Fatimid dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

1915:, lists no fewer than fifty variations of the line of the four hidden imams between Isma'il ibn Ja'far and al-Mahdi, claiming that the various names represent pseudonyms. Early Isma'ili sources tend to be silent on the matter, from a mixture of both religious imperative—since God has decreed his imams to be hidden, they should remain so—and apparent ignorance. Al-Mahdi himself, in a letter sent to the Isma'ili community in Yemen, even claimed not to be descended from Isma'il ibn Ja'far, but from his older brother Abdallah al-Aftah, who is generally held to not have had any descendants at all. Notably, later official Fatimid genealogies rejected this version. In addition, it appears that the first known ancestor of the Fatimid line, 2123: 2083:, in 965. This would make the claim of al-Mahdi's descent from an 'Abdallah ibn Maymun' actually correct, and lead hostile sources to confuse him with the earlier Shi'a figure. Another suggestion, by Abbas Hamdani and F. de Blois, is that the officially published genealogies represent a compromise between two different lines of descent from Ja'far al-Sadiq, one from Isma'il and another (per al-Mahdi's letter to the Yemenis) from Abdallah al-Aftah. Other scholars, such as Halm, remain skeptical, while Omert Schrier and Michael Brett dismiss the Fatimid claims of Alid descent entirely as a pious fiction. 2079:. For reasons of chronology alone, Ibn Rizam's version is thus proven to be untenable. Access to more sources has furthermore led to the partial reconciliation of the conflicting accounts by positing that some of the variant names in the genealogies were indeed cover names for the Isma'ili imams: thus Maymun ('the Fortunate One') is suggested as the sobriquet for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, especially since a source connects him with a sect known as the Maymuniyya. This explanation is also present in an epistle by the fourth Fatimid caliph, 7932: 166: 3521: 3844:). Fatimid princesses are likewise recorded as being extremely wealthy, in part from estates allocated to them, and in part due to their own commercial and entrepreneurial activities. Thus at their death in 1050/51, two daughters of Caliph al-Mu'izz left estates of about 1.7 million gold dinars each, while Sitt al-Mulk is known to have employed an extensive staff of able administrators of both sexes for her far-flung economic interests. 7946: 2952: 10509: 1923:, and was accepted as such by the Aqilids of Basra. According to Brett, the line of descent claimed by the Fatimid between Ja'far al-Sadiq and al-Mahdi reflects "historical beliefs rather than historical figures, for which there is little or no independent confirmation", as even Isma'il ibn Ja'far is an obscure figure, let alone his supposed hidden successors. 3137:, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh. In later Fatimid doctrine, Abdallah al-Akbar was presented as the eldest son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, and his successor as imam, followed by Ahmad. While Muhammad Abu'l-Shalaghlagh was the head of the 3713:, to recognize their suzerainty, failed; the Buyids rejected the Fatimids' claims of Alid descent. Al-Aziz's reign saw also a transformation in the structure and nature of the Fatimid state: the Kutama, who had been the main pillar of the early Fatimid regime, were now complemented by Turkish military slaves ( 3147:(d. 881/2), and thence to al-Husayn's son, Abdallah or Sa'id, the future Caliph al-Mahdi, who was born in 873/4. Isma'ili texts suggest that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh was the guardian and tutor of al-Mahdi, but also that he tried to usurp the succession for his own sons but failed, as the latter all died prematurely. 3797:

faith. At the same time, al-Hakim made curious innovations in the succession, by splitting up his office in two: one to succeed the caliphate, i.e. the secular office, and one to succeed as imam, i.e. as leader of the Isma'ili community. Furthermore, he sidelined his own son and appointed two cousins

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led two invasions of Egypt in 971 and again, despite al-Mu'izz's efforts to win him over, in 974. Both invasions were beaten back at the gates of Cairo, forcing the Qarmatians to retreat to Bahrayn, and opening the path for a renewed Fatimid attempt to conquer Syria. At the same time, around 970/71,

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by the Aghlabids from the Byzantines, but Fatimid rule was established there only after a series of revolts by the local Muslims, who at times declared for the Abbasids, were suppressed. Sicily was also important as a battleground against the Byzantines, which among other things allowed the Fatimids

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Members of the dynasty were carefully kept out of public affairs; even princes and princesses of the blood did not have a special position at court, let alone being entrusted with the governance of provinces or the command of armies as in other medieval states, which might result in an independent

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comments, "The alleged descent of the dynasty from Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima has been called into question by contemporaries from the very beginning and cannot be proven", while Michael Brett, an expert on the Fatimids, asserts that "a factual answer to the question of their

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Isma'ili authors also used the figures of Maymun al-Qaddah and his son Abdallah to argue for the legality of there being a substitute or representative of the imam, whenever the latter was underage. A further controversy that emerged already in medieval times is whether the second Fatimid caliph,

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briefly acknowledged Fatimid suzerainty in 1010, and in 1015, Aleppo did the same, with Fatimid troops entering the city and imposing direct control in 1017. Relations with the Zirids, who quickly had begun distancing themselves from Cairo's authority, became more strained under al-Hakim due to

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upon the birth of a son. This led to differences in rank: a detailed list of court precedence from 1122, during the reign of al-Amir, the caliph's single full brother, Ja'far, is accorded first place in the hierarchy, while their half-brothers from other women are listed much lower, after the

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The Fatimids' claimed pedigree of descent from Fatima and Ali was central to their legitimacy as the legitimate imams in an unbroken, divinely ordained line from Ali onwards. Their initial obscurity, and the publication of conflicting and incorrect genealogies by the first Fatimid caliph,

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Nevertheless, the members of the dynasty enjoyed immense riches, founded on the possession of properties in the capital, Cairo, and its environs, as well as commerce. The caliph himself was not above such enrichment, and owned extensive parts of Cairo; according to the mid-11th traveller

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and Sijilmasa were captured in 920–921, although these conquests were difficult to hold, and brought the Fatimids into conflict with the Umayyads of Cordoba. In an attempt to supplant the Abbasids, al-Mahdi's son and heir, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, led campaigns eastward to capture Egypt in

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From 1015 on, the Fatimid Caliphate, and the Isma'ili community, were confronted by a rise in sectarianism: a series of preachers who propagated extremist versions of Isma'ilism appeared, preaching the imminence of the end times, the divinity of al-Hakim, and the abolition of the

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Al-Mu'izz was an excellent planner and organizer, and the state he inherited had regained internal stability, after the turmoils of Abu Yazid's revolt. His early reign saw successes against the Byzantines, where the last remaining Byzantine strongholds were extinguished with the

3329:, the uprisings enjoyed some ephemeral success, but were eventually suppressed by the still potent Abbasid army. Zakarawayh apparently moved without Abdallah's authorization or prior knowledge, and thus placed him in danger: the Abbasid authorities began a crackdown on the 1857:. Another branch believed that Ja'far al-Sadiq was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late ninth century had commonly been identified with 3557:). The new caliph concealed his father's death, took to the field, and in a series of battles defeated the rebel armies and captured Abu Yazid in August 947. The victory over the rebel leader, who had almost destroyed the Fatimid state and was symbolically called the 3275:

s of the imams, were actually the imams themselves. In a letter to the Yemeni community, Abdallah claimed that 'Muhammad ibn Isma'il' was actually a cover name assumed by each incumbent imam, and denied any particular role of Muhammad ibn Isma'il as the expected

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Early Isma'ili sources ignore the existence of Maymun al-Qaddah, but later, Fatimid-era sources were forced to confront their opponents' claims about his person, and tried to reconcile the conflicting genealogies accordingly. Some sectarian Isma'ili—especially

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s split off from Salamiyah and established an independent Qarmatian state that lasted into the 1070s. On the other hand, Zakarawayh and his loyalists now began a series of anti-Abbasid uprisings in Iraq and Syria in 902–907, with the support of the

1610:, as well as launch uprisings in Syria and Iraq. Fleeing Abbasid persecution to Ifriqiya, Abdallah proclaimed himself openly and established the Fatimid Caliphate in 909. From there, the Fatimid imam–caliphs extended their rule over most of the 3744:). Initially under the tutelage of powerful officials, al-Hakim managed to seize the reins of power for himself in 1000. The early years of his reign saw the conclusion of peace with Byzantium in 1001, as well as the great tribal revolts of 1704:, breaking off from the Fatimid allegiance, and tarnished the prestige and authority of the dynasty. The last of the Fatimid imam–caliphs were powerless child rulers that were pawns in the hands of their viziers. The last of these viziers, 3114:. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown. His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in 1980:, that al-Mahdi's real name was Sa'id, or that al-Mahdi's father was in reality a Jew (a common antisemitic trope among medieval Arab authors). While several medieval Sunni authors and contemporary potentates—including the impeccably Alid 3807:

power base that could threaten the orderly father-to-son succession of the imamate and caliphate. For similar reasons, Fatimid princesses were usually not wed outside the family, and the caliphs themselves did not usually engage in a

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Given the semi-divine status they claimed as the rightful imams of Islam, the Fatimids' ambitions were not limited to Ifriqiya. The Fatimid caliphs aimed to overthrow not only the rival Muslim monarchs—the Abbasids of Baghdad and the

2013:—sources even claimed that during the period of concealment of the Isma'ili imams, the Isma'ili movement was actually led by the descendants of Maymun al-Qaddah, until the restoration of the true line with the Fatimid caliphs. Later 1861:, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of 'Isma'ili'. Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's reported death during the reign of 3798:

to the posts, thereby arousing the hostility of the Fatimid elites. As a result of a conspiracy among the latter, al-Hakim was murdered during one of his night rides outside Cairo, and his corpse disposed of, never to be found.

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as their new capital, for the next two centuries, the Fatimids would be based in Egypt and identified with the country. At their height, the Fatimids claimed control or suzerainty over much of North Africa, Sicily, Egypt, the

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as a figurehead. The uprising was defeated, and the Fatimid control over the Kutama consolidated. Nevertheless, Fatimid power remained fragile, as it was based almost exclusively on the—often truculent—Kutama, and later the

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of 1011. Due to the paucity of actual Isma'ili material until Isma'ili sources started to become available and undergo scholarly examination during the 20th century, the Sunni version was adopted even by some early modern

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divided into two factions: those who accepted Abdallah's claims, and continued to follow him, and became the Isma'ilis proper, and those who rejected them and continued to believe in the return of Muhammad ibn Isma'il as

2071:, on the other hand, has conclusively shown that the supposed Qaddahite descent of the Fatimids is a legend, likely invented by Ibn Rizam himself: the historical Maymun al-Qaddah is now known to have been a disciple of 3661:. The first Fatimid invasion failed largely due to the opposition of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, who did not hesitate to align themselves with the Abbasid caliph and denounce al-Mu'izz in public. The Qarmatian leader 3232:

s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it. The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary

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emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth. This doctrine was founded on the designation

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emirate on its way, and arrived at Sijilmasa in August 909. There Abdallah was acclaimed caliph by the troops. On 4 January 910, Abdallah entered Raqqada, where he publicly proclaimed himself caliph with the

1891:), and Ali and Fatima, via Muhammad ibn Isma'il. This descent was both accepted and challenged already in the Middle Ages, and remains a topic of debate among scholars today. As the historian of Shi'a Islam 1814:, and later pro-Fatimid scholars held that an unbroken chain of designated imams would follow until the end of the world; indeed, these scholars argued that the imams' existence was an inevitable necessity. 9363:(2015). "Prinzen, Prinzessinnen, Konkubinen und Eunuchen am fatimidischen Hof" [Princes, Princesses, Concubines and Eunuchs at the Fatimid Court]. In Pomerantz, Maurice A.; Shahin, Aram A. (eds.). 3700:

brought the Fatimids into conflict with the Byzantines, who considered the city their protectorate. Attempts to take Aleppo failed in 983, 992/3 and 994/5, and effective Fatimid power reached little past

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in 943/44: almost all of Ifriqiya succumbed to the rebels, and in January 945, the rebels laid siege to Mahdiyya itself. Al-Qa'im died during the siege, and was succeeded by his son, Abu Tahir Isma'il (

3335:, and Zakarawayh's sons unwittingly revealed the location and identity of Abdallah to the Abbasids, who launched a man-hunt against him. Already in 902, Abdallah with his household left Salamiyah for 1833:

as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of al-Sadiq's followers held that he had designated another son,

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After these successes, al-Mu'izz once again turned to the abandoned project of the conquest of Egypt. Meticulous military and political preparations were undertaken, and the agents of the Isma'ili

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Jawhar governed Egypt for the next four years as viceroy of al-Mu'izz, restoring the country's finances. It was not until August 972 that al-Mu'izz left Ifriqiya, appointing the Berber

3263:. Soon, he began making alterations to the doctrine, which worried Hamdan Qarmat. Abdan went to Salamiyah to investigate the matter, and learned that Abdallah claimed that the expected 1911:), a problem complicated by the Isma'ili claims that the hidden imams assumed various aliases for safety. Thus the pro-Isma'ili Prince Peter Hagop Mamour, in his 1934 apologetic work 9632: 1899:

The main problem arises with the succession linking al-Mahdi with Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to Isma'ili doctrine, the imams that followed Muhammad ibn Isma'il were in concealment (

1712:. The remaining members of the dynasty and their offspring were placed under house arrest in Cairo until their deaths; the last members of the dynasty died in the mid-13th century. 1960:), after the diminutive form Ubayd Allah for al-Mahdi's name, commonly used in Sunni sources with an apparently pejorative intent. Medieval anti-Fatimid polemicists, starting with 3312:(although anti-Fatimid sources also used the label for the Fatimids themselves). In Iraq and Persia, the community was split between the two factions, but in Bahrayn, the local 3343:

Egypt in early 904. As the Abbasids recovered control of Egypt in the next year, the small party fled again. While his companions expected to head to Yemen, where the Isma'ili

2022:, was the son of al-Mahdi, or whether the latter was merely usurping the position of a still-hidden imam; that would mean that al-Qa'im was the first true Fatimid imam-caliph. 1972:

heresy and generally considered Fatimid claims to Alid descent fraudulent. Instead, they put forth a counter claim that al-Mahdi descended from Abdallah, the son of a certain

10432: 3428:, or resented the limitations on their authority placed by the new ruler. Al-Mahdi Billah was able to eliminate them in 911, but this led to a Kutama revolt, led by a child 9477: 3883: 1473: 3488:

against the infidels. In practice, relations were often more pragmatic, and warfare alternated with periods of truce. From 948 on, a series of hereditary governors, the

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who was to usher in the end times. These doctrinal innovations caused a major rift in the movement, as Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiyah, gathered the Iraqi

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Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into concealment, and that they would soon return as a messiah, the

1905:), but early Isma'ili sources do not mention them, and even later, official Isma'ili genealogies diverge on the number, names and identities of these 'hidden imams' ( 5732: 1466: 10044: 10031: 10027: 3785:

views, but al-Hakim seems to have tolerated, if not encouraged them. Although al-Hakim never officially espoused their views, the teachings of men such as

3688:) captured Damascus, but Fatimid power in Syria continued to be challenged, whether by powerful generals or by the restive Bedouin of Palestine under the 2122: 10036: 1845:—as the latter died soon after, his followers went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a 10299: 2685: 9613: 9607: 3632:, in July 969, and claimed the country for his master. Immediately he began establishing a new capital city near Fustat, which came to be known as 3505: 3501: 1655:

alike, who considered them impostors and usurpers. As a result, many sources into the 20th century referred to the Fatimids by the derogatory name

1647:(known by the diminutive Ubayd Allah by his detractors), cast doubt on the accuracy of these claims, which were usually rejected by contemporary 3404:, 'God's proof'; and soon set out westward, at the head of a large army, to bring his imam to Ifriqiya. The Kutama army destroyed the Kharijite 3288:

s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after this Hamdan "disappeared" from his headquarters, and Abdan was assassinated by

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Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (

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Al-Aziz died in 996, while preparing a major campaign against the Byzantines and Hamdanids. He was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son,

2980: 10264: 9680: 9656: 9601: 3539:), who continued his father's policies. Another attempted invasion of Egypt in 935 was defeated by the country's new strongman ruler, 2611: 3269:

was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, as commonly propagated, but Abdallah himself, and that Abdallah's ancestors, far from being simply the

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in 958–960, temporarily expelling Umayyad influence from the region and extending Fatimid rule to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

3076:, 'invitation, calling'), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, the 1849:. Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to a twelfth imam who supposedly 9164:

The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE

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The first crisis of the new regime occurred quickly. Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and his brother demanded proof of Abdallah being the

1838: 432: 3027:, ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice. The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the 10289: 9172: 5525: 2529: 1112: 9669: 9533: 6835: 5243: 4499: 3876: 3127: 2841: 10446: 10274: 10269: 9824: 9698: 4928: 4767: 4120: 3540: 3154:

expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long

2705: 2559: 2489: 2068: 677: 1919:, the great-grandfather of the first Fatimid caliph, initially claimed descent not from Ali at all, but from his brother 10259: 9591: 9508: 5968: 5718: 5691: 5434: 4692: 2816: 2509: 2019: 1682:, Fatimid power began to decline in the later 11th century. the dynasty was saved by passing power to powerful military 10512: 1992:—accepted or appeared to accept Fatimid claims at face value, this anti-Isma'ili 'black legend', as the modern scholar 1602:, who did not recognize his imamate, split off. In the meantime, Isma'ili agents had managed to conquer large parts of 10249: 10141: 9809: 9758: 3571:, was the moment when Abu Tahir declared himself as the imam and caliph in succession to his father, with the name of 3175: 2484: 2296: 2224: 2152: 1996:

calls it, influenced Sunni historiographers throughout the following centuries, and became official doctrine with the

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Descent according to a letter sent to the Isma'ili community in Yemen by al-Mahdi bi'llah, which was reproduced by

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was diminished by bitter succession disputes, which resulted in large parts of the Isma'ili community, such as the

1683: 3532:, on a rocky promontory on the Ifriqiyan coast. When Al-Mahdi died in 934, he was succeeded by his son, al-Qa'im ( 10467: 10439: 9839: 9638: 9596: 9563: 9518: 9503: 7635: 7288: 6514: 6288: 5802: 3625: 3584: 3480: 3168:. In this chaotic atmosphere, and with the Abbasids preoccupied with suppressing the Zanj uprising, the Isma'ili 2826: 2787: 2589: 2329: 1760: 1619: 1548: 136: 90: 10207: 9714: 9434:

Schrier, Omert J. (2006). "The Prehistory of the Fatimid Dynasty: Some Chronological and Genealogical Remarks".

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as his viceroy there. In June 973, the Fatimid court arrived in Egypt and al-Mu'izz took up residence in Cairo.

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to the Isma'ili cause. From 902 on, the Kutama had gradually conquered the region from its Abbasid clients, the

2308: 2292: 10536: 9996: 7937: 5613: 5373: 4629: 3289: 2811: 1881: 1798: 1644: 1589: 1356: 10254: 7540: 5118: 4330: 3223: 2869: 2777: 2680: 3118:. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities, and he moved on to the small town of 10541: 10531: 10370: 10309: 9495: 5626: 5173: 4389: 3853: 3572: 3211: 2973: 2821: 2782: 2519: 2494: 1858: 1575: 1102: 140: 3546:

The most notable event of al-Qa'im's reign was the revolt of the Zenata Berbers under the Khariji preacher

10012: 9884: 9829: 9709: 9646: 9548: 7496: 7341: 7115: 6316: 3770: 2851: 2442: 2234: 2219: 1950: 1507: 1207: 1152: 7281: 2075:(recognized by both Isma'ilis and Twelvers as an imam), and both he and his son Abdallah hailed from the 10417: 10069: 9879: 9703: 9685: 9528: 7489: 6702: 4791: 3734: 3191: 2836: 2740: 2039:) imams, descended from Maymun al-Qaddah, whose task was to hide and protect the existence of the real ( 1880:

Official Fatimid doctrine claimed an uninterrupted line of succession between the first Fatimid caliph,

1197: 10212: 9750: 2316: 2061:) imams. Lewis posited that al-Mahdi was the last of that line, and that al-Qa'im was the first of the 1830: 1686:, but this also meant that the imam–caliphs often were mere puppet rulers. The initial dynamism of the 9140:

Andani, Khalil (2016). "A Survey of Ismaili Studies (Part 1): Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism".

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In the meantime, immediately after the conquest if Egypt Jawhar had tried to extend Fatimid rule into

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rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the

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had enjoyed great success, Abdallah turned westward, and established himself at the oasis town of

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The Fatimid dynasty emerged as the leaders of the clandestine early Isma'ili missionary movement (

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proclaimed a Shi'a regime, but kept the name of his master secret as yet, only using the title

1961: 10332: 10016: 9988: 9486: 9410: 9387: 9368: 9348: 9340: 9315: 9293: 9272: 9250: 9187: 9168: 7909: 7787: 5132: 5002: 4875: 4780: 4740: 4316: 4196: 4065: 3960: 3808: 3786: 3646: 3575:('The Victor with the Help of God'). Al-Mansur moved the Fatimid court to a new palace city, 2917: 2907: 2767: 2716: 2670: 2457: 2437: 2072: 1997: 1842: 1740: 1667: 1585: 1525: 1247: 1092: 697: 337: 327: 317: 202: 62: 31: 17: 3832:

and baths, and 8,000 other buildings that paid a monthly rent to the caliph's private purse (

3226:, 893). The real leadership of the movement remained hidden at Salamiyah, and only the chief 10054: 9984: 9974: 9944: 9864: 9763: 9731: 9674: 9513: 9336: 9149: 6137: 5502: 4860: 4048: 3702: 3608: 3604: 3520: 3469: 3244: 2935: 2700: 2447: 2192: 1973: 1744: 1663: 1652: 1401: 1397: 1386: 1367: 1012: 992: 912: 707: 587: 512: 502: 452: 382: 282: 232: 165: 10392: 3628:

in summer 969, it faced little organized resistance. Jawhar entered the Egyptian capital,

3461: 2653: 2621: 2544: 2363: 1941: 1862: 1756: 1498: 1337: 1307: 1167: 1072: 1062: 972: 952: 842: 777: 737: 717: 627: 552: 542: 492: 462: 402: 392: 272: 222: 532: 10422: 9844: 9543: 9523: 9262: 9235: 9231: 9186:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 7147: 6521: 5125: 4730: 4323: 3766: 3489: 3207: 3159: 3151: 3024: 2855: 2831: 2757: 2646: 2631: 2554: 2337: 2167: 1993: 1783: 1412: 1322: 1266: 1042: 932: 862: 562: 9222: 3178:

of their leadership and the recent disappearance of their twelfth imam. Missionaries (

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Origins of Ismāʿı̄lism: A Study of the Historical Background of the Fāṭimid Caliphate

9422: 9331: 9227: 9217: 9201: 5319: 5188: 4575: 4444: 3829: 3825: 3790: 3658: 3187: 3158:, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale 3144: 3123: 3056: 3055:) forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of 3050: 3041:) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few select initiates. The 3036: 2922: 2803: 2762: 2752: 2636: 2616: 2534: 2474: 2323: 2229: 2162: 2157: 2113: 2030: 1916: 1834: 1772: 1671: 1537: 1292: 797: 657: 1547:

and considered themselves the rightful leaders of the Muslim community. The line of

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engaged to promote the Fatimid cause in Egypt and suborn officials of the weakened

3496: 3388:. On 25 March 909, Abu Abdallah and his Kutama entered the Aghlabid palace city of 3107: 2956: 2569: 2342: 2214: 2177: 2002: 1824: 1811: 1805: 1675: 1556: 1296: 767: 522: 3528:

Between 916 and 921, al-Mahdi built a new residence, the fortified palace city of

2695: 2675: 2080: 9287: 9266: 9162: 4734: 3674:, recognized Fatimid suzerainty, an important symbolic victory for the Fatimids. 1763:

and thus claimed membership of the wider family, profited from this during their

10412: 10375: 10353: 10327: 10244: 10074: 3607:

in 965, as well as the reconquest of the western Maghreb by the Fatimid general

3203: 3059:, would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices. 2931: 2913: 2895: 2479: 2373: 2368: 1965: 1750: 1156: 922: 832: 617: 472: 422: 10178: 10064: 9360: 9307: 7927: 3782: 3709:

in Yemen, but Fatimid attempts to induce the fellow Shi'a rulers of Iraq, the

3309: 2641: 2504: 2403: 1969: 1892: 1768: 1599: 1540: 1442: 1082: 1052: 882: 687: 252: 9414: 9352: 9254: 3339:. As the revolts instigated by Zakarawayh were suppressed, Abdallah moved to 1592:, proclaimed himself to be the expected imam, causing a rift in the Isma'ili 10002: 9964: 9693: 9626: 3814: 3749: 3689: 3621: 3547: 3509: 3448: 3385: 3350: 3119: 2428: 2142: 1977: 1427: 1382: 1352: 1277: 1262: 667: 637: 482: 242: 182: 52: 9455: 10508: 3174:

spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the

1662:

Fatimid expansion into the Levant, and the ideological challenge that the

9992: 9948: 9854: 9814: 9741: 9737: 9663: 9558: 9553: 7510: 7305: 3919: 3757: 3693: 3580: 3405: 3219: 2865: 2574: 2452: 2413: 1701: 1679: 1674:

of the 11th century. Faced with internal turmoil, and the arrival of the

1607: 1569: 1560: 1552: 1211: 982: 942: 892: 852: 757: 412: 362: 262: 9447: 3019:

would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital

10105: 9930: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9799: 9568: 9401:

Lev, Yaacov (1995). "The Fatimids and Byzantium, 10th–12th Centuries".

9365:

The Heritage of Arabo-Islamic Learning. Studies Presented to Wadad Kadi

9153: 7683: 7655: 4739:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 507. 4373: 3721:) as well as Black African slave soldiers, while under the guidance of 3716: 3678: 3436: 3389: 3377: 3354: 3340: 3320: 3181: 3020: 2904: 2712: 2626: 2606: 2539: 2432: 2398: 2254: 2187: 2172: 2014: 1846: 1794: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1611: 1529: 1521: 1371: 1281: 1251: 1186: 1032: 1022: 1002: 962: 872: 807: 597: 212: 110: 100: 10365: 10100: 10059: 9978: 9899: 3979: 3778: 3710: 3697: 3671: 3629: 3560: 3529: 3476: 3444: 3440: 3381: 3215: 2690: 2209: 1989: 1981: 1726: 1636: 1628: 1615: 1446: 1326: 1182: 192: 115: 72: 3811:, but had slave concubines, who could rise to the high status of an 3705:

in the north. In 987, the Fatimid suzerainty was recognized by the

3257:

In about 899, Abdallah ibn al-Husayn assumed the leadership of the

10387: 10229: 10183: 10146: 10006: 9834: 4237: 3794: 3761: 3667: 3639: 3519: 3495:

The Fatimids also expanded west to the rest of the Maghreb, where

3485: 3410: 3336: 3199: 3162:, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the 3115: 3079: 3071: 2996: 2601: 2579: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2197: 2182: 2137: 2106: 2076: 2033:

suggested the existence of two parallel series of imams: trustee (

2010: 1985: 1937: 1693: 1648: 1632: 1623: 1603: 1518: 1416: 1171: 1141: 125: 3773:, launched a pogrom against the remaining Isma'ilis in Ifriqiya. 9204:(1942–1947). "L'impérialisme des Fatimides et leur propagande". 4759:

Genealogy according to al-Mahdi's letter to the Yemeni community

3195: 3111: 2279: 2274: 1927: 1311: 9459: 3725:, the Fatimid administration became organized and regularized. 3126:. There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, 1930:

descent—the dynasty named itself simply as the 'Alid dynasty' (

1872:), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure. 2747: 1729: 1533: 3439:

tribe as well. Conversely, the local Arabs of Ifriqiya were

1771:, who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of 9167:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL. 3451:, and thus opposed to the Isma'ili regime of the Fatimids. 2025:

Modern authors have tried to reconcile the genealogies. In

9271:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3443:

Sunnis, while most Berber tribes further west—notably the

1767:

against the Umayyads; but their claim was rejected by the

1584:

spread widely across the Islamic world, then ruled by the

8811: 8809: 8633: 8631: 8522: 8520: 8363: 8361: 8336: 8334: 8332: 1708:, deposed the dynasty in 1171, after the death of Caliph 1528:, between 909 and 1171 CE. Claiming to be descended from 9367:(in German). Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 91–110. 9007: 9005: 9003: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8198: 3624:

regime. As a result, when the Fatimid army under Jawhar

3484:

to present themselves as champions of Islam, engaged in

1666:

represented, resulted in the Sunnis rallying around the

8058: 8056: 9034: 9032: 8137: 8135: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7963: 3583:, but died soon after, and was succeeded by his son, 1759:, who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 5488: 5482: 3965: 3839: 3833: 3812: 3714: 3633: 3615: 3566: 3558: 3472:, claiming a divine right to universal sovereignty. 3429: 3423: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3371: 3344: 3330: 3324: 3313: 3303: 3296: 3283: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3179: 3169: 3163: 3138: 3101: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3014: 3002: 2994: 2088: 2062: 2040: 2034: 1955: 1931: 1906: 1900: 1822: 1803: 1748: 1687: 1593: 1579: 1567: 1555:, claims descent from a branch of the Fatimids. The 1512: 10460: 10352: 10345: 10318: 10228: 10171: 10134: 10125: 10088: 10026: 9923: 9788: 9779: 9584: 9494: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 3859:

Descent from Ali as accepted by the later Isma'ilis

3781:. The Fatimid religious establishment opposed such 146: 132: 106: 96: 86: 78: 68: 58: 48: 39: 9330: 9221: 5493:/Alid (right) imams, as proposed by Bernard Lewis 3598:Conquest of Egypt and move of the capital to Cairo 3475:Fatimid power quickly expanded across the sea to 3376:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i had managed to convert the 1940:sources instead refer to them as the 'Ubaydids' ( 1853:in 874. Adherents of this line are known as the 1739:) in 661, which led to the establishment of the 9312:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden 3828:, all 20,000 shops in the city, as well as its 3194:spread the network of agents to the area round 3106:was Abdallah al-Akbar, a wealthy merchant from 4758: 4723:denotes imams as recognized by the Isma'ilis, 3143:, however, the imamate passed to another son, 9471: 9286:Cortese, Delia; Calderini, Simonetta (2006). 5726: 3877: 2974: 1474: 8: 9289:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam 9268:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 4736:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 3638:('the Victorious One of al-Mu'izz'), modern 3023:, restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer 1913:Polemics on the Origin of the Fatimi Caliphs 8745: 3756:in Palestine in 1012–13. In the north, the 3524:The fortified entrance to al-Mahdiyya today 3508:. Both endeavours failed, leaving only the 3492:, governed Sicily on the Fatimids' behalf. 3085: 2046: 1837:, as his heir. Others followed other sons, 1588:. In 899, the future first Fatimid caliph, 10349: 10131: 9785: 9478: 9464: 9456: 9241:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5733: 5719: 5711: 5478: 4762: 3884: 3870: 3862: 3447:confederation—adhered to various forms of 3253:Qarmatian schism and flight to the Maghreb 2981: 2967: 2095: 1968:, were keen to discredit Isma'ilism as an 1926:While pro-Fatimid sources emphasize their 1481: 1467: 155: 10045:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi 9292:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 9249:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–862. 9206:Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1563:, also claim descent from the Fatimids. 2067:imams to sit on the throne. Research by 30:For the state ruled by the dynasty, see 9098: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8887: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8776: 8733: 8721: 8709: 8697: 8685: 8673: 8661: 8649: 8637: 8622: 8610: 8586: 8574: 8550: 8526: 8511: 8391: 8379: 8367: 8352: 8340: 8323: 8311: 8287: 8220: 8165: 8047: 8035: 8011: 7999: 7959: 3292:, who had remained loyal to Salamiyah. 2098: 158: 27:Ruling dynasty of the Fatimid Caliphate 9023: 9011: 8994: 8800: 8764: 8415: 8299: 8275: 8208: 8153: 8075: 8062: 7900:heirs who did not accede to the throne 5475:Genealogy as proposed by Bernard Lewis 3565:('the false Messiah') by the Isma'ili 3366:Establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate 36: 10478:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi 9122: 8538: 8403: 8256: 8189: 8177: 8141: 7987: 7975: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7654: 7652: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7509: 7507: 7502: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7372: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7287: 7285: 7280: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7168: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7114: 6992: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6701: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6520: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6156: 6154: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5501: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5372: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5277: 5253: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5089: 5065: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4960: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4833: 4807: 4790: 4779: 4777: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4628: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4559: 4533: 4509: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4287: 4263: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4154: 4130: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4021: 3995: 3978: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3769:, and in 1016/7, the new Zirid emir, 1876:Fatimid genealogies and controversies 1793:), Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter 7: 9110: 9050: 9038: 8598: 8562: 8499: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8427: 8244: 8232: 8126: 8023: 3692:. Al-Aziz's attempts to capture the 3419:, 'the imam rightly guided by God'. 3198:in the late 870s, and from there to 2087:The Fatimids and the early Isma'ili 159:Historical Arab states and dynasties 9086: 9074: 9062: 8788: 3295:The schism left the early Isma'ili 2866:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh 1945: 1502: 9429:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons. 9384:State and Society in Fatimid Egypt 3370:In the meantime, in Ifriqiya, the 25: 9314:(in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. 8078:, pp. 199–200 for a summary. 10507: 9339:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 7944: 7930: 3130:and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died 3033:would reveal the true, 'inner' ( 2950: 2842:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh 2121: 580:Western dynasties and caliphates 164: 10305:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 7665: 7645: 7520: 7351: 7315: 7157: 6981: 6845: 6712: 6531: 6298: 6147: 5978: 5812: 4700:(12th imam, 2nd Fatimid caliph) 4637:(11th imam, 1st Fatimid caliph) 3739: 3683: 3589: 3552: 3534: 3323:tribes. Calling themselves the 3206:, 882) and thence India (884), 3150:During the late ninth century, 2783:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir 1886: 1867: 1734: 10295:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 10290:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 9347:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3892:Descent of the Fatimid caliphs 3353:, in what is now southwestern 3110:, in what is now southwestern 3001:('the Rightly Guided One') or 2861:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh 2852:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh 2020:Muhammad al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 1755:, the family of Muhammad. The 18:Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah 1: 10447:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque 9699:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya 9659:Qarmatian invasions (971–974) 9592:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya 4929:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 4121:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 3793:resulted in the birth of the 3541:Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid 3131: 2778:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak 10260:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi 9764:End of the Fatimid Caliphate 3765:disputes over Cyrenaica and 2837:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 2827:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh 2812:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh 1788: 1777: 1670:in response, triggering the 10250:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 9759:Crusader invasions of Egypt 9534:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah 6839:al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah 5489: 5483: 4579:(10th imam, in concealment) 3966: 3840: 3838:) or the private treasury ( 3834: 3813: 3715: 3634: 3616: 3567: 3559: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3372: 3345: 3331: 3325: 3314: 3304: 3297: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3139: 3122:on the western edge of the 3102: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3049: 3047:would abolish the 'outer' ( 3043: 3035: 3029: 3015: 3003: 2995: 2847:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh 2089: 2063: 2041: 2035: 1956: 1932: 1907: 1901: 1823: 1804: 1749: 1688: 1664:ascendancy of Shi'a regimes 1594: 1580: 1568: 1551:, represented today by the 1513: 300:Arab empires and caliphates 10558: 10428:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 10275:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman 10050:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi 9825:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i 4768:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman 4503:(9th imam, in concealment) 4448:(8th imam, in concealment) 3851: 3308:, who became known as the 2856:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh 2560:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam 1817:The sixth of these imams, 29: 10505: 10468:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi 9840:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 9686:Bedouin alliance uprising 7831: 7829: 7732: 7730: 7604: 7602: 7586: 7584: 7576: 7574: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7430: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7306:Abu'l-Maymun Abd al-Majid 7274: 7272: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7200: 7198: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6916: 6914: 6780: 6778: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6233: 6231: 6215: 6213: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6045: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5680: 5678: 5659: 5657: 5638: 5636: 5600: 5598: 5579: 5577: 5558: 5556: 5537: 5535: 5514: 5512: 5409: 5407: 5393: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5351: 5349: 5333: 5331: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5218: 5216: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5030: 5028: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4903: 4901: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4667: 4665: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4607: 4605: 4589: 4587: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4474: 4472: 4419: 4417: 4364: 4362: 4354: 4352: 4344: 4342: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4228: 4226: 4210: 4208: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4095: 4093: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3991: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3947: 3945: 3820:caliph's own concubines. 2590:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai 1896:identity is impossible". 1882:Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah 1761:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib 1721:Background: early Shi'ism 1559:, predominantly based in 1543:, they held the Isma'ili 91:Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah 9101:, pp. 101, 118–119. 7938:Fatimid Caliphate portal 5614:Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah 3416:al-imam al-mahdi bi'llah 3290:Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh 3249:) to the hidden leader. 1810:) of Ali by Muhammad at 1645:Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah 608:Umayyad state of Córdoba 42: 10461:Literature and learning 10452:Shrine of Husayn's Head 10371:Great Mosque of Mahdiya 10310:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 10285:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 9639:Conquest of Egypt (969) 9386:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 9182:Brett, Michael (2017). 9161:Brett, Michael (2001). 8168:, pp. 99–100, 104. 3854:List of Fatimid caliphs 3666:the two holy cities of 3635:al-Qahira al-Mu'izziyya 3573:al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah 3190:and his brother-in-law 2832:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh, 2485:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 2086: 1622:Egypt in 969. Founding 10440:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 10172:Branches and offshoots 9885:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh 9830:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri 9564:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah 9549:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 9519:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 9345:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8314:, pp. 8–9, 24–25. 8290:, pp. 8, 101–103. 7912:(with regnal names in 7639:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah 7345:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 6292:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 5487:/Qaddahite (left) and 3585:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 3525: 3011:usher in the end times 3009:('He Who Arises'), to 2027:Origins of Ismāʿı̄lism 10418:Fatimid Great Palaces 10255:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 10070:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 9880:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar 9875:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi 9704:Mustansirite Hardship 9643:Expansion into Syria 9614:2nd invasion of Egypt 9608:1st invasion of Egypt 9559:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 9554:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 9529:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 9509:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 7656:Abu Muhammad Abdallah 7541:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 7514:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 7309:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 6706:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 5972:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 5803:Abu Muhammad Abdallah 5694:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 5438:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 4792:Fatimah bint Muhammad 4696:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 3523: 3224:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 2870:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib 2545:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi 2480:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab 1908:al-a'imma al-masturin 1549:Nizari Isma'ili imams 1198:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1113:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 9870:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 9769:Battle of the Blacks 9569:al-Adid li-Din Allah 9436:Die Welt des Orients 9382:Lev, Yaacov (1991). 9329:Halm, Heinz (2014). 8664:, pp. 123, 125. 7659:al-Adid li-Din Allah 7137:Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad 6975:al-Mustansir bi'llah 5969:Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad 5708:Dynastic family tree 5627:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5465:regnal names in bold 5174:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 4725:regnal names in bold 4390:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 3802:The dynasty in power 3754:Mufarrij ibn Daghfal 3653:Expansion into Syria 3212:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi 2806:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh) 2666:Palace of Queen Arwa 2500:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi 2495:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi 2463:Nizari Ismaili state 1933:al-dawla al-alawiyya 1576:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 101:Al-Adid li-Din Allah 10488:al-Azhar University 9850:al-Afdal Shahanshah 9681:Muffarij b. Daghfal 9633:Conquest of Morocco 9620:2nd Sicilian revolt 9602:1st Sicilian revolt 9539:al-Mustansir Billah 9113:, pp. 145–147. 9053:, pp. 149–150. 9026:, pp. 855–856. 8914:, pp. 156–157. 8902:, pp. 144–145. 8866:, pp. 146–147. 8803:, pp. 852–853. 8791:, pp. 191–192. 8779:, pp. 143–144. 8736:, pp. 141–142. 8700:, pp. 127–128. 8676:, pp. 126–127. 8652:, pp. 122–124. 8613:, pp. 116–119. 8577:, pp. 108–110. 8394:, pp. 104–105. 8355:, pp. 105–106. 8326:, pp. 101–103. 8302:, pp. 199–200. 8235:, pp. 146–147. 8156:, pp. 850–851. 7151:al-Musta'li bi'llah 5741:Family tree of the 5306:(Abu'l-Shalaghlagh) 4562:(Abu'l-Shalaghlagh) 3771:al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 3516:Revolt of Abu Yazid 3100:). The first known 2565:Rashid ad-Din Sinan 2490:ibn Mansur al-Yaman 1725:Since the death of 175:Ancient Arab states 10493:House of Knowledge 9860:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz 9544:al-Musta'li Billah 9335:. In Fleet, Kate; 9184:The Fatimid Empire 9154:10.1111/rec3.12205 8974:, p. 162–164. 8514:, pp. 99–100. 7511:Abu Mansur Isma'il 5119:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 4331:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 3858: 3526: 3512:in Fatimid hands. 3455:Imperial expansion 3192:Abu Muhammad Abdan 3176:political quietism 3156:Anarchy at Samarra 2927:Mufaddal Saifuddin 2798:(al-Taqī Muhammad) 2722:House of Knowledge 2612:Nizārī strongholds 2343:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 1921:Aqil ibn Abi Talib 1843:Abd Allah al-Aftah 1831:Isma'il al-Mubarak 1240:Current monarchies 903:Sharifate of Mecca 373:Emirate of Tbilisi 363:Emirate of Armenia 213:Kingdom of Osroene 10519: 10518: 10501: 10500: 10473:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 10341: 10340: 10333:Baghdad Manifesto 10280:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 10265:Abu Hatim al-Razi 10121: 10120: 9960:Sharifs of Medina 9895:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i 9890:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik 9805:Ya'qub ibn Killis 9740:and accession of 9487:Fatimid Caliphate 9374:978-90-04-30590-8 9321:978-3-406-35497-7 9278:978-0-521-61636-2 9193:978-0-7486-4076-8 9125:, pp. 71–73. 9089:, pp. 68–69. 9065:, pp. 65–67. 8502:, pp. 22–24. 8490:, pp. 17–20. 8478:, pp. 16–18. 8466:, pp. 29–30. 8442:, pp. 28–29. 8247:, pp. 19–20. 8050:, pp. 90–96. 8038:, pp. 89–90. 8026:, pp. 27–28. 8002:, pp. 88–89. 7921: 7920: 7916:and regnal dates) 7894: 7893: 7690:(claimed descent) 7292:(claimed descent) 7148:Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad 6141:al-Mansur bi'llah 6138:Abu Tahir Isma'il 5705: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5621: 5620: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5189:Abdallah al-Akbar 5133:Abdallah al-Aftah 5003:Muhammad al-Baqir 4876:al-Husayn ibn Ali 4781:Ali ibn Abi Talib 4756: 4755: 4751: 4746:978-0-521-61636-2 4714: 4713: 4317:Abdallah al-Aftah 4197:Muhammad al-Baqir 4066:al-Husayn ibn Ali 3961:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3729:Reign of al-Hakim 3723:Ya'qub ibn Killis 3663:al-Hasan al-A'sam 3647:Buluggin ibn Ziri 3479:, which had been 3357:, in August 905. 3241:) and 'gateway' ( 2991: 2990: 2918:Haatim Zakiyuddin 2882:Incumbent leaders 2717:Baghdad Manifesto 2671:Queen Arwa Mosque 2438:Fatimid Caliphate 2073:Muhammad al-Baqir 1998:Baghdad Manifesto 1954: 1917:Abdallah al-Akbar 1839:Muhammad al-Dibaj 1741:Umayyad Caliphate 1720: 1668:Abbasid Caliphate 1586:Abbasid Caliphate 1526:Fatimid Caliphate 1511: 1491: 1490: 1456: 1455: 1231: 1230: 1223:Tippu Tip's State 1121: 1120: 1093:Emirate of Beihan 825:Arabian Peninsula 816: 815: 571: 570: 355:Eastern dynasties 346: 345: 291: 290: 203:Nabataean Kingdom 193:Kingdom of Lihyan 154: 153: 63:Fatimid Caliphate 32:Fatimid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 10549: 10511: 10350: 10132: 9955:Sharifs of Mecca 9924:Vassal dynasties 9865:Bahram al-Armani 9786: 9732:Siege of Ascalon 9514:al-Mansur Billah 9480: 9473: 9466: 9457: 9451: 9430: 9418: 9397: 9378: 9356: 9334: 9325: 9303: 9282: 9258: 9225: 9213: 9197: 9178: 9157: 9142:Religion Compass 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 8998: 8992: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8749: 8746:Canard 1942–1947 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8130: 8124: 8079: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7907: 7905: 7669: 7668: 1160–1171 7667: 7649: 7648: 1154–1160 7647: 7524: 7523: 1149–1154 7522: 7355: 7354: 1101–1130 7353: 7319: 7318: 1132–1149 7317: 7161: 7160: 1094–1101 7159: 7116:Abu Mansur Nizar 6985: 6984: 1036–1094 6983: 6849: 6848: 1021–1036 6847: 6716: 6714: 6535: 6533: 6522:Abu Mansur Nizar 6302: 6300: 6151: 6149: 5982: 5980: 5816: 5814: 5806:al-Mahdi bi'llah 5751: 5750: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5712: 5623: 5622: 5503:Maymun al-Qaddah 5499: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5377:al-Mahdi bi'llah 5323:(in concealment) 5304:Abu Ali Muhammad 5247:(in concealment) 5192:(in concealment) 5056:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4861:al-Hasan ibn Ali 4775: 4774: 4763: 4750: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4633:al-Mahdi bi'llah 4560:Abu Ali Muhammad 4254:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4049:al-Hasan ibn Ali 3969: 3899: 3898: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3843: 3841:khizana al-khass 3837: 3818: 3752:in 1005, and of 3743: 3741: 3720: 3687: 3685: 3637: 3626:arrived in Egypt 3619: 3593: 3591: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3538: 3536: 3470:Byzantine Empire 3433: 3427: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3392:in triumph. The 3375: 3361:Ruling an empire 3348: 3334: 3328: 3317: 3307: 3300: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3248: 3240: 3231: 3185: 3173: 3167: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3018: 3008: 3000: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2957:Islam portal 2955: 2954: 2953: 2936:Taher Fakhruddin 2901:Musta'li Ismaili 2550:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 2458:Hamdanid dynasty 2448:Sulayhid dynasty 2125: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2096: 2092: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2038: 1974:Maymun al-Qaddah 1959: 1949: 1947: 1935: 1910: 1904: 1890: 1888: 1871: 1869: 1828: 1809: 1792: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1754: 1745:Muslim community 1743:, a part of the 1738: 1736: 1691: 1597: 1583: 1573: 1536:and adhering to 1516: 1506: 1504: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1244: 1243: 1208:Nabahani dynasty 1153:Nabahani dynasty 1138:Makhzumi dynasty 1134: 1133: 829: 828: 584: 583: 383:Emirate of Crete 359: 358: 304: 303: 283:Kingdom of Kinda 233:Kingdom of Hatra 183:Kingdom of Qedar 179: 178: 168: 156: 37: 21: 10557: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10537:Fatimid dynasty 10522: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10497: 10456: 10433:Portable mihrab 10393:Al-Hakim Mosque 10337: 10320: 10314: 10233:and theologians 10232: 10224: 10167: 10117: 10084: 10034: 10022: 9919: 9792: 9781: 9775: 9580: 9504:al-Mahdi Billah 9490: 9484: 9454: 9433: 9421: 9400: 9394: 9381: 9375: 9359: 9341:Rowson, Everett 9328: 9322: 9306: 9300: 9285: 9279: 9263:Daftary, Farhad 9261: 9216: 9200: 9194: 9181: 9175: 9160: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9010: 9001: 8993: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8814: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8402: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8330: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8082: 8073: 8069: 8061: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7961: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7926: 7917: 7910:Fatimid caliphs 7908:denotes ruling 7903: 7902: 7901: 7689: 7664: 7662: 7657: 7644: 7642: 7637: 7636:Abu'l-Qasim Isa 7519: 7517: 7512: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7314: 7312: 7307: 7291: 7156: 7154: 7149: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6972:Abu Tamim Ma'ad 6844: 6842: 6837: 6836:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 6715: 996–1021 6711: 6709: 6704: 6530: 6528: 6525:al-Aziz bi'llah 6523: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6289:Abu Tamim Ma'ad 6146: 6144: 6139: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5745: 5743:Fatimid dynasty 5739: 5710: 5693: 5612: 5477: 5468: 5463:denotes imams, 5458: 5457: 5436: 5375: 5322: 5305: 5246: 5191: 4761: 4752: 4747: 4731:Daftary, Farhad 4729: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4699: 4694: 4636: 4631: 4578: 4561: 4502: 4447: 4392: 4333: 4256: 4199: 4123: 4068: 4051: 3963: 3893: 3890: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3804: 3742: 996–1021 3738: 3731: 3682: 3677:In 978, Caliph 3655: 3605:Fall of Rometta 3600: 3588: 3551: 3533: 3518: 3457: 3368: 3363: 3255: 3134: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 2987: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2908:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 2889:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 2883: 2875: 2874: 2790:(al-Wāfī Ahmad) 2773:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 2743: 2732: 2731: 2654:Qalaat al-Madiq 2585:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 2453:Zurayid dynasty 2420: 2364:Sulaymani Bohra 2299: 2285: 2284: 2250: 2240: 2239: 2133: 2112: 2111: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2069:Vladimir Ivanov 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 1885: 1878: 1866: 1863:Harun al-Rashid 1819:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1787: 1776: 1733: 1723: 1718: 1578:. The Isma'ili 1524:that ruled the 1495:Fatimid dynasty 1487: 1458: 1457: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1168:Mahdali dynasty 1131: 1123: 1122: 1063:Muscat and Oman 833:Imamate of Oman 826: 818: 817: 581: 573: 572: 356: 348: 347: 301: 293: 292: 223:Emesene Dynasty 176: 124: 119: 114: 44: 41: 40:Fatimid dynasty 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10555: 10553: 10545: 10544: 10542:Shia dynasties 10539: 10534: 10532:Arab dynasties 10524: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10464: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10425: 10423:Juyushi Mosque 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10362: 10360: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10181: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10149: 10144: 10138: 10136: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10041: 10039: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10010: 10000: 9982: 9972: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9938: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9845:Badr al-Jamali 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662:Struggle with 9660: 9650: 9641: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9524:al-Aziz Billah 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9453: 9452: 9431: 9423:Lewis, Bernard 9419: 9403:Graeco-Arabica 9398: 9392: 9379: 9373: 9357: 9337:Krämer, Gudrun 9326: 9320: 9304: 9298: 9283: 9277: 9259: 9218:Canard, Marius 9214: 9202:Canard, Marius 9198: 9192: 9179: 9173: 9158: 9148:(8): 191–206. 9136: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9115: 9103: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9043: 9041:, p. 149. 9028: 9016: 9014:, p. 855. 8999: 8997:, p. 854. 8976: 8964: 8962:, p. 162. 8952: 8950:, p. 161. 8940: 8938:, p. 159. 8928: 8926:, p. 158. 8916: 8904: 8892: 8890:, p. 156. 8880: 8878:, p. 147. 8868: 8856: 8854:, p. 146. 8844: 8842:, p. 143. 8832: 8830:, p. 145. 8820: 8818:, p. 142. 8805: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8767:, p. 853. 8750: 8738: 8726: 8724:, p. 141. 8714: 8712:, p. 128. 8702: 8690: 8688:, p. 127. 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8640:, p. 120. 8627: 8625:, p. 117. 8615: 8603: 8591: 8589:, p. 116. 8579: 8567: 8555: 8553:, p. 108. 8543: 8531: 8529:, p. 100. 8516: 8504: 8492: 8480: 8468: 8456: 8444: 8432: 8420: 8418:, p. 200. 8408: 8396: 8384: 8382:, p. 103. 8372: 8370:, p. 107. 8357: 8345: 8343:, p. 105. 8328: 8316: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8278:, p. 852. 8261: 8249: 8237: 8225: 8223:, p. 101. 8213: 8211:, p. 851. 8194: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8131: 8080: 8067: 8065:, p. 850. 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7980: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7941: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7653: 7651: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7535:Other children 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7366:Other children 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7342:Abu Ali Mansur 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7145: 7143: 7142:Other children 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6722:Other children 6720: 6718: 6703:Abu Ali Mansur 6700: 6698: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6556:Other children 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 975–996 6519: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6301: 953–975 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6157:Other children 6155: 6153: 6150: 946–953 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5993:Other children 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 934–946 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5815: 909–934 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5126:Musa al-Kadhim 5123: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4324:Musa al-Kadhim 4321: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3849: 3846: 3835:diwan al-khass 3803: 3800: 3730: 3727: 3686: 975–996 3654: 3651: 3599: 3596: 3592: 953–975 3555: 946–953 3537: 934–946 3517: 3514: 3490:Kalbid dynasty 3468:—but also the 3456: 3453: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3254: 3251: 3160:Zanj Rebellion 3025:Constantinople 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2898: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2673: 2668: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2609: 2604: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2555:Hasan-i Sabbah 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2340: 2338:Hebtiahs Bohra 2335: 2334: 2333: 2304: 2302:Branches/sects 2300: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2117: 2093: 2085: 2029:, the Arabist 1994:Farhad Daftary 1889: 909–934 1877: 1874: 1870: 786–809 1737: 656–661 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267:Ras al Khaymah 1259: 1258: 1255: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1183:Mazrui dynasty 1179: 1178: 1175: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 989: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 969: 968: 965: 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 929: 928: 925: 919: 918: 915: 909: 908: 905: 899: 898: 895: 889: 888: 885: 879: 878: 875: 869: 868: 865: 859: 858: 855: 849: 848: 845: 839: 838: 835: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 810: 804: 803: 800: 794: 793: 790: 784: 783: 780: 774: 773: 770: 764: 763: 760: 754: 753: 750: 744: 743: 740: 734: 733: 730: 724: 723: 720: 714: 713: 710: 704: 703: 700: 694: 693: 690: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 644: 643: 640: 634: 633: 630: 624: 623: 620: 614: 613: 610: 604: 603: 600: 598:Fihrid Emirate 594: 593: 590: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 569: 568: 565: 559: 558: 555: 549: 548: 545: 539: 538: 535: 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 499: 498: 495: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 475: 469: 468: 465: 459: 458: 455: 449: 448: 445: 439: 438: 435: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 415: 409: 408: 405: 399: 398: 395: 389: 388: 385: 379: 378: 375: 369: 368: 365: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 330: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 288: 285: 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 185: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 161: 160: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 134: 130: 129: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10554: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10240:Hamdan Qarmat 10238: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10189:Hamza ibn Ali 10187: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10080:Qadi al-Fadil 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9778: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9727:First Crusade 9725: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679:Uprisings of 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9625:Rebellion of 9624: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9597:Establishment 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9488: 9481: 9476: 9474: 9469: 9467: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9393:90-04-09344-3 9389: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9299:0-7486-1733-7 9295: 9291: 9290: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9242: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9208:(in French). 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9124: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9080: 9077:, p. 65. 9076: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8604: 8601:, p. 61. 8600: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8568: 8565:, p. 47. 8564: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8544: 8541:, p. 17. 8540: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8457: 8454:, p. 29. 8453: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8433: 8430:, p. 28. 8429: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8409: 8406:, p. 36. 8405: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8259:, p. 30. 8258: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8192:, p. 35. 8191: 8186: 8183: 8180:, p. 34. 8179: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8147: 8144:, p. 29. 8143: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8017: 8014:, p. 89. 8013: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7993: 7990:, p. 31. 7989: 7984: 7981: 7978:, p. 18. 7977: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7942: 7939: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7899: 7891: 7888: 7852: 7850: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7753: 7751: 7695: 7693: 7688: 7685: 7661: 7660: 7641: 7640: 7609: 7607: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7516: 7515: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7476: 7474: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7444: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7418: 7402: 7400: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7347: 7346: 7311: 7310: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7268: 7266: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7226: 7180: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7153: 7152: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7102: 7100: 7092: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7072: 7070: 7062: 7060: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6977: 6976: 6921: 6919: 6863: 6861: 6841: 6840: 6785: 6783: 6727: 6725: 6708: 6707: 6697: 6653: 6650: 6642: 6640: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6616: 6614: 6606: 6604: 6561: 6559: 6541:Sitt al-Malik 6527: 6526: 6516: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6456: 6454: 6446: 6444: 6436: 6434: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6378: 6376: 6360: 6358: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6294: 6293: 6238: 6236: 6162: 6160: 6143: 6142: 6090: 6087: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6041: 5998: 5996: 5988:Abu Ali Ahmad 5974: 5973: 5918: 5915: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5875: 5822: 5820: 5808: 5807: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5574: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5553: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5466: 5451: 5440: 5439: 5424: 5422: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5358: 5356: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5302: 5299: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5225: 5223: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5037: 5035: 5009: 5007: 5004: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4910: 4908: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4682: 4680: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4614: 4612: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4558: 4555: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4481: 4479: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4426: 4424: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4102: 4100: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3952: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3855: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3831: 3830:caravanserais 3827: 3826:Nasir Khusraw 3821: 3817: 3816: 3810: 3809:full marriage 3801: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791:Hamza ibn Ali 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3736: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577:al-Mansuriyya 3574: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3380:tribe of the 3379: 3374: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3238: 3237:da'i al-du'at 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188:Hamdan Qarmat 3184: 3183: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152:millennialist 3148: 3146: 3141: 3129: 3125: 3124:Syrian Desert 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2998: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2923:Dawoodi Bohra 2921: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701:Jama'at Khana 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535:Nasir Khusraw 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2475:Hamdan Qarmat 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2324:Dawoodi Bohra 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2248:Seven Pillars 2244: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2230:Reincarnation 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031:Bernard Lewis 2028: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1883: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Musa al-Kazim 1832: 1827: 1826: 1821:, appointed ( 1820: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1785: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:rise to power 1762: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1731: 1728: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1678:and then the 1677: 1673: 1672:Sunni revival 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653:Twelver Shi'a 1650: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1635:, Yemen, and 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514:al-Fāṭimiyyūn 1509: 1500: 1496: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1357:Umm al-Quwain 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 980: 976: 974: 971: 970: 966: 964: 961: 960: 956: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 934: 931: 930: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 914: 911: 910: 906: 904: 901: 900: 896: 894: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 880: 876: 874: 871: 870: 866: 864: 861: 860: 856: 854: 851: 850: 846: 844: 841: 840: 836: 834: 831: 830: 822: 821: 811: 809: 806: 805: 801: 799: 796: 795: 791: 789: 786: 785: 781: 779: 776: 775: 771: 769: 766: 765: 761: 759: 756: 755: 751: 749: 746: 745: 741: 739: 736: 735: 731: 729: 726: 725: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 709: 706: 705: 701: 699: 696: 695: 691: 689: 686: 685: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 659: 658:Muslim Sicily 656: 655: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 639: 636: 635: 631: 629: 626: 625: 621: 619: 616: 615: 611: 609: 606: 605: 601: 599: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 585: 577: 576: 566: 564: 561: 560: 556: 554: 551: 550: 546: 544: 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 530: 526: 524: 521: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 504: 501: 500: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 484: 481: 480: 476: 474: 471: 470: 466: 464: 461: 460: 456: 454: 451: 450: 446: 444: 441: 440: 436: 434: 431: 430: 426: 424: 421: 420: 416: 414: 411: 410: 406: 404: 401: 400: 396: 394: 391: 390: 386: 384: 381: 380: 376: 374: 371: 370: 366: 364: 361: 360: 352: 351: 341: 339: 336: 335: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 319: 316: 315: 311: 309: 306: 305: 297: 296: 287:450 AD–550 AD 286: 284: 281: 280: 276: 274: 271: 270: 266: 264: 261: 260: 256: 254: 251: 250: 246: 244: 241: 240: 236: 234: 231: 230: 227:64 BC–300s AD 226: 224: 221: 220: 217:132 BC–244 AD 216: 214: 211: 210: 207:400 BC–106 AD 206: 204: 201: 200: 197:600 BC–100 BC 196: 194: 191: 190: 187:800 BC–300 BC 186: 184: 181: 180: 172: 171: 167: 163: 162: 157: 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 122: 117: 112: 109: 107:Historic seat 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 54: 51: 49:Parent family 47: 38: 33: 19: 10483:al-Musabbihi 10403:Bab al-Futuh 10398:Aqmar Mosque 10358:architecture 10319:Anti-Fatimid 10230:Missionaries 10113:Fatimid navy 10096:Fatimid army 9820:Sitt al-Mulk 9782:and military 9647:Alexandretta 9574: 9573: 9496:Imam-Caliphs 9439: 9435: 9426: 9406: 9402: 9383: 9364: 9344: 9311: 9288: 9267: 9246: 9239: 9209: 9205: 9183: 9163: 9145: 9141: 9118: 9106: 9099:Daftary 2007 9094: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9046: 9019: 8972:Daftary 2007 8967: 8960:Daftary 2007 8955: 8948:Daftary 2007 8943: 8936:Daftary 2007 8931: 8924:Daftary 2007 8919: 8912:Daftary 2007 8907: 8900:Daftary 2007 8895: 8888:Daftary 2007 8883: 8876:Daftary 2007 8871: 8864:Daftary 2007 8859: 8852:Daftary 2007 8847: 8840:Daftary 2007 8835: 8828:Daftary 2007 8823: 8816:Daftary 2007 8796: 8784: 8777:Daftary 2007 8772: 8741: 8734:Daftary 2007 8729: 8722:Daftary 2007 8717: 8710:Daftary 2007 8705: 8698:Daftary 2007 8693: 8686:Daftary 2007 8681: 8674:Daftary 2007 8669: 8662:Daftary 2007 8657: 8650:Daftary 2007 8645: 8638:Daftary 2007 8623:Daftary 2007 8618: 8611:Daftary 2007 8606: 8594: 8587:Daftary 2007 8582: 8575:Daftary 2007 8570: 8558: 8551:Daftary 2007 8546: 8534: 8527:Daftary 2007 8512:Daftary 2007 8507: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8392:Daftary 2007 8387: 8380:Daftary 2007 8375: 8368:Daftary 2007 8353:Daftary 2007 8348: 8341:Daftary 2007 8324:Daftary 2007 8319: 8312:Daftary 2007 8307: 8295: 8288:Daftary 2007 8283: 8252: 8240: 8228: 8221:Daftary 2007 8216: 8185: 8173: 8166:Daftary 2007 8161: 8149: 8070: 8048:Daftary 2007 8043: 8036:Daftary 2007 8031: 8019: 8012:Daftary 2007 8007: 8000:Daftary 2007 7995: 7983: 7952:Islam portal 7913: 7687:hidden imams 7658: 7638: 7513: 7344: 7308: 7289:Nizari imams 7150: 7122:Abu Abdallah 6974: 6838: 6705: 6696:Sitt al-Mulk 6524: 6317:Abd al-Rahim 6291: 6140: 5971: 5805: 5742: 5464: 5437: 5376: 4988:Zayd ibn Ali 4735: 4724: 4695: 4632: 4182:Zayd ibn Ali 3848:Family trees 3822: 3805: 3775: 3732: 3676: 3656: 3644: 3613: 3601: 3545: 3527: 3494: 3474: 3458: 3421: 3411:regnal title 3401:hujjat Allah 3369: 3294: 3256: 3149: 3135: 827/8 3108:Askar Mukram 3061: 2992: 2805: 2797: 2789: 2788:ʿAbad Allāh 2681:Constitution 2659: 2658: 2595: 2594: 2570:Pir Sadardin 2530:al-Naysaburi 2515:al-Sijistani 2468: 2467: 2422: 2421: 2391: 2381: 2380: 2354: 2347: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2301: 2026: 2024: 2007: 2003:Orientalists 1925: 1912: 1898: 1879: 1816: 1812:Ghadir Khumm 1797:. A line of 1724: 1676:Seljuk Turks 1661: 1656: 1641: 1565: 1557:Alavi Bohras 1494: 1492: 1452:1921–present 1437:1900–present 1422:1868–present 1407:1833–present 1392:1810–present 1377:1783–present 1362:1775–present 1347:1761–present 1332:1752–present 1317:1749–present 1302:1744–present 1297:Saudi Arabia 1287:1727–present 1272:1727–present 1257:1631–present 267:300s–500s AD 121:al-Mansuriya 10413:Bab Zuweila 10408:Bab al-Nasr 10376:Skifa Kahla 10328:Akhu Muhsin 10245:Ibn Hawshab 10152:Esotericism 10075:al-Basasiri 9793:and regents 9442:: 143–191. 9409:: 190–208. 9361:Halm, Heinz 9308:Halm, Heinz 9236:Schacht, J. 9232:Pellat, Ch. 9024:Canard 1965 9012:Canard 1965 8995:Canard 1965 8801:Canard 1965 8765:Canard 1965 8416:Andani 2016 8300:Andani 2016 8276:Canard 1965 8209:Canard 1965 8154:Canard 1965 8076:Andani 2016 8063:Canard 1965 3696:emirate of 3204:Ibn Hawshab 2932:Qutbi Bohra 2914:Alavi Bohra 2896:Aga Khan IV 2374:Qutbi Bohra 2369:Alavi Bohra 2330:Progressive 1966:Akhu Muhsin 1751:ahl al-bayt 1614:as well as 1157:Pate Island 1130:East Africa 923:Sulaymanids 863:Ukhaidhirds 648:Sulaymanids 618:Muhallabids 523:Munqidhites 423:Shirvanshah 277:300s–602 AD 247:196–1100 AD 237:100s–241 AD 147:Dissolution 97:Final ruler 10526:Categories 10270:Abu Tammam 10179:Qarmatians 10127:Isma'ilism 10065:Manjutakin 9780:Government 9736:Regime of 9708:Revolt of 9692:Revolt of 9332:"Fāṭimids" 9245:Volume II: 9223:"Fāṭimids" 9212:: 156–193. 9174:9004117415 9123:Lewis 1940 8539:Brett 2017 8404:Brett 2001 8257:Brett 2001 8190:Brett 2001 8178:Brett 2001 8142:Brett 2001 7988:Brett 2001 7976:Brett 2017 7924:References 7898:designated 4393:(7th imam) 4334:(6th imam) 4257:(5th imam) 4200:(4th imam) 4124:(3rd imam) 4069:(2nd imam) 4052:(1st imam) 3852:See also: 3783:antinomian 3326:Fatimiyyun 3310:Qarmatians 3062:While the 2686:Delegation 2642:Maymun-Diz 2525:al-Shirazi 2520:al-Kirmani 2505:Qadi Numan 2404:Qarmatians 2293:Musta'lism 2280:Pilgrimage 2220:Numerology 2114:Isma'ilism 1970:antinomian 1957:Banu Ubayd 1893:Heinz Halm 1829:) his son 1791: 680 1780: 670 1620:conquering 1600:Qarmatians 1443:Hashemites 1398:Al Maktoum 1368:Al Khalifa 1053:Upper Yafa 1043:Ya'arubids 883:Qarmatians 768:Sumadihids 257:220–638 AD 253:Ghassanids 128:(973–1171) 116:al-Mahdiya 10383:Mansuriya 10201:Assassins 10135:Doctrines 10032:governors 10028:Officials 10003:Banu Kanz 9989:Hamdanids 9985:Sulayhids 9975:Mirdasids 9969:Palestine 9965:Jarrahids 9945:Hammadids 9810:Ibn Ammar 9694:Abu Rakwa 9666:(974–978) 9635:(958–960) 9629:(943–947) 9627:Abu Yazid 9622:(937–941) 9616:(919–921) 9610:(914–915) 9604:(913–917) 9415:183390203 9353:1873-9830 9255:495469475 9228:Lewis, B. 9111:Halm 1991 9051:Halm 2014 9039:Halm 2014 8599:Halm 1991 8563:Halm 1991 8500:Halm 1991 8488:Halm 1991 8476:Halm 1991 8464:Halm 1991 8452:Halm 1991 8440:Halm 1991 8428:Halm 1991 8245:Halm 1991 8233:Halm 1991 8127:Halm 2014 8024:Halm 1991 7282:al-Husayn 5490:Mustakarr 5484:Mustawda' 5320:al-Husayn 4576:al-Husayn 3815:umm walad 3750:Cyrenaica 3746:Abu Rukwa 3707:Ya'furids 3690:Jarrahids 3622:Ikhshidid 3548:Abu Yazid 3510:Cyrenaica 3481:conquered 3449:Kharijism 3386:Aghlabids 3351:Sijilmasa 3145:al-Husayn 3120:Salamiyah 2822:al-Manṣūr 2763:al-Sajjad 2696:Holy Du'a 2575:Aga Khans 2510:al-Nasafi 2431:state of 2429:Qarmatian 2409:Assassins 2143:Batiniyya 2081:al-Mu'izz 2064:mustakarr 2056:permanent 2042:mustakarr 2036:mustawda' 1978:Khuzistan 1962:Ibn Rizam 1951:romanized 1618:, before 1553:Aga Khans 1517:) was an 1508:romanized 1503:الفاطميون 1428:Al Sharqi 1383:Al Nuaimi 1353:Al Mualla 1342:Abu Dhabi 1338:Al Nahyan 1278:Al Qasimi 1263:Al Qasimi 1227:1860–1887 1217:1858–1895 1202:1856–1964 1192:1746–1828 1177:1277–1495 1162:1203–1894 1117:1926–1970 1107:1906–1934 1097:1903–1967 1087:1858–1967 1083:Qu'aitids 1077:1836–1921 1073:Rashidids 1067:1820–1970 1057:1800–1967 1047:1624–1742 1037:1597–1872 1027:1463–1521 1017:1454–1526 1007:1395–1967 1003:Kathirids 997:1305–1487 993:Jarwanids 987:1253–1320 977:1229–1454 967:1159–1174 957:1154–1624 953:Nabhanids 947:1083–1174 937:1076–1253 927:1063–1174 917:1047–1138 913:Sulayhids 812:1837–1969 808:Senussids 802:1554–1659 792:1230–1492 782:1049–1078 772:1041–1091 762:1039–1110 752:1031–1091 748:Jawharids 742:1027–1063 738:Muzaynids 732:1026–1057 728:Hammudids 722:1023–1062 718:Yahsubids 712:1023–1091 702:1020–1086 692:1013–1039 682:1012–1051 672:1004–1412 638:Aghlabids 567:1697–1842 557:1517–1865 547:1480–1677 537:1517–1697 527:1025–1157 517:1024–1080 513:Mirdasids 503:Numayrids 483:Jarrahids 473:Mazyadids 453:Hamdanids 443:Hashimids 403:Habbarids 393:Dulafids 243:Tanukhids 123:(948–973) 118:(921–948) 113:(909–921) 69:Etymology 53:Husaynids 43:الفاطميون 10321:movement 10300:Abdallah 10208:Musta'li 10089:Military 10037:generals 9993:Zurayids 9949:Ifriqiya 9855:Kutayfat 9815:Barjawan 9742:al-Hafiz 9738:Kutayfat 9715:Musta'li 9664:Alptakin 9448:25684056 9425:(1940). 9343:(eds.). 9310:(1991). 9265:(2007). 9238:(eds.). 9220:(1965). 9087:Lev 1991 9075:Lev 1991 9063:Lev 1991 8789:Lev 1995 7896:denotes 7887:Sulayman 7490:Sulayman 7127:Abdallah 6515:Abdallah 6132:al-Qasim 5692:Muhammad 5548:Muhammad 5526:Abdallah 5435:Muhammad 5374:Abdallah 5360:Daughter 4733:(2007). 4728:Source: 4693:Muhammad 4630:Abdallah 4616:Daughter 4445:Abdallah 3920:Muhammad 3918:Prophet 3787:al-Darzi 3758:Uqaylids 3735:al-Hakim 3694:Hamdanid 3581:Kairouan 3530:Mahdiyya 3486:holy war 3462:Umayyads 3406:Rustamid 3220:Ifriqiya 3214:, 899), 3186:s) like 2817:al-Qāʾim 2768:al-Baqir 2622:Atashgah 2414:Satpanth 2399:Seveners 2309:Musta'li 2297:Nizarism 2225:Theology 2132:Concepts 2103:a series 2101:Part of 1946:بنو عبيد 1859:Muhammad 1855:Twelvers 1851:vanished 1757:Abbasids 1702:Tayyibis 1680:Crusades 1657:Ubaydids 1608:Ifriqiya 1590:Abdallah 1561:Vadodara 1538:Isma'ili 1432:Fujairah 1413:Al Thani 1323:Al Sabah 1212:Wituland 1147:896–1279 1103:Idrisids 1033:Qasimids 1013:Tahirids 983:Usfurids 973:Rasulids 943:Zurayids 907:968–1925 893:Wajihids 887:899–1077 877:897–1962 867:865–1066 853:Yufirids 847:819–1138 843:Ziyadids 837:751–1970 778:Tahirids 708:Abbadids 688:Tujibids 662:831–1091 628:Idrisids 612:756–1031 592:710–1019 588:Salihids 553:Harfushs 543:Turabays 507:990–1081 497:990–1096 493:Uqaylids 487:970–1107 477:961–1150 467:955–1071 463:Rawadids 457:890–1004 447:869–1075 427:861–1538 413:Kaysites 407:854–1011 377:736–1122 342:909–1171 338:Fatimids 332:750–1258 328:Abbasids 318:Umayyads 308:Rashidun 273:Lakhmids 263:Salihids 10366:Mahdiya 10346:Culture 10213:Tayyibi 10142:Imamate 10106:Ghilman 9931:Kalbids 9915:Saladin 9910:Shirkuh 9905:Dirgham 9800:Jawdhar 9790:Viziers 9751:Tayyibi 9585:History 9575:Dynasty 9133:Sources 7684:Tayyibi 7497:Haydara 7132:Isma'il 6546:Rashida 5181:Twelver 4382:Twelver 4374:Fathite 3767:Tripoli 3717:ghilman 3703:Tripoli 3679:al-Aziz 3466:Cordoba 3437:Sanhaja 3390:Raqqada 3355:Morocco 3341:Tulunid 3321:Bedouin 3208:Bahrayn 3089: 3021:Baghdad 2905:Taiyabi 2804:Ḥusayn 2741:leaders 2713:Abbasid 2647:Rudkhan 2632:Lambsar 2627:Gerdkuh 2617:Alamut 2607:Anjudan 2596:Centers 2540:Pamiris 2433:Bahrayn 2317:Tayyibi 2275:Fasting 2270:Charity 2255:Walayah 2153:Imamate 2050: 2015:Tayyibi 1982:sharifs 1953:: 1936:)—many 1847:messiah 1710:al-Adid 1706:Saladin 1698:Nizaris 1684:viziers 1612:Maghreb 1598:as the 1545:imamate 1541:Shi'ism 1522:dynasty 1510:: 1372:Bahrain 1308:Al Said 1293:Al Saud 1282:Sharjah 1252:Morocco 1248:'Alawis 1187:Mombasa 1023:Jabrids 963:Mahdids 933:Uyunids 897:926–965 873:Rassids 857:847–997 798:Saadids 788:Nasrids 698:Amirids 678:Bakrids 668:Kanzids 652:814–922 642:800–909 632:788–974 622:771–793 602:745-757 563:Shihabs 533:Ma'nids 437:864–928 433:Alavids 417:860–964 397:840–897 387:824–961 367:654–884 322:661–750 312:632–661 111:Raqqada 87:Founder 79:Founded 59:Country 10218:Hafizi 10196:Nizari 10101:Kutama 10060:Bakjur 10055:Jawhar 10017:Multan 9991:, and 9979:Aleppo 9941:Zirids 9935:Sicily 9900:Shawar 9753:schism 9747:Hafizi 9721:schism 9719:Nizari 9675:Apamea 9670:Aleppo 9489:topics 9446: 9413: 9390: 9371: 9351: 9318: 9296: 9275: 9253: 9234:& 9190: 9171: 7906: 7904: 7361:Ja'far 5569:Husayn 5461: 5459: 4743: 4721: 4719: 3980:Fatima 3779:Sharia 3711:Buyids 3698:Aleppo 3672:Medina 3630:Fustat 3609:Jawhar 3561:Dajjal 3477:Sicily 3445:Zenata 3441:Maliki 3382:Kutama 3378:Berber 3218:, and 3216:Persia 3013:. The 2796:Ahmad 2758:Husayn 2739:Early 2706:Qiyama 2691:Ginans 2676:Nizārī 2637:Masyaf 2580:Khojas 2469:People 2443:Multan 2423:States 2393:Nizari 2383:Hafizi 2265:Prayer 2260:Purity 2235:Titles 2210:Taqiya 2148:Ta'wil 1990:Medina 1942:Arabic 1795:Fatima 1784:Husayn 1782:) and 1727:Caliph 1716:Origin 1700:, and 1637:Multan 1631:, the 1629:Levant 1616:Sicily 1530:Fatima 1499:Arabic 1447:Jordan 1327:Kuwait 758:Hudids 141:Caliph 133:Titles 73:Fatima 10513:Media 10388:Cairo 10184:Druze 10161:Zahir 10157:Batin 10147:Hujja 10007:Nubia 9997:Yemen 9835:Rasad 9710:Nizar 9649:(971) 9444:JSTOR 9226:. In 7788:Dawud 7530:Yusuf 7504:Hasan 6509:Tamim 5649:Ahmad 5611:Sa'id 5590:Ahmad 5244:Ahmad 5183:imams 4500:Ahmad 4384:imams 4376:imams 4240:imams 4238:Zaydi 3795:Druze 3762:Mosul 3668:Mecca 3659:Syria 3640:Cairo 3617:da'wa 3579:near 3568:da'wa 3431:mahdi 3425:mahdi 3346:da'wa 3337:Ramla 3332:da'wa 3305:mahdi 3298:da'wa 3279:mahdi 3272:hujja 3266:mahdi 3260:da'wa 3200:Yemen 3171:da'wa 3165:mahdi 3140:da'wa 3128:Ahmad 3116:Basra 3103:hujja 3080:hujja 3072:da'wa 3065:mahdi 3051:zahir 3044:mahdi 3037:batin 3030:mahdi 3016:mahdi 3005:qa'im 2997:mahdi 2753:Hasan 2727:Women 2660:Other 2602:Cairo 2356:Vakil 2349:Badar 2198:Hujja 2183:Daʿwa 2163:Bātin 2158:Ẓāhir 2138:Quran 2107:Islam 2090:da'wa 2077:Hejaz 2011:Druze 1986:Mecca 1976:from 1938:Sunni 1799:imams 1773:Hasan 1694:Druze 1689:da'wa 1649:Sunni 1633:Hejaz 1624:Cairo 1604:Yemen 1595:da'wa 1581:da'wa 1570:da'wa 1417:Qatar 1402:Dubai 1387:Ajman 1172:Kilwa 1142:Shewa 126:Cairo 10356:and 10159:and 10035:and 10013:Lodi 9943:and 9655:and 9411:OCLC 9388:ISBN 9369:ISBN 9349:ISSN 9316:ISBN 9294:ISBN 9273:ISBN 9251:OCLC 9188:ISBN 9169:ISBN 8074:cf. 7914:bold 6551:Abda 4741:ISBN 3967:asas 3789:and 3670:and 3504:and 3395:da'i 3373:da'i 3315:da'i 3285:da'i 3229:da'i 3196:Kufa 3182:da'i 3112:Iran 3095:seal 3086:lit. 3057:Adam 2892:Imām 2295:and 2205:Satr 2188:Dāʿī 2178:ʿIlm 2173:'Aql 2047:lit. 1988:and 1964:and 1928:Alid 1902:satr 1841:and 1825:nass 1806:nass 1769:Shia 1651:and 1606:and 1532:and 1519:Arab 1493:The 1312:Oman 150:1171 139:and 137:Imam 10354:Art 9657:2nd 9653:1st 9247:C–G 9150:doi 5670:Ali 3760:of 3748:in 3594:). 3506:919 3502:914 3497:Fez 3464:of 3413:of 3245:bab 2748:Ali 2215:Pīr 2193:Bāb 2168:Nūr 2105:on 1984:of 1730:Ali 1534:Ali 82:909 10528:: 10030:, 9987:, 9440:36 9438:. 9405:. 9243:. 9230:; 9210:VI 9146:10 9144:. 9031:^ 9002:^ 8979:^ 8808:^ 8753:^ 8630:^ 8519:^ 8360:^ 8331:^ 8264:^ 8197:^ 8134:^ 8083:^ 8055:^ 7962:^ 7666:r. 7646:r. 7521:r. 7352:r. 7316:r. 7158:r. 6982:r. 6846:r. 6713:r. 6532:r. 6299:r. 6148:r. 5979:r. 5813:r. 3740:r. 3684:r. 3642:. 3590:r. 3553:r. 3543:. 3535:r. 3132:c. 2934:: 2925:: 2916:: 2910:: 2894:: 2868:/ 2854:/ 2045:, 2005:. 1948:, 1944:: 1887:r. 1868:r. 1789:d. 1778:d. 1735:r. 1696:, 1659:. 1639:. 1505:, 1501:: 10019:) 10015:( 10009:) 10005:( 9999:) 9995:( 9981:) 9977:( 9971:) 9967:( 9951:) 9947:( 9937:) 9933:( 9749:– 9717:– 9479:e 9472:t 9465:v 9450:. 9417:. 9407:6 9396:. 9377:. 9355:. 9324:. 9302:. 9281:. 9257:. 9196:. 9177:. 9156:. 9152:: 8748:. 8129:. 7670:) 7663:( 7650:) 7643:( 7525:) 7518:( 7356:) 7349:( 7320:) 7313:( 7162:) 7155:( 6986:) 6979:( 6850:) 6843:( 6717:) 6710:( 6536:) 6529:( 6303:) 6296:( 6152:) 6145:( 5983:) 5976:( 5817:) 5810:( 5734:e 5727:t 5720:v 4749:. 3970:) 3964:( 3885:e 3878:t 3871:v 3737:( 3681:( 3587:( 3233:( 3222:( 3210:( 3202:( 3098:' 3092:' 3084:( 2982:e 2975:t 2968:v 2903:- 2715:- 2059:' 2053:' 1884:( 1865:( 1802:( 1786:( 1775:( 1732:( 1497:( 1482:e 1475:t 1468:v 1449:) 1445:( 1434:) 1430:( 1419:) 1415:( 1404:) 1400:( 1389:) 1385:( 1374:) 1370:( 1359:) 1355:( 1344:) 1340:( 1329:) 1325:( 1314:) 1310:( 1299:) 1295:( 1284:) 1280:( 1269:) 1265:( 1254:) 1250:( 1214:) 1210:( 1189:) 1185:( 1174:) 1170:( 1159:) 1155:( 1144:) 1140:( 34:. 20:)

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