238:
226:
262:
250:
148:
40:
225:
237:
187:
for use in teaching cadets military tactics; this replaced the old sand table room in a pre-college building, in which the weight of the sand had damaged the floor. The use of sand tables increasingly fell out of favour with improved maps, aerial and satellite photography, and later, with digital
203:
In 1991, "Special Forces teams discovered an elaborate sand-table model of the Iraqi military plan for the defense of Kuwait City. Four huge red arrows from the sea pointed at the coastline of Kuwait City and the huge defensive effort positioned there. Small fences of concertina wire marked the
261:
204:
shoreline and models of artillery pieces lined the shore area. Throughout the city were plastic models of other artillery and air defense positions, while thin, red-painted strips of board designated supply routes and main highways."
219:) which China occupies militarily in a disputed zone with India, 2400 km from the model's location. Speculation has been rife that the terrain is used for military exercises of familiarisation.
249:
647:"abacus." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. via Dictionary.com Retrieved 28 August 2007.
389:
81:
was a table covered with sand commonly used by students, particularly in Greece, to perform studies such as writing, geometry, and calculations.
197:
323:
482:
193:
625:
587:
563:
531:
651:
184:
107:. ("The word abax, or abacus, is used both for the reckoning-board with its counters and the play-board with its pieces, ...").
681:
462:
92:. Objects, such as stones, were added for counting and then columns for place-valued arithmetic. The demarcation between an
417:
676:
671:
100:
universally describe it as a frame with rods and beads and, in general, do not include the definition of "sand table".
686:
442:
147:
61:
used by early Greek students. In the modern era, one common use for a sand table is to make terrain models for
57:
uses constrained sand for modelling or educational purposes. The original version of a sand table may be the
406:
Preston 'Canada`s RMC: A History of the Royal
Military College' (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1969)
152:
666:
468:
691:
598:
613:
606:
448:
575:
278:
621:
583:
559:
555:
548:
543:
527:
488:
319:
294:
282:
189:
176:
139:
tables in North-West Africa and Iberia, also described as the 'West Arabic' or 'gubar' style.
96:
and an abacus seems to be poorly defined in history; moreover, modern definitions of the word
393:
550:
Story
Stretchers for the Primary Grades: Activities to Expand Children's Favorite Books
39:
696:
660:
519:
318:(2nd ed., 2nd print. ed.). Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Soc. p. 56.
267:
US Army
Patriot Academy students participate in military training using a sand table
164:
156:
62:
31:
208:
524:
The
Universal History of Numbers: from prehistory to the invention of the computer
646:
215:
large "sand table" scale model, strikingly reminiscent of a mountainous region (
172:
104:
47:
200:. Today, virtual and conventional sand tables are used in operations training.
216:
168:
112:
66:
652:
Sand table in "TACTICS, The
Practical Art of Leading Troops in War" 1922
132:
180:
89:
418:"Design Digital Terrain with the Army's Projection-Mapped Sandtable"
356:
See
American Heritage definition of "abacus" in External Links below
17:
526:. New York et al.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 633 pages.
483:
From sky, see how China builds model of Indian border 2400 km away
396:
story.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals.html
146:
135:
digits 0–9) are derived from the style of digits written on
38:
27:
Table using constrained sand for modelling or educational purposes
211:
users looking at satellite photography of China found a several
188:
terrain simulations. More modern sand tables have incorporated
103:
The sand table may well have been the predecessor to some
618:
Inclusive
Programming for Elementary Students With Autism
231:
virtual sand table for urban warfare operations training
151:
Marines view a sand table model of the operating area of
641:
30:"Abax" redirects here. For the ground beetle genus, see
603:
Fortnightly Review republished in The
Eclectic Magazine
255:
US Army 2LTs complete Leader Forge using a sand table
277:
A sand table is a device useful for teaching in the
547:
386:
183:. In 1890 a Sand table room was built at the
8:
554:. Mt. Rainier, Md.: Gryphon House. p.
243:a sand table in the forward operating base
620:. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons, Inc.
306:
221:
383:O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robertson,
443:Arab Forces, Marines Take Kuwait City
171:for many years as a field expedient,
155:constructed on the desert floor near
123:An Arabic word for sand (or dust) is
7:
416:Mufson, Beckett (5 November 2014).
194:Augmented Reality Sandtable (ARES)
25:
316:A history of computing technology
642:The History of Computing Project
601:(1879), "The History of Games",
260:
248:
236:
224:
185:Royal Military College of Canada
463:Chinese X-file excites spotters
163:Sand tables have been used for
582:. Vol. 2. Courier Dover.
1:
347:Ifrah 2000:125–126 and others
314:Williams, Michael R. (1998).
131:), and Western numerals (the
609:, ed., pp. 21–30
546:; Robert J. Canady (1992).
88:was the predecessor to the
713:
385:The Arabic numeral system
29:
374:American Heritage:abacus
198:Army Research Laboratory
682:History of mathematics
580:History of Mathematics
501:Raines et al. 1992:101
283:special needs children
160:
50:
469:Sydney Morning Herald
392:22 March 2021 at the
153:Exercise Desert Punch
150:
42:
677:History of education
672:History of computing
301:References and notes
599:Taylor, E. B., LL.D
576:Smith, David Eugene
449:The Washington Post
687:Mathematical tools
452:, 28 February 1991
338:Smith 1958:177–178
161:
115:for "sand table".
51:
489:indianexpress.com
325:978-0-8186-7739-7
196:developed by the
190:Augmented Reality
165:military planning
63:military planning
16:(Redirected from
704:
631:
593:
569:
553:
537:
511:
508:
502:
499:
493:
479:
473:
459:
453:
439:
433:
432:
430:
428:
413:
407:
404:
398:
381:
375:
372:
366:
363:
357:
354:
348:
345:
339:
336:
330:
329:
311:
264:
252:
240:
228:
181:military actions
46:depicted on the
21:
712:
711:
707:
706:
705:
703:
702:
701:
657:
656:
638:
628:
612:
590:
574:
566:
544:Raines, Shirley
542:
534:
518:
515:
514:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:, 4 August 2006
480:
476:
460:
456:
440:
436:
426:
424:
415:
414:
410:
405:
401:
394:Wayback Machine
382:
378:
373:
369:
364:
360:
355:
351:
346:
342:
337:
333:
326:
313:
312:
308:
303:
291:
275:
268:
265:
256:
253:
244:
241:
232:
229:
173:small-scale map
145:
121:
75:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
710:
708:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
637:
636:External links
634:
633:
632:
626:
614:Wagner, Sheila
610:
595:
594:
588:
571:
570:
564:
539:
538:
532:
520:Ifrah, Georges
513:
512:
510:Wagner 1999:80
503:
494:
474:
472:, 20 July 2006
454:
434:
408:
399:
376:
367:
365:Taylor 1879:28
358:
349:
340:
331:
324:
305:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
290:
287:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
259:
257:
254:
247:
245:
242:
235:
233:
230:
223:
192:, such as the
144:
141:
120:
117:
74:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
709:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
667:Writing media
665:
664:
662:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
629:
627:1-885477-54-6
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
607:W. H. Bidwell
604:
600:
597:
596:
591:
589:0-486-20430-8
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
565:0-87659-157-8
561:
557:
552:
551:
545:
541:
540:
535:
533:0-471-37568-3
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
507:
504:
498:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
478:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
458:
455:
451:
450:
445:
444:
438:
435:
423:
422:Vice Creators
419:
412:
409:
403:
400:
397:
395:
391:
388:
387:http://www-hi
380:
377:
371:
368:
362:
359:
353:
350:
344:
341:
335:
332:
327:
321:
317:
310:
307:
300:
296:
293:
292:
288:
286:
284:
280:
272:
263:
258:
251:
246:
239:
234:
227:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
157:Yuma, Arizona
154:
149:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Abax (beetle)
19:
617:
605:, New York,
602:
579:
549:
523:
506:
497:
487:
481:
477:
467:
461:
457:
447:
441:
437:
425:. Retrieved
421:
411:
402:
384:
379:
370:
361:
352:
343:
334:
315:
309:
279:early grades
276:
212:
209:Google Earth
206:
202:
162:
143:Military use
136:
128:
124:
122:
111:is from the
108:
102:
97:
93:
85:
83:
78:
76:
58:
54:
52:
43:
36:
692:Cartography
105:board games
48:Darius Vase
661:Categories
295:Sandcastle
217:Aksai Chin
55:sand table
273:Education
213:kilometre
207:In 2006,
175:, and in
169:wargaming
113:old Greek
67:wargaming
616:(1999).
578:(1958).
522:(2000).
427:2 August
390:Archived
289:See also
281:and for
177:training
133:decimal
624:
586:
562:
530:
322:
137:ghubar
125:ghubar
119:Ghubar
98:abacus
90:abacus
129:gubar
697:Sand
622:ISBN
584:ISBN
560:ISBN
528:ISBN
429:2018
320:ISBN
179:for
167:and
127:(or
109:Abax
94:abax
86:abax
84:The
79:abax
73:Abax
65:and
59:abax
44:Abax
18:Abax
556:101
77:An
663::
558:.
486:–
466:–
446:–
420:.
285:.
69:.
53:A
630:.
592:.
568:.
536:.
431:.
328:.
159:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
