ABO blood group system - Knowledge (XXG)

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ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium. In most human carcinomas, including oral carcinoma, a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens. Several studies have observed that a relative down-regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development. More recently, a genome wide association study (GWAS) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. In addition, another large GWAS study has associated ABO-histo blood groups as well as FUT2 secretor status with the presence in the intestinal microbiome of specific bacterial species. In this case the association was with

986:(hh) produce antibodies against the A, B, and O groups and can only receive transfusions from other hh individuals. The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents. Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring: AO and AA both test as type A; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent; each has a 25% chance, but some occur more than once. The text above them summarizes the outcomes. 326: 349: 383: 207: 367: 319:. (1978) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens. The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin. Later, Yamamoto's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A, B and O epitopes. 235: 51: 282:, meaning without or zero; Landsteiner chose the latter.) This classification was adopted by the National Research Council and became variously known as the National Research Council classification, the International classification, and most popularly the "new" Landsteiner classification. The new system was gradually accepted and by the early 1950s, it was universally followed. 1438:

In human cells, the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions. Using anti-GTA/GTB monoclonal antibodies, it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia. Furthermore, the expression of

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ABO(H) blood group antigens are also carried by other hemostatically relevant glycoproteins, such as platelet glycoprotein Ibα, which is a ligand for vWF on platelets. The significance of ABO(H) antigen expression on these other hemostatic glycoproteins is not fully defined, but may also be relevant

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antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. The modified blood is named "enzyme converted to O" (ECO blood) but despite the early success of converting B- to O-type RBCs and clinical trials without adverse effects transfusing into A- and

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The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce

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A and B) and two antibodies (agglutinins – anti-A and anti-B). His third group (C) indicated absence of both A and B antigens, but contains anti-A and anti-B. The following year, his students Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello discovered the fourth type (but not naming it, and simply referred

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A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community

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Die Vererbung der durch Isoagglutinine nachweisbaren spezifischen Strukturen A und B der menschlichen Blutkfirper erfolgt nach der Mendelschen Regel, wobei die Eigenschaft der Struktur dominant ist, das Fehlen der Struktur rezessiv. Die Tatsache, dafi die nachweisbaren Bestandteile der Blutkorper

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similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to

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This was the first evidence that blood variations exist in humans – it was believed that all humans have similar blood. The next year, in 1901, he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals. Based on this he classified

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However, it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency-dependent selection; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts. Thus, individuals

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The same study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature.

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There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different. Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen-binding site (sometimes called the antibody-combining site) of human

1368:(control of bleeding). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding, as 30% of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group, and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and 172:

The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells, but also often those of human origin, from other individuals. It remains to be seen whether this appearance is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial

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human blood into three groups, namely group A, group B, and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B, but never with its own type. Similarly, group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B.

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of the same OTU (operational taxonomic unit) have been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, thus the study suggests an important role for the ABO histo-blood group antigens as candidates for direct modulation of the human microbiome in health and disease.

1105:, but in 1957 only 50% of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity. Occasionally, the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations—for example, a type O child can be born to an AB parent—due to rare situations, such as 2588:"Erythroglycan, a high molecular weight glycopeptide with the repeating structure [galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-glucosyl(1 leads to 3)] comprising more than one-third of the protein-bound carbohydrate of human erythrocyte stroma" 1276:

Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans. From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles:

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These two systems created confusion and potential danger in medical practice. Moss's system was adopted in Britain, France, and US, while Janský's was preferred in most European countries and some parts of US. To resolve the chaos, the

263:, and the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists made a joint recommendation in 1921 that the Jansky classification be adopted based on priority. But it was not followed particularly where Moss's system had been used. 1129:, it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus, each of which can be categorized as A, B, or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion, but which can be distinguished by variations in the 314:

were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type. After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne

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introduced the term 0 (null) for the group Landsteiner designated as C, and AB for the type discovered by Sturli and von Decastello. They were also the first to explain the genetic inheritance of the blood groups.

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Ares SM, Nardozza LMM, Araujo Júnior E, Santana EFM. Non-RhD alloimmunization in pregnancy: an updated review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2024 Mar 15;46:e-rbgo22. doi: 10.61622/rbgo/2024AO22. PMID: 38765509; PMCID:

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Kruskall MS, AuBuchon JP, Anthony KY, Herschel L, Pickard C, Biehl R, et al. (November 2000). "Transfusion to blood group A and O patients of group B RBCs that have been enzymatically converted to group O".

3741:"The prevalence of the cysteine1584 variant of von Willebrand factor is increased in type 1 von Willebrand disease: co-segregation with increased susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis but not clinical phenotype" 246:

independently introduced blood type classification in 1907 in a local journal. He used the Roman numerical I, II, III, and IV (corresponding to modern O, A, B, and AB). Unknown to Janský, an American physician

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cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).

1396:(from blood clotting) for the first time. The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person's blood group. 3068:

Ogasawara K, Bannai M, Saitou N, Yabe R, Nakata K, Takenaka M, et al. (June 1996). "Extensive polymorphism of ABO blood group gene: three major lineages of the alleles for the common ABO phenotypes".

1314:, whose epitopes are similar enough to the α-D-N-galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction. Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against 193:

may be said that there exist at least two different types of agglutinins, one in A, another one in B, and both together in C. The red blood cells are inert to the agglutinins which are present in the same

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Hollenhorst, Marie A.; Tiemeyer, Katherine H.; Mahoney, Keira E.; Aoki, Kazuhiro; Ishihara, Mayumi; Lowery, Sarah C.; Rangel-Angarita, Valentina; Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; Malaker, Stacy A. (April 2023).

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possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens. The high within-population diversity observed in human populations would, then, be a consequence of natural selection on individuals.

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phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A

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The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations.

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in 1930. In his paper, he referred to the specific blood group interactions as isoagglutination, and also introduced the concept of agglutinins (antibodies), which is the actual basis of

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Laine RA, Rush JS (1988). "Chemistry of Human Erythrocyte Polylactosamine Glycopeptides (Erythroglycans) as Related to ABH Blood Group Antigenic Determinants". In Wu A, Kabat E (eds.).

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concerned with blood grouping, he suggested to substitute Janský's and Moss's systems with the letters O, A, B, and AB. (There was another confusion on the use of figure 0 for German

3608:"Amount of H antigen expressed on circulating von Willebrand factor is modified by ABO blood group genotype and is a major determinant of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen levels" 2283:

Garratty G, Dzik W, Issitt PD, Lublin DM, Reid ME, Zelinski T (April 2000). "Terminology for blood group antigens and genes-historical origins and guidelines in the new millennium".

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Shima M, Fujimura Y, Nishiyama T, Tsujiuchi T, Narita N, Matsui T, et al. (1995). "ABO blood group genotype and plasma von Willebrand factor in normal individuals".

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Sarode R, Goldstein J, Sussman II, Nagel RL, Tsai HM (June 2000). "Role of A and B blood group antigens in the expression of adhesive activity of von Willebrand factor".

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Ferguson-Smith MA, Aitken DA, Turleau C, de Grouchy J (September 1976). "Localisation of the human ABO: Np-1: AK-1 linkage group by regional assignment of AK-1 to 9q34".

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program. Its popularity faded following Japan's defeat in World War 2 and Japanese support for eugenics faltered, but it resurfaced in the 1970s by a journalist named

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Finne J, Krusius T, Rauvala H, Kekomaki R, Myllyla G (May 1978). "Alkali-stable blood group A- and B-active poly(glycosyl)-peptides from human erythrocyte membrane".

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Liu QP, Sulzenbacher G, Yuan H, Bennett EP, Pietz G, Saunders K, et al. (April 2007). "Bacterial glycosidases for the production of universal red blood cells".

3327: 1372:) than do non-O individuals. In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF (an amino acid 4764: 4723: 1879: 343:

Student blood test. Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B (left) and anti-A (right) serum. Agglutination with anti-A suggests this individual is type A.

168:) when mixed in test tubes with sera from different persons, and that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood. He wrote a two-sentence footnote: 4641: 5002: 512:, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( 5012: 4885: 97: 3014: 1344:, membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on 271: 4520: 389:

of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns) shaded by phenotype

4304:"Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials" 3283:

Calafell F, Roubinet F, Ramírez-Soriano A, Saitou N, Bertranpetit J, Blancher A (September 2008). "Evolutionary dynamics of the human ABO gene".

2961: 5028: 1551:. As with blood type personality theory, these and other popular ideas lack scientific evidence, and many are discredited or pseudoscientific. 1409: 1640:"International society of blood transfusion working party on red cell immunogenetics and terminology: report of the Seoul and London meetings" 4997: 3223: 1751: 256: 182: 128: 3790:"High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke: influence of ADAMTS13, inflammation, and genetic variability" 5320: 5023: 1427: 2547:"The poly(glycosyl) chains of glycoproteins. Characterisation of a novel type of glycoprotein saccharides from human erythrocyte membrane" 4757: 2814: 1210: 251:

devised a slightly different classification using the same numerical; his I, II, III, and IV corresponding to modern AB, A, B, and O.

3989:(December 1999). "Antigen structure and genetic basis of histo-blood groups A, B and O: their changes associated with human cancer". 3890:"Translational mini-review series on Toll-like receptors: Toll-like receptor ligands as novel pharmaceuticals for allergic disorders" 2375:

Morgan WT, Watkins WM (January 1969). "Genetic and biochemical aspects of human blood-group A-, B-, H-, Le-a- and Le-b-specificity".

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niemals rezessiv sind und daher bei den Kindern nie erscheinen, wenn nicht einer der Eltern sie enthait, ist forensisch zu verwerten.

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Landsteiner K (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe".

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antibodies, produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses.

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In the UK, the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of

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Yamamoto F, Clausen H, White T, Marken J, Hakomori S (May 1990). "Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system".

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Finne J (February 1980). "Identification of the blood-group ABH-active glycoprotein components of human erythrocyte membrane".

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Watkins WM (1980). "Biochemistry and Genetics of the ABO, Lewis, and P Blood Group Systems". In Harris H, Hirschhorn K (eds.).

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to the population. The native Celts tended to have more type O blood, while the other populations tended to have more type A.

5300: 5290: 4737: 4254:"Genome-wide association study in 8,956 German individuals identifies influence of ABO histo-blood groups on gut microbiome" 2451:

Watkins WM, Morgan WT (April 1959). "Possible genetical pathways for the biosynthesis of blood group mucopolysaccharides".

2142: 5295: 4825: 4750: 1510: 1504: 3364: 5075: 4929: 4253: 186: 161: 1513:, which claims that blood types predict or influence personality. This claim is not scientifically based, and there is 4945: 4205:"Genome-wide association study implicates immune activation of multiple integrin genes in inflammatory bowel disease" 2873:

Yazer MH, Olsson ML, Palcic MM (July 2006). "The cis-AB blood group phenotype: fundamental lessons in glycobiology".

4556: 5155: 5150: 5115: 5095: 5050: 4992: 4649: 2631:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 228. Plenum Publishing Corporation. pp. 331–347. 222: 4962: 3788:

Bongers TN, de Maat MP, van Goor ML, Bhagwanbali V, van Vliet HH, Gómez García EB, et al. (November 2006).

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or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group.

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antibodies against the A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.

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an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using

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Rühlemann MC, Hermes BM, Bang C, Doms S, Moitinho-Silva L, Thingholm LB, et al. (February 2021).

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to an organ transplant. Such mismatches are rare in modern medicine. The associated anti-A and anti-B

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Von Decastello AS, Sturli A (1902). "Concerning isoagglutinins in serum of healthy and sick humans".

1790: 1514: 1471: 1385: 1266: 450: 248: 31: 5180: 5170: 4820: 3986: 1476: 1294: 434: 5210: 4610: 4550: 4420: 4376: 4284: 4052: 3770: 3721: 3637: 3588: 3539: 3496: 3436:

Reid ME, Mohandas N (April 2004). "Red blood cell blood group antigens: structure and function".

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Ségurel L, Thompson EE, Flutre T, Lovstad J, Venkat A, Margulis SW, et al. (November 2012).

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McGovern DP, Jones MR, Taylor KD, Marciante K, Yan X, Dubinsky M, et al. (September 2010).

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It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral, or plant antigens) have

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is another rare variant, in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent.

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Schmidt P, Okroi M (2001). "Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'".

2219: 2115: 2074: 1981: 1924: 1871: 1818: 1747: 1720: 1669: 1547:, that group O is associated with better teeth, and that those with group A2 have the highest 140: 105: 89: 4742: 4302:

Mega JL, Stitziel NO, Smith JG, Chasman DI, Caulfield M, Devlin JJ, et al. (June 2015).

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de Lange KM, Moutsianas L, Lee JC, Lamb CA, Luo Y, Kennedy NA, et al. (February 2017).

4175: 4167: 4126: 4118: 4079: 4036: 3998: 3958: 3950: 3909: 3901: 3850: 3842: 3801: 3752: 3705: 3668: 3619: 3570: 3523: 3480: 3445: 3408: 3400: 3339: 3292: 3252: 3186: 3178: 3133: 3125: 3078: 3040: 2882: 2839: 2777: 2767: 2720: 2677: 2632: 2599: 2558: 2511: 2460: 2415: 2384: 2347: 2339: 2292: 2249: 2211: 2138: 2134: 2105: 2064: 2056: 1973: 1916: 1808: 1798: 1710: 1700: 1659: 1651: 1582: 1492: 1389: 1320: 1106: 983: 382: 291: 218: 157: 124: 2985:"I'm concerned that my child doesn't have traits I expected. Should I do a paternity test?" 1638:

Storry JR, Castilho L, Chen Q, Daniels G, Denomme G, Flegel WA, et al. (August 2016).

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Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single

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Bowen DJ, Collins PW, Lester W, Cumming AM, Keeney S, Grundy P, et al. (March 2005).

1560: 1540: 1536:. Despite its status as a pseudoscience, it remains widely popular throughout East Asia. 1393: 1345: 1311: 109: 3343: 4408: 3855: 3830: 2716: 2507: 2296: 1857:"The blood revolution initiated by the famous footnote of Karl Landsteiner's 1900 paper" 1794: 5140: 5035: 4950: 4910: 4875: 4691: 4666: 4466: 4439: 4328: 4303: 4229: 4204: 4180: 4155: 4131: 4106: 4070:

Dabelsteen E (February 2002). "ABO blood group antigens in oral mucosa. What is new?".

3963: 3938: 3914: 3889: 3806: 3789: 3709: 3559:"The relationship between ABO histo-blood group, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor" 3484: 3449: 3413: 3388: 3191: 3162: 3138: 3113: 2782: 2755: 2681: 2563: 2546: 2464: 2388: 2352: 2327: 2110: 2093: 2069: 2044: 1920: 1813: 1768: 1715: 1688: 1664: 1639: 1480: 1297:. Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first. 1126: 446: 386: 366: 59: 4319: 4002: 3214:

Potts WT (1979). "History and Blood Groups in the British Isles". In Sawyer PH (ed.).

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Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993).

1533: 1518: 1341: 1337: 299: 243: 4424: 4380: 4156:"Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn's disease" 4056: 3774: 3725: 3592: 3543: 3500: 3312: 3098: 2859: 2480: 2312: 2269: 1993: 1936: 1687:

Muramatsu M, Gonzalez HD, Cacciola R, Aikawa A, Yaqoob MM, Puliatti C (March 2014).

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ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child do not usually cause

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as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had

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The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician

160:, working at the Pathological-Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna (now 5174: 4815: 2740: 1522: 1361: 1235: 442: 294:

in 1907. Large-scale application began during the First World War (1914–1915) when

199: 3673: 3656: 3641: 3389:"Evolution of the human ABO polymorphism by two complementary selective pressures" 2531: 3257: 3240: 2636: 278:

as introduced by Hirszfeld and von Dungern, because others used the letter O for

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Mohandas N, Narla A (March 2005). "Blood group antigens in health and disease".

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Dabelsteen E, Gao S (January 2005). "ABO blood-group antigens in oral cancer".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Schreiber BA, Curley R, Gaur A, Rodriguez E, Rogers K, Sinha S (18 July 2017).

5058: 4870: 4682: 4456: 3954: 3831:"Comprehensive analysis of platelet glycoprotein Ibα ectodomain glycosylation" 3296: 3182: 2772: 2060: 1528:

The belief originated in the 1930s, when it was introduced as part of Japan's

1365: 1293:. The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of 1262: 1254: 398: 310:

at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO

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In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in the journal

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This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the

5135: 5017: 4906: 2908: 1803: 1483:. The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the 1336:

The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in

1269:. This variant is found worldwide, and likely predates human migration from 1258: 505: 375: 50: 4475: 4416: 4372: 4337: 4280: 4238: 4189: 4140: 4091: 4048: 4010: 3923: 3864: 3815: 3766: 3633: 3584: 3535: 3492: 3457: 3422: 3404: 3351: 3304: 3266: 3200: 3147: 3054: 2894: 2791: 2472: 2304: 2119: 1964:

Durand JK, Willis MS (2001). "Karl Landsteiner, MD: Transfusion Medicine".

1928: 1822: 1724: 1673: 4542: 3972: 3717: 3682: 3657:"The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease" 3624: 3607: 3090: 2732: 2689: 2654: 2437: 2396: 2361: 1875: 331:

Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group

4890: 4798: 4700: 4440:"Toward universal donor blood: Enzymatic conversion of A and B to O type" 4171: 3655:

Gill JC, Endres-Brooks J, Bauer PJ, Marks WJ, Montgomery RR (June 1987).

3129: 3114:"Imbalance in A₂ and A₂B phenotype frequency of ABO group in South India" 2851: 2613: 2572: 2078: 1705: 1544: 1529: 1381: 1377: 1243: 1227: 1219: 1138: 132: 101: 17: 2756:"A new chemical approach to human ABO histo-blood group type 2 antigens" 2523: 1838:

Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten

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marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer's blood type as "B (III) Rh+"

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immunoglobulin. Notice the O-type antigen does not have a binding site.

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is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B

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O-type patients, the technology has not yet become clinical practice.

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enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from

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in 1930 for this discovery. ABO blood types are also present in other

5160: 3167:-AB, the Blood Group of Many Faces, Is a Conundrum to the Novice Eye" 2934: 2724: 1422:

type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O-type mother,

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demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple

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In Japan and other parts of East Asia, there is a popular belief in

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Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of

1418:(HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the 156:

The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian physician,

2809:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 83. 1257:

with the group A allele A01. However, unlike the group A allele, a

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Seltsam A, Hallensleben M, Kollmann A, Blasczyk R (October 2003).

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that no such link exists; the scientific community considers it a

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Wu, Kunher; Lindsted, Kristian D.; Lee, Jerry W. (1 March 2005).

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Landsteiner K (1961) . "On agglutination of normal human blood".

1769:"The ABO blood group is a trans-species polymorphism in primates" 1426:

ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop

5234: 5105: 5080: 3606:

O'Donnell J, Boulton FE, Manning RA, Laffan MA (February 2002).

1247: 394: 164:). In 1900, he found that red blood cells would clump together ( 136: 42: 4746: 3387:

Seymour RM, Allan MJ, Pomiankowski A, Gustafsson K (May 2004).

2183:

Moss WL (1910). "Studies on isoagglutinins and isohemolysins".

2147:

Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und Experimentelle Therapie

1324:, cross-reacting with the α-D-galactose on the B glycoprotein. 37:"Type O" redirects here. For other uses, including type 0, see 4727: 3241:"The ABO blood group system and Plasmodium falciparum malaria" 3029:"The nature of diversity and diversification at the ABO locus" 1419: 1130: 117: 96:(or group) classification systems currently recognized by the 63: 2754:

Hara A, Imamura A, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M (December 2013).

1253:

The two common O alleles, O01 and O02, share their first 261

508:, because A and B express a special dominance relationship: 4667:"Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900--1939)" 2045:"Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900--1939)" 1609:"ISBT: Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology" 1548: 2143:"Über Vererbung gruppenspezifischer Strukturen des Blutes" 1273:. The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele. 1222:

and to the successive invasions and migrations including

4572:"Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia" 2958:"Misattributed paternity rates and non-paternity rates" 2164:

Janský J (1907). "Haematologick studie u. psychotiku".

3991:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

2586:

Järnefelt J, Rush J, Li YT, Laine RA (November 1978).

449:

antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the

104:(or in various others) can cause a potentially fatal 1746:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. 5049: 4981: 4938: 4899: 4863: 4784: 4022: 4020: 2235: 2233: 1959: 1957: 1955: 238:

Jan Janský, who invented type I, II, III, IV system

3612:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 3363: 3338:(6): 357, author reply 359-357, author reply 360. 2414:. Vol. 10. New York: Plenum. pp. 1–136. 2328:"Felix Bernstein and the first human marker locus" 1739: 1689:"ABO incompatible renal transplants: Good or bad?" 1495:, which could act as a substitute in emergencies. 2629:The Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates 1902: 1900: 5008:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 4519:. Provided by the Canadian Press. Archived from 100:(ISBT) as of December 2022. A mismatch in this 4733:Encyclopædia Britannica, ABO blood group system 2545:Krusius T, Finne J, Rauvala H (December 1978). 1352:Bleeding and thrombosis (von Willebrand factor) 270:in New York. As a member of a committee of the 191: 170: 92:, it is the most important of the 44 different 4722:Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at 4545:. Associated Press. NBC News. 1 February 2009. 4758: 3017:, The Owen Foundation. Retrieved 1 July 2008. 8: 4111:International Journal of Biological Sciences 2006:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 5003:Transfusion associated circulatory overload 4611:"Why Do People Have Different Blood Types?" 4543:"In Japan, you are what your blood type is" 4513:"Myth about Japan blood types under attack" 3278: 3276: 2202:Doan CA (1927). "The Transfusion problem". 2038: 2036: 1101:Historically, ABO blood tests were used in 484:people have type O blood. Individuals with 98:International Society of Blood Transfusions 5013:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 4886:International Society of Blood Transfusion 4765: 4751: 4743: 3161:Chun S, Choi S, Yu H, Cho D (March 2019). 3118:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue 1563:– secretion of ABO antigens in body fluids 1465:Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 1261:base is subsequently deleted. A premature 268:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 30:"ABO" redirects here. For other uses, see 4690: 4465: 4455: 4327: 4228: 4179: 4130: 3962: 3913: 3854: 3805: 3756: 3672: 3623: 3574: 3412: 3256: 3190: 3137: 3044: 2781: 2771: 2603: 2562: 2351: 2109: 2068: 1812: 1802: 1784: 1714: 1704: 1663: 1356:The ABO antigen is also expressed on the 993:Blood group inheritance by phenotype only 4072:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 3010: 3008: 1143: 988: 532: 492:have type A blood, and individuals with 2094:"A brief history of human blood groups" 1573: 1310:originate from immune response towards 321: 123:The ABO blood types were discovered by 4576:Personality and Individual Differences 4548: 4438:Rahfeld P, Withers SG (January 2020). 3557:O'Donnell J, Laffan MA (August 2001). 2185:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 1999: 1410:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO) 266:In 1927, Landsteiner had moved to the 4998:Transfusion related acute lung injury 3835:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3328:""Natural" versus regular antibodies" 1205:Distribution and evolutionary history 557: 552: 257:American Association of Immunologists 183:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 129:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7: 3894:Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2915:. Australian Red Cross Blood Service 2913:Inheritance patterns of blood groups 2242:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 2023:Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1966:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 1619:from the original on 2 February 2022 1428:ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 1404:ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4490:"Scientists create 'plastic' blood" 4409:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40111290.x 3939:"Bone marrow transplantation: 1982" 3239:Cserti CM, Dzik WH (October 2007). 2592:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2297:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40040477.x 2092:Farhud DD, Zarif Yeganeh M (2013). 261:Society of American Bacteriologists 4738:National Blood Transfusion Service 4646:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens 4105:Amundadottir LT (1 January 2016). 3807:10.1161/01.STR.0000244767.39962.f7 3710:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb02579.x 3485:10.1097/01.moh.0000153000.09585.79 3450:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2004.01.001 3344:10.1023/B:JOPC.0000039625.56296.6e 3112:Shastry S, Bhat S (October 2010). 2682:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04414.x 2564:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12747.x 2465:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1959.tb04023.x 2389:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070666 1941:Originally published in German in 1921:10.1111/j.1537-2995.1961.tb00005.x 1211:Blood type distribution by country 198:Thus, he discovered two antigens ( 25: 5041:Transfusion transmitted infection 1541:blood type-specific dietary needs 4642:"Chapter 5: The ABO blood group" 4084:10.1046/j.0904-2512.2001.00004.x 3906:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03296.x 3758:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05375.x 3576:10.1046/j.1365-3148.2001.00315.x 3528:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02113.x 3393:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 2670:European Journal of Biochemistry 2551:European Journal of Biochemistry 2098:Iranian Journal of Public Health 1693:World Journal of Transplantation 1416:hemolytic disease of the newborn 348: 336: 324: 203:to it as "no particular type"). 189:in the ABO system. He asserted: 41:. For typographical errors, see 2983:Starr, D. Barry (18 May 2007). 1141:that produce one's blood type: 1133:sequence. There are six common 4511:Yamaguchi, Mari (6 May 2005). 3745:British Journal of Haematology 3516:British Journal of Haematology 1943:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1589:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 1: 4320:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X 4003:10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00183-x 3674:10.1182/blood.V69.6.1691.1691 3473:Current Opinion in Hematology 3171:Annals of Laboratory Medicine 2805:Klug WS, Cummings MR (1997). 2605:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34351-X 2412:Advances in Human Genetics 10 1543:, that group A causes severe 1511:Blood type personality theory 1505:Blood type personality theory 1400:for bleeding and thrombosis. 88:(red blood cells). For human 27:Classification of blood types 4930:Intraoperative blood salvage 4107:"Pancreatic Cancer Genetics" 3258:10.1182/blood-2007-03-077602 2875:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 2637:10.1007/978-1-4613-1663-3_12 2516:10.1016/0014-5793(78)80534-1 1855:Kantha SS (September 1995). 1348:as well as red blood cells. 1137:in white individuals of the 162:Medical University of Vienna 5321:Genes on human chromosome 9 4946:Blood compatibility testing 3888:Goldman M (February 2007). 3216:English Medieval Settlement 2937:. Abobloodtypes.webnode.com 2420:10.1007/978-1-4615-8288-5_1 108:after a transfusion, or an 5337: 4588:10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.004 4273:10.1038/s41588-020-00747-1 4041:10.1177/154405910508400103 4029:Journal of Dental Research 3847:10.1016/j.jtha.2023.01.009 3326:van Oss CJ (August 2004). 3046:10.1182/blood-2003-03-0955 2909:"ABO inheritance patterns" 2887:10.1016/j.tmrv.2006.03.002 2216:10.1152/physrev.1927.7.1.1 1864:The Ceylon Medical Journal 1502: 1407: 1246:to the placenames and the 1208: 1174: 1168: 1157: 982:Individuals with the rare 36: 29: 4993:Transfusion hemosiderosis 4683:10.1017/s0025727300051383 4609:Klein HG (7 March 2005). 4457:10.1074/jbc.REV119.008164 3955:10.1136/bmj.285.6351.1296 3297:10.1007/s00439-008-0530-8 3183:10.3343/alm.2019.39.2.115 2773:10.3390/molecules19010414 2061:10.1017/S0025727300051383 1980:(inactive 26 June 2024). 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 998: 991: 808: 695: 624: 614: 604: 594: 584: 574: 571: 562: 547: 545: 542: 535: 272:National Research Council 223:Emil Freiherr von Dungern 187:antigen-antibody reaction 127:in 1901; he received the 4973:Monocyte monolayer assay 4160:Human Molecular Genetics 3937:Kay HE (November 1982). 2935:"ABO blood group system" 2377:British Medical Bulletin 2344:10.1093/genetics/133.1.4 2326:Crow JF (January 1993). 2149:. G. Fischer.: 284–292. 1742:Human Biology and Health 1583:"ABO blood group system" 1539:Other popular ideas are 1364:, which participates in 1125:With the development of 110:unwanted immune response 4848:Granulocyte transfusion 3943:British Medical Journal 1804:10.1073/pnas.1210603109 1587:Encyclopædia Britannica 537:Blood group inheritance 425:designation stands for 4665:Farr AD (April 1979). 4555:: CS1 maint: others ( 3438:Seminars in Hematology 3405:10.1098/rspb.2004.2674 3218:. St. Martin's Press. 3015:Blood Group A Suptypes 2043:Farr AD (April 1979). 1376:in VWF): the gene for 1316:Gram-negative bacteria 468:gives type O. As both 401:) with three types of 390: 379: 239: 230:Classification systems 214: 196: 175: 78:ABO blood group system 73: 5301:Antigenic determinant 5291:Blood antigen systems 4983:Transfusion reactions 3625:10.1161/hq0202.103997 2204:Physiological Reviews 1434:Clinical applications 1388:band q34.2, the same 1358:von Willebrand factor 460:allele gives type A, 433:. The gene encodes a 385: 369: 300:blood clot prevention 298:began to be used for 237: 209: 53: 5296:Transfusion medicine 4963:Kleihauer–Betke test 4925:Exchange transfusion 4804:Platelet transfusion 4778:transfusion medicine 4353:Nature Biotechnology 3563:Transfusion Medicine 3130:10.2450/2010.0147-09 2990:The Tech Interactive 2807:Concepts of Genetics 1706:10.5500/wjt.v4.i1.18 1515:scientific consensus 1472:Nature Biotechnology 1445:Faecalibacterium spp 1267:frame-shift mutation 1242:who contributed the 32:ABO (disambiguation) 5051:Blood group systems 4986:and adverse effects 4821:Fresh frozen plasma 4652:on 18 February 2009 4615:Scientific American 4523:on 28 December 2009 4314:(9984): 2264–2271. 3949:(6351): 1296–1298. 3399:(1543): 1065–1072. 3332:The Protein Journal 2717:1990Natur.345..229Y 2508:1978FEBSL..89..111F 1795:2012PNAS..10918493S 1779:(45): 18493–18498. 1644:ISBT Science Series 1295:balancing selection 435:glycosyltransferase 429:, another term for 4492:. BBC. 11 May 2007 4172:10.1093/hmg/ddq248 4123:10.7150/ijbs.15001 3083:10.1007/BF02346189 2993:. Ask a Geneticist 2844:10.1007/BF00284432 1656:10.1111/voxs.12280 1332:Clinical relevance 1265:results from this 476:are dominant over 464:gives type B, and 441:that modifies the 407:classical genetics 391: 380: 286:Other developments 240: 215: 90:blood transfusions 74: 5278: 5277: 4855:Blood substitutes 4843:White blood cells 4774:Blood transfusion 4403:(11): 1290–1298. 4166:(17): 3468–3476. 3800:(11): 2672–2677. 3225:978-0-7131-6257-8 2964:on 26 August 2023 2711:(6272): 229–233. 2598:(22): 8006–8009. 2254:10.1159/000050239 1978:10.1159/000050239 1885:on 30 August 2018 1753:978-0-13-981176-0 1192: 1191: 1103:paternity testing 1099: 1098: 980: 979: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 933: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 874: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 820: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 761: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 707: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 648: 631: 621: 611: 601: 591: 581: 504:people have both 242:Czech serologist 141:Old World monkeys 16:(Redirected from 5328: 4968:Antibody elution 4915:plateletpheresis 4881:Blood management 4864:General concepts 4767: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4704: 4694: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4648:. Archived from 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4459: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4024: 4015: 4014: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3760: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3676: 3667:(6): 1691–1695. 3652: 3646: 3645: 3627: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3578: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3416: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3367: 3362:. Archived from 3323: 3317: 3316: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3251:(7): 2250–2258. 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3048: 3039:(8): 3035–3042. 3024: 3018: 3012: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2960:. Archived from 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2785: 2775: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2725:10.1038/345229a0 2700: 2694: 2693: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2607: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2566: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2355: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2005: 1997: 1961: 1950: 1940: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1878:. Archived from 1861: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1816: 1806: 1788: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1578: 1493:artificial blood 1384:) maps to human 1346:epithelial cells 1144: 1107:Bombay phenotype 989: 984:Bombay phenotype 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 931: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 872: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 818: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 759: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 705: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 646: 629: 619: 609: 599: 589: 579: 533: 451:ninth chromosome 374:, giving the AB 352: 340: 328: 292:Reuben Ottenberg 219:Ludwik Hirszfeld 158:Karl Landsteiner 125:Karl Landsteiner 106:adverse reaction 54:ABO blood group 21: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5306:Hematopathology 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5069:Secretor status 5045: 4985: 4977: 4934: 4895: 4859: 4836:Cryosupernatant 4831:Cryoprecipitate 4811:Red blood cells 4780: 4771: 4712: 4707: 4671:Medical History 4664: 4655: 4653: 4640:Dean L (2005). 4639: 4635: 4633:Further reading 4630: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4365:10.1038/nbt1298 4350: 4349: 4345: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4261:Nature Genetics 4256: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4221:10.1038/ng.3760 4209:Nature Genetics 4202: 4201: 4197: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4026: 4025: 4018: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3841:(4): 995–1009. 3828: 3827: 3823: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3368:on 14 July 2011 3325: 3324: 3320: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2647: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2430: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2049:Medical History 2042: 2041: 2034: 2020: 2019: 2015: 1998: 1963: 1962: 1953: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1613:www.isbtweb.org 1607: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1561:Secretor status 1557: 1507: 1501: 1481:red blood cells 1467: 1458: 1456:Clinical marker 1436: 1412: 1406: 1394:ischemic stroke 1354: 1334: 1312:influenza virus 1303: 1301:Origin theories 1213: 1207: 1184: 1179: 1162: 1119: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 529: 445:content of the 427:isoagglutinogen 364: 357: 353: 344: 341: 332: 329: 304:Felix Bernstein 288: 249:William L. Moss 232: 154: 149: 69:present in the 60:red blood cells 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5036:Serum sickness 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4951:Cross-matching 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4911:plasmapheresis 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876:Blood donation 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4786:Blood products 4782: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4711: 4710:External links 4708: 4706: 4705: 4677:(2): 215–226. 4662: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4601: 4582:(4): 797–808. 4562: 4534: 4503: 4481: 4450:(2): 325–334. 4430: 4386: 4359:(4): 454–464. 4343: 4294: 4267:(2): 147–155. 4244: 4215:(2): 256–261. 4195: 4146: 4117:(3): 314–325. 4097: 4062: 4016: 3997:(1): 247–266. 3978: 3929: 3900:(2): 208–216. 3880: 3870: 3821: 3780: 3751:(6): 830–836. 3731: 3704:(4): 236–240. 3688: 3647: 3618:(2): 335–341. 3598: 3569:(4): 343–351. 3549: 3522:(4): 857–864. 3506: 3479:(2): 135–140. 3463: 3428: 3379: 3318: 3291:(2): 123–135. 3285:Human Genetics 3272: 3231: 3224: 3206: 3177:(2): 115–120. 3153: 3124:(4): 267–270. 3104: 3077:(6): 777–783. 3071:Human Genetics 3060: 3019: 3004: 2975: 2948: 2926: 2900: 2881:(3): 207–217. 2865: 2832:Human Genetics 2822: 2816:978-0135310625 2815: 2797: 2766:(1): 414–437. 2746: 2695: 2676:(1): 181–189. 2660: 2645: 2619: 2578: 2557:(1): 289–300. 2537: 2502:(1): 111–115. 2486: 2443: 2428: 2402: 2367: 2318: 2291:(4): 477–489. 2275: 2248:(4): 206–208. 2229: 2194: 2175: 2166:Sborn. Klinick 2156: 2126: 2084: 2055:(2): 215–226. 2032: 2013: 1972:(4): 206–208. 1951: 1896: 1870:(3): 123–125. 1847: 1828: 1759: 1752: 1730: 1679: 1650:(2): 118–122. 1630: 1600: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1553: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1485:Rh blood group 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1435: 1432: 1408:Main article: 1405: 1402: 1380:(vWF-cleaving 1353: 1350: 1333: 1330: 1302: 1299: 1209:Main article: 1206: 1203: 1190: 1189: 1173: 1167: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1127:DNA sequencing 1118: 1115: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070:O, A, B or AB 1068: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054:O, A, B or AB 1052: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 996: 995: 978: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 925: 919: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 865: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 812: 806: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 752: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 699: 693: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 640: 634: 633: 623: 613: 603: 593: 583: 573: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 544: 540: 539: 527: 447:red blood cell 405:inferred from 387:Punnett square 363: 360: 359: 358: 354: 347: 345: 342: 335: 333: 330: 323: 287: 284: 231: 228: 153: 150: 148: 145: 139:, monkeys and 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5333: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311:Glycoproteins 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Chido-Rodgers 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4919:leukapheresis 4916: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4504: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:Vox Sanguinis 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3444:(2): 93–117. 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2646:9781461316633 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459:(2): 97–119. 2458: 2454: 2453:Vox Sanguinis 2447: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2429:9781461582885 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:Von Dungern E 2130: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1534:Masahiko Nomi 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519:pseudoscience 1516: 1512: 1506: 1499:Pseudoscience 1498: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:cell adhesion 1339: 1338:cell membrane 1331: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:A101/A201/O09 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 997: 994: 990: 987: 985: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 934: 930: 926: 924: 921: 920: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 875: 871: 867: 866: 858: 851: 844: 837: 831:O, A, B or AB 830: 823: 821: 817: 813: 811: 807: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 762: 758: 754: 753: 745: 738: 732:O, A, B or AB 731: 724: 717: 710: 708: 704: 700: 698: 694: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 649: 645: 641: 639: 636: 635: 632: 628: 622: 618: 612: 608: 602: 598: 592: 588: 582: 578: 569: 568: 565: 560: 555: 550: 541: 538: 534: 531: 525: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 500:have type B. 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437:—that is, an 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 388: 384: 377: 373: 368: 361: 351: 346: 339: 334: 327: 322: 320: 318: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 285: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 252: 250: 245: 236: 229: 227: 224: 220: 212: 208: 204: 201: 200:agglutinogens 195: 190: 188: 184: 179: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 151: 146: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5063: 4674: 4670: 4654:. Retrieved 4650:the original 4645: 4618:. Retrieved 4614: 4604: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4521:the original 4516: 4506: 4494:. Retrieved 4484: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4264: 4260: 4247: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4078:(2): 65–70. 4075: 4071: 4065: 4035:(1): 21–28. 4032: 4028: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3878:PMC11075387. 3873: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3365:the original 3335: 3331: 3321: 3288: 3284: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3215: 3209: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3156: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3036: 3032: 3022: 2995:. Retrieved 2988: 2978: 2966:. Retrieved 2962:the original 2951: 2939:. Retrieved 2929: 2917:. Retrieved 2912: 2903: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2838:(1): 35–43. 2835: 2831: 2825: 2806: 2800: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2628: 2622: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2499: 2496:FEBS Letters 2495: 2489: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2411: 2405: 2383:(1): 30–34. 2380: 2376: 2370: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2245: 2241: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2169: 2168:(in Czech). 2165: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2139:Hirschfeld L 2129: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2052: 2048: 2029:: 1090–1095. 2026: 2022: 2016: 2002:cite journal 1969: 1965: 1946: 1942: 1912: 1908: 1887:. Retrieved 1880:the original 1867: 1863: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1741: 1733: 1699:(1): 18–29. 1696: 1692: 1682: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1621:. Retrieved 1612: 1603: 1591:. Retrieved 1586: 1576: 1538: 1527: 1523:superstition 1508: 1490: 1470: 1468: 1459: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1423: 1413: 1398: 1386:chromosome 9 1374:polymorphism 1362:glycoprotein 1355: 1335: 1326: 1319: 1304: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1252: 1236:Anglo-Saxons 1217: 1214: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1158: 1124: 1120: 1100: 1081: 1062: 1043: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 992: 981: 928: 927: 922: 869: 868: 815: 814: 809: 756: 755: 749:AA AB AO BO 702: 701: 696: 643: 642: 637: 626: 625: 616: 615: 606: 605: 596: 595: 586: 585: 576: 575: 563: 558: 553: 548: 536: 521: 517: 513: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 455: 443:carbohydrate 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 392: 370:A and B are 316: 289: 279: 275: 265: 253: 241: 216: 197: 192: 180: 176: 171: 155: 122: 116:are usually 86:erythrocytes 77: 75: 47: 5059:Blood types 4958:Coombs test 4794:Whole blood 4620:16 November 4444:J Biol Chem 4397:Transfusion 3372:28 November 2968:10 February 2285:Transfusion 2210:(1): 1–84. 1949:, 1132–1134 1909:Transfusion 1477:glycosidase 1449:Bacteroides 1441:Bacteroides 1370:Factor VIII 1340:integrity, 1255:nucleotides 1095:A, B or AB 1092:A, B or AB 1089:A, B or AB 1076:A, B or AB 1057:A, B or AB 999:Blood type 975:AA AB AB BB 972:A, B, or AB 968:AB AB BB BB 961:AB AO BB BO 954:AA AA AB AB 947:AA AO AB BO 940:AO AO BO BO 916:AB BB AB BB 909:BB BB BB BB 902:BB BO BB BO 895:AB AB AB AB 888:AB BO AB BO 881:BO BO BO BO 862:AB BB AO BO 855:BB BB BO BO 848:BB BO BO OO 841:AB AB AO AO 834:AB BO AO OO 827:BO BO OO OO 803:AA AB AA AB 796:AB AB AB AB 789:AB AO AB AO 782:AA AA AA AA 775:AA AO AA AO 768:AO AO AO AO 742:AB AB BO BO 735:AB AO BO OO 728:AA AA AO AO 721:AA AO AO OO 714:AO AO OO OO 690:AO BO AO BO 683:BO BO BO BO 676:BO OO BO OO 669:AO AO AO AO 662:AO OO AO OO 655:OO OO OO OO 543:Blood type 510:codominance 296:citric acid 166:agglutinate 58:present on 5285:Categories 4871:Blood bank 4517:AOL Health 3987:Hakomori S 2941:2 February 2919:30 October 2338:(1): 4–7. 2104:(1): 1–6. 1915:(1): 5–8. 1844:: 357–362. 1593:26 October 1568:References 1366:hemostasis 1318:, such as 1263:stop codon 1220:placenames 958:A, B or AB 944:A, B or AB 859:A, B or AB 746:A, B or AB 506:phenotypes 372:codominant 244:Jan Janský 114:antibodies 94:blood type 67:antibodies 5076:Augustine 5020:reaction 5018:Hemolytic 4907:Apheresis 4799:Platelets 4596:0191-8869 4551:cite news 4289:231641761 3360:189929325 2955:Cited in 2760:Molecules 2262:1660-3796 2224:0031-9333 2172:: 85–139. 1986:1660-3796 1786:1208.4613 1549:IQ scores 1545:hangovers 1259:guanosine 1244:morphemes 1117:Subgroups 572:Genotype 376:phenotype 217:In 1910, 152:Discovery 18:A antigen 5316:Serology 5201:Lutheran 5106:Dombrock 4891:ISBT 128 4656:24 March 4476:31792054 4425:22740438 4417:11099655 4381:29804004 4373:17401360 4338:25748612 4281:33462482 4239:28067908 4190:20570966 4141:26929738 4092:11896825 4057:16975373 4049:15615870 4011:10580143 3924:17223960 3865:36740532 3856:10065957 3816:16990571 3775:45434815 3767:15755288 3726:11582510 3634:11834538 3593:23603864 3585:11532189 3544:25343413 3536:10929042 3501:19866834 3493:15725904 3458:15071789 3423:15293861 3352:15517982 3313:12450238 3305:18629539 3267:17502454 3201:30430772 3148:20967168 3099:12076999 3055:12829588 2997:5 August 2895:16787828 2860:12384399 2792:24384923 2481:45265348 2473:13669421 2332:Genetics 2313:23291031 2305:10773062 2270:57677644 2191:: 63–70. 2141:(1910). 2120:23514954 1994:57677644 1937:40158397 1929:13758692 1823:23091028 1725:24669364 1674:29093749 1623:25 April 1617:Archived 1555:See also 1530:eugenics 1382:protease 1378:ADAMTS13 1307:epitopes 1228:Norsemen 1139:ABO gene 453:(9q34). 399:ABO gene 362:Genetics 312:epitopes 135:such as 133:primates 102:serotype 82:antigens 56:antigens 5240:Scianna 5126:Gerbich 5029:delayed 4900:Methods 4692:1082436 4527:24 June 4496:7 April 4467:6956546 4329:4608367 4230:5289481 4181:2916706 4132:4753160 3973:6812684 3964:1500229 3915:1810467 3718:7660643 3683:3495304 3414:1691687 3192:6240514 3139:2957492 3091:8641696 2783:6270767 2741:4237562 2733:2333095 2713:Bibcode 2690:6768549 2655:2459929 2504:Bibcode 2438:6156588 2397:5782756 2362:8417988 2353:1205297 2111:3595629 2070:1082436 1876:8536328 1814:3494955 1791:Bibcode 1716:3964193 1665:5662010 1321:E. coli 1240:Normans 1135:alleles 1086:A or B 1073:O or B 1067:O or B 1051:O or A 1048:O or A 1038:A or B 1035:O or B 1032:O or A 965:B or AB 951:A or AB 913:B or AB 885:B or AB 838:A or AB 800:A or AB 786:A or AB 739:B or AB 520:). 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