1341:, of the 617,000 hysterectomies performed in 2004, 73% also involved the surgical removal of the ovaries. There are currently an estimated 22 million women in the United States who have undergone this procedure. Nearly 68 percent were performed for benign conditions such as endometriosis, irregular bleeding and uterine fibroids. Such rates being highest in the industrialized world has led to the controversy that hysterectomies are being largely performed for unwarranted reasons. More recent data suggests that the number of hysterectomies performed has declined in every state in the United States. From 2010 to 2013, there were 12 percent fewer hysterectomies performed, and the types of hysterectomies were more minimally invasive in nature, reflected by a 17 percent increase in laparoscopic procedures.
47:
688:) is injected into the uterine arteries in order to block the flow of blood through those vessels. The restriction in blood supply usually results in significant reduction of fibroids and improvement of heavy bleeding tendency. The 2012 Cochrane review comparing hysterectomy and UAE did not find any major advantage for either procedure. While UAE is associated with shorter hospital stay and a more rapid return to normal daily activities, it was also associated with a higher risk for minor complications later on. There were no differences between UAE and hysterectomy with regards to major complications.
978:
869:. Historically, the biggest problem with this technique was infections, but infection rates are well-controlled and not a major concern in modern medical practice. An open hysterectomy provides the most effective way to explore the abdominal cavity and perform complicated surgeries. Before the refinement of the vaginal and laparoscopic vaginal techniques, it was also the only possibility to achieve subtotal hysterectomy; meanwhile, the vaginal route is the preferable technique in most circumstances.
717:
966:
771:, and vaginal cuff granulations. These theoretical advantages were not confirmed in practice, but other advantages over total hysterectomy emerged. The principal disadvantage is that risk of cervical cancer is not eliminated and women may continue cyclical bleeding (although substantially less than before the surgery). These issues were addressed in a systematic review of total versus supracervical hysterectomy for
990:
942:
954:
602:
594:
1374:, the number of hysterectomies from the 1980s to the 1990s decreased by 38 percent. In 1988, there were 173 such surgeries per 100,000 women, and by 1998 this number had been reduced to 107. The proportion of abdominal supracervical hysterectomies in the same time period grew from 7.5 to 41 percent. A total of 67,096 women underwent hysterectomy during these years.
191:
1025:
be "a safe alternative to laparotomy" in patients receiving total hysterectomy for endometrial cancer. Researchers concluded the procedure "offers markedly improved perioperative outcomes with a lower reoperation rate and fewer postoperative complications when the standard of care shifts from open surgery to laparoscopy in a university hospital".
422:
former is a sudden hormonal shock to the body that causes rapid onset of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, while the latter is a gradually occurring decrease of hormonal levels over a period of years with uterus intact and ovaries able to produce hormones even after the cessation of menstrual periods.
1060:
A 2014 Cochrane review found that robotic assisted surgery may have a similar complication rate when compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that although the surgery make take longer, robotic assisted surgery may result in shorter hospital stays. More
1024:
In one 2004 study conducted in the UK comparing abdominal (laparotomic) and laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic surgery was found to cause longer operation time and a higher rate of major complications while offering much quicker healing. In another study conducted in 2014, laparoscopy was found to
1017:
Vaginal hysterectomy is recommended over other variants where possible for women with benign diseases. Vaginal hysterectomy was shown to be superior to LAVH and some types of laparoscopic surgery causing fewer short- and long-term complications, more favorable effect on sexual experience with shorter
346:
In 1995, the short-term mortality (within 40 days of surgery) was reported at 0.38 cases per 1000 when performed for benign causes. Risks for surgical complications were presence of fibroids, younger age (vascular pelvis with higher bleeding risk and larger uterus), dysfunctional uterine bleeding and
1312:
of hysterectomies between 2008 and 2009 was almost 47,000. The national rate for the same timeline was 338 per 100,000 population, down from 484 per 100,000 in 1997. The reasons for hysterectomies differed depending on whether the woman was living in an urban or rural location. Urban women opted for
820:
Hysterectomy can be performed in different ways. The oldest known technique is vaginal hysterectomy. The first planned hysterectomy was performed by Konrad
Langenbeck - Surgeon General of the Hannovarian army, although there are records of vaginal hysterectomy for prolapse going back as far as 50BC.
635:
which is an outpatient procedure in which the lining of the uterus is destroyed with heat, mechanically or by radio frequency ablation. Endometrial ablation greatly reduces or eliminates monthly bleeding in ninety percent of patients with DUB. It is not effective for patients with very thick uterine
425:
One study showed that risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease is substantially increased for women who had hysterectomy at age 50 or younger. No association was found for women undergoing the procedure after age 50. The risk is higher when ovaries are removed but still noticeable even when ovaries
408:
After hysterectomy for benign indications the majority of patients report improvement in sexual life and pelvic pain. A smaller share of patients report worsening of sexual life and other problems. The picture is significantly different for hysterectomy performed for malignant reasons; the procedure
353:
Long-term effect on all case mortality is relatively small. Women under the age of 45 years have a significantly increased long-term mortality that is believed to be caused by the hormonal side effects of hysterectomy and prophylactic oophorectomy. This effect is not limited to pre-menopausal women;
464:
are well known adverse effects that develop with high frequency a very long time after the surgery. Typically, those complications develop 10–20 years after the surgery. For this reason exact numbers are not known, and risk factors are poorly understood. It is also unknown if the choice of surgical
388:
after hysterectomy with ovarian conservation is 3.7 years earlier than average. This has been suggested to be due to the disruption of blood supply to the ovaries after a hysterectomy or due to missing endocrine feedback of the uterus. The function of the remaining ovaries is significantly affected
372:
Hospital stay is 3 to 5 days or more for the abdominal procedure and between 1 and 2 days (but possibly longer) for vaginal or laparoscopically assisted vaginal procedures. After the procedure, the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends not inserting anything into the vagina
877:
Vaginal hysterectomy is performed entirely through the vaginal canal and has clear advantages over abdominal surgery such as fewer complications, shorter hospital stays and shorter healing time. Abdominal hysterectomy, the most common method, is used in cases such as after caesarean delivery, when
1361:
has been constant for many years. In 2006, 149,456 hysterectomies were performed. Additionally, of these, 126,743 (84.8%) successfully benefitted the patient without incident. Women between the ages of 40 and 49 accounted for 50 percent of hysterectomies, and those between the ages of 50 and 59
1329:
Hysterectomy is the second most common major surgery among women in the United States (the first is cesarean section). In the 1980s and 1990s, this statistic was the source of concern among some consumer rights groups and puzzlement among the medical community, and brought about informed choice
421:
Estrogen levels fall sharply when the ovaries are removed, removing the protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. This condition is often referred to as "surgical menopause", although it is substantially different from a naturally occurring menopausal state; the
920:
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) was developed in the early 90s by
Prabhat K. Ahluwalia in Upstate New York. TLH is performed solely through the laparoscopes in the abdomen, starting at the top of the uterus, typically with a uterine manipulator. The entire uterus is disconnected from its
895:
and is completed such that the final removal of the uterus (with or without removing the ovaries) is via the vaginal canal. Thus, LAVH is also a total hysterectomy; the cervix is removed with the uterus. If the cervix is removed along with the uterus, the upper portion of the vagina is sutured
198:
Hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure that has risks and benefits. It affects the hormonal balance and overall health of patients. Because of this, hysterectomy is normally recommended as a last resort after pharmaceutical or other surgical options have been exhausted to remedy certain
1052:
has been widely used especially in laparoscopic techniques and sometimes for the vaginal technique, but now appears to be associated with a considerable risk of spreading benign or malignant tumors. In April 2014, the FDA issued a memo alerting medical practitioners to the risks of power
566:. The increased risk is particularly pronounced for young women; the risk was lower after vaginally performed hysterectomies. Hormonal effects or injury of the ureter were considered as possible explanations. In some cases the renal cell carcinoma may be a manifestation of an undiagnosed
1028:
The abdominal technique is very often applied in difficult circumstances or when complications are expected. Given these circumstances the complication rate and time required for surgery compares very favorably with other techniques, however time required for healing is much longer.
766:
Subtotal (supracervical) hysterectomy was originally proposed with the expectation that it may improve sexual functioning after hysterectomy, it has been postulated that removing the cervix causes excessive neurologic and anatomic disruption, thus leading to vaginal shortening,
465:
technique has any effect. It has been assessed that the risk for urinary incontinence is approximately doubled within 20 years after hysterectomy. One long-term study found a 2.4 fold increased risk for surgery to correct urinary stress incontinence following hysterectomy.
1064:
Previously reported marginal advantages of robotic assisted surgery could not be confirmed; only differences in hospital stay and cost remain statistically significant. In addition, concerns over widespread misleading marketing claims have been raised.
4812:
Boosz A, Haeberle L, Renner SP, Thiel FC, Mehlhorn G, Beckmann MW, Mueller A (December 2014). "Comparison of reoperation rates, perioperative outcomes in women with endometrial cancer when the standard of care shifts from open surgery to laparoscopy".
1005:
Patient characteristics such as the reason for needing a hysterectomy, uterine size, descent of the uterus, presence of diseased tissues surrounding the uterus, previous surgery in the pelvic region, obesity, history of pregnancy, the possibility of
703:
Prolapse may also be corrected surgically without removal of the uterus. There are several strategies that can be utilized to help strengthen pelvic floor muscles and prevent the worsening of prolapse. These include, but are not limited to, use of
501:
occurs in approximately 3% of cases of abdominal hysterectomy. The risk is increased by obesity, diabetes, immunodeficiency disorder, use of systemic corticosteroids, smoking, wound hematoma, and preexisting infection such as chorioamnionitis and
481:
is a particular risk after hysterectomy because of the extent of dissection involved as well as the fact the hysterectomy wound is in the most gravity-dependent part of the pelvis into which a loop of bowel may easily fall. In one review,
437:
are associated with hysterectomies. This has been attributed to the modulatory effect of estrogen on calcium metabolism and the drop in serum estrogen levels after menopause can cause excessive loss of calcium leading to bone wasting.
150:), and other surrounding structures. The term “partial” or “total” hysterectomy are lay-terms that incorrectly describe the addition or omission of oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy. These procedures are usually performed by a
890:
because compared with the abdominal procedure it is less invasive and the post-operative recovery is much faster. It also allows better exploration and slightly more complicated surgeries than the vaginal procedure. LAVH begins with
864:
the greatest access to the reproductive structures and is normally done for removal of the entire reproductive complex. The recovery time for an open hysterectomy is 4–6 weeks and sometimes longer due to the need to cut through the
294:
this treatment is controversial at best. In the United States, specific cases of sterilization due to developmental disabilities have been found by state-level
Supreme Courts to violate the patient's constitutional and common-law
530:. The dressing should be changed and the wound irrigated with normal saline at least twice each day. In addition, it is recommended to administer an antibiotic active against staphylococci and streptococci, preferably
1362:
accounted for 20 percent. In 2007, the number of hysterectomies decreased to 138,164. In recent years, the technique of laparoscopic or laparoscopically assisted hysterectomies has been raised into the foreground.
1056:
Robotic assisted surgery is presently used in several countries for hysterectomies. Additional research is required to determine the benefits and risks involved, compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery.
782:
Length of surgery and amount of blood lost during surgery were significantly reduced during supracervical hysterectomy compared to total hysterectomy, but there was no difference in post-operative transfusion
468:
The risk for vaginal prolapse depends on factors such as number of vaginal deliveries, the difficulty of those deliveries, and the type of labor. Overall incidence is approximately doubled after hysterectomy.
827:
In modern medicine today, laparoscopic vaginal (with additional instruments passing through ports in small abdominal incisions, close or in the navel) and total laparoscopic techniques have been developed.
724:
Hysterectomy, in the literal sense of the word, means merely removal of the uterus. However other organs such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the cervix are very frequently removed as part of the surgery.
5827:
162:) and has surgical risks as well as long-term effects, so the surgery is normally recommended only when other treatment options are not available or have failed. It is the second most commonly performed
5245:
Schiavone MB, Kuo EC, Naumann RW, Burke WM, Lewin SN, Neugut AI, et al. (September 2012). "The commercialization of robotic surgery: unsubstantiated marketing of gynecologic surgery by hospitals".
360:
Ureteral injury is not uncommon and occurs in 0.2 per 1,000 cases of vaginal hysterectomy and 1.3 per 1,000 cases of abdominal hysterectomy. The injury usually occurs in the distal ureter close to the
581:; over 20 other cases have been discussed in additional medical literature. On very rare occasions, sexual intercourse after hysterectomy may cause a transvaginal evisceration of the small bowel. The
267:: depending on the type of hysterectomy, can aid in treatment of cancer or precancer of the endometrium, cervix, or uterus. In order to protect against or treat cancer of the ovaries, would need an
199:
intractable and severe uterine/reproductive system conditions. There may be other reasons for a hysterectomy to be requested. Such conditions and/or indications include, but are not limited to:
218:
a form of endometriosis, where the uterine lining has grown into and sometimes through the uterine wall musculature. This can thicken the uterine walls and also contribute to pain and bleeding.
5799:
409:
is often more radical with substantial side effects. A proportion of patients who undergo a hysterectomy for chronic pelvic pain continue to have pelvic pain after a hysterectomy and develop
935:"Robotic hysterectomy" is a variant of laparoscopic surgery using special remotely controlled instruments that allow the surgeon finer control as well as three-dimensional magnified vision.
4712:
977:
2315:
Petri Nahás EA, Pontes A, Nahas-Neto J, Borges VT, Dias R, Traiman P (February 2005). "Effect of total abdominal hysterectomy on ovarian blood supply in women of reproductive age".
445:
levels as compared to those left intact. Reduced levels of testosterone in women are predictive of height loss, which may occur as a result of reduced bone density, while increased
441:
Hysterectomies have also been linked with higher rates of heart disease and weakened bones. Those who have undergone a hysterectomy with both ovaries removed typically have reduced
542:. Alternatively, if the infection is cleared and healthy granulation tissue is evident at the base of the wound, the edges of the incision may be reapproximated, such as by using
5770:
680:. Under local anesthesia a catheter is introduced into the femoral artery at the groin and advanced under radiographic control into the uterine artery. A mass of microspheres or
5912:
3900:
965:
932:
Dual-port laparoscopy is a form of laparoscopic surgery using two 5 mm midline incisions: the uterus is detached through the two ports and removed through the vagina.
6335:
929:
Supracervical (subtotal) laparoscopic hysterectomy (LSH) is performed similar to the total laparoscopic surgery but the uterus is amputated between the cervix and fundus.
3058:
Barmparas G, Branco BC, SchnĂĽriger B, Lam L, Inaba K, Demetriades D (October 2010). "The incidence and risk factors of post-laparotomy adhesive small bowel obstruction".
824:
The first abdominal hysterectomy recorded was by
Ephraim McDowell. He performed the procedure in 1809 for a mother of five for a large ovarian mass on her kitchen table.
1021:
Laparoscopic surgery offers certain advantages when vaginal surgery is not possible but also has the disadvantage of significantly longer time required for the surgery.
4765:"The eVALuate study: two parallel randomised trials, one comparing laparoscopic with abdominal hysterectomy, the other comparing laparoscopic with vaginal hysterectomy"
3948:
3495:
Zapata LB, Whiteman MK, Tepper NK, Jamieson DJ, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM (July 2010). "Intrauterine device use among women with uterine fibroids: a systematic review".
585:
is the uppermost region of the vagina that has been sutured closed. A rare complication, it can dehisce and allow the evisceration of the small bowel into the vagina.
4276:
567:
554:. Sexual intercourse remains possible after hysterectomy. Reconstructive surgery remains an option for women who have experienced benign and malignant conditions.
5824:
886:
With the development of laparoscopic techniques in the 1970s and 1980s, the "laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy" (LAVH) has gained great popularity among
182:. It is expected that the frequency of hysterectomies for non-malignant indications will continue to fall given the development of alternative treatment options.
46:
661:) is released in low concentration locally. There is now substantial evidence that Levongestrel-IUDs provide good symptomatic relief for women with fibroids.
241:
when the uterus sags down due to weakened or stretched pelvic floor muscles potentially causing the uterus to protrude out of the vagina in more severe cases.
224:: irregular or excessive menstrual bleeding for greater than a week. It can disturb regular quality of life and may be indicative of a more serious condition.
692:
577:
due to an undetected fertilization that had yet to descend into the uterus before surgery. Two cases have been identified and profiled in an issue of the
2838:
Altman D, Granath F, Cnattingius S, Falconer C (October 2007). "Hysterectomy and risk of stress-urinary-incontinence surgery: nationwide cohort study".
2881:
McPherson K, Herbert A, Judge A, Clarke A, Bridgman S, Maresh M, Overton C (July 2005). "Self-reported bladder function five years post-hysterectomy".
232:: benign growths on the uterus wall. These muscular noncancerous tumors can grow in single form or in clusters and can cause extreme pain and bleeding.
4021:
3705:
793:
In the short-term, randomized trials have shown that cervical preservation or removal does not affect the rate of subsequent pelvic organ prolapse.
311:(a placenta that has grown into and through the wall of the uterus to attach itself to other organs), as well as a last resort in case of excessive
5389:
Nesbitt-Hawes EM, Maley PE, Won HR, Law KS, Zhang CS, Lyons SD, et al. (2013). "Laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy: evidence and techniques".
3107:
2660:
Jassal SK, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein SL (April 1995). "Low bioavailable testosterone levels predict future height loss in postmenopausal women".
5905:
786:
Febrile morbidity was less likely and ongoing cyclic vaginal bleeding one year after surgery was more likely after supracervical hysterectomy.
5571:
3944:
3911:
3896:
3207:
Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Ross RK, Yu MC (November 1999). "Increased risk of renal cell carcinoma subsequent to hysterectomy".
1928:
Blank SV (February 2011). "Prophylactic and risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: recommendations based on risk of ovarian cancer".
1338:
490:
due to intestinal adhesion was found to be 15.6% in non-laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomies vs. 0.0% in laparoscopic hysterectomies.
5804:
3771:
Lethaby A, Mukhopadhyay A, Naik R (April 2012). Lethaby A (ed.). "Total versus subtotal hysterectomy for benign gynaecological conditions".
921:
attachments using long thin instruments through the "ports". Then all tissue to be removed is passed through the small abdominal incisions.
6365:
908:
The "laparoscopic-assisted supracervical hysterectomy" (LASH) was later developed to remove the uterus without removing the cervix using a
134:. Supracervical hysterectomy refers to removal of the uterus while the cervix is spared. These procedures may also involve removal of the
4356:"Feasibility of myomatous tissue extraction in laparoscopic surgery by contained in - bag morcellation: A retrospective single arm study"
2967:
Altman D, Falconer C, Cnattingius S, Granath F (May 2008). "Pelvic organ prolapse surgery following hysterectomy on benign indications".
653:
are highly effective in limiting menstrual blood flow and improving other symptoms. Side effects are typically very moderate because the
3002:
Wiseman DM (July 2008). "Disorders of adhesions or adhesion-related disorder: monolithic entities or part of something bigger--CAPPS?".
779:
There was no difference in the rates of incontinence, constipation, measures of sexual function, or alleviation of pre-surgery symptoms.
518:, but only an incisional abscess confers purulent drainage. The recommended treatment of an incisional abscess after hysterectomy is by
6156:
5898:
5735:
Gimbel H, Settnes A, Tabor A (March 2001). "Hysterectomy on benign indication in
Denmark 1988-1998. A register based trend analysis".
3150:
354:
even women who have already entered menopause were shown to have experienced a decrease in long-term survivability post-oophorectomy.
5202:
Ridgeway BM, Buechel M, Nutter B, Falcone T (December 2015). "Minimally
Invasive Hysterectomy: An Analysis of Different Techniques".
3396:
Milsom I (June 2007). "The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system as an alternative to hysterectomy in peri-menopausal women".
6355:
3915:
1349:
In the UK, 1 in 5 women is likely to have a hysterectomy by the age of 60, and ovaries are removed in about 20% of hysterectomies.
4967:"Safety Communications – UPDATED Laparoscopic Uterine Power Morcellation in Hysterectomy and Myomectomy: FDA Safety Communication"
1963:
Shoupe D, Parker WH, Broder MS, Liu Z, Farquhar C, Berek JS (2007). "Elective oophorectomy for benign gynecological disorders".
4708:
381:
Removal of one or both ovaries is performed in a substantial number of hysterectomies that were intended to be ovary sparing.
6345:
5283:"Hysterectomy in very obese and morbidly obese patients: a systematic review with cumulative analysis of comparative studies"
3963:
1432:
Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Monteiro I (July 2008). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: uses and controversies".
1032:
Hysterectomy by abdominal laparotomy is correlated with much higher incidence of intestinal adhesions than other techniques.
772:
621:
4917:"Parasitic myomas after laparoscopic surgery: an emerging complication in the use of morcellator? Description of four cases"
350:
The mortality rate is several times higher when performed in patients who are pregnant, have cancer or other complications.
5427:
Lethaby A, Mukhopadhyay A, Naik R (April 2012). "Total versus subtotal hysterectomy for benign gynaecological conditions".
4140:
Sheth SS, Paghdiwalla KP, Hajari AR (April 2011). "Vaginal route: a gynaecological route for much more than hysterectomy".
3681:
5561:
5535:
5488:
4284:
3326:
QuirĂłz-Guadarrama CD, MartĂnez-Ordaz JL, Rojano-RodrĂguez ME, Beristain-Hernández JL, Moreno-Portillo M (June 2013). "".
736:. Indicated for cancer. Lymph nodes, ovaries, and fallopian tubes are also usually removed in this situation, such as in
364:
or as a ureter crosses below the uterine artery, often from blind clamping and ligature placement to control hemorrhage.
6350:
2123:
1663:
989:
209:
growth of the uterine lining outside the uterine cavity. This inappropriate tissue growth can lead to pain and bleeding.
800:
since the cervix itself is left intact and may be contraindicated in women with increased risk of this cancer; regular
331:
and other psychic and physical conditions caused by menstrual period and causing suffering and diminishing life quality
6309:
6039:
672:
503:
390:
5345:
King CR, Giles D (September 2016). "Total
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy".
2617:
van der Voort DJ, Geusens PP, Dinant GJ (2001). "Risk factors for osteoporosis related to their outcome: fractures".
5700:
Jäger C, Sauer G, Kreienberg R (2007). "Die laparoskopisch assistierte vaginale
Hysterektomie – Sinn oder Unsinn?".
1819:
Wingo PA, Huezo CM, Rubin GL, Ory HW, Peterson HB (August 1985). "The mortality risk associated with hysterectomy".
6360:
5922:
740:
668:". A myomectomy may be performed through an open incision, laparoscopically, or through the vagina (hysteroscopy).
361:
289:
3531:
2795:
Brown JS, Sawaya G, Thom DH, Grady D (August 2000). "Hysterectomy and urinary incontinence: a systematic review".
912:
which cuts the uterus into small pieces that can be removed from the abdominal cavity via the laparoscopic ports.
6276:
1383:
175:
5890:
5462:
941:
573:
Removal of the uterus without removing the ovaries can produce a situation that on rare occasions can result in
452:
Oophorectomy before the age of 45 is associated with a fivefold mortality from neurologic and mental disorders.
5862:
1408:
953:
483:
83:
1155:
No evidence that this technique improves sexual function or reduces operative risk of urinary or bowel damage
1061:
research is necessary to determine if robotic assisted hysterectomies are beneficial for people with cancer.
6286:
6253:
5594:
1409:"Plotting the downward trend in traditional hysterectomy | Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation"
487:
5657:
Mettler L, Ahmed-Ebbiary N, Schollmeyer T (2005). "Laparoscopic hysterectomy: challenges and limitations".
4966:
4481:"A Novel Approach to Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Using Only Two 5mm Ports: Initial Clinical Experience"
4029:
1904:
6044:
3011:
2703:
Segraves R, Woodard T (May 2006). "Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder: History and current status".
768:
2170:"Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and endogenous sex hormone levels in older women: the Rancho Bernardo Study"
789:
There was no difference in the rates of other complications, recovery from surgery, or readmission rates.
6314:
5931:
5764:
845:
519:
284:, prevention of future gynecologic problems, and transition to obtaining new legal gender documentation.
163:
5588:
4709:"Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Health Care in America – Finding the Balance Between Costs and Outcomes"
5155:"Total laparoscopic hysterectomy versus da Vinci robotic hysterectomy: is using the robot beneficial?"
6340:
6100:
5509:
4869:
3722:
Greer WJ, Richter HE, Wheeler TL, Varner RE, Szychowski JM, Kuppermann M, Learman LA (January 2010).
2441:
Gunter J (September 2003). "Chronic pelvic pain: an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment".
971:
Cervical stump (white) after removal of the uterine corpus at laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
632:
563:
394:
3553:"Uterine artery embolization for treatment of symptomatic fibroids; a single institution experience"
3234:
Zucchetto A, Talamini R, Dal Maso L, Negri E, Polesel J, Ramazzotti V, et al. (November 2008).
3016:
6151:
6034:
5952:
3533:
A Gynecologist's Second
Opinion: The Questions & Answers You Need to Take Charge of Your Health
1330:
advocacy groups like Hysterectomy Educational Resources and Services (HERS) Foundation, founded by
1045:
laparoscopic (all variants) 82.5 minutes average, range 10–325 (combined data from both trial arms)
539:
478:
312:
4354:
Devassy R, Cezar C, Krentel H, Verhoeven HC, Devassy R, de Wilde MS, et al. (February 2019).
2008:"What We Know about the Long-Term Risks of Hysterectomy for Benign Indication-A Systematic Review"
6226:
6168:
6123:
6095:
5717:
5682:
5493:
5227:
4838:
4385:
3378:
3308:
3265:
3083:
3037:
2949:
2906:
2863:
2820:
2748:"Increased mortality for neurological and mental diseases following early bilateral oophorectomy"
2728:
2685:
2642:
2466:
2358:
Maas CP, Weijenborg PT, ter Kuile MM (2003). "The effect of hysterectomy on sexual functioning".
2340:
2248:
2199:
1988:
1801:
1770:
McPherson K, Metcalfe MA, Herbert A, Maresh M, Casbard A, Hargreaves J, et al. (July 2004).
1717:
1457:
1318:
805:
708:", vaginal pessary, constipation relief, weight management, and care when lifting heavy objects.
527:
507:
878:
the indication is cancer, when complications are expected, or surgical exploration is required.
5114:"Robotically assisted vs laparoscopic hysterectomy among women with benign gynecologic disease"
6248:
6163:
6072:
5752:
5674:
5639:
5567:
5444:
5406:
5362:
5312:
5263:
5219:
5184:
5135:
5091:
5037:
4948:
4897:
4830:
4794:
4742:
4690:
4655:
4461:
4420:
4377:
4336:
4258:
4209:
4180:"Methods of hysterectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
4157:
4119:
4081:
3997:
3878:
3837:
3788:
3753:
3619:
3574:
3512:
3462:
3413:
3370:
3335:
3300:
3257:
3216:
3189:
3146:
3123:
3075:
3029:
2984:
2941:
2898:
2855:
2812:
2777:
2720:
2677:
2634:
2599:
2558:
2517:
2458:
2423:
2367:
2332:
2297:
2240:
2191:
2088:
2039:
1980:
1945:
1885:
1836:
1793:
1752:
1709:
1692:
Roopnarinesingh R, Fay L, McKenna P (May 2003). "A 27-year review of obstetric hysterectomy".
1620:
1549:
1531:
1449:
857:
681:
631:
Menorrhagia (heavy or abnormal menstrual bleeding) may also be treated with the less invasive
574:
357:
Approximately 35% of women after hysterectomy undergo another related surgery within 2 years.
308:
246:
167:
73:
57:
4227:
Pickett CM, Seeratan DD, Mol BW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, Bonestroo T, Aarts JW (August 2023).
3283:
Cocks PS (May 1980). "Early ectopic pregnancy after vaginal hysterectomy. Two case reports".
5744:
5709:
5666:
5629:
5621:
5436:
5398:
5354:
5302:
5294:
5255:
5211:
5174:
5166:
5125:
5081:
5073:
5027:
5019:
4938:
4928:
4887:
4877:
4822:
4784:
4776:
4682:
4645:
4635:
4627:
4525:
4492:
4451:
4412:
4367:
4326:
4318:
4248:
4240:
4199:
4191:
4149:
4111:
4071:
4063:
3959:
3940:
3868:
3827:
3819:
3780:
3743:
3735:
3609:
3601:
3564:
3504:
3452:
3444:
3405:
3362:
3292:
3247:
3179:
3115:
3067:
3021:
2976:
2933:
2890:
2847:
2804:
2767:
2759:
2712:
2669:
2626:
2589:
2548:
2507:
2497:
2450:
2413:
2405:
2324:
2287:
2279:
2230:
2181:
2078:
2070:
2029:
2019:
1972:
1937:
1875:
1867:
1828:
1783:
1744:
1701:
1610:
1602:
1521:
1513:
1441:
645:
543:
461:
304:
281:
250:: especially if there is a strong family history of reproductive system cancers (especially
236:
3481:
2924:
Lukanovic A, Drazic K (July 2010). "Risk factors for vaginal prolapse after hysterectomy".
1152:
Unclear if subtotal approach leads to a reduction in pelvic organ prolapse in the long-term
6301:
5831:
5794:
5514:
3236:"Reproductive, menstrual, and other hormone-related factors and risk of renal cell cancer"
2389:
2385:
2141:
1913:
1909:
1314:
797:
677:
551:
547:
498:
227:
179:
5748:
5112:
Wright JD, Ananth CV, Lewin SN, Burke WM, Lu YS, Neugut AI, et al. (February 2013).
4614:
Aarts JW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, Tavender E, Garry R, Mol BW, Kluivers KB (August 2015).
2106:
1255:
No significant clinical improvements compared with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy
4873:
4673:
Stovall TG, Summitt RL (August 1996). "Laparoscopic hysterectomy--is there a benefit?".
4253:
4228:
3614:
3593:
3508:
3409:
2394:"Hysterectomy improves sexual response? Addressing a crucial omission in the literature"
2266:
Bofill Rodriguez M, Lethaby A, Grigore M, Brown J, Hickey M, Farquhar C (January 2019).
337:, in order to prevent problems caused by uterus and uselessness of reproductive function
154:. Removal of the uterus renders the patient unable to bear children (as does removal of
6291:
6056:
5990:
5980:
5962:
5634:
5609:
5307:
5282:
5179:
5154:
5086:
5061:
5032:
5007:
4892:
4857:
4856:
Seidman MA, Oduyebo T, Muto MG, Crum CP, Nucci MR, Quade BJ (2012). Sullivan DJ (ed.).
4650:
4615:
4456:
4439:
4331:
4306:
4076:
4051:
3832:
3807:
3748:
3723:
3656:
3569:
3552:
3457:
3432:
3296:
2772:
2747:
2512:
2485:
2454:
2418:
2393:
2292:
2267:
2083:
2058:
2034:
2007:
1880:
1855:
1667:
1615:
1590:
1526:
1501:
1475:
1331:
866:
716:
705:
654:
159:
143:
4789:
4764:
4416:
4204:
4179:
3366:
2851:
2808:
1832:
17:
6329:
6243:
6216:
5975:
5789:
5721:
4933:
4916:
4858:"Peritoneal dissemination complicating morcellation of uterine mesenchymal neoplasms"
3433:"Endometrial resection and ablation versus hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding"
3041:
2716:
2235:
2218:
1788:
1771:
1638:
1007:
617:
434:
255:
251:
204:
171:
147:
5686:
5231:
4842:
4763:
Garry R, Fountain J, Mason S, Hawe J, Napp V, Abbott J, et al. (January 2004).
4389:
4102:
Thomas B, Magos A (April 2011). "Subtotal hysterectomy and myomectomy - vaginally".
3382:
3312:
3269:
3087:
2953:
2910:
2867:
2732:
2689:
2470:
2344:
2252:
1992:
1805:
1735:
Lamvu G (May 2011). "Role of hysterectomy in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain".
1721:
664:
Uterine fibroids may be removed and the uterus reconstructed in a procedure called "
6238:
6178:
6067:
6019:
5970:
5947:
5440:
5077:
5023:
4631:
4244:
3784:
3605:
3448:
3184:
3167:
2646:
2283:
2203:
1049:
1011:
897:
887:
753:
650:
582:
446:
442:
430:
268:
139:
5819:
5281:
Blikkendaal MD, Schepers EM, van Zwet EW, Twijnstra AR, Jansen FW (October 2015).
4545:
4153:
4115:
2824:
2537:"Hysterectomy and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study"
2168:
Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D, von MĂĽhlen D (February 2000).
1461:
1127:
Less pain medication and lower hospital costs compared with laparoscopic technique
1035:
Time required for completion of surgery in the eVAL trial is reported as follows:
103:
5867:
5215:
4882:
3739:
1976:
1941:
1748:
1606:
400:
A substantial number of women develop benign ovarian cysts after a hysterectomy.
89:
6281:
6206:
6084:
6029:
5814:
4780:
4686:
1705:
1573:
1220:
Associated with a high quality of life in the long term, compared with abdominal
909:
892:
841:
733:
625:
410:
393:. Surprisingly, a similar and only slightly weaker effect has been observed for
320:
275:
213:
170:, in the United States. Nearly 68 percent were performed for conditions such as
151:
97:
64:
31:
5402:
5259:
5153:
Soto E, Lo Y, Friedman K, Soto C, Nezhat F, Chuang L, Gretz H (December 2011).
4530:
4513:
4497:
4480:
4372:
4355:
4322:
4067:
3989:
2980:
2937:
2553:
2536:
2409:
1245:
Improved cosmetic outcomes compared with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy
1014:, will influence a surgeon's surgical approach when performing a hysterectomy.
601:
6271:
6233:
6221:
6211:
6146:
6112:
5670:
5625:
5358:
5298:
5170:
4826:
4195:
3823:
3071:
2894:
2328:
1517:
849:
837:
665:
593:
531:
511:
299:
5608:
Müller A, Thiel FC, Renner SP, Winkler M, Häberle L, Beckmann MW (May 2010).
3806:
Müller A, Thiel FC, Renner SP, Winkler M, Häberle L, Beckmann MW (May 2010).
3127:
2502:
2074:
1671:
1445:
5873:
3724:"Long-Term Outcomes of the Total or Supracervical Hysterectomy (TOSH) Trial"
2673:
2268:"Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding"
2111:
861:
801:
658:
385:
5756:
5678:
5643:
5448:
5410:
5366:
5316:
5267:
5223:
5188:
5139:
5095:
5041:
4952:
4901:
4834:
4798:
4746:
4659:
4465:
4381:
4340:
4262:
4213:
4161:
4123:
4085:
4001:
3882:
3841:
3792:
3757:
3623:
3578:
3516:
3466:
3417:
3374:
3339:
3261:
3220:
3193:
3079:
3033:
3025:
2988:
2945:
2902:
2859:
2816:
2781:
2724:
2638:
2603:
2562:
2521:
2462:
2427:
2371:
2336:
2301:
2244:
2219:"The association of hysterectomy and menopause: a prospective cohort study"
2195:
2186:
2169:
2092:
2043:
1984:
1949:
1889:
1871:
1797:
1756:
1713:
1624:
1535:
1453:
5713:
5130:
5113:
4694:
4424:
3304:
2681:
2630:
2576:
Kelsey JL, Prill MM, Keegan TH, Quesenberry CP, Sidney S (November 2005).
1840:
1664:"Growth Attenuation and Sterilization Procedures – "The Ashley Treatment""
1578:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2017-11-16.
1069:
Summary—Advantages and disadvantages of different hysterectomy techniques
983:
Transvaginal extraction of the uterus in total laparoscopical hysterectomy
190:
6172:
5466:
4915:
Cucinella G, Granese R, Calagna G, Somigliana E, Perino A (August 2011).
4178:
Johnson N, Barlow D, Lethaby A, Tavender E, Curr L, Garry R (June 2005).
3873:
3856:
2594:
2577:
515:
5060:
Lawrie TA, Liu H, Lu D, Dowswell T, Song H, Wang L, Shi G (April 2019).
5006:
Lawrie TA, Liu H, Lu D, Dowswell T, Song H, Wang L, Shi G (April 2019).
4440:"Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy compared to total hysterectomy"
3638:
3119:
2024:
796:
Supracervical hysterectomy does not eliminate the possibility of having
6183:
4943:
4640:
3353:
Jelovsek JE, Maher C, Barber MD (March 2007). "Pelvic organ prolapse".
1856:"Prophylactic oophorectomy in premenopausal women and long-term health"
1371:
1358:
1240:
Single-port laparoscopic hysterectomy / mini laparoscopic hysterectomy
685:
155:
5854:
5825:
Oncolex.org features live footage videos showing radical hysterctomies
3537:
3252:
3235:
3166:
Altman D, Yin L, Johansson A, Lundholm C, Grönberg H (December 2010).
2763:
449:
levels in women are associated with a greater sense of sexual desire.
307:(a placenta that has either formed over or inside the birth canal) or
113:
6198:
6135:
6000:
5985:
5808:
4616:"Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease"
4405:
The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists
4229:"Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease"
3855:
Thakar R, Ayers S, Clarkson P, Stanton S, Manyonda I (October 2002).
3639:"Having Prolapse, Cystocele and Rectocele Fixed Without Hysterectomy"
1305:
1106:
May have a higher risk of bleeding compared with laparoscopic surgery
853:
809:
691:
Uterine fibroids can be removed with a non-invasive procedure called
325:
should try to obtain pain etiology, although may have no known cause.
263:
131:
127:
1193:
Malignancies can only be removed by this approach if they are intact
1109:
Vaginal or Laparoscopic technique preferred for people who are obese
609:
Depending on the indication there are alternatives to hysterectomy:
5836:
4142:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
4104:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
1165:
Women must have regular cervical cancer screening following surgery
373:
for the first 6 weeks (including inserting tampons or having sex).
6263:
5939:
5878:
4735:
Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction
4514:"Dual Port Hysterectomy: A Novel Technique and Initial Experience"
3536:(revised ed.). Plume. pp. 89–92, 105–150. Archived from
1211:
Allows the possibility to diagnose and treat other pelvic diseases
715:
600:
592:
523:
189:
135:
1854:
Shuster LT, Gostout BS, Grossardt BR, Rocca WA (September 2008).
1277:
Similar complication rate compared with conventional laparoscopic
1217:
Less bleeding, fevers, infections compared with abdominal surgery
1502:"Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management"
1180:
Possible with a larger uterus, depending on the surgeon's skills
1147:
Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (subtotal hysterectomy)
1096:
No increase in post-surgical complications compared with vaginal
562:
Hysterectomy may cause an increased risk of the relatively rare
535:
5894:
4403:
Ahluwalia PK (August 1996). "Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy".
3551:
Laios A, Baharuddin N, Iliou K, Gubara E, O'Sullivan G (2014).
3594:"Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids"
2535:
Ingelsson E, Lundholm C, Johansson AL, Altman D (March 2011).
1589:
Temkin SM, Bergstrom J, Samimi G, Minasian L (December 2017).
3857:"Outcomes after total versus subtotal abdominal hysterectomy"
3482:"5 operations you don't want to get – and what to do instead"
3431:
Bofill Rodriguez M, Lethaby A, Fergusson RJ (February 2021).
2006:
Madueke-Laveaux OS, Elsharoud A, Al-Hendy A (November 2021).
752:: complete removal of the uterus and cervix, with or without
397:
which is often considered as an alternative to hysterectomy.
4052:"The transverse-vertical incision (Alazzam hybrid incision)"
1168:
Possibility of cyclical bleeding following subtotal approach
1093:
Combination with reduction and incontinence surgery possible
852:, as close to the upper hair line of the individual's lower
732:: complete removal of the uterus, cervix, upper vagina, and
1214:
Quicker return to normal activities compared with abdominal
1140:
Limited ability to evaluate the fallopian tubes and ovaries
51:
Diagram showing what is removed with a radical hysterectomy
2217:
Farquhar CM, Sadler L, Harvey SA, Stewart AW (July 2005).
1208:
Short inpatient treatment duration compared with abdominal
3592:
Gupta JK, Sinha A, Lumsden MA, Hickey M (December 2014).
676:(UAE) is a minimally invasive procedure for treatment of
1772:"Severe complications of hysterectomy: the VALUE study"
1103:
Longest recovery period and return to normal activities
506:. Such wound infections mainly take the form of either
4438:
Cipullo L, De Paoli S, Fasolino L, Fasolino A (2009).
4307:"Vaginal cuff dehiscence: risk factors and management"
1670:: National Disabilities Rights Network. Archived from
1230:
Requires a high degree of laparoscopic surgical skills
1137:
Limited by the size of the uterus and previous surgery
848:
is made through the abdominal wall, usually above the
836:
Most hysterectomies in the United States are done via
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
4479:
Lii SJ, Becker SF, Danilyants NE, MacKoul PJ (2010).
3956:
Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation
3908:
Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation
3901:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
3108:"Diagnosis and Management of Postoperative Infection"
2746:
Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ, Rocca WA (2009).
1905:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1196:
Not suggested for people with cardiopulmonary disease
377:
Unintended oophorectomy and premature ovarian failure
5844:
5659:
Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies
4022:"Hysterectomy: Then and Now - Oxford Women's Health"
2174:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
762:: removal of the uterus, leaving the cervix in situ.
6300:
6262:
6197:
6132:
6109:
6081:
6053:
6008:
5999:
5961:
5938:
5848:
4546:"Robotic surgery: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
3728:
Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
2926:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
2578:"Risk factors for pelvis fracture in older persons"
1662:Washington (state) Protection and Advocacy System.
96:
82:
72:
56:
39:
5347:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
3949:"Pap tests: When you need them—and when you don't"
1233:May have a higher risk of bladder or ureter injury
1183:Combination with reduction operations are possible
1175:Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH)
389:in about 40% of people, some of them even require
5769:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
5587:Wolfrum C (1 June 2008). "Vorschnelle Schnitte".
5536:"Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend"
3168:"Risk of renal cell carcinoma after hysterectomy"
3053:
3051:
1124:Short recovery period and discharge from hospital
433:(decrease in bone density) and increased risk of
3209:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2163:
2161:
1403:
1401:
1399:
904:Laparoscopic-assisted supracervical hysterectomy
856:as possible, similar to the incision made for a
5422:
5420:
3996:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1903:American Urogynecologic Society (May 5, 2015),
568:hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer
5107:
5105:
4097:
4095:
1591:"Ovarian Cancer Prevention in High-risk Women"
1317:and rural women had hysterectomies mostly for
579:Blackwell Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5906:
5737:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
5248:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4758:
4756:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4311:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4305:Cronin B, Sung VW, Matteson KA (April 2012).
3712:. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (October 13, 2010).
3706:encyclopedia.com > Wertheim's hysterectomy
3285:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3145:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 65.
2969:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1821:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
840:(abdominal incision, not to be confused with
628:and should be considered before any surgery.
8:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4135:
4133:
4050:Alazzam M, Khalifa MA, Al-Ani A (May 2022).
1039:abdominal 55.2 minutes average, range 19–155
693:Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound
258:), or as part of recovery from such cancers.
5429:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5066:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5012:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4620:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4233:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3773:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3598:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3437:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3101:
3099:
3097:
2272:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1500:Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL (March 2017).
6005:
5913:
5899:
5891:
5845:
4971:Center for Devices and Radiological Health
2059:"Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury"
1042:vaginal 46.6 minutes average, range 14–168
882:Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy
720:Schematic drawing of types of hysterectomy
45:
6336:Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)
5633:
5610:"Hysterectomy-a comparison of approaches"
5306:
5178:
5129:
5085:
5031:
4942:
4932:
4891:
4881:
4788:
4649:
4639:
4529:
4496:
4455:
4371:
4330:
4277:"Surgery - Foundation for Women's Cancer"
4252:
4203:
4075:
3872:
3831:
3808:"Hysterectomy-a comparison of approaches"
3747:
3613:
3568:
3456:
3251:
3183:
3015:
2771:
2593:
2552:
2511:
2501:
2417:
2291:
2234:
2185:
2082:
2033:
2023:
1879:
1787:
1614:
1525:
1506:Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports
775:, which reported the following findings:
456:Urinary incontinence and vaginal prolapse
5798:) is being considered for deletion. See
5489:"Rate of Hysterectomies Puzzles Experts"
5391:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
4518:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
4485:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
2398:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
1067:
473:Adhesion formation and bowel obstruction
5062:"Robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology"
5008:"Robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology"
1395:
1090:No limitation by the size of the uterus
937:
538:. The wound can be allowed to close by
522:, and then coverage by a thin layer of
5762:
3112:The Global Library of Women's Medicine
2443:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
429:Several other studies have found that
404:Effects on sexual life and pelvic pain
36:
5287:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
5055:
5053:
5051:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4815:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
4173:
4171:
3945:American Academy of Family Physicians
3912:American Academy of Family Physicians
3897:American Academy of Family Physicians
2883:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1694:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1339:National Center for Health Statistics
605:Sutured uterus wound after myomectomy
7:
5749:10.1080/j.1600-0412.2001.080003267.x
5463:"Hysterectomy rates falling: report"
2662:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
1267:May result in shorter hospital stays
995:End of a laparoscopical hysterectomy
620:are highly effective at controlling
303:: to remove either a severe case of
5921:Tests and procedures involving the
5566:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.
4973:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
4675:The New England Journal of Medicine
3861:The New England Journal of Medicine
3708:Citing: "Wertheim's hysterectomy".
3509:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.02.011
3410:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.003
3328:Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico
3060:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
2057:Burks FN, Santucci RA (June 2014).
651:Levonorgestrel intrauterine devices
618:Levonorgestrel intrauterine devices
417:Premature menopause and its effects
109:
5840:, "FTM Gender Reassignment Surgery
5614:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
5204:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
3812:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
3297:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04559.x
2455:10.1097/01.OGX.0000083225.90017.01
1595:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
1158:Faster return to normal activities
846:transverse (Pfannenstiel) incision
25:
5802:to help reach a consensus. ›
3988:Pillarisetty LS, Mahdy H (2022).
3004:Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
2484:Dalal PK, Agarwal M (July 2015).
2317:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
1917:, American Urogynecologic Society
1639:"Hysterectomy | Transgender Care"
1190:Higher cost than vaginal approach
5702:Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
5510:"Are Hysterectomies Too Common?"
4934:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.095
4733:Debodinance P (April 2001). "".
4360:International Journal of Surgery
4056:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery
3143:Williams gynecology, 2nd edition
2717:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00246.x
2582:American Journal of Epidemiology
2236:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00696.x
1789:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00174.x
1434:Expert Review of Medical Devices
1357:The number of hysterectomies in
1203:Total laparoscopic hysterectomy
1018:recovery times and fewer costs.
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
164:gynecological surgical procedure
5159:Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
4715:from the original on 2010-07-17
3240:International Journal of Cancer
2063:Therapeutic Advances in Urology
916:Total laparoscopic hysterectomy
773:benign gynecological conditions
477:The formation of postoperative
126:is the surgical removal of the
5441:10.1002/14651858.CD004993.pub3
5078:10.1002/14651858.CD011422.pub2
5024:10.1002/14651858.CD011422.pub2
4632:10.1002/14651858.CD003677.pub5
4512:Moawad G, Robinson JK (2012).
4245:10.1002/14651858.CD003677.pub6
3785:10.1002/14651858.CD004993.pub3
3606:10.1002/14651858.CD005073.pub4
3449:10.1002/14651858.CD000329.pub4
3185:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.425
2705:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
2284:10.1002/14651858.CD001501.pub5
1262:Robotic-assisted hysterectomy
622:dysfunctional uterine bleeding
413:(painful sexual intercourse).
27:Surgical removal of the uterus
1:
4417:10.1016/S1074-3804(96)80129-0
4281:Foundation for Women's Cancer
4154:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.12.005
4116:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.11.003
3530:Parker WH, Parker RL (2002).
3367:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60462-0
3172:Archives of Internal Medicine
2852:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61635-3
2809:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02577-0
2360:Annual Review of Sex Research
1833:10.1016/s0002-9378(85)80067-3
5560:Khastgir G, Studd J (1998).
5216:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000149
4883:10.1371/journal.pone.0050058
4026:www.oxfordwomenshealth.co.nz
3740:10.1097/SPV.0b013e3181cec343
2490:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
2012:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1977:10.1097/gme.0b013e31803c56a4
1942:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182083189
1749:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821646e1
1607:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000318
947:Uterus prior to hysterectomy
636:lining or uterine fibroids.
6366:Surgical removal procedures
6310:Gynecologic ultrasonography
6040:Uterine artery embolization
5838:Hudson's FTM Resource Guide
5487:Kolata, Gina (1988-09-20).
4781:10.1136/bmj.37984.623889.F6
4687:10.1056/NEJM199608153350712
1706:10.1080/0144361031000098352
1227:Increased length of surgery
959:Laparoscopical hysterectomy
673:Uterine artery embolization
504:pelvic inflammatory disease
391:hormone replacement therapy
6382:
5923:female reproductive system
5403:10.1016/j.jmig.2013.01.009
5260:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.050
4531:10.1016/j.jmig.2012.08.620
4498:10.1016/j.jmig.2010.08.381
4373:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.12.013
4323:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.08.026
4068:10.1007/s00423-021-02404-5
3480:Pesmen C (July 27, 2007).
2981:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.01.012
2938:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.01.025
2619:Osteoporosis International
2410:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.01.012
1575:Uterine fibroids: Overview
1260:
1238:
1201:
1173:
1145:
1114:
1083:
643:
362:infundibulopelvic ligament
290:developmental disabilities
29:
6277:Female genital mutilation
5929:
5671:10.1080/13645700510034010
5626:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0353
5359:10.1016/j.ogc.2016.04.005
5299:10.1007/s00404-015-3680-7
5171:10.3802/jgo.2011.22.4.253
4827:10.1007/s00404-014-3347-9
4196:10.1136/bmj.330.7506.1478
3824:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0353
3072:10.1007/s11605-010-1189-8
2895:10.1080/01443610500235170
2486:"Postmenopausal syndrome"
2329:10.7863/jum.2005.24.2.169
1930:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1737:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1518:10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1
1384:List of surgeries by type
514:. Typically, both confer
460:Urinary incontinence and
384:The average onset age of
342:Risks and adverse effects
110:
44:
6356:Sterilization (medicine)
5815:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
5800:templates for discussion
5508:Masters C (2006-07-01).
4411:(4, Supplement): S1–S2.
2554:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq477
2503:10.4103/0019-5545.161483
2124:"Abdominal hysterectomy"
2075:10.1177/1756287214526767
1446:10.1586/17434440.5.4.437
1001:Comparison of techniques
896:together and called the
860:. This technique allows
534:when there is a risk of
278:(trans) male affirmation
222:Heavy menstrual bleeding
30:Not to be confused with
6287:Clitoral hood reduction
6254:Vaginal transplantation
5751:(inactive 2024-09-01).
4921:Fertility and Sterility
3710:A Dictionary of Nursing
3682:"Complete Hysterectomy"
2674:10.1002/jbmr.5650100419
1912:: an initiative of the
1860:Menopause International
1121:Shortest operation time
1085:Abdominal hysterectomy
741:Wertheim's hysterectomy
488:small bowel obstruction
313:obstetrical haemorrhage
256:BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation
5595:Wort & Bild Verlag
5540:labblog.uofmhealth.org
3990:"Vaginal Hysterectomy"
3404:(6 Suppl): S152–S154.
3026:10.1055/s-0028-1082394
2541:European Heart Journal
2496:(Suppl 2): S222–S232.
2187:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6405
1872:10.1258/mi.2008.008016
1313:hysterectomies due to
1286:More research required
1270:More research required
1248:More research required
832:Abdominal hysterectomy
769:vaginal vault prolapse
721:
606:
598:
329:PMS and menstrual pain
195:
18:Abdominal hysterectomy
6346:Gynecological surgery
6315:Hysterosalpingography
5932:Gynecological surgery
5714:10.1055/s-2007-965243
5131:10.1001/jama.2013.186
2631:10.1007/s001980170062
1550:"Uterine Adenomyosis"
1280:Longer surgical times
1116:Vaginal hysterectomy
1010:, or the need for an
760:Subtotal hysterectomy
719:
644:Further information:
604:
596:
520:incision and drainage
193:
6101:Endometrial ablation
5563:Hysterectomy and HRT
5254:(3): 174.e1–174.e7.
3874:10.1056/NEJMoa013336
2975:(5): 572.e1–572.e6.
873:Vaginal hysterectomy
730:Radical hysterectomy
633:endometrial ablation
564:renal cell carcinoma
526:followed by sterile
395:endometrial ablation
254:in conjunction with
245:Reproductive system
6351:Reproductive system
6152:Cervical conization
6035:Pelvic exenteration
5953:Salpingoophorectomy
4874:2012PLoSO...750058S
3361:(9566): 1027–1038.
3120:10.3843/GLOWM.10032
2846:(9597): 1494–1499.
2025:10.3390/jcm10225335
1971:(3 Pt 2): 580–585.
1827:(7 Pt 1): 803–808.
1319:menstrual disorders
1070:
684:(PVA) material (an
558:Other rare problems
540:secondary intention
6169:Cervical screening
6124:Uterine myomectomy
6096:Endometrial biopsy
5830:2017-09-14 at the
5494:The New York Times
3141:Hoffman B (2012).
2595:10.1093/aje/kwi295
1643:transcare.ucsf.edu
1068:
812:are still needed.
806:cervical dysplasia
750:Total hysterectomy
722:
607:
599:
544:butterfly stitches
508:incisional abscess
196:
176:irregular bleeding
6361:Surgical oncology
6323:
6322:
6249:Vaginal wet mount
6193:
6192:
6164:Cervical cerclage
6073:Vacuum aspiration
5888:
5887:
5590:Apotheken Umschau
5573:978-1-85317-408-7
5542:. 23 January 2018
3867:(17): 1318–1325.
3253:10.1002/ijc.23750
3178:(22): 2011–2016.
3066:(10): 1619–1628.
2803:(9229): 535–539.
2764:10.1159/000211951
2752:Neuroepidemiology
1926:, which cites: *
1337:According to the
1292:
1291:
858:caesarean section
682:polyvinyl alcohol
575:ectopic pregnancy
309:placenta percreta
247:cancer prevention
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
6373:
6140:
6117:
6089:
6061:
6013:
6006:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5892:
5846:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5760:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5424:
5415:
5414:
5386:
5371:
5370:
5342:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5057:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5003:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4895:
4885:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4821:(6): 1215–1220.
4809:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4611:
4554:
4553:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4375:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4283:. Archived from
4273:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4062:(3): 1303–1309.
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4028:. Archived from
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3969:on June 24, 2012
3968:
3962:. Archived from
3960:Consumer Reports
3953:
3941:Consumer Reports
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3921:on June 24, 2012
3920:
3914:. Archived from
3905:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3719:
3713:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:womenshealth.gov
3653:
3647:
3646:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3600:(12): CD005073.
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3246:(9): 2213–2216.
3231:
3225:
3224:
3215:(11): 999–1003.
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3019:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2238:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2189:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1743:(5): 1175–1178.
1732:
1726:
1725:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:on July 27, 2011
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:womenshealth.gov
1472:
1466:
1465:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1405:
1315:uterine fibroids
1071:
992:
980:
968:
956:
944:
925:Other techniques
744:
743:
699:Uterine prolapse
678:uterine fibroids
646:Uterine fibroids
640:Uterine fibroids
462:vaginal prolapse
305:placenta praevia
282:gender dysphoria
237:Uterine prolapse
229:Uterine fibroids
180:uterine fibroids
168:cesarean section
114:edit on Wikidata
106:
92:
68:
67:
49:
37:
21:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6302:Medical imaging
6296:
6258:
6189:
6133:
6128:
6110:
6105:
6082:
6077:
6054:
6049:
6045:Transplantation
6009:
5995:
5963:Fallopian tubes
5957:
5934:
5925:
5919:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5857:
5832:Wayback Machine
5803:
5784:
5779:
5778:
5761:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5620:(20): 353–359.
5607:
5606:
5602:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5472:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5435:(4): CD004993.
5426:
5425:
5418:
5388:
5387:
5374:
5344:
5343:
5324:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5072:(4): CD011422.
5059:
5058:
5049:
5018:(4): CD011422.
5005:
5004:
4985:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4775:(7432): 129–0.
4762:
4761:
4754:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4626:(8): CD003677.
4613:
4612:
4557:
4550:medlineplus.gov
4544:
4543:
4539:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4239:(8): CD003677.
4226:
4225:
4221:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3951:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3818:(20): 353–359.
3805:
3804:
3800:
3779:(4): CD004993.
3770:
3769:
3765:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3645:. wdxcyber.com.
3636:
3635:
3631:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3443:(2): CD000329.
3430:
3429:
3425:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3106:Duff P (2009).
3105:
3104:
3095:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3017:10.1.1.628.2706
3001:
3000:
2996:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2278:(1): CD001501.
2265:
2264:
2260:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:Ureteral Trauma
2104:
2100:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1936:(2 Pt 1): 404.
1927:
1920:
1918:
1914:ABIM Foundation
1910:Choosing Wisely
1902:
1901:
1897:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1355:
1347:
1327:
1302:
1297:
1003:
996:
993:
984:
981:
972:
969:
960:
957:
948:
945:
927:
918:
906:
884:
875:
834:
818:
798:cervical cancer
739:
738:
714:
706:kegel exercises
701:
648:
642:
615:
591:
560:
499:Wound infection
496:
494:Wound infection
475:
458:
426:are preserved.
419:
406:
379:
370:
344:
188:
160:fallopian tubes
144:fallopian tubes
117:
102:
88:
63:
62:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6379:
6377:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6292:Vestibulectomy
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6227:husband stitch
6219:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6176:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6057:Uterine cavity
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5991:Tubal reversal
5988:
5983:
5981:Tubal ligation
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5870:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:Classification
5843:
5842:
5834:
5822:
5811:
5787:
5783:
5782:External links
5780:
5777:
5776:
5743:(3): 267–272.
5727:
5708:(6): 628–632.
5692:
5665:(3): 145–159.
5649:
5600:
5593:. Baierbrunn:
5579:
5572:
5552:
5527:
5500:
5479:
5454:
5416:
5397:(4): 424–434.
5372:
5353:(3): 463–478.
5322:
5293:(4): 723–738.
5273:
5237:
5210:(4): 732–739.
5194:
5165:(4): 253–259.
5145:
5124:(7): 689–698.
5101:
5047:
4983:
4958:
4927:(2): e90–e96.
4907:
4868:(11): e50058.
4848:
4804:
4752:
4741:(2): 151–159.
4725:
4700:
4681:(7): 512–513.
4665:
4555:
4537:
4504:
4471:
4450:(3): 370–375.
4430:
4395:
4346:
4317:(4): 284–288.
4297:
4268:
4219:
4190:(7506): 1478.
4167:
4148:(2): 115–132.
4129:
4110:(2): 133–152.
4091:
4042:
4013:
3980:
3932:
3899:(April 2012).
3888:
3847:
3798:
3763:
3714:
3698:
3686:www.cancer.gov
3673:
3657:"Hysterectomy"
3648:
3643:Women's Health
3629:
3584:
3563:(3): 258–261.
3543:
3540:on 2007-06-09.
3522:
3487:
3472:
3423:
3388:
3345:
3334:(6): 349–352.
3318:
3291:(5): 363–365.
3275:
3226:
3199:
3158:
3152:978-0071716727
3151:
3133:
3093:
3047:
3010:(4): 356–368.
2994:
2959:
2916:
2889:(5): 469–475.
2873:
2830:
2787:
2738:
2711:(3): 408–418.
2695:
2668:(4): 650–654.
2652:
2625:(8): 630–638.
2609:
2588:(9): 879–886.
2568:
2547:(6): 745–750.
2527:
2476:
2449:(9): 615–623.
2433:
2404:(3): 288–295.
2377:
2350:
2323:(2): 169–174.
2307:
2258:
2229:(7): 956–962.
2209:
2180:(2): 645–651.
2157:
2142:"Hysterectomy"
2133:
2115:
2098:
2069:(3): 115–124.
2049:
1998:
1955:
1895:
1866:(3): 111–116.
1846:
1811:
1782:(7): 688–694.
1762:
1727:
1700:(3): 252–254.
1684:
1668:Washington, DC
1654:
1630:
1601:(4): 738–757.
1581:
1565:
1541:
1492:
1476:"Hysterectomy"
1467:
1440:(4): 437–445.
1424:
1413:ihpi.umich.edu
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1345:United Kingdom
1343:
1332:Nora W. Coffey
1326:
1323:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:Increased cost
1281:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:Disadvantages
1078:
1075:
1053:morcellation.
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
987:
985:
982:
975:
973:
970:
963:
961:
958:
951:
949:
946:
939:
926:
923:
917:
914:
905:
902:
883:
880:
874:
871:
867:abdominal wall
833:
830:
817:
814:
791:
790:
787:
784:
780:
764:
763:
757:
747:
713:
710:
700:
697:
655:levonorgestrel
641:
638:
614:
613:Heavy bleeding
611:
590:
587:
559:
556:
495:
492:
474:
471:
457:
454:
435:bone fractures
418:
415:
405:
402:
378:
375:
369:
366:
343:
340:
339:
338:
332:
326:
316:
296:
285:
272:
259:
242:
233:
225:
219:
210:
187:
184:
119:
118:
111:
108:
107:
100:
94:
93:
86:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
60:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6378:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Hymenorrhaphy
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Culdocentesis
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Salpingectomy
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5772:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5553:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5483:
5480:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4505:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4287:on 2018-11-07
4286:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4032:on 2023-10-17
4031:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3637:Jelovsek FR.
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:Contraception
3491:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:Contraception
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:, Frangos E,
2387:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
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2164:
2162:
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2129:
2125:
2119:
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2113:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
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1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
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1803:
1799:
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1728:
1723:
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1711:
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1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
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1569:
1566:
1555:
1554:Yale Medicine
1551:
1545:
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1519:
1515:
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1342:
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1325:United States
1324:
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881:
879:
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804:to check for
803:
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252:breast cancer
249:
248:
243:
240:
238:
234:
231:
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217:
215:
211:
208:
206:
205:Endometriosis
202:
201:
200:
192:
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173:
172:endometriosis
169:
165:
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148:salpingectomy
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6239:Colpocleisis
6179:Cervicectomy
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6068:Hysteroscopy
6055:
6025:Hysterectomy
6024:
6020:Genitoplasty
6010:
5971:Falloposcopy
5948:Oophorectomy
5872:
5861:
5837:
5820:Hysterectomy
5813:
5805:Hysterectomy
5793:
5765:cite journal
5740:
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5539:
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5513:
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5469:. 2010-05-27
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4970:
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4703:
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4285:the original
4280:
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4030:the original
4025:
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3964:the original
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3935:
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3916:the original
3907:
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3860:
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3734:(1): 49–57.
3731:
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3690:. Retrieved
3688:. 2011-02-02
3685:
3676:
3665:. Retrieved
3663:. 2017-02-21
3660:
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2353:
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2146:www.acog.org
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2066:
2062:
2052:
2018:(22): 5335.
2015:
2011:
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1968:
1964:
1958:
1933:
1929:
1919:, retrieved
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1859:
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1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1598:
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1584:
1574:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1512:(1): 34–41.
1509:
1505:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1482:. 2017-02-21
1479:
1470:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1369:
1356:
1348:
1336:
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1309:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:Morcellation
1048:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:oophorectomy
1004:
934:
931:
928:
919:
907:
898:vaginal cuff
885:
876:
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754:oophorectomy
749:
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670:
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616:
608:
589:Alternatives
583:vaginal cuff
578:
572:
561:
497:
476:
467:
459:
451:
447:testosterone
443:testosterone
440:
431:osteoporosis
428:
424:
420:
407:
399:
383:
380:
371:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
334:
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318:
298:
287:
274:
269:oophorectomy
262:Gynecologic
261:
244:
235:
228:
221:
212:
203:
197:
194:Hysterectomy
186:Medical uses
152:gynecologist
140:oophorectomy
124:Hysterectomy
123:
122:
40:Hysterectomy
6341:Gynaecology
6282:Labiaplasty
6207:Vaginectomy
6085:Endometrium
6030:Hysterotomy
5788:‹ The
4944:10447/77912
4641:2066/154037
3557:Hippokratia
2128:Mayo Clinic
1130:Lowest cost
910:morcellator
893:laparoscopy
842:laparoscopy
734:parametrium
626:menorrhagia
411:dyspareunia
321:pelvic pain
276:Transgender
214:Adenomyosis
98:MedlinePlus
65:gynaecology
32:Hysterotomy
6330:Categories
6272:Vulvectomy
6234:Hymenotomy
6222:Episiotomy
6212:Culdoscopy
6147:Colposcopy
6113:Myometrium
5546:2019-08-06
5521:2007-07-17
5473:2010-05-28
4977:2017-01-10
4719:2010-01-24
4524:(6): S86.
4491:(6): S87.
4291:2018-11-07
4036:2020-01-27
4007:2022-10-31
3994:StatPearls
3973:August 17,
3925:August 14,
3692:2022-10-31
3667:2019-08-01
2366:: 83–113.
2151:2021-12-28
1678:2011-03-10
1648:2019-08-02
1559:2022-10-31
1486:2019-08-06
1418:2019-08-06
1390:References
1074:Technique
862:physicians
850:pubic bone
838:laparotomy
802:pap smears
695:(MRgFUS).
666:myomectomy
597:Myomectomy
570:syndrome.
532:vancomycin
512:cellulitis
300:Postpartum
280:: aids in
6186:insertion
5879:236886002
5874:SNOMED CT
5722:260157584
4366:: 22–27.
3128:1756-2228
3042:260317149
3012:CiteSeerX
2390:Whipple B
2112:eMedicine
1965:Menopause
1334:in 1982.
1295:Incidence
1077:Benefits
816:Technique
659:progestin
624:(DUB) or
510:or wound
484:incidence
479:adhesions
386:menopause
335:Childfree
58:Specialty
6173:pap test
6011:General:
5828:Archived
5790:template
5757:11207494
5687:25696299
5679:16754157
5644:20539807
5467:CBC News
5449:22513925
5411:23510954
5367:27521879
5317:25773357
5268:22835493
5232:42747985
5224:26457851
5189:22247802
5140:23423414
5096:30985921
5042:30985921
4953:21719004
4902:23189178
4862:PLOS ONE
4843:25074196
4835:25009071
4799:14711749
4747:11319467
4713:Archived
4660:26264829
4466:19793479
4390:58564050
4382:30639472
4341:21974989
4263:37642285
4254:10464658
4214:15976422
4162:21349773
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4002:32119369
3883:12397189
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3615:11285296
3579:25694762
3517:20682142
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3340:23837301
3313:27101990
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3262:18711701
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3080:20352368
3034:18756413
2989:18355787
2954:24322065
2946:20362288
2911:38512052
2903:16183583
2868:27132159
2860:17964350
2817:10950229
2782:19365140
2733:39458239
2725:16681466
2690:30094806
2639:11580076
2604:16221810
2563:21186237
2522:26330639
2471:25101266
2463:12972837
2428:21545957
2392:(2011).
2372:15287159
2345:30259666
2337:15661947
2302:30667064
2253:21619116
2245:15957999
2196:10690870
2093:24883109
2044:34830617
1993:37549821
1985:17476148
1950:21252760
1890:18714076
1806:38391308
1798:15198759
1757:21508759
1722:28253372
1714:12850853
1625:28957949
1536:29276652
1454:18573044
1378:See also
528:dressing
516:erythema
368:Recovery
347:parity.
319:Chronic
166:, after
74:ICD-9-CM
6184:Pessary
5940:Ovaries
5868:D007044
5792:below (
5635:2883234
5308:4560773
5180:3254844
5087:6464707
5033:6464707
4893:3506532
4870:Bibcode
4695:8672159
4651:6984437
4457:3015973
4425:9074073
4332:3319233
4077:9151581
3833:2883234
3749:3252027
3570:4309148
3458:8095059
3305:7387935
2773:2697609
2682:7610937
2647:9421669
2513:4539866
2419:3090744
2293:7057272
2204:8195493
2084:4003841
2035:8622061
1921:June 1,
1881:2585770
1841:4025434
1616:5920567
1527:5737931
1372:Denmark
1366:Denmark
1359:Germany
1353:Germany
686:embolus
552:sutures
548:staples
295:rights.
288:Severe
156:ovaries
136:ovaries
90:D007044
6199:Vagina
6136:Cervix
6001:Uterus
5986:Essure
5809:Curlie
5795:Curlie
5755:
5720:
5685:
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3465:
3455:
3416:
3381:
3373:
3355:Lancet
3338:
3311:
3303:
3268:
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2797:Lancet
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2731:
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1534:
1524:
1462:659602
1460:
1452:
1310:number
1308:, the
1306:Canada
1300:Canada
854:pelvis
810:cancer
783:rates.
264:cancer
178:, and
132:cervix
128:uterus
104:002915
6264:Vulva
5718:S2CID
5683:S2CID
5228:S2CID
4839:S2CID
4386:S2CID
3967:(PDF)
3952:(PDF)
3919:(PDF)
3904:(PDF)
3379:S2CID
3309:S2CID
3266:S2CID
3084:S2CID
3038:S2CID
2950:S2CID
2907:S2CID
2864:S2CID
2821:S2CID
2729:S2CID
2686:S2CID
2643:S2CID
2467:S2CID
2341:S2CID
2249:S2CID
2200:S2CID
1989:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1718:S2CID
1458:S2CID
844:). A
712:Types
524:gauze
112:[
6157:LEEP
5863:MeSH
5771:link
5753:PMID
5675:PMID
5640:PMID
5568:ISBN
5515:Time
5445:PMID
5407:PMID
5363:PMID
5313:PMID
5264:PMID
5220:PMID
5185:PMID
5136:PMID
5118:JAMA
5092:PMID
5038:PMID
4949:PMID
4898:PMID
4831:PMID
4795:PMID
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