Aaron the Tyrant - Knowledge

955: 1818: 858:, possibly ten times its regular value, and the absolute highest sum to be paid by Moldavia. As noted by Maxim, when coupled with the princely credits and with the demographic decline affecting taxable income, this pledge created an "impossible situation". Xenopol describes taxation as handled directly by the Prince's creditors, a "continuous stream of Turks". They resorted to torturing peasants in their attempt to recover lost revenue, and also invented an "unprecedented tax", collecting one ox from each family of taxpayers. Sterca-Șuluțiu, however, questions whether the measure was truly unique or completely devastating. 1802: 728: 39: 1281: 1367:. The Crimean hordes were nevertheless weakened by the Cossack invasion into their own base, and were vulnerable to attacks when grazing their horses. In July, Cossack troops returned to Moldavia. They were nominally allies of the Empire and responded to Komulović, but were in practice uncontrollable; they also regarded Aaron as a facilitator of the Crimeans, who had allowed Giray passage through Moldavia. Loboda and Nalyvaiko fused their armies, conquering and razing 1420:, whom Murad had sent over with gifts, hoping to restore Ottoman suzerainty amiably. By then, the Prince had also resumed his practice of dealing violently with his earlier sponsors, executing without trial a Greek banker, Nestor Nevridis, and 19 of his Jewish creditors. He forfeited all payments on Barton and Ashkenazi's loans; when the latter arrived to complain in Iași, Aaron had him arrested and sent as a prisoner to Transylvania. 688:, there was a "continuous degradation of the princely office", bringing Moldavia to the "wretched state which had already taken hold in Wallachia". Art historian Corina Nicolescu also describes a "relative stagnation" of cultural development in both states, correlated with the "ever-increasing subjugation" and the "backward characteristics of Turkish society". This decline corresponded with the Ottoman drive for funds: in 1589, 1834: 1489: 1849: 724:, Peter was ultimately pushed to resign and flee by his patriotism, dismissing the alternative of increasing revenue through taxation: "he did not want the curse of his country to be on him." Xenopol dismisses this reading as "apologetic" and charitable, noting that Peter was well acquainted with the Ottoman practices, and would still have bribed his way to the throne under normal circumstances. 1045:. However, the Ottomans "always sacked those Princes unlucky enough to have sparked an unrest". They eventually deposed Aaron, before June 20, at which date the creditors were already pleading for him to be reinstated. As noted by Iorga, the intrigue involved his alleged nephew, Alexandru III. There was also a competition between Bogdan Ionașcu and Peter the Cossack, again centered on 1589:. As late as 1601, in his letters to Rudolf, Michael alleged that Báthory's betrayals of the Holy League included killing Aaron. In this account, the deposed Prince had been made to drink "venom". A similar narrative is provided by Weiß, who further indicates Jósika as the principal culprit. Various modern historians also agree that Aaron may have indeed been assassinated. 774:, which Peter the Lame had tolerated or favored; an Orthodox monk, Nikephoros Didaskalos, and a French adventurer, François Ponthus de la Planche, remained in contact with Barton, helping to streamline the project. Aaron's ascent also required joint efforts by Ashkenazi and Barton (who were good friends at the time), and backing from various princesses of the 1585:. However, according to Ludescu's narrative, Aaron's downfall soured relations between Wallachia and Transylvania: Michael, who was not involved in the plot, looked "saddened" by news of his friend's arrest. His death in custody was also a point of contention between the Transylvanians and Wallachians in the period leading up to Mihael's 1642:

conquered and held Moldavia, he reigned as a subordinate Prince in Iași. In competition with his brother Radu Petru, he also continued to claim the throne of Wallachia into the 1610s. By 1614, a Venetian adventurer, Zuanbattista Locadello, was hoping to obtain the Moldavian crown, presenting himself as Aaron's son. His conflict with the

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arrival in Moldavia of Nikephoros Didaskalos, who agitated against alliances with the Catholics, seeing them as tools for a restored communion with the Holy See. The Pope received news that Aaron intended to "place himself and his belongings under protection"; in contrast, Paprocki noted that Aaron was accused of conspiring mainly with

1098:. The loyalists also captured Prince Peter, Aaron's alleged half-brother, after a battle outside Iași. Aaron had him mutilated, then sent him to Murad, who ordered him impaled on hooks. The restored Prince followed up on his old policies, and, by February 1593, had confiscated Corcodel's estates in such places as 524:

noted that Moldavians recognized kinship between Aaron and the Lăpușneanus: Aaron and Alexandru's daughter Mărica Orzechowska viewed each other as brother and sister, and Orzechowska even joined his court to serve as a translator of Polish. Orzechowska also raised her orphaned niece, Anna Czołhańska,

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Art historian Vasile Drăguț proposes that the late-medieval Princes who "made anti-Ottoman struggle their supreme policy objective" were also attuned to Western figurative art, introducing its canons in their respective countries. A Western-style portrait of Prince Aaron, painted in 1594, is kept at

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ethnicity, he had shown bravery in battle, but, according to Walther, was already "perfidious" toward his employer; according to Paprocki, he was Báthory's "man of trust" in Moldavia. Aaron and his family were captured and detained at Iași by Báthory's men. As Xenopol notes, the populace never came

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As noted in Grigore Ureche's hostile account, Aaron's policies made the peasants into quasi-serfs. Ureche attributes this development to flaws of character, claiming that Aaron "never grew tired of fornicating and gambling". Neculce also claims that Aaron acted out of personal revenge, as when he

1641:

A discredited theory, proposed by historian Ilie Minea, argues that Tarnowski's "Marcu" refers to Aaron's natural son, who had the same name as Cercel. Other scholarship traced the events of Cercel's subsequent life: he remained a close associate of Michael; in July–September 1600, when Michael

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Prince Báthory was unpersuaded by Aaron's efforts, moved to have him deposed and replaced. According to Marini Poli, the Moldavian ruler was preparing for a separate peace with the Ottomans, being instigated into this by his Greek advisers, the "enemies of Christendom". The period witnessed the

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of May 1595 suggests that Aaron had entrusted his "sister", who was most likely Orzechowska, to look after "the principal fort" in Moldavia. According to that source, she and her children were captured and murdered there by the new coup organizers. Various records indicate that Aaron and his

1530:, describes all such allegations of treason as "mendacious charges". Similarly, Xenopol notes that the accusation itself is incongruous, since Aaron had already made a public show of his disdain for Murad. He believes that Prince Báthory was in fact angered by Aaron having declined to swear 1423:

In October, Pope Clement was informed that Aaron had "joined with" Michael and Prince Báthory—the latter, however, presented this treaty as his annexation of both Wallachia and Moldavia. Sultan Murad formally declared war on all three countries on November 28, but Michael had the initiative

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recounts that Aaron gathered a new cohort of recruits, promising them that they could keep all spoils of war they captured individually. He "did not have a large army, but following his pledge his soldiers grew in numbers"; one estimate counts 15,000 Moldavians, with an additional 5,000

1268:. Others dispute that this vassalage was ever anything more than Báthory's wishful thinking. In March Moldavia also received an imperial embassy led by Giovanni di Marini Poli, or "Raguseus". The treaty he signed with Aaron created the possibility for Moldavia to be placed under 1424:

throughout December. In January 1595, Moldavia signed an alliance with the Zaporizhians, being thus "able to enlist them, if only in part, the Romanians' struggle for liberation." Aaron then moved against the Ottomans, joining forces with Michael and Báthory in their raiding of

564:. While there, Aaron seduced a nun, and was caught by Nicanor while returning from her chambers. The bishop punished him with a public beating, then chased him out of the country. A variant of the story was recorded in 1886 by jurist Iancu Cerkez, who refers to Aaron's uncle as 1406:. According to Michael the Brave's own recollection, the sultan demanded that he and Aaron "unite" with Ottoman and Crimean troops from Dobruja, and "annihilate" Transylvania. During that interval, Aaron secretly traveled to parlay with the Transylvanians, passing through 1413:

He and Michael began coordinating their open rebellion, which would open a new battlefield behind Ottoman lines. Their uprising began on November 13, with Ottoman garrisons in both countries being overpowered and massacred. In Aaron's territories, victims included four

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allegedly captured his "uncle" Nicanor and castrated him. More in detail, Ureche accuses Aaron of raping boyaresses and women from the peasantry. Sterca-Șuluțiu challenges this account, noting that Ureche fails to record a concrete case, or name the alleged victims.

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also mentions them traveling together with Aron's natural son, whose name he renders as Iliaș. Scholar Maria-Venera Rădulescu finds this an unreliable account, and argues that Tarnowski actually refers to Marcu's brother Ionașcu, who was not Aaron's blood relative.

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during a public ceremony, which was set to take place in Transylvania. A Transylvanian diplomat, Kristóf Keresztúri, had brought back news that Aaron only recognized as his sovereigns "the Pope and His Sacred Imperial Majesty", viewing Báthory as a mere colleague.

1551:). Upon replacing him, Răzvan formally pledged not to hand territory back to the Ottomans. Witnesses of the day report that the new ruler had extremely little authority, with all tax revenue in Moldavia being collected by the Transylvanian treasury. 1032:. Bogdan was defeated, mutilated, and sent to live in a monastery; his followers were decimated. The rebellion also prompted Aaron to operate changes in Lăpușna's administration, which had shown itself to be permeated by Brutti's retinue. 346:. Victorious but heavily indebted, Aaron allowed his creditors to interfere directly in fiscal policy, while adopting methods of extortion against the taxpaying peasantry. He eventually turned against the bankers, staging the execution of 1580:

As argued by historian Marius Diaconescu, the new Moldo–Wallachian–Transylvanian alliances negotiated immediately after Aaron's downfall were effectively a union of the three countries under Báthory's scepter, and masterminded by

640:. This take was rejected by historian Matei Cazacu, who notes that it is based on a mistranslation by Iorga. Several contemporary accounts mention that Aaron was in fact married to a former wife or concubine of Wallachia's Prince 1817: 1039:'s direct intervention. In June, Murad heard a complaint from the boyars, but was unpersuaded. He informed the petitioners that they risked losing their country's privileges, and that he considered making Moldavia into a Muslim 436:

at the Transylvanian court, preferring instead for Moldavia to be ruled as a component of the Holy Roman Empire. Báthory reportedly undermined the League, depicting Aaron as untrustworthy; he also endorsed the Moldavian general

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On January 28, 1593, unaware of such dealings, Sultan Murad had set high tributary obligations for Moldavia, which may have included a hike of 30,000 sequins. In summer of that year, Moldavia became a secondary theater for the

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Aaron soon faced rebellions of the local boyars and burghers. Some of these were probably instigated by brothers Bogdan Ionașcu and Peter the Cossack, which may have prompted Aaron to turn against another kingmaking financier,

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also credits the genealogy. He once described Aaron as an "unrecognized child" of the Prince, whom he nevertheless resembled, being "mean and gluttonous". Elsewhere, he credited reports that Aaron was a direct descendant of

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submitted, staging a raid on Moldavia: in June 1594, the Crimeans encircled Aron in his capital of Iași, then devastated the surrounding region. Zamoyski made a perfunctory show of support for Moldavia, sending in the

1264:, though it is unclear if they sealed a working alliance there and then. The League had also attracted similar pledges from Sigismund Báthory, who, as noted by various scholars, had been recognized by Aaron as his new 4232: 1601:. Basta recaptured Bălgrad, and ordered the church vandalized. Aaron's remains were desecrated, or, as Michael notes: "they dug up the bones and cast them out; even pagans had refrained from such inhuman deeds." 971:. Brutti, also known as a supporter of Moldavian Catholicism, was executed in April 1592; his entire estate, valued at 30,000 ducats, was confiscated by the state. Aaron probably confiscated Brutti's villages of 3969:

Maria-Venera Rădulescu, "Marcu, fiul principelui Petru Cercel (1583–1585). Cahle medievale descoperite la Cerbureni, jud. Argeș, și la Târgoviște, jud. Dâmbovița (Curtea Domnească și zona Bisericii Stelea)", in

1690:, a local legend calls a stone landmark with faint carvings "Aron's Rock", claiming it as a monument to Nicanor's punishment and its avenging by the Prince. His legacy in culture also includes his sponsoring of 832:. Kohen sees the alliance between Ashkenazi and Barton as motivated by two sets of interests: the former wanted a "more humane treatment for Jews in the semi-autonomous principality", while Barton responded to 1791:, on azure shield, with one star, gules. Monochrome heraldic objects left by Aron include a seal he used in May 1593, which is also the first ever visual association between the Moldavian aurochs head and a 1057:. With support from his creditors, and, this time, with crucial backing from the Janissaries, Aaron was reappointed ruler for the second time after a two-month absence. Sultan Murad asked his other vassal, 589:

of the Ottoman Empire, who backed Aaron in his quest for the throne. Xenopol also argues against the possibility that Aaron was born to a Prince and his Jewish mistress, and proposes that he may have been

1592:

According to his own testimony, Michael had Aaron buried in the new Orthodox church at Bălgrad, alongside a number of Wallachian boyars. In 1600, however, Michael's hold on the region was challenged by a

767: 609:, rejects both Penzen and Heidenstein's accounts, noting that, if they had been true, they would also have been taken up in political literature. His version, based on theories circulated by the 1723:

7102 (1594), as evidence that Aaron was finally atoning "for his many sins trying to avert his punishment." As noted by Iorga, the Prince purposefully avoided making this establishment into a

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Marius Diaconescu, "Gândirea politică a lui Ștefan Jósika, cancelarul principelui Sigismund Báthory. Paternitatea unei idei politice: unirea Transilvaniei cu Țara Românească și Moldova", in

581:, Aaron was a "Jewish Prince", born as "Solomon Tedeschi to one of our voivodes and a Jewish woman." The identification of Aaron and Tedeschi is nonetheless contradicted by period sources: 605:

Jewish studies academic Elli Kohen also noted the story regarding Aaron's beginnings in horse grooming, but describes him as a "Pole of hypothetical Jewish extraction". Another researcher,

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Ludmila Bacumenco-Pârnău, Mihai-Cristian Amăriuței, "Târgul Lăpușna în secolele XV-XVIII. Drumuri comerciale, mărfuri și negustori între Orient și Occident", in Gheorghe Postică (ed.),

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Despite his military commitment and his quashing of a pro-Ottoman uprising, Aaron was viewed with suspicion by Báthory. Their relationship became tense after Aaron declined to swear

1176:, offering to join the alliance after receiving fail-safe guarantees. He also received reports from the imperial officer Valentin Prepostváry von Lokács, who informed him about the 4237: 2466:, "O oaste moldovenească acum treĭ veacuri. (Încercărĭ de studiĭ istorice privitoare la vechile oștirĭ romăneștĭ) — Răscoala boierimiĭ împotriva lui Ștefan Tomșa (1615)", in 880:(treasurer) offices by "intermediaries of the Oriental trade". At any one time, three of his eleven high courtiers were Greek; Aaron inherited from his predecessor Peter the 1360: 1801: 1733:, resenting the Greek monks' accumulation of wealth. Included by Nicolescu among the more innovative buildings of late-medieval Moldavian art, with a typically Wallachian 1609:

Various accounts from the 1600s include brief notes about Aaron having several children or "sons". Some confusion regarding survivors from Aaron's family was sparked by a

1675:, who was an Aron on his mother's side. According to the latter, Prince Aaron and Bishop Aron were collaterally related, from two lines originating with Aron of Pozsony. 4202: 681: 4217: 2766:

Simonescu, pp. 20, 23–25, 47, 52, 63, 76. See also Gane, p. 148; Mârza (1998), pp. 156–157; Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 94–95; Stoicescu (1971), p. 38; Xenopol V, pp. 112–113

417:; after long negotiations, Aaron was able to ally himself with the latter. He then helped Michael of Wallachia attack the Ottoman flank, extending his rule into the 1117:

The 1592 return also encouraged anti-Catholicism in Moldavia, disassembling Brutti's contributions. Already by August, Aaron restored recognition for the Moldavian

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from Moldavia. Wilcox reported that such moved delighted the various Moldavian Protestants, "who dailie praye for her Majestie's longe lif and good prosperitie".

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churches, closed down under Peter the Lame. This move may have been dictated by Ambassador Barton, who claimed that Aaron was effectively taking orders from the

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Gabriel-Virgil Rusu, "Politică și societate în Principatul Transilvaniei la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea: conspirația nobiliară de la Cluj (1594)", in

1480:, and had captured an unexpectedly large loot, including 100 cannons taken at Ismail. Paprocki believes that "8,000 Turks were killed in that battle". 1229:. Aaron informed Transylvania of this move, allowing Cossacks and Hungarians to contain that threat. One of his letters went to the city government of 943:

argue that they were inherited from Peter the Lame, and as such comprised up to 400 men "dressed in Hungarian clothing, with swords on their belts and

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through English missionaries Thomas Wilcox and Richard Babynton. Before January 1593, Aaron finally clamped down on Catholicism itself, expelling the

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Ivan Norocea, Aaron was also able to crush another insurgency by pro-Ottoman boyars. Their attempt at a coup formed part of a larger plot involving

1184:, "whose warrior fame and name live on to this day". In his reply, Aaron expressed pleasure, but asked for Emperor Rudolf to contact him in person. 807:. In one incident of the interregnum, Alexandru's supporters raided Patriarchy buildings; they demanded that Aaron be sent to live as a prisoner in 4192: 1617:", had remarried the Transylvanian courtier Fabio Genga. This information was refuted by other evidence, showing that Genga's wife was actually 1324:, and the Sich was formally co-opted into the League. Aaron shared these goals, dispatching his own delegation—comprising Kalogeras and the new 4212: 756: 340: 4182: 3844: 3734: 2921: 2853: 2824: 3937:

Radu G. Păun, "Les grands officiers d'origine gréco-levantine de Moldavie au XVIIe siècle. Offices, carrières et stratégies de pouvoir", in

829: 457:, who attached himself to the Wallachian court and briefly served as Michael's subordinate Prince of Moldavia. Aaron's name is preserved by 669: 317:

followed an informal race, during which candidates engaging in particularly exorbitant bribery and accepted unprecedented increases of the

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Some uncertainty also covers Aaron's matrimonial alliances. One interpretation of period texts suggests that he was the son-in-law of the

557: 3859:"Public și privat la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea. Logofătul Ivan Norocea și fiica sa Velica — contemporanii lui Mihai Viteazul", in 1289: 1226: 1110:. At some point before April 1593 and December 1594, Aaron executed another rebellious boyar, Vartic, who had put up resistance in the 1095: 614: 521: 3871:"L'autonomie de la Moldavie et de la Valachie dans les actes officiels de la Porte, au cours de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle", in 778:. Aaron presented the latter with lavish gifts, including a diamond ring and an emerald necklace. He won additional endorsements from 4207: 3953: 3826: 3703: 3450: 1547:

to their rescue, still resenting the Prince "for his earlier plunders". The final day of his rule was April 23 or 24 (May 3 or 4 in

625:. Sterca-Șuluțiu reads Aaron's references to "my father" Lăpușneanu as clues that the reigning Prince had adopted him in the 1560s. 574:. According to Cerkez, the boy was not expelled, but rather "fled out of shame and returned only when he could return as a Prince". 4187: 3652:

Arcadie M. Bodale, "Însemnări de pe cărțile și manuscrisul ce se păstrează la biserica Sf. Nicolae din comuna Aroneanu (Iași)", in

1719:—though this was most likely first built by his alleged father, Lăpușneanu. Ureche sees the church's rebuilding, which he dates to 1433:

Transylvanians. Overturning the tide, they killed as many as 12,000 Crimeans on the field of battle, and captured another 1,000. A

1144:(in the 1540s). Aaron was determined to end his cohabitation with the Ottomans, receiving offers for a military alliance from the 839:

This selection process by the Ottomans marked a low in Moldavian history, described by Iorga as a "bargain". It also provided the

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remaining family were taken into Transylvania shortly after Orthodox Easter 1595. During this interval, he had contacts with the

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M. Crăciun, pp. 167–168; Valentina-Cristina Sandu, "'Duce-vă-ți de la Mine, blestemaților!' O catagrafie a lumii păcătoase", in

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community: between May 9 and 17, while the family lodged with Johann Hirscher of Corona, Aaron met and befriended chronicler

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Maxim (1994), pp. 23, 25. See also Kohen, pp. 102–103; Râncu, p. 177; Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 84, 86–88; Xenopol V, pp. 110–111

305:: between September 1591 and June 1592, and October 1592 to May 3 or 4, 1595. He was of mysterious origin, and possibly of 4227: 4177: 3616: 3149:

Denize, p. 171; Gane, p. 126; Jačov, p. 68; Pleter, p. 195; Simonescu, p. 48; Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 96; Xenopol VI, pp. 34–35

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Aaron's alliance with Michael in mid 1594 incidentally marks the final point of the Moldavian historical epic, as told by

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During those weeks, Rudolf involved Moldavia's court in his effort to forge an alliance that would strike the Ottomans in

1202: 1169: 759: 720:. The Prince also lost the crucial backing of Sinan Pasha, who had been deposed. According to the 17th-century chronicler 689: 343: 2450:Ștefan Andreescu, "Un om de afaceri român în spațiul pontic la mijlocul veacului al XV-lea: 'Teodorcha de Telicha'", in 1566: 1497: 840: 4074:

Istoria Romînilor. Vol. V: De la Petru Rareș la Mihaĭ Viteazul: 1566–1593; Vol. VI: Epoca luĭ Mihai Viteazul: 1593–1633

1746: 1312:. The core of the invasion was to be a Wallachian–Moldavian–Zaporizhian alliance, but Rudolf also hoped to attract the 727: 38: 3836: 2873:

Marian Stroia, "Imaginea 'celuilalt' în variantă est-europeană: călătorii ruși și spațiul românesc până la 1848", in

1375:. He eventually agreed to pay Loboda a large ransom in exchange for his subjects' safety. With help from Báthory and 1177: 1137: 1049:

offers; Alexandru emerged as the winner, but was then usurped by his uncle Peter, who invaded the country alongside

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Writing before Neculce, the physician Penzen recounted that Aaron was "of the Jewish race". According to researcher

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Iani Kalogeras, who enjoyed the third-longest time in office of any Moldavian treasurer between 1600 and 1700. His

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before taking Iași, destroying Moldavia's artillery in the process. Aaron, having panicked, barricaded himself in

1769: 1260:. Other reports suggest that Komulović first met Aaron and Michael's envoys to Transylvania in February 1594, at 1252:; other sources mention direct negotiations between the Wallachian and Moldavian rulers, arranged by and through 1021: 1833: 4144: 4117: 3894:

Corina Nicolescu, "Arta în țările române în secolele XVII—XVIII"; "Arta în Moldova în secolele XVII—XVIII", in

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Pascu, pp. 91–92; Rădulescu, pp. 55–57; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 9–10; Stoicescu (1971), pp. 37, 41, 75, 86, 100

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candidate; though existentially opposed to Lăpușneanu, this Aron may have been Lăpușneanu's brother—and son of

332: 43: 1594: 1586: 788: 533: 188: 3666:

Matei Cazacu, "Stratégies matrimoniales et politiques des Cantacuzène sous la Turcocratie (XVe–XVIe s.)", in

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Aaron's origins and early life are a matter of scholarly dispute. His second or non-regnal name, rendered as

3924: 2463: 1699: 1288:(purple; Orthodox members in darker shade) and theaters of war in 1595. Ottoman Empire in green; in yellow: 1245: 1181: 940: 824:, was borrowed from traders and creditors at 20% interest. Some of the scripts were owned by Barton and the 677: 622: 542: 498:, has been deduced from a German-language document dealing with his bid for the Moldavian throne; historian 474: 212: 4018: 2744:

Alexandra-Marcela Popescu, "Câteva considerații privind învinuirea de 'hiclenie' în Moldova medievală", in

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Several other controversial developments occurred under Aaron. Some had to do with the rising influence of

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Assisted by the Cossacks, Báthory also purged the Moldavian boyardom of its Polish-supporting members. An

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Stoicescu (1971), pp. 295–296. See also Eșanu & Eșanu, pp. 45–46; Pilat, pp. 50–53; Xenopol V, p. 112

1164:, implying that his attitude toward Catholicism was now respectful and friendly, and even hinting to the 814:

In order to ensure his victory, Aaron is alleged to have paid officials at the Ottoman court 110 million

3568:"Guvernul României. Hotărârea nr. 817/2004 privind aprobarea stemei comunei Aroneanu, județul Iași", in 1695: 1441: 936: 470: 4041: 4031: 3996:, "Cronica lui Baltasar Walther despre Mihai Viteazul în raport cu cronicile interne contemporane", in 3592: 2335:

Dan Floareș, "Câteva contribuții privind originea și începuturile ascensiunii lui Gaspar Grațiani", in

1634: 968: 546: 3203:

Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 96–97; Xenopol VI, pp. 34–35. See also Diaconescu, pp. 32–33; Iorga (1932), p. 227

1328:, Crăciun Grigorcea—to negotiate with the Zaporizhians. His court was visited by the Russian merchant 4172: 4127: 3117:

Iorga (1898), pp. 60–61 & (1925), pp. 3–4; Simonescu, pp. 20, 34, 35, 37. See also Pleter, p. 201

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N. Stoicescu, "Viața științifică. În slujba adevărului (răspuns la 'O dovadă de rea credință')", in

3039:, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 11, 2017; Constantin Rezachevici, "Evreii din țările române în evul mediu", in 1527: 984: 784: 4077: 3977:

Emilia Râncu, "'Aventura moldovenească' a cazacilor în a doua jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea", in

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Marcel Catrinar, "Boierimea și țărănimea în cronica lui Grigore Ureche. Interpretări istorice", in

3422: 1958: 1785: 1753:, and later restored; its name survives in the appellation of a surrounding village, also known as 1473: 1437:

report of that period claims that Aaron thoroughly destroyed the Ottoman fortifications at Bender.

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acknowledged that his fiscal regime could only supply one third of the imperial expenses. In 1591,

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Aurel A. Mureșianu, "Clădirea școalei românești din Brașov de cătră popa Mihai în anul 1597", in

1992: 1434: 1348: 1333: 1297: 1285: 1269: 1173: 1157: 703:", relinquished his Moldavian throne, "rather than to await his own ousting, exile, or killing." 529: 510:, who had twice ruled upon Moldavia in the 1550s and '60s. He was also recognized as such by the 382: 3439:

Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean

1668: 1656:

and therefore Albanian, also encouraged rumors that he was actually Aaron's illegitimate child.

1577:, where he spent the remainder of his life. The most precising dating of his death is May 1597. 1476:, who sought the crown of Wallachia. After this strike, Aaron had extended his rule into all of 1192:, declared by Rudolf and his allies against the Ottomans. In December 1593, Zaporizhians raided 1099: 373:. He entered his second reign as an obedient vassal of the Ottomans, while also turning against 2817:

Moștenirea culturală turcă în Dobrogea. Simpozion internațional. Constanța, 24 septembrie, 2013

502:

proposed using it consistently, to distinguish between Aaron and his 15th-century predecessor,

4137: 4089: 4081: 4058: 4045: 4022: 3949: 3928: 3907: 3903: 3840: 3822: 3802: 3770: 3730: 3699: 3620: 3596: 3570: 3446: 3434: 2917: 2849: 2820: 1761: 1648:

brought his arrest by the Ottomans and death in custody. Taking the Moldavian throne in 1634,

1570: 1520: 1511: 1317: 1313: 1241: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1126: 939:

mercenaries, who proved crucial in protecting Aaron during subsequent revolts. Both Iorga and

871: 796: 653: 618: 582: 516: 446: 402: 390: 366: 328: 224: 166: 143: 109: 3698:. Cluj-Napoca: Fundația Culturală Cele Trei Crișuri & Presa Universitară Clujană, 1996. 3297:

Mârza (2000), p. 307; Mureșianu, p. 199; Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 96–97. See also Simonescu, p. 48

876: 365:. The order was rescinded after two months, which had seen the ascendancy of a rebel Prince, 3583:

Vasile Drăguț, "Pictura veche românească (sec. XI—XVIII)", in Vasile Drăguț, Vasile Florea,

2488:

Catrinar, p. 28; Iorga (1898), pp. 49–50, 52–53; Stoicescu (1971), p. 296; Xenopol V, p. 111

1824: 1758: 1702:. This activity preoccupied him during late 1594, and again during his Transylvanian exile. 1660: 1477: 1469: 1429: 1189: 1165: 1130: 1054: 1020:, Andrei Corcodel, who fled over the border into Ottoman territory. Aaron then gathered the 935:

name for Ponthus de la Planche. The non-native retinue was enhanced by a permanent guard of

847: 792: 692: 649: 637: 561: 422: 414: 406: 378: 347: 286: 278: 2593:

Maxim (1994), p. 23. See also Iorga (1898), pp. 49, 54–55; Râncu, p. 177; Xenopol V, p. 113

636:; also according to this reading, Kantakouzenos' other daughter was married to Wallachia's 3986: 3818: 3739: 3041: 2051: 1622: 1610: 1372: 1265: 1214: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1122: 833: 578: 410: 270: 3725:, Valentina Eșanu, "Lăpușna medievală în secolele XIV-XVIII", in Gheorghe Postică (ed.), 3722: 3108:

E. Crăciun, p. 147; Denize, pp. 171–172; Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 92–93; Xenopol VI, pp. 27–28

1574: 1384: 1136:

As argued to Maxim, Aaron's return marked Moldavia's passage into another era, resuming "

976: 450: 147: 591: 441:, who arrested the Prince and took over his throne. Aaron and his family were exiled to 4110: 3895: 1792: 1679: 1293: 1141: 1103: 972: 825: 721: 696: 629: 314: 74: 3086:

Ion Chirtoagă, Valentina Chirtoagă, "Movileștii, polonezii și sud-estul Moldovei", in

594:. He notes that any royal descent would clash with details provided by the chronicler 4166: 4069: 3993: 3756: 3749:Ștefan S. Gorovei, "Genealogie dinastică: familia lui Alexandru vodă Lăpușneanu", in 3414: 1614: 1598: 1036: 1025: 931:, known as Planica or Planița. According to medievalist Ștefan Andreescu, this was a 874:. Medievalist Ioan Caproșu argues that Aaron's reign inaugurated the monopolizing of 855: 556:

renders a conflicting account. This depicts young Aaron as the nephew and servant of

537: 514:, who asked him to resume the patronage of his "saintly deceased father". In 1594, a 499: 362: 1488: 1248:, the papal envoy, and then, in a coordinated move with Michael, stopped paying his 648:, and possibly also of his brothers Ionașcu and Radu Petru. Stanca may have been an 3673:

Stela Cheptea, "Sondajul arheologic de la Biserica Sf. Nicolae-Aroneanu, 2001", in

2812: 2811:

Sergiu Iosipescu, "Dobrogea otomană și cazacii la cumpăna veacurilor XVI/XVII", in

1808: 1742: 1734: 1683: 1626: 1391: 1344: 1316:

and at least some support from the Poles. In April, Komulović met with the Cossack

645: 641: 553: 454: 426: 171: 3708:

Eugen Denize, "Problema Basarabiei în a doua jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea", in

3126:

Iorga (1932), p. 225–226; Pleter, p. 201; Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 93; Xenopol VI, p. 28

2533:

Iorga (1898), pp. 52–53; Xenopol V, pp. 111–112. See also Eșanu & Eșanu, p. 46

1368: 1340:, hoping to draw Polish support for the uprising. This initiative was defeated by 854:

than his predecessors. The tribute for Aaron's first year was set at about 60,000

617:, Aron of Pozsony, who in the 1540s had wanted to seize the Moldavian throne as a 3635:

Tudor-Radu Tiron, "Despre 'soarele de amiază' din stema lui Ștefan cel Mare", in

1209:, who, according to a 17th-century source, were assisted by the former Moldavian 1730: 1716: 1649: 1542:, who had assumed control of Aaron's Hungarian guard. Famous for being a man of 1506: 1416: 1230: 1107: 916: 804: 732: 503: 381:. In secret, he began negotiating Moldavia's participation in the anti-Ottoman " 324: 1633:, joining Michael's retinue before January 1598. A note by the Polish diplomat 947:

in hand". These soldiers ensued a bridge of communication with the neighboring

656:

whose original name was Sultana, and was perhaps also a renegade member of the

4055:

Civilizația românilor între medieval și modern. Orizontul imaginii (1550–1800)

3801:. Bucharest: International Association of South-East European Studies, 1971. 1720: 1399: 1364: 1309: 1261: 1024:

and organized the offensive against Bogdan Ionașcu. The armies clashed on the

944: 896: 706:

As historian Mihai Maxim notes, Peter was unable to pay his main tribute, or

602:, and as "having usurped, under whatever circumstances, the title of boyar." 369:. Aaron took back his throne, being increasingly reliant on support from the 4015:

Dicționar al marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova. Sec. XIV–XVII

3878:"Haraciul Moldovei și Țării Românești în ultimul sfert al veacului XVI", in 3852:"Primele contacte diplomatice între Mihai Viteazul și Habsburgi (1594)", in 3675:

Monumentul. Lucrările Simpozionului Național Monumentul – Tradiție și Viitor

1725: 1630: 1086: 1000: 886: 843: 748: 673: 586: 398: 3751:

Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie

1757:. Its arms, adopted in 2004, include a visual reference to Prince Aaron (a 1407: 1337: 951:, and made Aaron's Moldavia heavily dependent on Transylvanian assistance. 570:

Silvan, and notes that the beating occurred when Aaron failed to respect a

442: 4093: 4085: 4062: 4049: 4026: 3932: 3806: 3774: 3624: 3031:"Stereotipuri antievreiești ale lui Iuda Iscarioteanul: exemplul României" 1671:, who commented that it was "not baseless", and explored in more depth by 770:. Both Jeremias and Barton wanted a Prince who would overturn the rise of 409:

in 1593, Moldavia became a secondary theater, invaded successively by the

3035: 2602:

Iorga (1898), pp. 49–50 & (1932), pp. 221, 230–231; Xenopol V, p. 113

1855: 1773: 1754: 1465: 1461: 1460:. According to various reports, the Ottoman Army, defeated by Michael at 1354:

The Ottomans again asked from their Crimean vassals that they intervene.

1218: 1161: 1118: 1012: 902: 744: 708: 700: 462: 386: 319: 302: 3911: 3833:

History of the Turkish Jews and Sephardim: Memories of a Past Golden Age

3600: 791:. He defeated powerful contenders, including Ștefan, who was the son of 525:

who, according to genealogist Ștefan S. Gorovei, was Aaron's own niece.

1781: 1457: 1395: 1305: 1222: 1081: 1029: 1017: 980: 850:(and supported by Maxim), Aaron had promised to collect an even higher 816: 566: 466: 236: 183: 1569:, who became his confidant. The former Prince was later imprisoned at 1336:

at every mention of his name. Aaron also made Vorsi his ambassador to

532:, who thus argues that Aaron was the final male representative of the 453:—where Aaron died, allegedly poisoned. He was survived by his stepson 3799:

Byzance après Byzance. Continuation de l'Histoire de la vie byzantine

3791:"O nouă colecție de acte privitoare la epoca lui Mihai Viteazul", in 3680:

Sergiu Ciobanu, "Patrimoniul funciar deținut de Andrei Corcodel", in

1707: 1687: 1556: 1531: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1425: 1403: 1041: 1006: 891: 808: 571: 433: 418: 313:, and was recognized as such in some circles. His appointment by the 3958:

Tiberiu Pleter, "Realități istorice românești oglindite în scrierea

3946:

Comunități tăcute. Satele din parohia Săbăoani (secolele XVII–XVIII)

3687:

Eugenia Crăciun, "Mihai Viteazul și acțiunile sale în Dobrogea", in

3360:

Iorga (1932), pp. 225, 229 & (1925), p. 10; Mârza (2000), p. 307

2842:

Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid–19th Century

644:, whose name was probably Stanca. She was most likely the mother of 393:. This project drew support from Transylvania, which was then under 3984:

Constantin Rezachevici, "Mihai Viteazul: itinerarul moldovean", in

3979:

Anuarul Societății de Științe Istorice din România, Filiala Câmpina

353:

Following such moves, and his heavy-handed repression of rebels in

1749:. The building was heavily deteriorated and vandalized during the 1644: 821: 3729:, pp. 27–66. Chișinău: Asociația Obștească PRO-Historica, 2015. 1874:

Damian P. Bogdan, "O străveche matrice de pecete românească", in

1272:; at this stage, Aaron was only required to spy on the Ottomans. 1090:

of the throne, Oprea tied but failed to capture a hostile boyar,

699:, "unable to meet the incessant demands for money that came from 3717:

Acta Transylvanica. Anuarul Centrului de Istorie a Transilvaniei

1390:

By September 1594, the League project seemed abortive, with the

1234: 3962:

a lui Bartołomej Paprocki (sfârșitul secolului al XV-lea)", in

1597:, opposing Michael to the Báthorys and to the Imperial warlord 528:

Modern scholars who accept Aaron's genealogical claims include

425:. During the events, he ordered a series of massacres, killing 3782: 3221:

Gane, p. 126; Xenopol VI, pp. 34–35; Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 96–97

2432:

Păun, pp. 186, 188–190. See also Stoicescu (1971), pp. 45, 312

2916:, p. 75. Chișinău: Asociația Obștească PRO-Historica, 2015. 1953:

Mircea Pahomi, "Fundații românești în Galiția — Ucraina", in

1440:

Assisted by Transylvanians and Cossacks, the Moldavians took

251: 4006:, "Pro memoria. Episcopul Aaron de Bistra și Aron Vodă", in 3419:

Două tradiții istorice în Balcani – a Italiei și a românilor

2339:, Vols. II–III, 1996–1997, p. 24. See also Xenopol V, p. 110 1705:

In his native Moldavia, Aaron was primarily remembered as a

1180:. Prepostváry invited him to take up arms as a successor to 983:; these later appeared as property of the Orthodox monks of 836:

priorities, aiming to increase influence in Eastern Europe.

4233:

Prisoners and detainees of the Principality of Transylvania

3795:, Vol. XVIII, Issues 7–9, July–September 1932, pp. 221–232. 598:; Heidenstein depicts Aaron as a former stablehand for the 3696:

Protestantism și ortodoxie în Moldova secolului al XVI-lea

1663:, an 18th-century Romanian intellectual and bishop of the 1068:, ensured that Aaron could return to a pacified Moldavia. 613:, is that Aaron was the son of a Romanian expatriate from 998:, Aaron ordered the execution of "treasonous" courtiers, 2036: 2034: 2032: 2136:

Cazacu, p. 176; Gane, p. 126; Iorga (1971), pp. 123–124

1974:

Gorovei, pp. 195–197. See also Iorga (1898), pp. 47, 53

1496:

in 1597, displaying the Moldavian emblem alongside the

1351:, and who probably informed Murad of Aaron's betrayal. 1076:

In September 1592, Aaron sent a trusted Moldavian, the

585:, also known as "Tedeschi", was in fact an influential 3654:

Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei

2899: 2897: 2895: 2337:

Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei

1995:, "Antecedente istorice ale Independenții române", in 1347:, who pursued a pro-Ottoman line and tried to quell a 1168:. In tandem, he embarked on a secretive dialogue with 914:. At some point in 1593, Andronikos became Moldavia's 4010:, Vol. XXXVI, Issue II, March–April 1905, pp. 70–105. 3921:

Petru Cercel și Țara Românească la sfârșitul sec. XVI

3780:

O istorie a lui Mihai Viteazul de el insuș [

3136: 3134: 3132: 2864:

Stoicescu (1971), pp. 309, 312. See also Păun, p. 168

2704: 2702: 1965:, Vol. XXII, Fascicle 59, January–March 1929, pp. 2–3 1140:" at a level of violence not seen since the times of 3190: 3188: 2580: 2578: 2559: 2557: 2374: 2372: 2214: 2212: 1233:, advising it to close down and guard the road from 1961:, "Fundațiuni religioase românești în Galiția", in 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1659:One more tradition claims Aaron as the ancestor of 1217:, as an Ottoman proxy, led a counteroffensive into 820:. This "fantastic sum", equivalent to some 917,000 803:, Aaron's alleged nephew, who had backing from the 208: 195: 182: 165: 157: 137: 129: 125: 115: 105: 97: 90: 80: 70: 62: 51: 21: 3178: 3176: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3875:, Vol. XV, Issue 2, April–June 1977, pp. 207–232. 2656:M. Crăciun, pp. 22, 99, 160–161, 165–169, 202–203 2515:Stoicescu (1971), pp. 294, 296; Xenopol V, p. 111 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 1363:. In August, it had only reached as far south as 1240:As recounted by Michael's physician and diplomat 4057:, Vol. II. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1987. 3663:, Vols. XXIX–XXX, Part II, 2002–2003, pp. 15–34. 3166: 3164: 3008:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 92; Xenopol VI, pp. 27–28, 34 2815:, Gabriel Custurea, Delia Roxana Cornea (eds.), 1332:, who records that the Prince stood up to honor 890:was a Iane, possibly the same identified as an " 684:, the Ottoman Empire. During the late stages of 327:, he was backed by a powerful lobby, comprising 309:extraction, but presented himself as the son of 2885: 2883: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1682:, and the first chapter of its continuation by 1625:. Aaron's real widow reunited with his stepson 1613:report of 1595, which claimed that his widow, " 894:" in earlier documents, while the first of his 2026:Theodorescu (1979), p. 57 & (1987), p. 213 1526:A fragmentary Wallachian chronicle, copied by 1456:and defeated the Crimeans in Dobruja, seizing 25: 3923:. Sibiu: Institute of National History & 3815:L'Europa tra conquiste ottomane e Leghe Sante 2470:, Vol. II, Issues 3–6, March–June 1916, p. 68 1472:, sent in by the Porte to replace Aaron, and 8: 3854:Buletinul Cercurilor Științifice Studențești 3689:Buletinul Cercurilor Științifice Studențești 3661:Suceava. Anuarul Complexului Muzeal Bucovina 2245:Maxim (1994), pp. 21–22, 23–24; Pilat, p. 53 2091:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 83–85; Xenopol V, p. 110 1538:The instrument of Prince Báthory's coup was 1084:and prepare the terrain for his arrival. As 1035:The violence and instability called for the 846:with new sources of income: as recounted by 828:, marking an early step in the evolution of 469:. He is also celebrated as a sponsor of the 3902:, Vol. 1, pp. 197–200, 261–283. Bucharest: 3900:Scurtă istorie a artelor plastice în R.P.R. 2836: 2834: 2832: 2793:Diaconescu, pp. 32–33; Iorga (1932), p. 227 2757:Iorga (1932), p. 222; Xenopol VI, pp. 15–16 2620:Iorga (1898), pp. 49–50; Râncu, pp. 177–178 1452:by March; two detachments crossed over the 4238:Romanian people who died in prison custody 4099: 3763:Pretendenți domnesci in secolul al XVI-lea 3744:Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe. Vol. I 2784:Maxim (1994), p. 26; Xenopol VI, pp. 34–35 2154:Pascu, pp. 87–96; Rădulescu, pp. 52–53, 55 2082:Maxim (1994), p. 23; Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 84 1963:Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice 1896:Iorga (1932), p. 227; Mârza (1998), p. 156 1383:, nephew of the Transylvanian Prince, and 1064:, to depose Peter. The expedition, led by 37: 18: 3889:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 1997:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională 1776:. The piece is a relevant source for the 1010:Condrea Bucium. He failed to capture the 670:generalized political and economic crisis 297:; before 1560 – May 1597), was twice the 4203:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania 3727:Lăpușna. Studii de istorie și arheologie 3324:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 97; Xenopol VI, p. 35 2914:Lăpușna. Studii de istorie și arheologie 2317:Denize, pp. 157–158; Maxim (1994), p. 25 2064:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 84; Xenopol V, p. 110 2049:Iancu Cerkez, "Un concediu în 1886", in 1887:Mureșianu, p. 198; Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 81 1621:Norocea's daughter and sister-in-law of 1487: 1279: 1080:Oprea, to seize control of the court in 953: 726: 361:, Aaron was ordered to step down by the 3670:, Vols. XIX–XX, 1995–1996, pp. 157–181. 3333:Diaconescu, p. 33; Mârza (2000), p. 307 2717:Iorga (1932), p. 222; Xenopol VI, p. 15 1867: 1797: 1094:, who managed to cross the border into 1629:, and together they made their way to 1523:, the Prince's cousin and main rival. 1152:and, sometime after, from Wallachia's 385:", defining himself as an ally of the 3788:. Bucharest: Cultura Națională, 1925. 3767:Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl 3461:Theodorescu (1979), pp. 46, 56–57, 65 2819:, p. 109. Bucharest: Top Form, 2013. 2109:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 83–84, 86–88, 102 1667:. This claim was recorded by scholar 7: 3998:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 3939:Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes 3880:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 3873:Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes 3710:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 3617:Editura științifică și enciclopedică 3613:Știința și arta heraldică în România 3501:. See also Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 93–94 3351:Iorga (1932), p. 226; Pleter, p. 195 2748:, Vols. XXIV–XXVI, 2005–2007, p. 241 2687:Jačov, p. 68; Xenopol V, pp. 112–113 2669:, Vols. XXIV–XXVI, 2005–2007, p. 195 2452:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 1876:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 1745:which also influenced later work at 465:, both of which are located outside 429:prisoners and 19 Jewish financiers. 4218:Catholic–Eastern Orthodox ecumenism 3948:. Iași: Editura Presa Bună, 2002. 3369:Pascu, pp. 91, 93; Rădulescu, p. 55 2357:Maxim (1994), pp. 10, 24, 25–26, 44 1665:Transylvanian Greek Catholic Church 900:was Constantin Vorsi; in 1594, his 830:Anglo–Moldavian diplomatic contacts 3891:, Vol. IV, 1926–1927, pp. 195–227. 1999:, Vol. IV, 1926–1927, pp. 296, 298 1957:, Vol. II, Issue 1, 1995, p. 105; 1160:". He sent his own letters to the 739:in Moldavia, showing the minority 552:The Moldavian classical historian 506:. He depicted himself as a son of 14: 3514:; Theodorescu (1987), pp. 213–214 1737:, Aroneanu borrows features from 755:Aaron was reportedly familiar to 668:Aaron's career overlapped with a 536:. In some of his work, historian 3746:. Bucharest: Luceafărul S. A., . 3252:, Vol. 3, Issue 8, 1977, p. 1574 2647:M. Crăciun, pp. 22, 165–169, 181 1847: 1832: 1816: 1800: 672:, observed in both Moldavia and 4198:History of Moldavia (1504–1711) 4078:Editura Librărieĭ Frațiĭ Șaraga 3966:, Vol. XLII, 2007, pp. 185–201. 3712:, Vol. XVII, 1999, pp. 157–176. 2963:, Vol. XXXVIII, 2008, pp. 68–70 2735:Catrinar, p. 16; Denize, p. 158 2254:Gane, p. 119; Xenopol V, p. 109 1751:Soviet incursion of August 1944 1402:, from where it could threaten 962:cavalryman in a 1587 manuscript 680:), as well as throughout their 560:Nicanor, with whom he lived at 101:October 1592 – May 3 or 4, 1595 4193:People of the Long Turkish War 3941:, Vol. XLV, 2007, pp. 153–197. 3863:, Vol. XIV, 2000, pp. 300–310. 3656:, Vol. XIX, 2013, pp. 169–196. 3639:, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2009, p. 56 3479:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 78, 98–102 3443:Johns Hopkins University Press 2611:Stoicescu (1971), pp. 321, 333 2236:Maxim (1994), pp. 21–22, 23–24 1811:as claimant Prince of Moldavia 1290:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1221:, which was a bridgehead into 979:, largely settled by Catholic 795:, and Lăpușneanu's known son, 522:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 46:, as used during Aaron's reign 1: 4213:People in Christian ecumenism 3753:, Vol. LX, 2014, pp. 181–204. 3589:Pictura românească în imagini 3088:Revista de Istorie a Moldovei 4183:16th-century Romanian people 4000:, Vol. III, 1959, pp. 7–100. 3981:, Vol. 4, 2013, pp. 168–180. 3974:, Vol. XXV, 2013, pp. 47–66. 3925:Tipografia Cartea Românească 3856:, Vol. 4, 1998, pp. 155–159. 3691:, Vol. 1, 1995, pp. 145–149. 3684:, Vol. VII, 2015, pp. 45–59. 3423:Librăriile Socec & Comp. 949:Principality of Transylvania 371:Principality of Transylvania 152:Principality of Transylvania 3882:, Vol. XII, 1994, pp. 3–46. 3837:University Press of America 3677:, Vol. IV, 2003, pp. 29–34. 2629:Ciobanu, pp. 47, 49, 50, 53 1428:and Dobruja. Polish writer 1196:, devastating areas around 632:businessman and kingmaker, 252: 4254: 3719:, Vol. I, 2004, pp. 17–42. 3668:Revue des Études Roumaines 3587:, Marin Mihalache (eds.), 3550:Theodorescu (1987), p. 213 3441:, pp. 138–139. Baltimore: 3212:Iorga (1932), pp. 227, 232 2877:, Vol. XIX, 2007, p. 80–81 2479:Mârza (1998), pp. 156, 157 2118:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 98–102 2017:Iorga (1932), pp. 222, 227 1854:Municipal coat of arms of 1178:victory at Stuhlweißenburg 512:Lviv Dormition Brotherhood 66:September 1591 – June 1592 4151: 4142: 4134: 4124: 4115: 4107: 4102: 3510:Bodale, p. 169; Cheptea, 3421:, p. 11. Bucharest etc.: 2950:Mârza (2000), pp. 302–303 2775:Mârza (1998), pp. 155–157 2405:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 90–91 2387:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 86–87 2163:Rezachevici (2000), p. 10 2127:Sterca-Șuluțiu, pp. 97–98 1770:Hungarian National Museum 1296:(in personal union under 1244:, Aaron welcomed at Iași 1022:Moldavian military forces 718:pegging the exchange rate 686:Romanian medieval history 549:also endorses the claim. 323:. Though resented by the 256:), sometimes credited as 244: 161:Sultana (Stanca) Köprülü? 36: 26: 4208:Protestantism in Romania 3591:, pp. 80–81. Bucharest: 3090:, Issues 1–2/2006, p. 28 2638:Stoicescu (1971), p. 335 2542:Eșanu & Eșanu, p. 46 1827:, in a 1760 illustration 1778:coat of arms of Moldavia 1741:, including elements of 1587:conquest of Transylvania 1492:Greater coat of arms of 1468:, included in its ranks 801:Alexandru III Lăpușneanu 799:. Another candidate was 634:Andronikos Kantakouzenos 405:. With the start of the 85:Alexandru III Lăpușneanu 44:Coat of arms of Moldavia 4223:Jewish Romanian history 3541:Nicolescu, pp. 200, 261 3063:E. Crăciun, pp. 146–147 3045:, September 1995, p. 61 2846:McFarland & Company 2454:, Vol. XVI, 1998, p. 28 2423:Păun, pp. 164, 184, 188 2366:Maxim (1994), pp. 25–26 2348:Maxim (1994), pp. 23–25 2308:Iorga (1898), pp. 54–55 2299:Maxim (1994), pp. 22–23 2272:M. Crăciun, pp. 164–166 1595:Transylvanian civil war 1004:Zaharia Bârlădeanu and 990:In May, after riots in 772:Catholicism in Moldavia 678:Danubian Principalities 178:Radu Petru Cercel (ad.) 3288:Mureșianu, pp. 197–199 2840:Alexander Basilevsky, 2290:Xenopol V, pp. 110–111 1878:, Vol. I, 1956, p. 248 1515: 1361:Polish-Lithuanian army 1301: 1138:anti-Ottoman struggles 963: 927:also included another 752: 712:, after the Ottomans' 558:Moldavian Metropolitan 290: 282: 274: 228: 4188:House of Bogdan-Mușat 4019:Editura enciclopedică 3990:, May 2000, pp. 5–11. 3615:, p. 121. Bucharest: 3470:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 78 3315:Diaconescu, pp. 33–34 3306:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 97 3230:Simonescu, pp. 48, 82 2999:Xenopol VI, pp. 22–28 2844:, p. 222. Jefferson: 2802:Xenopol VI, pp. 16–18 2040:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 85 2008:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 84 1935:Sterca-Șuluțiu, p. 98 1696:First Romanian School 1652:, who was the son of 1575:Alvinc (Vințu de Jos) 1491: 1365:Cernăuți (Chernivtsi) 1283: 1174:Emperor of the Romans 957: 762:, who introduced him 730: 545:. Cultural historian 471:First Romanian School 451:Alvinc (Vințu de Jos) 375:Moldavian Catholicism 148:Alvinc (Vințu de Jos) 4228:Romanian art patrons 4178:Monarchs of Moldavia 4038:Itinerarii medievale 4004:Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu 3532:Iorga (1971), p. 123 3270:Iorga (1932), p. 226 3158:Iorga (1971), p. 150 3099:Iorga (1932), p. 224 2941:Iorga (1932), p. 223 2903:Mârza (1998), p. 158 2708:Iorga (1932), p. 222 2572:Maxim (1977), p. 215 2551:Maxim (1977), p. 211 2464:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 1739:Ottoman architecture 1673:Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu 1246:Aleksandar Komulović 1231:Beszterce (Bistrița) 1121:, and reestablished 1072:Into the Holy League 1059:Transylvanian Prince 941:Gheorghe I. Brătianu 780:Hoca Sadeddin Efendi 714:stabilization policy 611:Transylvanian School 607:Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu 596:Reinhold Heidenstein 534:Bogdan-Mușat dynasty 508:Alexandru Lăpușneanu 337:Hoca Sadeddin Efendi 311:Alexandru Lăpușneanu 200:Alexandru Lăpușneanu 176:Ionașcu Cercel (ad.) 3559:Bodale, pp. 169–170 3488:Catrinar, pp. 16–17 2726:Maxim (1994), p. 24 2584:Iorga (1898), p. 49 2524:Ciobanu, pp. 47, 49 2441:Cazacu, pp. 175–176 2218:Maxim (1994), p. 26 1959:Petre P. Panaitescu 1912:Maxim (1994), p. 23 1692:St. Nicholas Church 1474:Ștefan Bogdan Sasul 1394:winning control of 1330:Trifon Korobeynikov 1322:Kamianets-Podilskyi 1200:. They were led by 1112:Eastern Carpathians 737:Counter-Reformation 445:, then detained at 4145:Prince of Moldavia 4118:Prince of Moldavia 4032:Răzvan Theodorescu 3611:Dan Cernovodeanu, 3342:Iorga (1925), p. 9 3250:Revista de Istorie 2981:Iorga (1925), p. 2 2746:Cercetări Istorice 2678:M. Crăciun, p. 167 2667:Cercetări Istorice 2281:Kohen, pp. 101–103 2100:Kohen, pp. 102–103 2055:, July 1998, p. 61 1993:Alexandru Lapedatu 1698:, both of them in 1516: 1484:Downfall and death 1349:Cossack insurgency 1302: 1298:Sigismund III Vasa 1270:imperial immediacy 1262:Feyérvár (Bălgrad) 964: 768:English Ambassador 757:Orthodox Patriarch 753: 600:Moldavian boyardom 547:Răzvan Theodorescu 530:Alexandru Lapedatu 397:, as well as from 377:and expelling the 53:Prince of Moldavia 16:Prince of Moldavia 4161: 4160: 4152:Succeeded by 4138:Peter the Cossack 4128:Alexandru cel Rău 4125:Succeeded by 4042:Editura Meridiane 3904:Editura Academiei 3861:Revista Bistriței 3845:978-0-7618-3601-8 3735:978-9975-4477-3-7 3593:Editura Meridiane 3574:, Issue 513, 2004 3571:Monitorul Oficial 3435:Eric R. Dursteler 3387:Pascu, pp. 93, 94 3239:Xenopol VI, p. 35 3140:Mureșianu, p. 199 2990:Mureșianu, p. 197 2972:Xenopol VI, p. 21 2932:Xenopol VI, p. 16 2922:978-9975-4477-3-7 2854:978-0-7864-9714-0 2825:978-606-8550-08-4 2696:Xenopol VI, p. 15 2563:Xenopol V, p. 112 2378:Xenopol V, p. 111 2263:Xenopol V, p. 109 2227:Gane, pp. 118–119 2206:Nicolescu, p. 197 2197:Xenopol V, p. 113 1955:Analele Bucovinei 1944:Xenopol V, p. 110 1807:Heraldic seal of 1711:of the eponymous 1700:Șcheii Brașovului 1635:Andrzej Tarnowski 1571:Martinuzzi Castle 1514:'s "dragon teeth" 1494:Sigismund Báthory 1410:on September 24. 1381:Balthasar Báthory 1318:Severyn Nalyvaiko 1314:Tsardom of Russia 1242:Balthasar Walther 1182:Stephen the Great 1154:Michael the Brave 1150:Pope Clement VIII 1146:Holy Roman Empire 1127:Church of England 1062:Sigismund Báthory 1028:, in present-day 969:Bartolomeo Brutti 797:Peter the Cossack 716:, which included 583:Solomon Ashkenazi 543:Stephen the Great 520:Drożyński of the 475:Șcheii Brașovului 463:eponymous village 447:Martinuzzi Castle 403:Michael the Brave 395:Sigismund Báthory 391:Holy Roman Empire 367:Peter the Cossack 348:Bartolomeo Brutti 329:Solomon Ashkenazi 250: 218: 217: 144:Martinuzzi Castle 110:Peter the Cossack 4245: 4135:Preceded by 4108:Preceded by 4100: 3793:Revista Istorică 3640: 3633: 3627: 3609: 3603: 3581: 3575: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3432: 3426: 3412: 3406: 3405:Pascu, pp. 93–97 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378:Rădulescu, p. 55 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3194:Simonescu, p. 48 3192: 3183: 3180: 3171: 3168: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2838: 2827: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2506:Pilat, pp. 53–55 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468:Revista Istorică 2461: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2173: 2172:Rădulescu, p. 52 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1913: 1910: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1872: 1851: 1836: 1825:Petru Pavel Aron 1823:Coat of arms of 1820: 1804: 1661:Petru Pavel Aron 1478:Northern Dobruja 1470:Stephen the Deaf 1430:Bartosz Paprocki 1308:and move toward 1190:Long Turkish War 1166:Primacy of Peter 1131:Society of Jesus 1096:Poland–Lithuania 1055:Zaporizhian Sich 872:immigrant Greeks 848:Mustafa Selaniki 693:Koca Sinan Pasha 638:Stephen the Deaf 562:Agapia Monastery 423:Northern Dobruja 415:Zaporizhian Sich 407:Long Turkish War 379:Society of Jesus 269: 255: 249:romanized: 248: 246: 221:Aaron the Tyrant 204:Aron of Pozsony? 41: 32: 31: 30: 22:Aaron the Tyrant 19: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4148: 4140: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4098: 3987:Magazin Istoric 3972:Muzeul Național 3835:. Lanham etc.: 3819:Vatican Library 3740:Constantin Gane 3694:Maria Crăciun, 3648: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3610: 3606: 3582: 3578: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3433: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279:Gorovei, p. 197 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3042:Magazin Istoric 3026: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2875:Muzeul Național 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2839: 2830: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396:Catrinar, p. 32 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2052:Magazin Istoric 2048: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1991: 1987: 1983:Gorovei, p. 196 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1852: 1843: 1840:Aroneanu Church 1837: 1828: 1821: 1812: 1805: 1780:, depicting an 1713:Aroneanu Church 1669:Gheorghe Șincai 1623:Mihnea Turcitul 1607: 1502:Wallachian arms 1486: 1408:Corona (Brașov) 1373:Putna Monastery 1278: 1215:Crimean Khanate 1213:, Meleșan. The 1207:Hryhoriy Loboda 1194:Silistra Eyalet 1074: 868: 666: 664:Scandalous rise 654:Muslim apostate 579:Constantin Gane 488: 486:Debated origins 483: 459:Aroneanu Church 443:Corona (Brașov) 411:Crimean Khanate 265: 241:Church Slavonic 203: 177: 175: 142: 55: 47: 28: 24: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4114: 4111:Peter the Lame 4109: 4105: 4104: 4103:Regnal titles 4097: 4096: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4052: 4029: 4013:N. Stoicescu, 4011: 4001: 3991: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3956: 3942: 3935: 3914: 3896:George Oprescu 3892: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3847: 3829: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3796: 3789: 3777: 3754: 3747: 3737: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3637:Analele Putnei 3628: 3604: 3585:Dan Grigorescu 3576: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3523:Cheptea, p. 29 3516: 3503: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3427: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3261:Denize, p. 171 3254: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3184: 3182:Pleter, p. 195 3172: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3079: 3077:Pleter, p. 201 3065: 3056: 3047: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2961:Revista Crisia 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2905: 2891: 2879: 2866: 2857: 2828: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2574: 2565: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2456: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2188:Denize, p. 158 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2145:Cazacu, p. 176 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2042: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1914: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1680:Grigore Ureche 1606: 1603: 1544:Romany (Gypsy) 1528:Stoica Ludescu 1521:Andrew Báthory 1512:Báthory family 1485: 1482: 1294:Swedish Empire 1277: 1274: 1073: 1070: 867: 864: 826:Levant Company 776:Sultan's Harem 722:Grigore Ureche 697:Peter the Lame 682:suzerain power 665: 662: 658:Köprülü family 487: 484: 482: 479: 315:Ottoman Empire 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 197: 193: 192: 186: 180: 179: 169: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 75:Peter the Lame 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 49: 48: 42: 34: 33: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4250: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4156: 4155:Ștefan Răzvan 4147: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070:A. D. Xenopol 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040:. Bucharest: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017:. Bucharest: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3994:Dan Simonescu 3992: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3964:Romanoslavica 3961: 3957: 3955: 3954:973-86073-1-0 3951: 3947: 3944:Liviu Pilat, 3943: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3868:Mihai Maxim, 3867: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3827:88-210-0730-8 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813:Marko Jačov, 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765:. Bucharest: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757:Nicolae Iorga 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3704:973-9261-15-9 3701: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3451:0-8018-8324-5 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415:Nicolae Iorga 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3029:Carol Iancu, 3027:(in Romanian) 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1926:Kohen, p. 103 1923: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1599:Giorgio Basta 1596: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1583:István Jósika 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1540:Ștefan Răzvan 1536: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1498:Transylvanian 1495: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1356:Ğazı II Giray 1352: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Stroe Buzescu 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Royal Hungary 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:Nestor Ureche 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1066:Gáspár Sibrik 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:Boyar Council 923:In 1591, the 921: 919: 918: 913: 909: 905: 904: 899: 898: 893: 889: 888: 883: 879: 878: 873: 865: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:Ilie II Rareș 790: 787: 786: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764:Edward Barton 761: 758: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 663: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Ottoman Greek 626: 624: 620: 616: 615:Royal Hungary 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 539: 538:Nicolae Iorga 535: 531: 526: 523: 519: 518: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500:A. D. Xenopol 497: 493: 485: 480: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:Ștefan Răzvan 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 342: 338: 334: 333:Edward Barton 330: 326: 322: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283:Aaron Vaivoda 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 262:Emanuel Aaron 259: 254: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 214: 211: 207: 201: 198: 194: 190: 187: 185: 181: 173: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 120:Ștefan Răzvan 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 76: 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 54: 50: 45: 40: 35: 20: 4143: 4116: 4073: 4054: 4037: 4014: 4008:Transilvania 4007: 3997: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3945: 3938: 3920: 3917:Ștefan Pascu 3899: 3888: 3879: 3872: 3860: 3853: 3849:Radu Mârza, 3832: 3831:Elli Kohen, 3814: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3762: 3750: 3743: 3726: 3723:Andrei Eșanu 3716: 3709: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3636: 3631: 3612: 3607: 3588: 3579: 3569: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3438: 3430: 3418: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3170:Jačov, p. 68 3154: 3145: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3087: 3082: 3059: 3054:Jačov, p. 67 3050: 3040: 3034: 3022: 3017:Păun, p. 171 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2913: 2908: 2889:Păun, p. 168 2874: 2869: 2860: 2841: 2816: 2813:Tahsin Gemil 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2568: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2467: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2414:Păun, p. 163 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2202: 2193: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2073:Gane, p. 126 2069: 2060: 2050: 2045: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1996: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1870: 1809:Marcu Cercel 1787: 1766: 1743:tessellation 1724: 1717:Ciric Valley 1706: 1704: 1684:Miron Costin 1677: 1658: 1654:Nicolae Coci 1643: 1640: 1627:Marcu Cercel 1618: 1608: 1591: 1579: 1567:Michael Weiß 1555: 1553: 1537: 1525: 1517: 1505: 1442:Cetatea Albă 1439: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1392:Ottoman Army 1389: 1385:Sándor Kendi 1376: 1353: 1345:Jan Zamoyski 1325: 1303: 1249: 1239: 1210: 1201: 1186: 1135: 1116: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1046: 1042:beylerbeylik 1040: 1034: 1011: 1005: 999: 989: 965: 928: 922: 915: 912:Nicolae Coci 901: 895: 885: 881: 875: 869: 860: 851: 838: 815: 813: 783: 754: 707: 705: 690:Grand Vizier 667: 646:Marcu Cercel 642:Petru Cercel 627: 604: 592:fully Jewish 576: 565: 554:Ioan Neculce 551: 527: 515: 495: 491: 489: 455:Marcu Cercel 431: 427:Ottoman Army 352: 318: 294: 261: 258:Aron Emanoil 257: 232: 229:Aron Tiranul 220: 219: 189:Bogdan-Mușat 172:Marcu Cercel 91: 56: 4173:1597 deaths 3817:. Vatican: 3497:Mureșianu, 1731:Mount Athos 1694:and of the 1650:Vasile Lupu 1507:Reichsadler 1504:, with the 1334:Tsar Feodor 1286:Holy League 1158:Holy League 1142:Petru Rareș 945:battle axes 834:Elizabethan 805:Janissaries 785:Şeyhülislām 760:Jeremias II 733:Reformation 731:Map of the 650:ethnic Turk 504:Peter Aaron 383:Holy League 344:Jeremias II 325:Janissaries 275:Aaron Waida 235:("Aron the 133:before 1560 106:Predecessor 92:(2nd reign) 71:Predecessor 57:(1st reign) 4167:Categories 4149:1592–1595 4122:1591–1592 3646:References 3425:etc., 1913 1721:Anno Mundi 1342:Chancellor 1310:Adrianople 1156:—the new " 977:Berindești 866:First rule 789:Bostanzade 623:Bogdan III 4094:163817844 4086:163817843 4080:, 1896. 4063:159900650 4050:878240523 4044:, 1979. 4027:822954574 4021:, 1971. 3960:Diadochos 3933:869202971 3927:, 1944. 3906:, 1957. 3839:, 2007. 3821:, 2001. 3807:878747667 3775:249346785 3769:, 1898. 3625:469825245 3619:, 1977. 3595:, 1970. 3445:, 2006. 2848:, 2016. 1786:blazoned 1726:metochion 1715:, on the 1631:Bucharest 1619:Logothete 1549:New Style 1377:Logothete 1326:Logothete 1211:Postelnic 1170:Rudolf II 1087:Ispravnic 1078:Postelnic 1053:from the 1001:Logothete 937:Hungarian 897:Spatharii 887:Postelnic 844:Murad III 749:Calvinist 674:Wallachia 587:court Jew 481:Biography 399:Wallachia 341:Patriarch 267:‹See Tfd› 253:Arōn voda 245:Apѡн вода 233:Aron Vodă 202:(claimed) 116:Successor 81:Successor 29:Apѡн вода 27:Aron Vodă 4076:. Iași: 3036:Apostrof 1856:Aroneanu 1774:Budapest 1755:Aroneanu 1510:and the 1466:Turtukai 1462:Silistra 1458:Oblucița 1435:Venetian 1417:Çavuşlar 1219:Pokuttya 1162:Holy See 1123:Brethren 1119:Hussites 1108:Zăvădeni 1104:Climăuți 1051:Cossacks 1013:Pârcălab 973:Săbăoani 933:Slavonic 908:Albanian 903:Paharnic 741:Catholic 701:Stamboul 619:Habsburg 413:and the 389:and the 387:Holy See 303:Moldavia 225:Romanian 213:Orthodox 209:Religion 141:May 1597 3912:7162839 3898:(ed.), 3682:Studium 3601:5717220 1842:in 2008 1782:aurochs 1747:Rădeana 1611:Mantuan 1306:Dobruja 1223:Partium 1148:, from 1100:Lălești 1030:Moldova 1018:Suceava 992:Lăpușna 981:Csangos 960:Cossack 929:Vistier 906:was an 892:Epirote 882:Vistier 877:Vistier 856:sequins 817:akçeler 745:Hussite 567:Starets 496:Emanoil 492:Emanuel 355:Lăpușna 287:Turkish 279:Italian 237:Voivode 184:Dynasty 4092: 4088:& 4084: 4061: 4048: 4025: 3952: 3931: 3910: 3843: 3825: 3805: 3773: 3733: 3702: 3623: 3599: 3512:passim 3499:passim 3449: 2920: 2852: 2823: 1788:proper 1784:head, 1762:ermine 1708:ktitor 1688:Agapia 1615:Velica 1605:Legacy 1557:avviso 1532:fealty 1454:Danube 1450:Chilia 1446:Ismail 1426:Budjak 1404:Vienna 1400:Komorn 1369:Țuțora 1338:Kraków 1276:Revolt 1203:Hetman 1198:Bender 1106:, and 1007:Vornic 841:Sultan 822:ducats 809:Aleppo 766:, the 751:groups 652:and a 572:curfew 434:fealty 419:Budjak 339:, and 307:Jewish 299:Prince 271:German 196:Father 158:Spouse 3786:] 3033:, in 1863:Notes 1759:chief 1735:porch 1686:. At 1645:Bailo 1563:Saxon 1266:liege 1254:Preda 1250:haraç 1047:haraç 1037:Porte 996:Orhei 852:haraç 709:haraç 676:(the 363:Porte 359:Orhei 320:haraç 295:Zalim 291:Arvan 231:) or 174:(ad.) 167:Issue 98:Reign 63:Reign 4090:OCLC 4082:OCLC 4059:OCLC 4046:OCLC 4023:OCLC 3950:ISBN 3929:OCLC 3908:OCLC 3841:ISBN 3823:ISBN 3803:OCLC 3771:OCLC 3731:ISBN 3700:ISBN 3621:OCLC 3597:OCLC 3447:ISBN 2918:ISBN 2850:ISBN 2821:ISBN 1768:the 1500:and 1464:and 1448:and 1398:and 1396:Raab 1292:and 1284:The 1235:Baia 1225:and 1082:Iași 1026:Răut 994:and 985:Secu 975:and 782:and 747:and 735:and 467:Iași 461:and 421:and 357:and 138:Died 130:Born 3783:sic 1793:sun 1772:in 1764:). 1729:of 1573:in 1320:at 1256:or 1016:of 917:Ban 517:Pan 494:or 473:in 401:'s 301:of 293:or 260:or 239:"; 4169:: 4072:, 4034:, 3919:, 3759:, 3742:, 3437:, 3417:, 3187:^ 3175:^ 3163:^ 3131:^ 3068:^ 2894:^ 2882:^ 2831:^ 2701:^ 2577:^ 2556:^ 2371:^ 2211:^ 2177:^ 2031:^ 1917:^ 1901:^ 1795:. 1444:, 1387:. 1237:. 1172:, 1114:. 1102:, 987:. 958:A 920:. 910:, 811:. 743:, 660:. 477:. 449:, 350:. 335:, 331:, 289:: 285:, 281:: 277:, 273:: 247:, 243:: 227:: 150:, 146:, 1300:) 264:( 223:( 191:?

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Index