the Holocaust
1646:
1644:
1642:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1428:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
922:
920:
918:
339:architectural details, especially the
197:Two original prints of the photograph:
2264:Captured Hehalutz fighters photograph
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
851:: "A Picture Worth Six Million Names"
578:War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords
557:Josef Blösche, the SS man aiming the
240:The original title of the report was
7:
2434:
2249:Lietūkis Garage Massacre photographs
1867:Catholic University of America Press
1331:"Stroop's Report in the new version"
722:, which some argue is tantamount to
27:1943 photograph of the Warsaw Ghetto
2239:Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph
2164:Photograph of the Warsaw Ghetto Boy
1933:. Boston: Pucker Art Publications.
1863:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
1740:Kleikamp, Antonia (29 April 2018).
1216:Tomasz Stempowski (17 March 2013).
693:
465:Nussbaum's 1945 passport photograph
364:Mit Gewalt aus Bunkern hervorgeholt
38:Mit Gewalt aus Bunkern hervorgeholt
1682:Harris, Clay (17 September 1978).
753:The Holocaust survivor and artist
418:Yivo Institute for Jewish Research
36:The photograph, originally titled
25:
966:Kirsch, Adam (23 November 2010).
274:Institute of National Remembrance
199:photograph 14 of the Warsaw copy
82:, as well as all Jewish victims.
18:A Jewish boy surrenders in Warsaw
2433:
2418:The Holocaust in popular culture
2157:
494:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
308:
296:
190:
184:
174:and Treblinka. According to the
78:, and the boy came to represent
40:(Forcibly pulled out of bunkers)
1920:; Phillips, Gary Allen (2009).
1298:Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association
1134:Stein, Shira (24 August 2014).
205:photograph 17 of the NARA copy
2510:Photographs of children in war
1433:Nowik, Mariusz (19 May 2018).
1218:"Zdjęcia z powstania w getcie"
520:Ahron Leizer (Leo) Kartuziński
416:, a historian employed by the
260:the Jews, describing them as "
1:
2218:Auschwitz concentration camp
773:acquired the photograph from
2201:Photography of the Holocaust
1010:Wayne State University Press
894:Maltz, Judy (3 March 2011).
736:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
143:Treblinka extermination camp
76:photographs of the Holocaust
2495:Black-and-white photographs
1516:"L'enfant juif de Varsovie"
1393:(in French). 8 January 2009
1335:Jewish Historical Institute
709:like sheep to the slaughter
68:Majdanek extermination camp
2536:
2296:Auschwitz Erkennungsdienst
2232:Sonderkommando photographs
2072:The Boy: A Holocaust Story
1844:The Boy: A Holocaust Story
1829:(Photograph Number: 26543)
1589:(in Polish). 19 April 2016
682:The Boy: A Holocaust Story
565:in 1912 and served in the
233:, a personal souvenir for
147:Jewish Combat Organization
89:
2490:Children in the Holocaust
2431:
2254:Sobibor perpetrator album
2077:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
2054:Wydawnictwo Wielka Litera
2033:Dziedzic, Marcin (2018).
1711:"Dr. Tsvi Chaim Nussbaum"
1064:10.1080/14797580109367221
822:Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz
746:in a photo-essay titled "
549:Blösche in the photograph
540:Mathylda Lamet Goldfinger
80:children in the Holocaust
2244:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa
2094:Raskin, Richard (2004).
1266:Raskin, Richard (2007).
769:. However, in the 1990s
724:Holocaust trivialization
536:Matylda Goldfinger-Lamet
484:(1936–2012) was born in
215:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2505:The Holocaust in Poland
2102:Aarhus University Press
1268:"The Boy in the Photo?"
499:forensic anthropologist
2520:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1464:Struk, Janina (2004).
1180:; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
748:Deutschland über alles
651:
636:
628:
612:
595:
550:
522:(or Kartuzinsky) from
466:
376:
370:for deportation to an
363:
249:
223:Propaganda Company 689
158:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
116:
96:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
50:
46:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
41:
2500:Holocaust photographs
2466:52.24611°N 20.99583°E
2320:Victims and survivors
2301:Friedrich Franz Bauer
1365:Jeannelle, Jean-Louis
1174:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
1172:(2012). "Warsaw". In
1106:Bloomsbury Publishing
1018:10.1353/crt.2011.0032
634:
622:
599:
548:
528:Harry-Haim Nieschawer
503:University of Georgia
464:
410:Star of David armband
160:, the largest act of
108:Jews forced to board
107:
35:
2373:Paul Richard Averitt
2166:at Wikimedia Commons
1865:. Washington, D.C.:
1721:on 24 September 2018
1474:. pp. 208–209.
1341:on 24 September 2018
1192:. pp. 456–459.
1146:on 24 September 2018
656:Gerhard Schoenberner
532:Channa (Hanka) Lamet
151:SS and Police Leader
2462: /
2393:Arnold E. Samuelson
2132:] (in French).
2041:] (in Polish).
2022:Kicińska, Magdalena
1918:Fewell, Danna Nolan
1689:The Washington Post
1654:(12 October 2012).
940:on 12 November 2020
680:by Richard Raskin,
501:K. R. Burns of the
471:Tsvi Chaim Nussbaum
426:Artur Dąb Siemiątek
170:and deport them to
2471:52.24611; 20.99583
2120:Rousseau, Frédéric
1962:Laurent, Olivier.
1789:on 3 February 2022
1661:The New York Times
1625:The New York Times
1569:Kowalski, Waldemar
1108:. pp. 17–18.
771:Corbis Corporation
744:Norman Finkelstein
641:The New York Times
637:
629:
551:
467:
414:Lucjan Dobroszycki
372:extermination camp
315:Jews marched down
117:
114:Grossaktion Warsaw
42:
2445:
2444:
2401:
2400:
2269:Warsaw Ghetto boy
2162:Media related to
2086:978-0-8090-3072-9
1940:978-1-879985-21-6
1481:978-1-86064-546-4
1385:Frédéric Rousseau
1199:978-0-253-00202-0
1115:978-1-350-09182-5
998:Rothberg, Michael
760:crucifixion theme
740:cycle of violence
701:inhumanity of man
516:Gołda Stawarowska
510:Other individuals
483:
442:Levi Zeilinwarger
388:Frédéric Rousseau
16:(Redirected from
2527:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2439:Commons category
2437:
2436:
2383:Kenan Kutub-zade
2286:
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1999:. 7 October 2016
1987:
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1785:. Archived from
1773:
1760:
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1757:
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1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1717:. Archived from
1715:The Journal News
1707:
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1679:
1673:
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1616:Margolick, David
1612:
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1504:Sumpf, Alexandre
1501:
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1430:
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1337:. Archived from
1327:
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1304:on 30 March 2015
1300:. Archived from
1290:
1279:
1278:
1276:
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1225:
1213:
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1168:Freilich, Miri;
1165:
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1142:. Archived from
1131:
1120:
1119:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1012:: 532, 536–537.
994:
985:
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968:"Caught on Film"
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947:
945:
924:
913:
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861:
837:
831:
795:
775:Bettmann Archive
703:". According to
698:
695:
664:
635:The Warsaw print
473:
454:Jewish Chronicle
381:
325:
317:Nowolipie Street
312:
300:
278:Nuremberg Trials
270:cleansing action
235:Heinrich Himmler
194:
188:
128:anti-Jewish laws
110:Holocaust trains
66:and deported to
55:
21:
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2441:
2427:
2423:Holocaust films
2397:
2361:
2342:Mendel Grossman
2315:
2275:
2222:Auschwitz Album
2211:and collections
2210:
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2198:
2154:
2144:
2118:
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2056:
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2018:
2016:Further reading
2013:
2012:
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1618:(28 May 1982).
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1052:Cultural Values
1049:
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996:
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988:
978:
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973:Tablet Magazine
965:
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716:Second Intifada
696:
667:The Yellow Star
658:
623:NARA print has
617:
512:
405:
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392:Judeo-Christian
378:SS-Rottenführer
336:
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319:
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305:
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254:Nazi propaganda
211:
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124:German invasion
102:
90:Main articles:
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52:SS-Rottenführer
28:
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2337:Alberto Errera
2334:
2332:Wilhelm Brasse
2329:
2327:Francisco Boix
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2152:External links
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1896:Wabash College
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398:Identification
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1872:
1869:. p. 8.
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933:Time Magazine
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591:Umschlagplatz
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573:Marek Edelman
570:
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167:Umschlagplatz
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100:Stroop Report
97:
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92:Warsaw Ghetto
85:
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63:Umschlagplatz
58:
57:Josef Blösche
54:
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30:
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2447:
2289:Perpetrators
2268:
2227:Höcker Album
2129:
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2096:
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2038:
2034:
2001:. Retrieved
1996:Getty Images
1994:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1967:
1957:
1922:
1912:
1902:25 September
1900:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1862:
1856:
1843:
1834:
1821:. Retrieved
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1780:
1754:24 September
1752:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1725:23 September
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1667:23 September
1665:. Retrieved
1659:
1631:23 September
1629:. Retrieved
1623:
1593:24 September
1591:. Retrieved
1584:
1564:
1554:24 September
1552:. Retrieved
1546:
1522:24 September
1520:. Retrieved
1466:
1446:23 September
1444:. Retrieved
1438:
1397:24 September
1395:. Retrieved
1388:
1380:
1345:23 September
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1308:23 September
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1297:
1273:23 September
1271:. Retrieved
1222:. Retrieved
1181:
1178:Dean, Martin
1170:Dean, Martin
1150:24 September
1148:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1139:
1101:
1058:(1): 64–65.
1055:
1051:
1005:
1001:
979:23 September
977:. Retrieved
971:
944:23 September
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
931:
907:23 September
905:. Retrieved
899:
854:
848:
842:
835:
812:
806:
800:
793:
779:Getty Images
764:
752:
747:
727:
713:
705:Eva Fogelman
689:
681:
677:
670:
666:
652:
647:
639:
638:
625:sepia toning
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
590:
587:
582:East Germany
566:
555:Rottenführer
554:
552:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
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513:
490:Hotel Polski
470:
452:
448:
441:
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425:
406:
367:
357:
353:Adolf Hitler
348:
344:
337:
327:
241:
239:
227:Franz Konrad
212:
206:
200:
183:
165:
136:
118:
61:
43:
37:
29:
2469: /
2352:Henryk Ross
2209:Photographs
2057: [
2025: [
1931:Bak, Samuel
1750:(in German)
1572: [
1507: [
1472:I.B. Tauris
1368: [
669:. In 2016,
659: [
563:Sudetenland
320: [
258:dehumanized
112:during the
2484:Categories
2457:20°59′45″E
2454:52°14′46″N
2366:Liberators
2311:Franz Wolf
2067:Porat, Dan
2003:1 November
1975:8 November
1840:Porat, Dan
1823:11 October
1793:11 October
1782:Yad Vashem
1586:NaTemat.pl
868:References
755:Samuel Bak
428:, born in
288:Photograph
86:Background
2035:Teraz '43
1949:318057887
1224:8 October
1140:Hidabroot
1080:144711178
1072:1479-7585
1034:144587788
1002:Criticism
855:Hidabroot
686:Dan Porat
451:told the
447:In 1978,
345:Teraz ′43
341:downspout
72:Treblinka
2134:Le Seuil
2122:(2014).
2069:(2011).
1842:(2013).
1747:Die Welt
1390:Le Monde
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