Child abandonment - Knowledge (XXG)

597:, Romania underwent drastic changes to its populace. Ceaușescu, in an attempt to form a robust and young population, outlawed methods of contraception and encouraged the creation of large families with many children. Much like during the Fascist period of Italian history, incentives and cultural praise were offered to parents who produced many children. Ceaușescu established Decree 770 which outlawed abortion and contraception for all women, except those who were over 40, had already borne 4–5 children, had life-threatening complications during pregnancy, or who became pregnant through rape or incest. In the following years, Romania's birth rate nearly doubled. However, due to a lack of resources necessary to care for the abundance of children, thousands were abandoned or left to die. Other women resorted to unsafe forms of abortion carried out by people without medical training. The problem persisted until the coup that overthrew Ceaușescu in 1989. Following the coup, Romania's birthrate steadily declined for the following decades. Today, the birth rate has dropped to 1.52 births per woman, under the rate of replacement. 533:

and reclaim the child. Anonymous birthing is most often implemented as measure to prevent neonaticide and has been successful in multiple countries. Police in Austria report a 57% drop in neonaticides after the country passed a law allowing for anonymous birthing and free delivery in 2001. Anonymous birthing provides the opportunity for mothers to disclose relevant health history to later be shared with the child and adoptive family, as well as access to hospital care to reduce risk during birth. In some states, France for example, mothers who choose anonymous birthing undergo counselling and are informed of available support structures to help them keep the child. Mothers who are seeking to anonymously abandon their child at birth may avoid anonymous birthing due to increased interaction with hospital staff and the possibility of undergoing counselling.

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decades, hundreds of thousands of children, the majority of which were girls, were abandoned and required caretaking. Non-governmental organizations stepped in to assist with the re-housing of these girls, leading to the international adoption of over 120,000 Chinese children. Today, China's fertility rate has not quite returned to the rate of replacement (the birth rate that will maintain population size under conditions of zero net immigration/emigration). In fact, in the years since the relinquishing of the policy, China's fertility rate has only risen .04 per family.

368:, parents who did not want to raise their children gave them to monasteries with a small fee, an act known as oblation, and in times of social stress, monasteries often received large numbers of children. By the high Middle Ages, oblation was less common and more often arranged privately between the monastery and the parents of the child. Sometimes, medieval hospitals cared for abandoned children at the community's expense. Still, some refused to do so because being willing to accept abandoned children would increase abandonment rates. Medieval laws in 675:

able to save their original parents or family by wielding power from their adoptive status, while making use of an education that sets them apart from their peers. The theme is also carried through in the case of many modern superheroes, most famously Superman (see Modern Media below). Mark Twain tweaks the traditional "upgrading" of the foundling's social status by having the child's twin, who is powerful by birth, experience the "downgrading " of his position in a switch planned by the two children, in "The Prince and the Pauper".

376:, often prescribed that the person who had taken up the child was entitled to the child's service as a slave. Conscripting or enslaving children into armies and labor pools often occurred as a consequence of war or pestilence when many children were left parentless. Abandoned children then became the wards of the state, military organization, or religious group. When this practice happened en masse, it had the advantage of ensuring the strength and continuity of cultural and religious practices in medieval society. 349:." Children were left on hillsides, in the wilderness, near churches, and in other public places. If taken up by others, the children might join another family either as slaves or as free family members. Roman societies, in particular, chose slaves to raise their children rather than family members, who were often indifferent towards their children. Although being found by others would allow children who were abandoned to often survive, exposure is sometimes compared to 420: 547:

in the United States in 1999 and have since been adopted in Canada, Japan, France, and Slovakia. It is debated if safe haven laws prevent child abandonment or neonaticide. As with baby boxes, one study suggests that mothers in rural areas are not willing to travel to abandon their children and would not be willing to travel to a hospital to do so. As of 2017, 3,317 babies have been surrendered via safe haven laws in the United States.

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Advantages of baby boxes include a greater degree of anonymity for parents abandoning their children and a guarantee that the child will be found and attended to. However, children are sometimes placed in baby boxes with existing issue or injury and baby boxes are under-utilized and costly to operate. It is also debated if baby boxes are an accessible option for rural mothers who may not be willing to travel to abandon their children.

86:) with different state judicial systems treating it with varying severities and classifications. Child abandonment may lead to the permanent loss of parental rights of the parents. Some states allow for reinstatement of the parental rights, with about half of the states in the US having had laws for this purpose. Perpetrators can also be charged with 578:, it is estimated that roughly 50,000 babies were born of American fathers and Vietnamese mothers. A large contingent of these children were either unwanted due to the circumstances of their conception or unable to be cared for due to the lack of available resources and assistance in the war-torn country. Locally, these children were known as " 1839:

Citro, Brian; Gilson, Je; Kalantry, Sital; Stricker, Kelsey; University of Chicago Law School. International Human Rights Clinic; National Asian Paci c American Women's Forum (U.S.); and Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (Organization), "Replacing Myths with Facts: Sex-Selective Abortion

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were highly popular as a source of free labor. The sheer size of the displacement and the complications and exploitation that occurred gave rise to new agencies and a series of laws that promoted adoption rather than indenture. By 1945, adoption was formulated as a legal act with consideration of the

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In these stories, the children seldom find adoptive parents, but malicious monsters, such as ogres and witches; outwitting them, they find treasure enough to solve their poverty. The stepmother may die coincidentally, or be driven out by the father when he hears, so that the reunited family can live

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Persons in cultures with poor social welfare systems who are not financially capable of taking care of a child are more likely to abandon them. Several American states are moving towards passing legislation to prevent rehoming of children post adoption. However, national legislation may be needed to

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Europe saw the rise of foundling homes and increased abandonment of children to these homes. These numbers continued to rise and peaked when 5% of all births resulted in abandonment in France around 1830. The national reaction to this was to limit the resources provided by foundling homes and switch

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allow parents of a child, typically a newborn child but age can vary, to abandon the child at a place of local authority such as a hospital, fire station, or police station with no further question. Some states allow the parent to reclaim the child within a certain timeframe. Safe Haven Laws passed

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provide a safe and anonymous way to abandon children, typically newborns, rather than resorting to infant exposure or neonaticide. Baby boxes can be found in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, South Korea, and the United States.

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is the practice of relinquishing interests and claims over one's offspring in an illegal way, with the intent of never resuming or reasserting guardianship. The phrase is typically used to describe the physical abandonment of a child. Still, it can also include severe cases of neglect and emotional

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and adopted by the queen of Egypt, thus gaining a higher social status and better education, as well as a more powerful position than his birth family could have given him. A similar story is told of other heroes who eventually learn about their true origins only as adults, when they find they are

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some children of a multiple birth are abandoned after the heroine has taunted another woman with a claim that such a birth is proof of adultery and then suffered such a birth of her own. Poverty usually features as a cause only with the case of older children, who can survive on their own. Indeed,

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alleviate the problem by setting up international adoptions and other rehoming methods but were largely ineffective. To this day, attempts are being made to link American veterans to children that they may have fathered during their time in Vietnam as well as children to their families in Vietnam.

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was established by the US government in an effort to bring over 3,300 children, many but not all of whom were abandoned, orphaned, or mixed-race, leading to fears of their exploitation, to Western countries to be adopted, with varying degrees of success. Non-governmental organizations attempted to

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if they were to have another child. Families that disobeyed the law were levied a fine and lost their right to many government services, including access to health and educational services. Nevertheless, transgressions of the law most certainly occurred. Consequently, over the course of over three

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allows pregnant mothers to give birth to their child without revealing their identity or claiming any ownership over or legal obligation to the child. Different countries wait varying lengths of time from 2–8 weeks before putting the child up for adoption to allow mothers to return to the hospital

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Abandonment increased towards the end of the 19th century, particularly in the United States. The largest migration of abandoned children in history occurred in the United States between 1853 and 1929. Over one hundred and twenty thousand orphans (not all of whom were intentionally abandoned) were

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features a wicked uncle in the role of the wicked stepmother, who gives an order for the children to be killed. However, although the servants scruple to obey him, and the children are abandoned in the woods, the tale ends tragically: the children die, and their bodies are covered with leaves by

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of a child is a form of abandonment that entails ending contact with and support for one's dependent. Disownment tends to occur later in a child's life, generally due to a conflict between the parent(s) and the child, but can also occur when children are still young. Reasons include: divorce of

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is a foundling sold as a slave on a remote planet. He is bought and freed by a beggar who educates and inspires him, then learns from multiple kind foster families. He later discovers that his parents were killed for opposing slavery in the galactic conglomerate that they owned and that he

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Governmental assistance can be provided in the form of parental counseling, post-natal services, mental health services, and other community support services for parents who are at a higher risk of abandoning their children because of age, support, physical ability, mental illness, or

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to foster homes instead such that fewer children would die within overcrowded foundling homes during infancy. As access to contraception increased and economic conditions improved in Europe towards the end of the 19th century, the number of children being abandoned declined.

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Evidence has shown that, when bans on abortion are lifted, the number of abandoned, abused, and neglected children goes down in response. However, access is an issue. In the United States, 87% of all counties, and 97% of all rural counties, do not have any access to abortion

609:, can combine many advantages to a plot: mysterious antecedents, leading to plots to discover them; high birth and lowly upbringing. Foundlings have appeared in literature in some of the oldest known tales. The most common reasons for abandoning children in literature are 142:, and other countries) who are not financially capable of taking care of a child are more likely to abandon their children because of a lack of resources. In some cases the parents already have a child or children, but are unable to take care of another child at that time. 820:, the disfigured child is abandoned at the cathedral's foundling's bed, made available for the leaving of unwanted infants. Ruth Benedict, in studying the Zuni, found that the practice of child abandonment was unknown, but featured heavily in their folktales. 1159:

In some cartoons, wily characters may disguise themselves as foundlings. This may be accomplished by the character dressing as a baby and lying in a bassinet or basket on a doorstep, perhaps with a note adding to the ruse. This was parodied in the 2006 movie

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was a foundling, given to the Ophanarium and a note in an alien language to make people believe that she was an alien rather than a mutant; she would have been forced, in the latter case, to live in the sewers with the other

516:, where between 2005 and 2011, 517 babies were dumped. Of those 517 children, 287 were found dead. In 2012, there were 31 cases, including at least one instance of a child being tossed from a window of a high rise apartment. 361:: "it is certainly the more cruel way to kill... by exposure to cold and hunger and dogs." Despite the comparison, other sources report that infanticide and exposure were viewed as morally different in ancient times. 205:

parents, discovering the true paternity of a child, and a child's actions bringing shame to a family; most commonly, breaking the law, teenage pregnancy, major religious or ideological differences, and identifying as

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Official statistics on child abandonment do not exist in most countries. In Denmark, an estimate of child abandonment prevalence was 1.7 infants per 100,000 births, with another source suggesting higher prevalence in

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that the child will cause harm; the mother's desire to conceal her illegitimate child, often after rape by a god; or spite on the part of people other than the parents, such as sisters and mothers-in-law in such

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abandonment, such as when parents fail to provide financial and emotional support for children over an extended period (sometimes referred to as "throwaway" children). An abandoned child is referred to as a

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when adoptive parents use illegal means, such as the internet, to find new homes for their children. In the case where child abandonment is anonymous within the first 12 months, it may be referred to as

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In cultures where the sex of the child is of utmost importance, parents are more likely to abandon a baby of the undesired sex. Similarly, people may choose to pursue the often controversial option of

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Child abandonment is illegal in most of the world, and depending upon the facts of the case and laws of the state in which it occurs could be prosecuted as a misdemeanor or felony criminal offense.

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the child is abandoned immediately after birth, which may reflect pre-Christian practices, both Scandavian and Roman, that the newborn would not be raised without the father's decision to do so.

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which set up penalties for families that chose to have more than one child. Women were compelled to undergo a surgical implantation of an IUD following the birth of their first child and

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This may reflect the widespread practice of child abandonment in their cultures. On the other hand, the motif is continued through literature where the practice is not widespread.

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For children who are abandoned in dangerous places, such as dumpsters, doorsteps, and other public areas, exposure to the elements and physical injury are distinct possibilities.

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When the cause of the abandonment is a prophecy, the abandonment is usually instrumental in causing the prophecy to be fulfilled. Besides Oedipus, Greek legends also included

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In the UK abandoning a child under the age of two years is a criminal offence. In 2004 49 babies were abandoned nationwide with slightly more boys than girls being abandoned.

1921: 1776: 730: 958:, who was prophesied to kill his uncle; his ignorance of his parentage, stemming from his abandonment, caused his uncle to jeer at him and him to kill the uncle in anger. 328:

resources, like contraception, and abortion can help prevent people who cannot take care of, or do not want to raise, children from becoming pregnant in the first place.

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reveals the brocade and the ring she was abandoned with, her mother and sister recognize her; this makes her a suitable bride for the man whose mistress she had been.

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more happily than in Oedipus' case. Grown children, having been taken up by strangers, were usually recognized by tokens that had been left with the exposed baby: In

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may be seen as a continuation of the foundling tradition, the lone survivor of an advanced (but almost-completely extinct) civilization who is found and raised by

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describes how the Jewish infant is abandoned by his mother and set to float in the Nile in a reed basket, in hopes that he will be found and nurtured; as planned,

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refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the intent of terminating their care for the child. It is also known as

4347: 2950: 4164: 1670:"Improving knowledge on child abandonment and care in United States and other countries: A demographic contribution to the achievement of child protection" 1142:, who was found, as a toddler, among the ruins of a caravan party that had been attacked by bandits, and was then surrounded by the bodies of the adults. 279:

Depending upon the severity of their symptoms, children who have developed certain maladjusted tendencies in social interaction may be diagnosed with

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in which the title refers to a "receiver of foundlings" who were placed in a device called a "foundling wheel", in the wall of a church or hospital.

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or other health complications may be abandoned if their parents feel unequipped to provide them with the level of care that their condition requires.

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Notable contemporary instances of child abandonment include homicidal neglect by confinement of infants or children, such as in the affair of the

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From Oedipus onward, Greek and Roman tales are filled with exposed children who escaped death to be reunited with their families—usually, as in

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Child Welfare Information Gateway. “Foster care statistics 2015”. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau.

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shipped west on railroad cars, where families agreed to foster the children in exchange for their use as farmhands, household workers, etc.

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Miller-Loessi, Karen; Kilic, Zeynep (2001). "A Unique Diaspora?: The Case of Adopted Girls and Boys from the People's Republic of China".

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both continue the tradition of foundlings abandoned because of prophecies, and who fulfil the prophecies because of their abandonment.

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The children of Queen Blondine and of her sister, Princess Brunette, picked up by a Corsair after seven days at sea; illustration by

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were suckled by a wolf in the wilderness, but afterward, again found by a shepherd. This ties this motif in with the genre of the

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most such individuals are of royal or noble birth; their abandonment means they grow up in ignorance of their true social status.

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Children born out of the confines of marriage may be abandoned in a family's attempt to prevent being shamed by their community.

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can result in the involuntary abandonment of a child, even if the parent(s) did not voluntarily relinquish their parental role.

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that he is a foundling; in a story set in the same world, "The Foundling," Dallben himself proves to be a foundling as well.

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child's best interests. The origin of the move toward secrecy and the sealing of all adoption and birth records began when

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Boswell, John Eastburn (1984). "Expositio and Oblatio: The Abandonment of Children and the Ancient and Medieval Family".

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despite learning her true father at the end of the book, she refuses to leave Silas Marner, who had actually reared her.

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introduced the concept to prevent children from the orphan trains from returning to or being reclaimed by their parents.

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industrialist Andrew Undershaft, a foundling himself, intently searches for a foundling to assume the family business.

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the child is actually abandoned by a servant who had been given orders to put the child to death. Other tales such as

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is a king's daughter rather than a shepherdess, and so suitable for her prince lover. Similarly, when the heroine of

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The pattern of a child remaining with its adoptive parents is less common than the reverse, but it occurs. In the

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The strangers who take up the child are often shepherds or other herdsmen. This befell not only Oedipus, but also

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The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance.

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has children reluctantly abandoned in the forest by their parents since they were no longer able to feed them.

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Attachment issues: difficulty becoming emotionally attached to and trusting other people, especially caregivers

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Hobbs, G. F.; Hobbs, C. J.; Wynne, J. M. (December 1999). "Abuse of children in foster and residential care".

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Political conditions, such as war and displacement of a family, also cause parents to abandon their children.

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The Visigothic Code: (Forum judicum), Book IV: Concerning Natural Lineage Title IV: Concerning Foundlings

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is never reconciled with his mother, and dies in battle with her legitimate son. In the Grimm fairy tale

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Still, even cultures that do not practice it may reflect older customs; in medieval literature, such as

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Bailey, Heather; Semenenko, Igor; Pilipenko, Tatyana; Malyuta, Ruslan; Thorne, Claire (December 2010).

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In 2015, the United States' government spent over $ 9 billion to support 427,910 children who were in

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and many other countries, child abandonment is usually treated as a subset of the broader category of

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farmers in a pastoral setting, and later discovers his alien origins and uses his powers for good.

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When older children are abandoned in fairy tales, while poverty may be cited as a cause, as in

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In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

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was also nursed by a bear before being found. In some cases, the child is depicted as being

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China's Hidden Children: Abandonment, Adoption, and the Human Costs of the One-child Policy

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In a common variant on the abandonment and rediscovery of an infant, the biblical story of

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where a baby can be anonymously abandoned while ensuring that the child will be cared for.

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Low self-esteem stemming from feelings of guilt about being at fault for being abandoned

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Bitler, Marianne; Zavodny, Madeline (2002). "Child Abuse and Abortion Availability ".

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One of the earliest surviving examples of child abandonment in literature is that of

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Foundlings still appear in modern literature; this is a partial list of examples:

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The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm,

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Laws in the United States" (2014). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Paper 1399.

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that the character Pastorella, raised by shepherds, is in fact of noble birth.

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leave the state. In 1981, this distinction was upheld as constitutional by the

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to ensure that the child can be identified. This theme is a main element in

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Historically, many cultures practiced abandonment of infants, often called "

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In societies where young women and young men are looked down upon for being

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are often causes of child abandonment. People living in countries with poor

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Foundling Bird never learns of, least of all reunites with, his parents.

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was abandoned on the Rubbles's doorstep and eventually adopted by them.

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Possibility of experiencing abuse and neglect in institutionalized care

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Philanthropy in America : a comprehensive historical encyclopedia

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Many jurisdictions have exceptions to abandonment laws in the form of

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The theme of young boys being raised by leading women of the early

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made national headlines by rehoming two young adopted children.

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revolves about the Tramp's efforts to raise an abandoned child.

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Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). "Sigi Qutuqu (c. 1180–c. 1260)". In

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malice). The stepmother's wishes may be the sole cause, as in

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Children are often abandoned with birth tokens, which act as

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Today, abandonment of a child is considered to be a serious

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a recognition scene in the final act reveals by these that

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The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird

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State programs for facilitating anonymous child abandonment

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The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England,

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Mitrut, Andreea; Wolff, François-Charles (December 2011).

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the most common effect is when poverty is combined with a

265:, and traumatic reenactment through romantic relationships 3467:

Oedipus Simplex: Freedom and Fate in Folklore and Fiction

2789:. Burlingame, Dwight. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. 2179:"Abandonment Issues – Are They Holding You Back In Life?" 866:

Often, the child is aided by animals before being found;

3018:

The Encyclopedia of World Problems & Human Potential

90:

if victims die as a result of their actions or neglect.

1545:

Browne, Kevin. "Child abandonment and its prevention".

479:

against a parent's argument that it denied parents the

2030:"America's Shame: 40% of Homeless Youth Are LGBT Kids" 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2670:

Proceedings of the Western Society for French History

1448:"Parental Rights Terminated Due to Child Abandonment" 1356:"What is Adoption Rehoming, Disruption, Dissolution?" 153:

and single fathers, child abandonment is more common.

2951:"Newborn killings drop after anonymous delivery law" 467:

to willfully and voluntarily abandon a child, and a

4279: 4188: 4105: 4029: 3981: 3840: 3737: 3632: 3537: 944:depicted the abandonment of the character Eppie in 520:protect children from being rehomed in all states. 443:in many jurisdictions because it can be considered 2236:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1903: 1382:Navne, Laura; Jakobsen, Marie (27 December 2020). 1334:"What is Rehoming and What Can Be Done to Stop it" 4353:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement 1549:. Institute of Work, Health & Organisations, 781:used the abandonment and discovery of Perdita in 3274:v. 2, p. 68. Dover Publications, New York, 1965. 3249:Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology. 2870: 2868: 106:with data suggesting 4.9 per 1,000 live births. 3123:"Overplanned Parenthood: Ceausescu's Cruel Law" 2721:Adoption Detective: Memoir of an Adopted Child 2543:. National Abortion Federation. Archived from 1905:"False DNA test led father to reject daughter" 1842:http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/1399 1620:Child abandonment and its prevention in Europe 3515: 1579:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–3. 1152:is a foundling, left in a basket with only a 552:National law and effects on child abandonment 8: 2694:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1799:Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 855:and several of the characters listed above. 451:concerns (in that the child often becomes a 274:posttraumatic stress disorder of abandonment 3495:Angelo F. Coniglio's treatise on foundlings 3043:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1969:Abuheweila, Iyad; Kershner, Isabel (2018). 1309:"Reuters Investigates – The Child Exchange" 403:or the affair of two abandoned children in 3522: 3508: 3500: 3285:The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, 2365: 2363: 2361: 3272:The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, 2461: 2255: 1752: 1695: 1685: 1427: 1425: 27:Crime or process of giving up one's child 2129:"Child Abandonment Laws in Pennsylvania" 593:During the rule of Communist politician 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1268: 1111:inherits, and he carries on their work. 789:reveals in the last Canto of Book 6 of 285:disinhibited social engagement disorder 2810: 2687: 2122: 2120: 1950:. Ministry of Social Development (MSD) 1668:Delaunay, Valérie (30 December 2011). 1663: 1661: 1643: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 3146: 3144: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2760:"Washingtonpost.com: Horizon Section" 1851: 1849: 1388:Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 802:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 7: 4348:Adoption forms and related practices 3231:"The Lady of the Wheel (La Ruotaia)" 2924:Montanari, Stefano (15 April 2015). 2903:"Malaysia's 'Baby-Dumping' Epidemic" 2154:"Child Attachment Disorder | Health" 1924:from the original on 12 January 2022 1577:The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion 1377: 1375: 1373: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 889:is prominent in sources such as the 372:governing child abandonment, as the 2876:"What happens to abandoned babies?" 2723:, Wheatmark Publishing, 2011, p. ix 2411:"Child Welfare Enacted Legislation" 870:sent a bear to nurse the abandoned 4322:Parents Against Child Exploitation 2983:. Save Abandoned Babies Foundation 25: 4292:Mothers Apart from Their Children 2901:Barro, Josh (28 September 2012). 2382:from the original on 9 March 2018 1002:In a grimmer variation, the tale 491:where, in 2015, state legislator 1902:Hall, Macer (11 February 2001). 899:was found wandering a destroyed 591:Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu: 4150:Management of domestic violence 3996:Corporal punishment in the home 3243:Northrop Frye, "Recognition in 3195:p. 242. New York: Burt Franklin 2370:Ripley, Will (11 August 2015). 1206:Borderline personality disorder 487:. 'Rehoming' is still legal in 483:and thereby denied parents the 4307:National Fatherhood Initiative 2623:The American Historical Review 2454:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.08.004 1145:The character of Mozzie, from 1140:Captain Carrot Ironfoundersson 700:'s historical fiction novella 1: 4312:National Parents Organization 4037:Adverse childhood experiences 2095:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00096-4 1470:"Parental rights restoration" 1400:10.1080/17450128.2020.1861400 1128:Several foundlings appear in 903:camp, he was taken to either 892:Secret History of the Mongols 810:, the eponymous character in 559:In 1979 China introduced its 270:posttraumatic stress disorder 190:Additionally, a parent being 4077:Effects of domestic violence 3719:Social emotional development 3193:Medieval Romance in England, 3073:Watts, Jonathan (May 2005). 2537:"Unequal Access to Abortion" 1737:10.1080/09540121.2010.482127 485:equal protection of the laws 401:Osaka child abandonment case 281:reactive attachment disorder 3893:Identification (psychology) 2734:"The Orphan Train Movement" 2571:Prevent Child Abuse America 2442:Journal of Health Economics 1211:Coin-operated-locker babies 817:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame 173:Children who are born with 170:problems that parents face. 4369: 4317:Parent–teacher association 4092:Parental abuse by children 3973:Positive Parenting Program 3923:Parent management training 3918:Normative social influence 2567:"Preventing Child Neglect" 2515:10.1257/000282802320191624 2284:www.bernsteininstitute.com 2205:"Understanding Clinginess" 1674:African Population Studies 1575:Schweder, Richard (2009). 1102:The protagonist Thorby of 4302:National Childbirth Trust 4097:Stress in early childhood 3817:Taking children seriously 3649:Applied behavior analysis 3191:Laura A. Hibbard (1963). 3096:"Decree 770 of Ceaucescu" 3039:Johnson, Kay Ann (2016). 2664:E., Lester, Anne (2007). 2230:Levy, Michael S. (1998). 2083:Child Abuse & Neglect 1088:The Chronicles of Prydain 895:. For example, the young 574:During and following the 557:China's One Child Policy: 3958:The talk (sex education) 3669:Developmental psychology 2719:Judith and Martin Land, 2503:American Economic Review 1551:University of Nottingham 1191:Abandoned child syndrome 999:happily in her absence. 907:'s wife Börte or mother 405:Calgary, Alberta, Canada 239:abandoned child syndrome 59:secret child abandonment 4165:Parental responsibility 4125:Cost of raising a child 2981:saveabandonedbabies.org 2977:"Save Abandoned Babies" 2738:www.childrensaidnyc.org 2280:"Traumatic Reenactment" 1525:Georgia Criminal Lawyer 1196:Abandonment (emotional) 678:In many tales, such as 672:the child is discovered 605:Foundlings, who may be 512:Abandonment is rife in 471:to abandon one's child 455:). For example, in the 272:(PTSD), referred to as 3152:"Romania – Birth Rate" 2882:. BBC. 8 December 2005 2817:: CS1 maint: others ( 2764:www.washingtonpost.com 2341:"Attachment Disorders" 1650:: CS1 maint: others ( 1521:"Reckless Abandonment" 1075:and Lir, in the novel 745: 436: 307:Child abandonment laws 182:sex-selective abortion 4287:Families Need Fathers 3848:After-school activity 3772:Concerted cultivation 3767:Buddha-like parenting 3699:Nature versus nurture 3664:Cognitive development 3304:Barbara A. Hanawalt, 1811:10.1353/dsp.2011.0057 1474:Casey Family Programs 1108:Citizen of the Galaxy 1058:In the graphic novel 741:Princess Belle-Etoile 733: 703:The Lady of the Wheel 661:his biological mother 422: 74:designated safe haven 4145:Right to family life 4072:Dysfunctional family 3782:Free-range parenting 3757:Attachment parenting 3747:Achievement ideology 3170:Anatomy of Criticism 3100:Searching in History 3014:"Abandoned children" 2209:Evolution Counseling 2183:Harley Therapy™ Blog 1500:www.childwelfare.gov 1246:Unintended pregnancy 1221:Lost boys (polygamy) 1095:reveals to the hero 1085:In the last book of 785:as noted above, and 580:children of the dust 394:Charles Loring Brace 320:Providing access to 237:, characteristic of 214:Effects on survivors 175:congenital disorders 88:reckless abandonment 4160:Parental alienation 4087:Narcissistic parent 4011:Positive discipline 3832:Work at home parent 3812:Strict father model 3797:Nurturant parenting 3704:Parental investment 3539:Kinship terminology 3459:Vintage Books, 1990 3429:Once upon a Galaxy, 3384:Harrassowitz Verlag 3370:de Rachewiltz, Igor 3268:Francis James Child 3245:The Winter's Tale," 3209:Once upon a Galaxy, 1910:The Daily Telegraph 1284:"Child Abandonment" 1027:George Bernard Shaw 779:William Shakespeare 160:Physical disability 83:classes of felonies 4206:T. Berry Brazelton 3943:Social integration 3679:Identity formation 3386:. pp. 75–77. 3229:Cipolla, Gaetano. 2957:. 12 December 2012 2930:Social Work Helper 2860:The Arkansas Times 2060:Williams Institute 2034:Williams Institute 2009:chicagotribune.com 1975:The New York Times 1861:www.custodyzen.com 1336:. 29 December 2015 1256:Foundling hospital 1104:Robert A. Heinlein 853:Amphion and Zethus 783:The Winter's Tale, 754:Daphnis and Chloe, 746: 738:to the fairy tale 698:Angelo F. Coniglio 627:chivalric romances 584:Operation Babylift 530:Anonymous birthing 477:U.S. Supreme Court 437: 235:Abandonment issues 226:Separation anxiety 102:countries such as 18:Abandoned children 4343:Child abandonment 4330: 4329: 4140:Family disruption 4062:Cinderella effect 4042:Child abandonment 4016:Tactical ignoring 3913:Moral development 3792:Helicopter parent 3787:Gatekeeper parent 3752:Atlas personality 3729:Social psychology 3674:Human development 3659:Child development 3644:Attachment theory 3463:Dorothy L. Sayers 3427:Josepha Sherman, 3102:. 19 January 2014 2089:(12): 1239–1252. 1731:(12): 1439–1448. 1687:10.11564/25-1-268 1547:Daphne Foundation 1476:. 5 February 2018 1130:Terry Pratchett's 1005:Babes in the Wood 987:(or sometimes, a 984:Hansel and Gretel 981:'s malice, as in 880:raised by animals 857:Romulus and Remus 792:The Faerie Queene 770:is about to kill 713:The Winter's Tale 710:In Shakespeare's 687:Hansel and Gretel 638:the Swan-Children 595:Nicolae Ceaușescu 453:ward of the state 415:Current situation 366:Early Middle Ages 353:—as described by 243:social alienation 40:(as opposed to a 33:Child abandonment 16:(Redirected from 4360: 4180:Shared parenting 3991:Blanket training 3983:Child discipline 3623:In loco parentis 3602:Shared parenting 3524: 3517: 3510: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3365: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3265: 3259: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3121:Breslau, Karen. 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2863: 2854:Benjamin Hardy, 2852: 2846: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2740:. Children's Aid 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2573:. Archived from 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2465: 2448:(6): 1219–1231. 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2367: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2316:. Archived from 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2286:. Archived from 2276: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2003:Seaton, Jaimie. 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1907: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1853: 1844: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1756: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1641: 1616: 1591: 1590: 1572: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1458:on 8 March 2018. 1454:. 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Kazdin 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4196:Mary Ainsworth 4192: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4108:social aspects 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Dishabituation 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Slow parenting 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3633:Theories 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3612:Blended family 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592:Nuclear family 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3482:. the Namibian 3474: 3473:External links 3471: 3470: 3469: 3460: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3420: 3399: 3392: 3360: 3339: 3318: 3297: 3276: 3260: 3236: 3221: 3197: 3184: 3157: 3154:. Index Mundi. 3140: 3113: 3084: 3060: 3046: 3031: 2994: 2968: 2942: 2916: 2893: 2864: 2847: 2832:Jones v. Helms 2824: 2796:978-1576078600 2795: 2776: 2751: 2725: 2712: 2701: 2656: 2613: 2588: 2558: 2528: 2509:(2): 363–367. 2493: 2428: 2402: 2393: 2357: 2331: 2301: 2290:on 4 July 2022 2271: 2242:(3): 227–235. 2222: 2211:. 12 June 2014 2196: 2170: 2145: 2133:Livestrong.com 2116: 2073: 2062:. 11 July 2012 2047: 2036:. 13 July 2012 2021: 1995: 1961: 1935: 1894: 1873: 1845: 1832: 1805:(2): 243–260. 1789: 1768: 1711: 1657: 1629:978-0853582861 1628: 1592: 1586:978-0226475394 1585: 1556: 1537: 1512: 1487: 1461: 1446:Chung, Cindy. 1438: 1421: 1394:(3): 195–205. 1369: 1347: 1325: 1300: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236:Safe-haven law 1233: 1231:Project Cuddle 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1167: 1157: 1143: 1126: 1114:The character 1112: 1106:'s 1957 novel 1100: 1083: 1068:, in the film 1063: 1056: 1044: 1034: 1031:Major Barbara, 1029:'s stage play 1018: 1015: 963: 962:Older children 960: 936:Foundling-Bird 916: 913: 911:to be raised. 841: 838: 797:Henry Fielding 787:Edmund Spenser 652: 649: 602: 599: 565:tubal ligation 553: 550: 549: 548: 541: 534: 525: 522: 433:Czech Republic 416: 413: 342: 339: 338: 337: 333: 329: 316: 313: 308: 305: 296: 295:Financial cost 293: 292: 291: 288: 277: 266: 249:, clinginess, 232: 229: 223: 220: 215: 212: 211: 210: 199: 188: 185: 178: 171: 164:mental illness 157: 154: 151:single mothers 143: 126:systems (i.e. 124:social welfare 111: 108: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4365: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280:Organizations 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:B. F. 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