448:. Scientists and educators have noted that its signatories, who include historians and philosophers of science as well as scientists, are a minuscule fraction of the numbers of scientists and engineers qualified to sign it. Intelligent design has failed to produce scientific research, and been rejected by the scientific community, including many leading scientific organizations. The statement in the document has also been criticized as being phrased to represent a diverse range of opinions, set in a context which gives it a misleading spin to confuse the public. The listed affiliations and areas of expertise of the signatories have also been criticized.
1059:, a list of scientists named "Steve", or its equivalent (such as "Stephanie" or "Esteban"), who had signed a pro-evolution statement. As of 17 March 2017, the Steve-o-meter registered 1,412 Steves. A Discovery Institute spokesperson responded that "if Project Steve was meant to show that a considerable majority of the scientific community accepts a naturalistic conception of evolution, then the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) could have saved its energies – that fact was never in question. The more interesting question was whether any serious scientists reject a naturalistic conception of evolution".
581:". For example, in its "Teach the Controversy" campaign, the Institute claims that "evolution is a theory in crisis" and that many scientists criticize evolution and citing the list as evidence or a resource. The Discovery Institute also asserts that this information is being withheld from students in public high school science classes along with "alternatives" to evolution such as intelligent design. The Institute uses "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism" as evidence to support its claim that evolution is disputed widely within the scientific community. In 2002,
53:
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978:. Barbara Forrest and others allege that the Discovery Institute is inflating his reputation by constantly referring to him as a "five-time nominee for the Nobel Prize" despite that Nobel Prize nominations remain confidential for fifty years and there being about 250–300 nominations per prize per year.
1038:
medical school said after having signed he was shocked when he discovered that the
Discovery Institute was calling evolution a "theory in crisis". "It's laughable: There have been millions of experiments over more than a century that support evolution," said Davidson. "There's always questions being
536:
Such a statement could easily be agreed to by scientists who have no doubts about evolution itself, but dispute the exclusiveness of "Darwinism," that is, natural selection, when other mechanisms such as genetic drift and gene flow are being actively debated. To the layman, however, the ad gives the
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has collected signatures of 13,008 American
Christian clergy who "believe that the timeless truths of the Bible and the discoveries of modern science may comfortably coexist." Over 500 Jewish clergy have signed a similar "Rabbi Letter". The Clergy Letter Project has also circulated an "Imam Letter"
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was. Salthe stated, "I signed it in irritation", and said that evolutionary biologists were being unfair in suppressing competing ideas. He said that "They deserve to be prodded, as it were. It was my way of thumbing my nose at them", but was unconvinced by intelligent design and concluded "From my
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to only present the most prestigious affiliations available for an individual. For example, if someone was trained at a more prestigious institution than the one they are presently affiliated with, the school they graduated from will more often be listed, without the distinction being made clear in
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notes that rather than being a "broad dissent", the statement's wording is "very narrow, omitting any mention of the evolutionary thesis of common descent, human evolution or any of the elements of evolutionary theory except for the
Darwinian mechanism, and even that was mentioned in a very limited
768:
After more than a decade of effort the
Discovery Institute proudly announced in 2007 that it had got some 700 doctoral-level scientists and engineers to sign "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism." Though the number may strike some observers as rather large, it represented less than 0.023 percent of
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of the NCSE, a few of the signatories replied saying that they did accept these principles but did not think that natural selection could explain the origins of life. However, the replies ceased when, according to Scott, the
Discovery Institute found out and advised signatories not to respond. She
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almost a decade before the petition. d'Abrera's primary affiliation is with his publishing company, Hill House
Publishers. d'Abrera does not have a PhD either, nor any formal scientific qualification (his undergraduate degree was a double major in History & Philosophy of Science, and History),
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for Wells. Many of those who have signed the list are not currently active scientists, and some have never worked as scientists. Also, if a signatory was previously the head of a department or the president of an institute, their past and most prestigious position will be listed, not their current
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rely, in part, on the notion that these issues are the subject of suppressed debate among biologists. ... according to neo-creationists, the apparent absence of this discussion and the nearly universal rejection of neo-creationist claims must be due to the conspiracy among professional biologists
635:
The
Discovery Institute has continued to collect signatures, reporting 300 in 2004, over 600 in 2006 (from that year on the Discovery Institute began to include non-US scientists on the list), over 700 in 2007, and over 1000 in 2019. The Discovery Institute includes a description of the list in a
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The "Scientific
Dissent From Darwinism" document has been widely criticized on several different grounds. First, similar to previous lists produced by other creationists, the professional expertise of those listed is not always apparent and is alleged to be deficient. Also, the professional
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to describe scientists and science teachers who oppose them, and to claim that scientific disagreements about the specific mechanism can sometimes be equated to rejection of evolution as a whole. Intelligent design proponents use the term in all these ways, including the idea that it is a
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the world's scientists. On the scientific front of the much ballyhooed "Evolution Wars", the
Darwinists were winning handily. The ideological struggle between (methodological) naturalism and supernaturalism continued largely in the fantasies of the faithful and the hyperbole of the press.
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interviewed a sample of the signatories, and found that some were less critical of "Darwinism" than the advertisement claimed. It wrote to all of them asking whether they thought living things shared common ancestors and whether humans and apes shared common ancestors. According to
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Barbara
Forrest and Glenn Branch say the Discovery Institute deliberately misrepresents the institutional affiliations of signatories of the statement "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism". The institutions appearing in the list are the result of a conscious choice by the
802:. Approximately 40% of the Darwin Dissenters are not identified as residing in the United States, so in 2007, there were about 105 US biologists among the Darwin Dissenters, representing about 0.01% of the total number of US biologists that existed in 1999. The theory of
837:. Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.
704:
In November 2001, the National Center for Science Education stated that the then current version of the document appeared "to be very artfully phrased" to represent a diverse range of opinions, set in a context which gives it a misleading spin to confuse the public.
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As I stated earlier, Johnson, Dembski, and their associates have assumed the task of destroying 'Darwinism,' 'evolutionary naturalism,' 'scientific materialism,' 'methodological naturalism,' 'philosophical naturalism,' and other 'isms' they use as synonyms for
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asked about parts of the theory, as there are with any theory, but there's no real scientific controversy about it. ... When I joined I didn't think they were about bashing evolution. It's pseudo-science, at best. ... What they're doing is instigating a
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Critics have also noted that the wording and advertising of the original statement was, and remains, misleading, and that a review of the signatories suggested many doubt evolution due to religious, rather than scientific beliefs. Philosopher
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in October and November 2001, "to rebut bogus claims by Darwinists that no reputable scientists are skeptical of Darwinism" by "producing a list of 100 scientific dissenters." Its initial release was timed to coincide with the airing of the
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The listed affiliations and areas of expertise of the signatories have also been criticized, with many signatories coming from wholly unrelated fields of academia, such as aviation and engineering, computer science and meteorology.
553:
By promoting a perception that evolution is the subject of wide controversy and debate within the scientific community, whereas in fact evolution is overwhelmingly supported by scientists, the list is used to lend support to other
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911:, a writer and publisher of books on butterflies, appears on the list as "Visiting Scholar, Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History)", in spite of the fact that this museum had become independent of the
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rather than the broader definition of evolution, the change in a species' inherited traits from generation to generation. The terms have meant different things to different people at different times. In terms of the
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affiliations and credentials that are claimed for some of the signatories has been questioned. Finally, there appear to be a few who appear on the list who are not firmly committed to the agenda advanced by the
649:", a similar list for medical professionals. The Discovery Institute compiled and distributed other similarly confusing and misleading lists of local scientists during controversies over evolution education in
1802:
286:
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We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged.
796:, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999. Only about 1/4 of the approximately 700 Darwin Dissenters in 2007 are biologists, according to Kenneth Chang of
229:
2649:
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At least one signatory of "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism" has abandoned the list, saying he felt misled. Robert C. Davidson, a Christian, scientist, doctor, and retired professor at the
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fallacy with its claim that random mutations and natural selection are insufficient to account for the complexity of life, when standard evolutionary theory involves other factors such as
1007:
concluded from this that "at least some of the more knowledgeable scientists did not interpret this statement the way that it was intended to be interpreted by the general public."
2979:
716:, Matthew J. Brauer and Daniel R. Brumbaugh say that intelligent design proponents are "manufacturing dissent" in order to explain the absence of scientific debate of their claims:
645:
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that "virtually every scientist in the world believes the theory to be true". Further names of signatories have been added at intervals. The list continues to be used in
238:
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698:
640:
558:
414:
247:
154:
145:
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Skip Evans, also of the National Center for Science Education, noted that when interviewed, several of the scientists who had signed the statement said they accepted
939:" though Sternberg was never a Smithsonian staff member, but an unpaid research associate. At the time of signing the list Sternberg was the outgoing editor of the
701:
to discredit evolution and bolster claims that intelligent design is scientifically valid by creating the impression that evolution lacks broad scientific support.
2570:
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respectively, the schools from which they obtained their PhD degrees. However, their present affiliations are quite different: Probe Ministries for Bohlin, the
424:
The statement has been criticized for being misleading and ambiguous, using terms with multiple meanings such as "Darwinism", which can refer specifically to
3013:
876:
338:
177:
2466:
2827:
2141:
1984:
1923:
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Meyer cited the list in support of his assertion that there was "significant scientific dissent from Darwinism" that students should be informed about.
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1295:
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134:
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The claims made for the importance of the list have also been called intellectually dishonest because it represents only a small fraction of the
472:" or "Darwinian theory", can lead to confusion, due to the terms having various meanings, but commonly meaning evolution due to the mechanism of
3008:
833:
The list has been criticized by many organizations and publications for lacking any true experts in the relevant fields of research, primarily
417:
in an attempt to discredit evolution and bolster claims that intelligent design is scientifically valid by claiming that evolution lacks broad
272:
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2701:
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as mechanisms, and does not conclude that "the ability of random mutation and natural selection" accounts "for the complexity of life."
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823:
486:
2402:
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888:
2727:
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2028:
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The statement was published in advertisements under an introduction which stated that its signatories dispute the assertion that
331:
160:
2596:
2052:
513:
482:
478:
1954:
1516:
920:
although creationists have called him "Dr. d'Abrera". The Discovery Institute currently recruits people with PhDs to sign the
907:
Visitors at prestigious institutions will have that affiliation listed, not their more humble home institutions. For example,
858:, and includes an even smaller number of relevant experts. The Discovery Institute has responded to some of these criticisms.
2228:
1292:"Dissent From Darwinism "Goes Global" as Over 600 Scientists Around the World Express Their Doubts About Darwinian Evolution"
1109:
916:
900:
807:
586:
570:
418:
218:
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118:
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supports evolution". The Discovery Institute states that the list was first started to refute claims made by promoters of
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223:
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
793:
761:
624:
324:
312:
108:
36:
2937:
498:, and the claim that as it proposes natural processes as an explanation for evolution, Darwinism can be equated with
1743:
970:
Critics also say the Discovery Institute inflates the academic credentials and affiliations of signatories such as
2134:"Doubts Over Evolution Mount With Over 300 Scientists Expressing Skepticism With Central Tenet of Darwin's Theory"
632:
television series at the end of 2001. The Discovery Institute also launched a tie-in website to promote the list.
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2474:
1718:
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1035:
975:
574:
2626:
2823:
2133:
1976:
1915:
1889:
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In addition, the list was signed by only about 0.01% of scientists in the relevant fields. According to the
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779:
590:
52:
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1291:
2915:
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2523:
1373:
971:
597:. He cited it as demonstrating that there was a genuine controversy over Darwinian evolution. In the 2005
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1114:
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1011:
956:
594:
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437:
410:
379:
2279:
Intelligent design creationism and its critics: philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives
2369:
2075:
1691:
1648:
855:
811:
754:
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650:
578:
88:
78:
2851:
More than Darwin: an encyclopedia of the people and places of the evolution-creationism controversy
2531:
2501:
2167:
2137:
2082:
2048:
1980:
1950:
1919:
1639:
Kutschera U, Niklas KJ (2004). "The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis".
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1323:
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908:
896:
868:
683:
675:
618:
555:
406:
405:'s theory of evolution fully explains the complexity of living things, and dispute that "all known
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359:
213:
83:
17:
2705:
532:
Glenn Branch comment on the ambiguity of the statement and its use in the original advertisement:
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1833:
1672:
1621:
1206:
1159:
1074:
892:
798:
725:
690:
562:
375:
187:
182:
57:
44:
2242:
1432:
481:, both "Darwinism" and "neo-Darwinism" are predecessors of the current evolutionary theory, the
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to account for the complexity of life, and encourages careful examination of the evidence for "
2980:"Thousands of Scientists Sign Petition Opposing the Teaching of Intelligent Design as Science"
2899:
2854:
2759:
2470:
2442:
2320:
2312:
2288:
2284:
2272:
2113:
2024:
2020:
2014:
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1242:
1236:
928:
847:
819:
757:
709:
679:
509:
473:
425:
387:
2498:"Time's Darwinist Thought-Cop Accuses Pro-ID Brain Surgeon of Committing "Intellectual Fraud"
2370:"Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by field and level of highest degree attained: 1999"
1404:
678:, and who have been misled into signing or who have changed their minds. Russell D. Renka, a
1828:
1656:
1603:
974:. The institute prominently and frequently asserts that Schaefer has been nominated for the
612:
582:
255:
197:
93:
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2731:
2562:
2308:
1148:
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989:
raised doubts about the claimed affiliations and relevant expertise of those on the list.
884:
750:
525:
383:
98:
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2198:
2044:
1652:
2006:
1764:
1478:
1119:
912:
729:
721:
628:
542:
505:
402:
123:
1153:"Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals"
3002:
2600:
2277:
2010:
1977:"Academic Freedom Under Attack in NCSE Letter Seeking to Limit Teaching of Evolution"
1911:
1714:
1608:
1472:
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and rather vague manner." He concludes that it is not in fact a "radical statement".
517:
441:
371:
1676:
1538:
1270:"Skepticism About Darwinian Evolution Grows as 1,000+ Scientists Share Their Doubts"
1946:
1744:"Charles Hodge and His Objection to Darwinism: The Exclusion of Intelligent Design"
1625:
1565:
815:
733:
445:
192:
2778:
2650:"CSC – Intelligent Design – A Scientific, Academic and Philosophical Controversy"
2437:
Pennock, Robert T. (2007). Jones, Leslie Sandra; Reiss, Michael Jonathan (eds.).
2163:
495:
490:
298:
2110:
Understanding Intelligent Design: Everything You Need to Know in Plain Language
1660:
947:. Later versions of the list mention Sternberg's affiliation with Sternberg's
654:
545:. He thus suggests that this confusion has in fact been carefully engineered.
363:
2195:"Texas Citizens for Science Responds to Latest Discovery Institute Challenge"
875:
For example, the institutions listed for Raymond G. Bohlin, Fazale Rana, and
2800:
1814:
1083:, was organized and gathered 7,733 signatures from scientists in four days.
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By analysing the data for 34 British, or British-trained signatories of the
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as being "the main but not exclusive means of modification" of species. The
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433:
429:
395:
391:
1668:
1617:
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the list. This is contrary to standard academic and professional practice.
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2462:
1023:
1457:
1916:"How Should Schools Teach Evolution? Don't Forget Weaknesses in Theory"
1019:
960:
834:
499:
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distinct impression that the 100 scientists question evolution itself.
2528:
Misses The News in Reporting on Scientists Dissenting From Darwinism"
2241:
Russell D. Renka; Professor of Political Science (16 November 2005).
1774:
2959:
2730:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 August 2003. Archived from
1591:
2622:
1517:"Few Biologists But Many Evangelicals Sign Anti-Evolution Petition"
1062:
After the Discovery Institute presented the petition as part of an
1885:
1010:
For example, signatory Stanley N. Salthe, a visiting scientist at
915:
three decades previously and had formally changed its name to the
662:
382:
campaign, the statement expresses skepticism about the ability of
1550:
1095:
may comfortably coexist with the discoveries of modern science."
2439:
Teaching about scientific origins: taking account of creationism
658:
2225:
In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation
1692:"From the Beagle to the School Board – God Goes Back to School"
830:
as stating that "99.9 percent of scientists accept evolution".
943:, a minor biology journal, where he played a central role in
682:, said that the Discovery Institute presented the list in an
2045:"Kansas Evolution Hearings: Stephen Meyer and Angus Menuge"
1405:"Chapter 2: Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design"
1238:
Creationism's Trojan horse: the wedge of intelligent design
931:
was described as "Richard Sternberg, Invertebrate Zoology,
1886:"CSC – Key Resources for Parents and School Board Members"
1328:"Ranks of Scientists Doubting Darwin's Theory on the Rise"
604:
The list was advertised in prominent periodicals such as
428:
or informally to evolution in general, and presenting a
394:", a term intelligent design proponents use to refer to
502:
and presented as being incompatible with Christianity.
2704:. British Centre for Science Education. Archived from
2338:
2336:
1947:"CA112: Many scientists find problems with evolution"
2019:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
2896:
Chronology of the evolution-creationism controversy
2076:"100 Scientists, National Poll Challenge Darwinism"
1031:point of view, it's a plague on both your houses".
941:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
456:"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" states that:
27:
Statement issued in 2001 by the Discovery Institute
2276:
760:tied the fate of the Dissent to that of the wider
646:Physicians and Surgeons who Dissent from Darwinism
1798:
1796:
1398:
1396:
1394:
959:. At present Sternberg is a Staff Scientist with
2824:"CSC – Project Steve – Establishing the Obvious"
2219:See the criticism of other lists, especially of
1592:"Do We Need An Extended Evolutionary Synthesis?"
1230:
1228:
1077:court case in October 2005, a counter-petition,
699:Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns
641:Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific Integrity
415:Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns
1719:"Sandwalk: Good Science Writers: Eugenie Scott"
766:
534:
458:
2317:Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins
1483:. National Center for Science Education, Inc.
1285:
1283:
743:Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins
714:Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics
2571:American Association of University Professors
1374:"Doubting Darwinism Through Creative License"
1241:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp.
639:The Discovery Institute-related organization
332:
8:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2243:"The Political Design of Intelligent Design"
2108:Dembski, William A.; McDowell, Sean (2008).
370:, U.S., best known for its promotion of the
1888:. The Discovery Institute. 21 August 2007.
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1091:affirming that "the timeless truths of the
826:, is quoted in an article published by the
585:, the founder of the Discovery Institute's
489:, the term "Darwinism" is commonly used by
2916:"The Clergy Letter – from American Rabbis"
2702:"BCSE : Intelligent Design Advocates"
2432:
2430:
2016:Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction
1723:Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction
1264:
1262:
1222:; original "100 Scientists" advertisement.
339:
325:
31:
2894:Randy Moore, Mark Decker, Sehoya Cotner.
2849:Decker, Mark Lowry; Moore, Randy (2008).
1607:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
686:to support its anti-evolution viewpoint.
2467:"Dr Michael Egnor challenges evolution!"
2319:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2193:Schafersman, Steven (2 September 2003).
2112:. Harvest House Publishers. p. 96.
1858:"Religion vs. science on D.C. education"
1829:"Questioning Evolution – New York Times"
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1458:Statements from Scientific Organizations
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1051:Responding in the form of a parody, the
636:response to one of its "Top Questions".
589:, presented the list as evidence to the
358:) was a statement issued in 2001 by the
2283:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp.
1317:
1315:
1313:
1131:
464:The statement, and its title, refer to
378:. As part of the Discovery Institute's
297:
263:
205:
169:
144:
107:
64:
43:
2623:"Curriculum vitae of Dr. R. Sternberg"
2567:"Wedging Creationism into the Academy"
2253:from the original on 27 September 2007
1957:from the original on 14 September 2008
1880:
1878:
737:instead of a lack of scientific merit.
2652:. Discovery Institute. Archived from
2599:. Discovery Institute. Archived from
2522:Crowther, Robert (21 February 2006).
2496:Crowther, Robert (16 February 2006).
2344:"A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism"
2221:21 Scientists Who Believe in Creation
1551:"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism"
1461:National Center for Science Education
1298:from the original on 17 November 2007
1200:"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism"
1053:National Center for Science Education
1041:conflict between science and religion
999:National Center for Science Education
927:Also, in early editions of the list,
530:National Center for Science Education
411:the PBS television series "Evolution"
352:"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism"
230:International Society for Complexity,
7:
2538:from the original on 26 January 2008
2144:from the original on 23 October 2007
2089:from the original on 17 October 2007
1987:from the original on 27 October 2007
1926:from the original on 14 October 2007
1411:. Elsevier Science. pp. 23–25.
1407:. In Muehlenbein, Michael P. (ed.).
1338:from the original on 23 October 2007
987:British Centre for Science Education
3014:Creationist objections to evolution
2853:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
2403:"Finding the Evolution in Medicine"
2247:Southeast Missouri State University
2074:Edwards, Mark (24 September 2001).
1803:Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover page 83
1515:Chang, Kenneth (21 February 2006).
18:A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism
2936:Zimmerman, Michael (2 June 2011).
2350:from the original on 19 April 2011
2174:from the original on 19 April 2011
1080:A Scientific Support For Darwinism
933:National Museum of Natural History
889:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2728:"Science Show: The Steve Project"
2055:from the original on 20 July 2008
1473:NCSE Voices for Evolution project
1403:Petto, Andrew J. (24 July 2015).
1290:Crowther, Robert (21 June 2006).
1086:As of 6 July 2015, the
522:Southeastern Louisiana University
485:. However, in the context of the
287:Scientific bodies that explicitly
2986:from the original on 5 June 2011
2966:from the original on 14 May 2011
2830:from the original on 1 June 2009
2678:. Nobelprize.org. Archived from
2629:from the original on 5 June 2011
2382:from the original on 6 June 2011
1892:from the original on 21 May 2011
1781:from the original on 23 May 2011
1609:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00246.x
1372:Evans, Skip (29 November 2001).
1205:. September 2001. Archived from
1162:, Inc. p. 5. Archived from
953:Florida International University
720:The "scientific" claims of such
308:
307:
51:
1527:from the original on 9 May 2015
1022:, said that when he endorsed a
516:includes natural selection and
479:history of evolutionary thought
232:Information, and Design (ISCID)
2648:Weyrich PM (5 December 2005).
2441:. Peter Lang. pp. 66–67.
2229:level of support for evolution
1110:Level of support for evolution
1105:Creation–evolution controversy
1018:, who describes himself as an
963:, the genetic database at the
901:Center for Science and Culture
824:creation–evolution controversy
587:Center for Science and Culture
571:Critical Analysis of Evolution
487:creation–evolution controversy
219:Center for Science and Culture
1:
3009:Discovery Institute campaigns
2755:"Evolving opinion of one man"
2753:Westneat D (24 August 2005).
1235:Gross PF, Forrest BC (2004).
965:National Institutes of Health
881:University of Texas at Dallas
483:modern evolutionary synthesis
224:Centre for Intelligent Design
155:Discovery Institute campaigns
2822:Dembski WA (19 March 2003).
2597:"Sign – Dissent from Darwin"
1016:State University of New York
993:Defections and disagreements
862:Affiliations and credentials
607:The New York Review of Books
362:, a Christian, conservative
3019:Intelligent design movement
2875:"The Clergy Letter Project"
2524:"Predictable as Clockwork,
2408:. p. 8. Archived from
2401:Delgaldo C (28 July 2006).
1856:Ward, Jon (20 April 2005).
985:list, the anti-creationist
895:Ministry for Rana, and the
794:National Science Foundation
762:intelligent design movement
528:and deputy director of the
248:Physicians and Surgeons for
3035:
2898:, p. 342. ABC-CLIO, 2010.
1777:: John Murray. p. 6.
1566:"How to be Anti-Darwinian"
777:
514:modern theory of evolution
372:pseudoscientific principle
241:Evolution Awareness Center
1661:10.1007/s00114-004-0515-y
1433:"Evolutionary mechanisms"
1409:Basics in Human Evolution
945:a peer-review controversy
599:Kansas evolution hearings
549:Discovery Institute usage
289:reject intelligent design
1945:Mark Isaak, ed. (2005).
1036:University of Washington
1026:he had no idea what the
976:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
575:Free Speech on Evolution
356:"Dissent from Darwinism"
2826:. Discovery Institute.
2346:. Discovery Institute.
937:Smithsonian Institution
808:overwhelmingly accepted
784:Argument from consensus
780:Argument from authority
591:Ohio Board of Education
1590:Pigliucci, M. (2007).
917:Natural History Museum
771:
739:
695:Dissent From Darwinism
539:
462:
239:Intelligent Design and
74:Irreducible complexity
2960:"Dissent from Darwin"
2938:"Imams For Evolution"
2164:"CSC – Top Questions"
1983:. 29 September 2005.
1914:(21 September 2003).
1564:John Wilkins (1998).
1115:Teach the Controversy
1088:Clergy Letter Project
1012:Binghamton University
957:Binghamton University
778:Further information:
718:
595:Teach the Controversy
567:Teach the Controversy
524:philosophy professor
438:genetic recombination
380:Teach the Controversy
161:Teach the controversy
2801:"The List of Steves"
2465:(18 February 2007).
1862:The Washington Times
1815:"The List of Steves"
1480:Voices for Evolution
1212:on 30 September 2007
856:scientific community
812:scientific community
755:historian of science
747:science and religion
579:Stand Up For Science
496:materialist ideology
250:Scientific Integrity
89:Intelligent designer
79:Specified complexity
2942:The Huffington Post
2779:"Project Steve FAQ"
2532:Discovery Institute
2502:Discovery Institute
2168:Discovery Institute
2138:Discovery Institute
2083:Discovery Institute
2049:TalkOrigins Archive
1981:Discovery Institute
1951:TalkOrigins Archive
1920:Discovery Institute
1817:. 17 November 2014.
1690:Sullivan M (2005).
1653:2004NW.....91..255K
1641:Naturwissenschaften
1570:TalkOrigins Archive
1439:. 24 September 2008
1332:Discovery Institute
1324:Discovery Institute
1071:Kitzmiller v. Dover
1028:Discovery Institute
897:Discovery Institute
869:Discovery Institute
822:, an expert in the
774:Expertise relevance
741:In their 2010 book
684:appeal to authority
680:political scientist
676:Discovery Institute
619:The Weekly Standard
556:Discovery Institute
407:scientific evidence
368:Seattle, Washington
360:Discovery Institute
214:Discovery Institute
135:Kitzmiller v. Dover
84:Fine-tuned universe
2767:on 13 August 2006.
2676:"Nomination Facts"
2526:The New York Times
2313:Numbers, Ronald L.
2273:Pennock, Robert T.
2201:on 24 October 2007
1837:. 10 December 2005
1834:The New York Times
1521:The New York Times
1276:. 4 February 2019.
1160:Center for Inquiry
1075:intelligent design
893:Reasons to Believe
799:The New York Times
691:Center for Inquiry
563:intelligent design
508:himself described
419:scientific support
376:intelligent design
188:Phillip E. Johnson
183:William A. Dembski
58:Watchmaker analogy
45:Intelligent design
2904:978-0-313-36287-3
2860:978-0-313-34155-7
2760:The Seattle Times
2448:978-0-8204-7080-1
2326:978-0-226-60841-9
2119:978-0-7369-2442-9
1602:(12): 2743–2749.
1490:978-0-615-20461-1
1418:978-0-12-802693-9
1047:Counter-petitions
972:Henry F. Schaefer
929:Richard Sternberg
820:McGill University
758:Ronald L. Numbers
710:Robert T. Pennock
689:A paper from the
510:natural selection
474:natural selection
426:natural selection
388:natural selection
349:
348:
16:(Redirected from
3026:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2763:. Archived from
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:on 11 April 2011
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2559:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2473:. Archived from
2459:
2453:
2452:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2309:Alexander, Denis
2305:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2197:. Archived from
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2011:Eugenie C. Scott
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1717:(12 July 2008).
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1512:
1495:
1494:
1477:Sager C (2008).
1470:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1326:(8 March 2007).
1319:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1157:
1149:Forrest, Barbara
1145:
909:Bernard d'Abrera
841:Other criticisms
722:neo-creationists
613:The New Republic
583:Stephen C. Meyer
384:random mutations
341:
334:
327:
311:
310:
256:Truth in Science
198:Stephen C. Meyer
94:Theistic science
55:
32:
21:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2734:on 5 March 2011
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2708:on 22 July 2011
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2577:on 29 July 2007
2561:
2560:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:on 18 July 2011
2412:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
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2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2227:, described at
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2007:Eldredge, Niles
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1765:Darwin, Charles
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1133:
1128:
1101:
1049:
995:
885:Ohio University
864:
843:
810:throughout the
786:
776:
751:Denis Alexander
671:
551:
526:Barbara Forrest
454:
345:
291:
288:
282:
252:
249:
243:
240:
234:
231:
140:
103:
99:Neo-creationism
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2976:
2954:
2953:External links
2951:
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2693:
2682:on 4 June 2011
2667:
2656:on 31 May 2009
2640:
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2588:
2565:(1 May 2005).
2549:
2514:
2488:
2477:on 31 May 2009
2454:
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2426:
2393:
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2332:
2325:
2300:
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2140:. 1 May 2004.
2125:
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1903:
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1274:Evolution News
1258:
1251:
1224:
1184:
1169:on 19 May 2011
1130:
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1123:
1122:
1120:Wedge strategy
1117:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1048:
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994:
991:
913:British Museum
877:Jonathan Wells
863:
860:
848:Robert Pennock
842:
839:
775:
772:
697:is one of the
670:
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543:common descent
506:Charles Darwin
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1715:Eugenie Scott
1713:Larry Moran;
1709:
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1647:(6): 255–76.
1646:
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