53:
730:
880:
806:
1211:
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963:
68:
1972:
483:
149:
1762:
2365:
1358:
1203:
568:
1287:. These valleys, now rich and productive, had a very different appearance when the brethren first chose them as their place of retreat. Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, and wild, impassable forests were their prevailing features. Clara Vallis of St Bernard, now the "bright valley" was originally, the "Valley of Wormwood". It was an infamous den of robbers.
1219:
717:. A priory was a smaller structure or entities which depended on the monastery. Some were small monasteries accommodating five or ten monks. Others were no more than a single building serving as residence or a farm offices. The outlying farming establishments belonging to the monastic foundations were known as "villae" or "granges". They were usually staffed by
706:. The tradesmen's living quarters were at the rear of the workshop. Here, there were also farm buildings, a large granary and threshing-floor, mills, and malthouse. At the south-east corner of the Abbey were hen and duck houses, a poultry-yard, and the dwelling of the keeper. Nearby was the kitchen garden which complemented the physic garden and a cemetery
34:
1190:, is not rectangular, and thus, all the surrounding buildings are positioned in an awkward fashion. The church follows the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern abbeys, and has only one aisle to the north of the nave, while the choir is long, narrow and without an aisle. Each transept has an aisle to the east, forming three chapels.
667:" had a large common room or refectory surrounded by bed rooms. Each hospitium had its own brewhouse and bakehouse, and the building for more prestigious travellers had a kitchen and storeroom, with bedrooms for the guests' servants and stables for their horses. The monks of the Abbey lived in a house built against the north wall of the church.
639:
On the south side of the cloister was the refectory. The kitchen, at the west end of the refectory was accessed via an anteroom and a long passage. Nearby were the bake house, brew house and the sleeping-rooms of the servants. The upper story of the refectory was called the "vestiarium" (a room where
403:
is enclosed within a strong and lofty blank stone wall. The area within the wall is between three and four acres (12,000 and 16,000 m). The longer side is about 500 feet (150 m) in length. There is only one entrance, which is located on the north side (A), defended by three iron doors. Near
1282:
The same principle governed the choice of site for
Cistercian abbeys in that a most dismal site might be improved by the building of an abbey. The Cistercian monasteries were founded in deep, well-watered valleys, always standing at a stream's edge. The building might extend over the water as is the
1273:
carried over to the design of the order's churches and buildings. The defining architectural characteristic of the
Cistercian abbeys was extreme simplicity and plainness. Only a single, central tower was permitted, and that was usually very low. Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited. The
185:
In the earliest times of
Christian monasticism, ascetics would live in social isolation but near a village church. They would subsist whilst donating any excess produce to the poor. However, increasing religious fervor about the ascetic's ways and or persecution of them would drive them further away
256:
slept and performed some of their manual tasks. There were nearby large halls such as the church, refectory, kitchen, infirmary, and guest house for the monk's common needs. An enclosure protecting all these buildings gave the settlement the appearance of a walled village. This layout, known as the
1193:
The church at Bayham Old Abbey had no aisles in the nave or the choir. The latter terminated in a three-sided apse. The church is remarkable for its extreme narrowness in proportion to its length. While the building is 257 ft (78 m) long, it is not more than 25 ft (7.6 m) wide.
379:
The layout of the monastic coenobium was influenced by a number of factors. These included a need for defence, economy of space, and convenience of access. The layout of buildings became compact and orderly. Larger buildings were erected and defence was provided by strong outside walls. Within the
268:
As well as the "laurae", communities known as "caenobia" developed. These were monasteries where monks lived a common life together. The monks were not permitted to retire to the cells of a laurae before they had undergone a lengthy period of training. In time, this form of common life superseded
919:
brought focus to the traditions of monastic life, encouraging art and the caring of the poor. The reforms quickly spread by the founding of new abbey complexes and by adoption of the reforms by existing abbeys. By the twelfth century, the Abbey of Cluny was the head of an order consisting of 314
558:
However, over time, changes to the common villa lay out occurred. The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities. No overriding specification was demanded of the monks but the similarity of their needs resulted in uniformity of design of abbeys across Europe.
831:
The cloister and buildings lie directly to the south of the church. Parallel to the nave, on the south side of the cloister, was a refectory, with a lavatory at the door. On the eastern side, there was a dormitory, raised on a vaulted substructure and communicating with the south transept and a
674:
In the eastern part of the Abbey there was a group of buildings representing in layout, two complete miniature monasteries. That is, each had a covered cloister surrounded by the usual buildings such as the church, the refectory, the dormitory and so on. A detached building belonging to each
836:(meeting room). A small cloister lay to the south-east of the large cloister. Beyond that was an infirmary with a table hall and a refectory for those who were able to leave their chambers. At the west entrance to the Abbey, there was a house and a small courtyard for the abbot.
655:
Against the outer wall of the church was a school and headmaster's house. The school consisted of a large schoolroom divided in the middle by a screen or partition, and surrounded by fourteen little rooms, the "dwellings of the scholars". The abbot's home was near the school.
1185:
The layout of Easby Abbey is irregular due to its position on the edge of a steep river bank. The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions around it. However, the cloister garth (quadrangle), as at
587:(1800–1875) the Abbey's lay out is that of a town of individual houses with streets running between them. The abbey was planned in compliance with the Benedictine rule that, if possible, a monastery should be self-contained. For instance, there was a mill, a
124:
The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. Religious life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may be the home of an
678:
One of the miniature complexes was called the "oblati". These were the buildings for the novices. The other complex was a hospital or infirmary for the care of sick monks. This infirmary complex included a physician's residence, a
670:
The whole of the southern and western areas of the Abbey were devoted to workshops, stables and farm-buildings including stables, ox-sheds, goatstables, piggeries, and sheep-folds, as well as the servants' and labourers' quarters.
132:
Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy, refuge to the persecuted, or education to the young. Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking
251:
laid the foundations for the coenobitical life by arranging everything in an organized manner. He built several monasteries, each with about 1,600 separate cells laid out in lines. These cells formed an encampment where the
217:. The deeper he withdrew into the wilderness, the more numerous his disciples became. They refused to be separated from him and built their cells close to him. This became a first true monastic community. According to
1278:
was omitted. The windows were usually plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained glass. All needless ornament was proscribed. The crosses were made of wood and the candlesticks of iron.
453:
Opening from the western side of the cloister, but actually standing in the outer court, is the refectory (G), a large cruciform (cross shaped) building, about 100 feet (30 m) square, decorated within with
651:
and store-room on the upper floor. Between this building and the church was a parlour for receiving visitors. One door of the parlour led to the cloisters and the other led to the outer part of the Abbey.
852:. It followed the common plan. The entrance to the abbey was through a strong gate on the northern side. Close to the entrance was a chapel. This was for visitors arriving at the Abbey to make their
632:. The dormitory opened onto the cloister and also onto the south transept of the church. This enabled the monks to attend nocturnal services. A passage at the other end of the dormitory lead to the "
659:
To the north of the church and to the right of the main entrance to the Abbey, was a residence for distinguished guests. To the left of the main entrance was a building to house poor travellers and
431:(G). Immediately adjacent to the gateway is a two-storied guest-house, entered from a cloister (C). The inner court is surrounded by a cloister (EE) from which one enters the monks' cells (II).
951:
1738:
A Comprehensive
Etymological Dictionary of the English Language: Dealing With the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture
1849:
683:, a drug store, and a chamber for the critically ill. There was also a room for bloodletting and purging. The physic garden occupied the north east corner of the Abbey.
423:
comprises two large open courts, surrounded with buildings connected with cloister galleries of wood or stone. The outer court, which is the larger by far, contains the
307:
in Syria. The monks lived in separate huts ("kalbbia") which formed a religious hamlet on the mountainside. They were subject to an abbot, and observed a common rule.
280:. There were fifteen tailors, seven smiths, four carpenters, twelve camel-drivers and fifteen tanners. These people were divided into subgroups, each with its own "
602:
The Abbey church occupied the centre of a quadrangular area, about 430 feet (130 m) square. On the eastern side of the north transept of the church was the "
2339:
129:
or may be open to visitors. The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order.
1786:
1147:
nor a ring." It long maintained its rigid austerity, though in later years the abbey grew wealthier, and its members indulged in more frequent luxuries.
1801:
291:
for sale. The moneys raised were used to purchase stores for the monastery or were given away as charity. Twice in the year, the superiors of several
1077:). The arrangement of the monastic buildings followed the ordinary plan. The prior's lodge was usually attached to the southwest angle of the nave.
1842:
1331:
559:
Eventually, the buildings of a
Benedictine abbey were built in a uniform lay out, modified where necessary, to accommodate local circumstances.
1703:
1194:
Premonstratensian canons did not care to have congregations nor possessions. Therefore, they built their churches in the shape of a long room.
979:
947:(ante-church) which was added in 1220 AD, and several towers. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres.
1565:
1529:
182:
or other holy person. Disciples wished to be close to their holy man or woman in order to study their doctrine or imitate their way of life.
1343:
1346:
monastery, from Lenoir, shows a church of three aisles, with cellular apses, and two ranges of cells on either side of an oblong gallery.
860:(guest hall). The buildings are completely ruined, but the walls of the nave and the cloisters are still visible on the grounds of the
1835:
1254:
were the first four abbeys to follow Cîteaux's example and others followed. The monks of Cîteaux created the well known vineyards of
1726:
52:
1777:
2180:
331:
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or abbot. This apartment is chiefly used as a meeting place, with the monks usually taking their meals in their separate cells.
2193:
1069:, there were no aisles. The nave in the northern houses of the order often had only a north aisle (this is the case at Bolton,
2390:
1371:
729:
152:
1135:
wrote, "The
Premonstatensian abbey of Saint Samuel was a daughter house of Prémontré itself. Its abbot had the status of a
2099:
2074:
1870:
1030:. They held a position between monks and secular canons. They were known as "Black canons" because of the colour of their
2349:
1651:
1608:
1140:
892:
1162:
tidal estuary. There were as many as thirty-five
Premonstratensian abbeys in England. The head abbey in England was at
2257:
2117:
2040:
1376:
998:
to consult or be consulted (unless the abbot of Cluny chose to come to
Britain, which happened rarely). The priory at
994:. All the Cluniac houses in England and Scotland were French colonies, governed by French priors who travelled to the
213:. Anthony was the best known of the anchorites of his time due to his degree of austerity, sanctity and his powers of
1580:
1893:
1428:
824:
monks. The only traces of St
Dunstan's monastery remaining are round arches and massive supporting columns of the
1961:
1918:
1913:
983:
584:
1809:
1935:
853:
126:
879:
845:
613:, a court about which there was a covered arcade which allowed sheltered movement between the buildings. The
547:
The early
Benedictine monasteries, including the first at Monte Cassino, were constructed on the plan of the
2228:
2107:
1259:
908:
849:
2329:
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1949:
1239:
1081:
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20:
1903:
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999:
868:
292:
1520:. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp.
555:
and where possible, the monks reused available villas in sound repair. This was done at Monte Cassino.
1210:
1088:. The upper floors of the gatehouse formed the guest-house. The chapter-house was octagonal in shape.
2223:
2188:
2122:
2112:
2010:
1988:
1128:
1058:
778:
762:
746:
691:
541:
273:
1238:, Abbot of Molesme, for the purpose of restoring, as far as possible, the literal observance of the
2233:
2198:
2127:
1888:
1363:
1002:
was an exception. In 1245 AD it was raised to the status of an abbey, answerable only to the Pope.
782:
774:
695:
576:
516:(529 AD). Between 520 and 700 AD, monasteries were built which were spacious and splendid. All the
299:" (the "chief of the fold" from the word, "miandra" (a sheepfold)) in order to make their reports.
138:
134:
1150:
Just after 1140 AD, the Premonstratensians were brought to England. Their first settlement was at
1010:
178:
The earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near the residence of a famous
2395:
2369:
2308:
1908:
1878:
1102:
871:
bordered the fourth side. The stone walls remain as an excellent example of English abbey walls.
497:
1107:
The Premonstratensian regular canons, or "White canons", were of an order founded in 1119 AD by
805:
599:
stalls. In all, there were thirty-three separate structures; mostly one level wooden buildings.
110:. Abbeys provide a complex of buildings and land for religious activities, work, and housing of
1521:
1512:
1422:
450:. In front of the church stands a marble fountain (F), covered by a dome supported on columns.
2150:
1956:
1741:
1722:
1525:
1235:
1108:
962:
900:
813:
766:
750:
699:
198:
76:
67:
42:
1562:
2069:
2025:
2003:
1930:
1858:
1306:
1296:
1231:
1175:
1074:
1070:
1054:
928:
861:
786:
754:
628:". This was a common room, warmed by flues beneath the floor. Above the common room was the
2142:
1998:
1862:
1827:
1813:
1773:
1584:
1417:
1311:
1301:
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1255:
1247:
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1027:
916:
262:
80:
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visited the Egyptian monasteries. He described three hundred members of the coenobium of
1971:
482:
2248:
2020:
1993:
1980:
1942:
1925:
1704:"A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Hebrew language for readers of English"
1552:. Vol. I A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier. pp. 8–11.
1326:
1321:
1251:
1243:
1066:
1061:(Twynham), the choir was closed from the aisles. At other abbeys of the order, such as
1023:
1019:
995:
991:
888:
463:
218:
148:
2384:
2344:
2286:
2054:
1821:
1781:
1768:
1718:
A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English
1163:
1151:
1132:
1119:, the order spread widely. Even in Norbert's lifetime, the order had built abbeys in
924:
833:
817:
758:
680:
644:
513:
493:
486:
409:
385:
296:
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from their community and further into solitude. For instance, the cells and huts of
1155:
1112:
1062:
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in 1790 AD, the Abbey church was bought by the town and almost entirely destroyed.
718:
552:
1716:
2303:
2089:
1270:
1227:
1167:
1053:
to accommodate large congregations. The choirs were also long. Sometimes, as at
936:
932:
821:
686:
In the southernmost area of the abbey was the workshop containing utilities for
633:
625:
603:
580:
548:
525:
404:
the entrance is a large tower (M), a constant feature in the monasteries of the
400:
393:
389:
380:
walls, the buildings were arranged around one or more open courts surrounded by
244:
168:
156:
72:
2364:
1202:
33:
2324:
2015:
1353:
1187:
1039:
825:
790:
567:
517:
459:
435:
300:
288:
221:, Anthony inadvertently became the founder of a new mode of living in common,
111:
57:
1690:
1643:
1600:
2296:
2281:
2274:
2084:
2035:
1357:
1275:
1171:
1136:
1085:
738:
703:
687:
629:
588:
471:
443:
428:
281:
277:
248:
234:
222:
187:
99:
1218:
579:(719 AD) in what is now Switzerland indicates the general arrangement of a
643:
On the western side of the cloister was another two-story building with a
427:
and storehouses (K), the kitchen (H) and other offices connected with the
2216:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2059:
1577:
1316:
1263:
664:
610:
420:
381:
214:
210:
84:
61:
46:
38:
915:. However, reforms resulted in many departures from this precedent. The
2334:
2064:
1631:
The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)
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794:
742:
707:
660:
621:
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505:
447:
424:
413:
304:
202:
179:
88:
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1883:
1824:- info on abbeys and monastic life, images from Photochrom collection
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around 1132 AD. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the
904:
714:
648:
596:
592:
533:
501:
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of saints. At the upper end is a semicircular recess, similar to the
455:
405:
142:
107:
551:. The layout of the Roman villa was quite consistent throughout the
330:
935:. At 555 feet (169 m) in length, it was the largest church in
2238:
2203:
1767:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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191:
147:
103:
66:
51:
32:
27:
2243:
2155:
1745:
1179:
1050:
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The Abbey was surrounded by fortified walls on three sides. The
620:
On the east side of the cloister, on the ground floor, was the "
614:
467:
439:
253:
240:
114:
102:
used by members of a religious order under the governance of an
1831:
2262:
1548:
Newcomb, Rexford (1997). "Abbey". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).
1034:. In 1105 AD, the first house of the order was established at
663:. There was also a building to receive visiting monks. These "
118:
1568:
2014-02-14 at Wikiwix Westminster Abbey organisation website.
911:
style. The Abbey was noted for its strict observance of the
690:, saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders,
1740:. Vol. I: A-K. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
1710:(in Hebrew and English). Carta ; University of Haifa.
970:
The first English house of the Cluniac order was built at
952:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
617:
of the church was on the north boundary of the cloister.
399:
With reference to the diagram, right, the convent of the
745:
were originally Benedictine monasteries. These included
295:
met at the chief monastery, under the presidency of an "
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
544:, 15,070 Benedictine monasteries had been established.
303:
recorded the workings of a coenobia in the vicinity of
190:(religious recluses) have been found in the deserts of
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
927:, the sixth abbot. It was finished and consecrated by
1697:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Company.
284:". A chief steward was at the head of the monastery.
1802:
Monastery and abbey index on sacred-destinations.com
923:
The church at the Abbey was commenced in 1089 AD by
2317:
2179:
2141:
2098:
2034:
1979:
1869:
1115:. From a marshy area in the Forest of Coucy in the
1675:cites Milman's Lat. Christ. vol. iii. p. 335.
1633:, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998, p.86
1511:
1230:, a Benedictine reform group, were established at
609:The church and nearby buildings ranged about the
583:monastery of its day. According to the architect
388:is exemplified in the plan of the convent of the
26:"Abbaye" redirects here. Not to be confused with
640:the ordinary clothes of the monks were stored).
438:or conventual church, a square building with an
943:at Rome. The church consisted of five naves, a
384:. The usual arrangement for monasteries of the
1601:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Congregation of Cluny"
793:was founded as a Benedictine monastery by the
1843:
1432:. Vol. I (9th ed.). pp. 10–22.
733:The remains of the church of Shrewsbury Abbey
721:, sometimes under the supervision of a monk.
8:
1790:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
287:The produce of the monastery was brought to
1014:The nave of St Botolph's Priory, Colchester
1850:
1836:
1828:
1543:
1541:
1143:, with the right to a cross, but not to a
137:. There are many famous abbeys across the
1644:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abbey of Citeaux"
1111:. The order was a reformed branch of the
990:, symbolizing their subordination to the
606:" or writing-room, with a library above.
209:to escape the persecution of the Emperor
1672:
1595:
1593:
1493:
1442:
1393:
1332:Abbatial church of Notre-Dame de Mouzon
434:In the centre of this court stands the
1401:
1399:
1397:
980:William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey
1702:Klein, Ernest; Sarel, Baruch (1987).
982:in about 1077 AD. All but one of the
470:, in which is placed the seat of the
16:Monastery under an abbot or an abbess
7:
1736:Klein, Ernest, ed. (1966). "Abbey".
1506:
1504:
1502:
1405:
848:was built in England's north by the
816:was founded in the tenth century by
675:contained a bathroom and a kitchen.
1693:. In Herbermann, Charles G. (ed.).
1449:, iii. p. 316, Clark's translation.
966:Interior facing east, Paisley Abbey
512:, a first abbey was established at
261:(lanes), became popular throughout
1269:The Cistercian principle of rigid
571:The church of the Abbey of St Gall
317:Great Lavra Monastery, Mount Athos
14:
1654:from the original on 13 July 2017
2363:
1970:
1760:
1611:from the original on 6 July 2017
1356:
1131:. Of the Abbey of Saint Samuel,
1097:Premonstratensians (Norbertians)
1020:Augustinian (or "Austin") canons
1006:Abbeys of the Augustinian Canons
478:Adoption of the Roman villa plan
329:
820:who established a community of
1822:Abbey Pages on historyfish.net
1372:Gothic cathedrals and churches
540:. By 1415 AD, the time of the
314:
1:
907:. The Abbey was built in the
875:Reforms at the Abbey of Cluny
725:Benedictine abbeys in England
528:convent as did the cities of
496:began with the activities of
163:Monastic origins of the abbey
2350:List of religious institutes
1689:Birt, Henry Norbert (1907).
1214:Cistercian Abbey of Sénanque
1206:Cistercian Abbey of Sénanque
1084:had a large and magnificent
1080:The Austin canons' house at
1026:within the hierarchy of the
893:William I, Duke of Aquitaine
809:Cloisters, Westminster Abbey
647:on the ground floor and the
446:type, approached by a domed
1377:List of abbeys and priories
1166:but the best preserved are
1049:The canons built very long
839:
2414:
1807:Abbeys of Provence, France
1587:York History organisation.
1100:
713:Every large monastery had
487:The Abbey of Monte Cassino
269:that of the older laurae.
232:
166:
25:
18:
2358:
1968:
1962:Society of apostolic life
1695:The Catholic Encyclopedia
984:Cluniac houses in Britain
585:Robert Willis (architect)
442:of the cruciform domical
1222:Jumièges Abbey, Normandy
939:until the completion of
883:Abbey of Cluny in lights
856:. Near the gate was the
412:area). There is a small
311:Great Lavra, Mount Athos
127:enclosed religious order
1787:Encyclopædia Britannica
1518:Encyclopædia Britannica
1429:Encyclopædia Britannica
850:Order of Saint Benedict
174:Ascetics and anchorites
2370:Catholicism portal
2340:Vocational discernment
2330:Foolishness for Christ
1715:Klein, Ernest (1987).
1550:Collier's Encyclopedia
1240:Rule of Saint Benedict
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2113:Liturgy of the Hours
1989:Evangelical counsels
1583:May 4, 2014, at the
1129:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1059:Christchurch, Dorset
978:. It was founded by
542:Council of Constance
500:(born 480 AD). Near
19:For other uses, see
1889:Religious institute
1708:www.catalog.loc.gov
1364:Christianity portal
1036:St Botolph's Priory
941:St Peter's Basilica
577:Abbey of Saint Gall
492:Monasticism in the
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239:At Tabennae on the
229:Laurae and Coenobia
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1879:Consecrated virgin
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1605:www.newadvent.org
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1198:Cistercian abbeys
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1656:. Retrieved
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1256:Clos-Vougeot
1242:. La Ferté,
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1063:Bolton Abbey
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2304:Lay brother
2090:Scriptorium
1817:(in French)
1754:Attribution
1228:Cistercians
1168:Easby Abbey
1158:, near the
937:Christendom
933:Middle Ages
822:Benedictine
634:necessarium
626:calefactory
604:scriptorium
581:Benedictine
549:Roman villa
526:Benedictine
518:city states
416:gate at L.
401:Great Lavra
394:Mount Athos
390:Great Lavra
353:F. Fountain
350:E. Cloister
321:Santa Laura
245:Upper Egypt
223:Coenobitism
197:In 312 AD,
169:Monasticism
157:Mount Sinai
73:Bridgettine
2385:Categories
2325:Asceticism
2199:Provincial
2123:Meditation
2016:Solemn vow
2011:Profession
1931:Mendicants
1388:References
1188:Chichester
1040:Colchester
909:Romanesque
869:River Ouse
826:undercroft
791:Shropshire
779:Winchester
763:Gloucester
747:Canterbury
739:cathedrals
704:goldsmiths
688:shoemakers
460:triclinium
436:katholikon
359:H. Kitchen
341:B. Chapels
338:A. Gateway
301:Chrysostom
289:Alexandria
205:region of
188:anchorites
58:Bath Abbey
2396:Nunneries
2297:Postulant
2275:Anchorite
2128:Mysticism
2085:Refectory
2075:Hermitage
2036:Monastery
2004:Obedience
1904:Cenobitic
1776:(1911). "
1721:. Carta.
1406:Birt 1907
1276:triforium
1248:Clairvaux
1172:Yorkshire
1137:suffragan
1086:gatehouse
858:hospitium
854:devotions
844:In 1055,
797:in 1083.
783:Worcester
775:Rochester
694:-makers,
630:dormitory
589:bakehouse
524:hosted a
472:hegumenos
444:Byzantine
429:refectory
425:granaries
408:(Eastern
382:cloisters
347:D. Church
282:oeconomus
278:Panopolis
274:Palladius
249:Pachomius
235:Pachomius
112:Christian
100:monastery
2249:Basilian
2217:Prioress
2189:Superior
2171:Vestment
2166:Scapular
2161:Cornette
2060:Cloister
1999:Chastity
1914:Enclosed
1899:Monastic
1810:Archived
1746:65013229
1658:28 April
1652:Archived
1615:28 April
1609:Archived
1581:Archived
1566:Archived
1420:(1878).
1350:See also
1317:Loc-Dieu
1291:See also
1283:case at
1264:Burgundy
1252:Morimond
1244:Pontigny
988:priories
715:priories
692:trencher
665:hospitia
661:pilgrims
611:cloister
456:frescoes
421:enceinte
371:M. Tower
293:coenobia
247:, Saint
215:exorcism
211:Maximian
85:Naantali
81:Catholic
62:Somerset
47:Provence
39:cloister
2335:Tonsure
2234:Brother
2194:General
2181:Members
2065:Convent
1994:Poverty
1909:Chapter
1861:in the
1784:(ed.).
1771::
1691:"Abbey"
1683:Sources
1513:"Abbey"
1445:cites
1260:Romanée
1232:Cîteaux
1139:of the
1000:Paisley
950:In the
945:narthex
795:Normans
767:Norwich
751:Chester
743:England
708:orchard
696:tanners
622:pisalis
593:stables
530:England
506:Perugia
462:of the
448:narthex
414:postern
305:Antioch
203:Thebaid
180:ascetic
89:Finland
2309:Porter
2292:Oblate
2287:Master
2282:Novice
2270:Hermit
2258:Sister
2229:Rector
2208:Abbess
2133:Rosary
2100:Prayer
2080:Priory
2070:Double
1894:Orders
1884:Hermit
1780:". In
1765:
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1382:Priory
1250:, and
1174:, and
1160:Humber
1121:Aleppo
1032:habits
976:Sussex
905:France
781:, and
755:Durham
700:smiths
649:larder
645:cellar
624:" or "
597:cattle
595:, and
534:France
502:Nursia
406:Levant
263:Israel
259:laurae
143:Europe
108:abbess
2318:Other
2239:Friar
2213:Prior
2204:Abbot
2143:Habit
2050:Abbey
1871:Types
1778:Abbey
1522:11–12
1338:Copts
1145:mitre
1125:Syria
1051:naves
1044:Essex
972:Lewes
897:Cluny
538:Spain
522:Italy
510:Italy
254:monks
243:, in
207:Egypt
192:Egypt
115:monks
104:abbot
96:abbey
28:Abaye
2244:Monk
2156:Coif
2118:Mass
2041:List
1981:Vows
1742:LCCN
1723:ISBN
1660:2018
1617:2018
1526:ISBN
1258:and
1226:The
1180:Kent
1073:and
1057:and
1018:The
887:The
702:and
615:nave
536:and
494:West
468:Rome
440:apse
419:The
241:Nile
141:and
119:nuns
117:and
37:The
2263:Nun
1262:in
1178:in
1170:in
1065:or
789:in
759:Ely
741:in
520:of
466:in
392:at
106:or
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