4461:
207:, dull, or aching. The characteristic of cramping abdominal pain is that it comes in brief waves, builds to a peak, and then abruptly stops for a period during which there is no more pain. The pain flares up and off periodically. The most common cause of persistent dull or aching abdominal pain is edema or distention of the wall of a hollow viscus. A dull or aching pain may also be felt due to a stretch in the liver and spleen capsules.
2913:
pregnancy. Secondly, pregnancy modifies the natural history and clinical manifestation of numerous abdominal disorders. Third, pregnancy modifies and limits the diagnostic assessment. For instance, concerns about fetal safety during pregnancy are raised by invasive exams and radiologic testing. Fourth, while receiving therapy during pregnancy, the mother's and the fetus' interests need to be taken into account.
2050:
like these can avoid future abdominal issues, resulting in the need of professional assistance. In the emergency department, a person presenting with abdominal pain may initially require IV fluids due to decreased intake secondary to abdominal pain and possible emesis or vomiting. Treatment for abdominal pain includes analgesia, such as non-opioid (ketorolac) and opioid medications (
1894:; i.e. a narrative of the current symptoms such as the onset, location, duration, character, aggravating or relieving factors, and temporal nature of the pain. Identifying other possible factors may aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause of abdominal pain, such as recent travel, recent contact with other ill individuals, and for females, a thorough
49:
2912:
Unique clinical challenges arise when pregnant women experience abdominal pain. First off, there are many possible causes of abdominal pain during pregnancy. These include intraabdominal diseases that arise incidentally during pregnancy as well as obstetric or gynecologic disorders associated with
2903:
The challenge of obtaining a sufficient history from an elderly patient can be attributed to multiple factors. Reduced memory or hearing could make the issue worse. It is common to encounter stoicism combined with a fear of losing one's independence if a serious condition is discovered. Changes in
2049:
The management of abdominal pain depends on many factors, including the etiology of the pain. Some dietary changes that some may participate in are: resting after a meal, chewing food completely and slowly, and avoiding stressful and high excitement situations after a meal. Some at home strategies
1866:
Each subsection of the gut has an associated visceral afferent nerve that transmits sensory information from the viscera to the spinal cord, traveling with the autonomic sympathetic nerves. The visceral sensory information from the gut traveling to the spinal cord, termed the visceral afferent, is
199:
The onset of abdominal pain can be abrupt, quick, or gradual. Sudden onset pain happens in a split second. Rapidly onset pain starts mild and gets worse over the next few minutes. Pain that gradually intensifies only after several hours or even days has passed is referred to as gradual
2888:
More time and resources are used on older patients with abdominal pain than on any other patient presentation in the emergency department (ED). Compared to younger patients with the same complaint, their length of stay is 20% longer, they need to be admitted almost half the time, and they need
2850:
One well-known aspect of primary health care is its low prevalence of potentially dangerous abdominal pain causes. Patients with abdominal pain have a higher percentage of unexplained complaints (category "no diagnosis") than patients with other symptoms (such as
151:
associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues. Since the abdomen contains most of the body's vital organs, it can be an indicator of a wide variety of diseases. Given that, approaching the examination of a person and planning of a
4528:
4513:
4498:
2875:(ED) visits in the United States for abdominal pain increased 18% from 2006 through to 2011. This was the largest increase out of 20 common conditions seen in the ED. The rate of ED use for nausea and vomiting also increased 18%.
1867:
non-specific and overlaps with the somatic afferent nerves, which are very specific. Therefore, visceral afferent information traveling to the spinal cord can present in the distribution of the somatic afferent nerve; this is why
4659:
1117:
The location of abdominal pain can provide information about what may be causing the pain. The abdomen can be divided into four regions called quadrants. Locations and associated conditions include:
534:
Somatic-visceral referral: pain in the skin, muscles, and bone that causes referred pain in the viscera (of the abdomen such as the stomach, kidneys, bladder, etc.)
4652:
2896:, but it does reduce their functionality. The elderly person's ability to fight infection is weakened as a result. Additionally, they have changed the strength and integrity of their skin and
5296:
278:
is a condition where there is a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain requiring immediate recognition and management of the underlying cause. The underlying cause may involve infection,
4645:
1871:
initially presents with T10 periumbilical pain when it first begins and becomes T12 pain as the abdominal wall peritoneum (which is rich with somatic afferent nerves) is involved.
1913:
Discussing with the patient any health-related behaviors (e.g. tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexual activity) that might make certain diagnoses more likely.
2018:
If diagnosis remains unclear after history, examination, and basic investigations as above, then more advanced investigations may reveal a diagnosis. Such tests include:
528:
Viscero-visceral referral: happens when one organ with afferent nerves close to another organ is sensitized or inflamed (in this case any of the abdominal viscera)
2788:
2727:
2863:. In general, it is discovered that 20% to 25% of patients with abdominal pain have a serious condition that necessitates admission to an acute care hospital.
967:
2066:
can worsen some intra-abdominal processes. Patients presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain may receive a "GI cocktail" that includes an
2098:(Buscopan) is used to treat cramping abdominal pain with some success. Surgical management for causes of abdominal pain includes but is not limited to
764:
1910:
Discussing with the patient any family history of disease processes, focusing on conditions that might resemble the patient's current presentation.
3765:
3589:
3562:
3516:
3491:
3466:
3430:
3405:
3333:
3061:
531:
Viscero-somatic referral: any pain in the viscera that causes pain in the muscle, bone, and skin (of the abdomen in case of abdominal pain)
760:
1417:
714:
439:
1044:
4464:
1138:
2656:
2620:
2318:
231:(5%). In about 30% of cases, the cause is not determined. About 10% of cases have a more serious cause including gallbladder (
2668:
2660:
2624:
1891:
4880:
1904:
Clarifying the patient's current medication regimen, including prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, and supplements.
1308:
3022:
3579:
1879:
A thorough patient history and physical examination is used to better understand the underlying cause of abdominal pain.
3939:
2801:
2794:
2740:
2733:
2664:
2581:
1178:
1146:
1106:(IBS) (affecting up to 20% of the population, IBS is the most common cause of recurrent and intermittent abdominal pain)
1093:
601:
384:
4637:
1458:
889:
623:
364:
2900:, which are physical barriers to infection. It is well known that older patients experience altered pain perception.
120:
4475:
2600:
2594:
1952:
1720:
1678:
878:
506:
466:
405:
5265:
2609:
2403:
1073:
264:
180:
5174:
3688:
Tytgat GN (2007). "Hyoscine butylbromide: a review of its use in the treatment of abdominal cramping and pain".
4543:
2832:
2470:
2393:
2263:
1161:
1103:
220:
172:
132:
4019:
RodrĂguez-Lomba E, Pulido-PĂ©rez A, Ricciardi R, Marcello PW, Kuki I, Nakane S, et al. (1 February 1976).
5291:
5220:
4800:
4741:
3535:
Neumayer L, Dangleben DA, Fraser S, Gefen J, Maa J, Mann BD (2013). "11: Abdominal Wall, Including Hernia".
2696:
2587:
4684:
4672:
4398:
4297:
4239:
4185:
3885:
3831:
2822:
2761:
2521:
2300:
2198:
1512:
996:
153:
4020:
4958:
2453:
2372:
1971:
1355:
1345:
1193:
1036:
1027:
569:
5152:
4905:
4815:
1901:
Learning about the patient's past medical history, focusing on any prior issues or surgical procedures.
5250:
5240:
5179:
5132:
5115:
5034:
4875:
4746:
4470:
2922:
2872:
2688:
2577:
2495:
2483:
2429:
2348:
1979:
1967:
1956:
1948:
1555:
1540:
1436:
1350:
1227:
1150:
298:
20:
4397:
Akasaka E, Sawamura D, Rokunohe D, Sawamura D, Talukdar R, Reddy DN, et al. (1 February 2006).
5301:
4884:
4810:
4785:
4532:
2079:
2022:
1925:
1429:
1368:
1142:
1130:
933:
777:
752:
704:
561:
498:
372:
306:
260:
4900:
5082:
5011:
4943:
4934:
4668:
4434:
4296:
Shinar Z, Dembitsky W, Smith ME, Moak JH, Traub SJ, Saghafian S, et al. (1 September 2011).
4159:
3994:
3713:
2779:
2718:
2423:
2342:
2229:
2202:
2012:
1887:
1836:
1696:
1497:
1166:
1020:
992:
700:
553:
413:
283:
236:
5235:
5127:
5016:
4780:
4021:"Abdominal pain: An analysis of 1,000 consecutive cases in a university hospital emergency room"
3959:"Old people in the emergency room: age-related differences in emergency department use and care"
1396:
696:
409:
5270:
5260:
5255:
5205:
5137:
5054:
4828:
4594:
4554:
4507:
4426:
4418:
4385:
4367:
4325:
4317:
4267:
4259:
4213:
4205:
4151:
4143:
4104:
4048:
4040:
3986:
3978:
3913:
3905:
3859:
3851:
3812:
3804:
3761:
3705:
3621:
3585:
3558:
3512:
3487:
3462:
3426:
3401:
3378:
3370:
3329:
3298:
3290:
3218:
3182:
3131:
3113:
3067:
3057:
3004:
2952:
2809:
2805:
2748:
2744:
2681:
2677:
2638:
2568:
2560:
2446:
2437:
2365:
2356:
2271:
1936:
1792:
1634:
1516:
1473:
1421:
1376:
1361:
1324:
1286:
1221:
1156:
1069:
929:
872:
631:
462:
458:
435:
188:
61:
2981:
Viniol A, Keunecke C, Biroga T, Stadje R, Dornieden K, Bösner S, et al. (October 2014).
5225:
5147:
4968:
4895:
4805:
4460:
4410:
4375:
4357:
4309:
4251:
4197:
4135:
4094:
4086:
4032:
3970:
3897:
3843:
3794:
3697:
3362:
3321:
3280:
3172:
3162:
3121:
3105:
2994:
2537:
2466:
2389:
2183:
2095:
2083:
1951:
in order to identify important physical signs that might clarify the diagnosis, including a
1929:
1848:
1844:
1733:
1729:
1707:
1134:
1006:
756:
256:
116:
112:
66:
4238:
Souza Fd, Ferreira CH, Young RC, Cerit L, Lejong M, Louryan S, et al. (1 March 2003).
3094:"Ischaemic colitis: practical challenges and evidence-based recommendations for management"
5059:
4948:
4855:
4823:
4768:
4714:
2897:
2814:
2753:
2547:
2504:
2462:
2385:
2306:
2215:
2099:
1840:
1701:
1520:
1481:
1372:
1059:
895:
864:
781:
676:
649:
502:
474:
216:
168:
128:
108:
100:
70:
5230:
4833:
4795:
4790:
3325:
4184:
Isani MA, Kim ES, Mateu PB, Tormo FB, Thilakarathna K, Xie G, et al. (1 May 2006).
3830:
Gulacti U, Arslan E, Ooi MW, Tuck J, Mattu A, Dubosh NM, et al. (1 February 2001).
5210:
5200:
5142:
5077:
4380:
4345:
4139:
4099:
4074:
3974:
3581:
Advanced Health
Assessment and Differential Diagnosis: Essentials for Clinical Practice
3177:
3150:
3126:
3093:
2927:
2818:
2769:
2757:
1995:
1575:
1508:
1493:
1454:
1440:
1231:
1211:
1182:
1048:
971:
940:
923:
854:
813:
785:
692:
593:
585:
577:
438:
secondary to adhesions caused by previous surgeries,
392:
356:
244:
184:
96:
4255:
3901:
3884:
Chandramohan R, Pari L, Schrock JW, Lum M, Ă–rnek N, Usta G, et al. (1 May 1991).
3847:
3366:
2567:
If ruptured ectopic pregnancy, the patient may present with peritoneal irritation and
5285:
5215:
4996:
4890:
4870:
4036:
3701:
3285:
3268:
2871:
Abdominal pain is the reason about 3% of adults see their family physician. Rates of
2541:
2177:
2091:
1940:
1852:
1812:
1764:
1738:
1655:
1617:
1571:
1528:
1465:
1450:
1276:
1268:
1207:
978:
955:
911:
905:
828:
803:
516:
348:
275:
88:
4537:
4438:
4163:
3998:
3717:
5092:
5087:
4953:
4860:
4719:
4090:
2836:
2775:
2714:
2708:
2692:
2644:
2643:
Abdominal pain (sudden onset of epigastric or back pain), hypertension, new aortic
2433:
2409:
2352:
2324:
2284:
2194:
2163:
2140:
2103:
1868:
1567:
1534:
1477:
1425:
1340:
1335:
1318:
1298:
1258:
1246:
1235:
1217:
1197:
1170:
1000:
963:
919:
901:
868:
839:
773:
730:
680:
640:
388:
352:
344:
310:
279:
248:
228:
176:
92:
84:
3639:
3242:
4605:
4548:
3109:
5245:
5122:
4753:
4611:
4589:
2860:
2826:
2652:
2417:
2336:
2332:
2038:
1975:
1895:
1816:
1660:
1280:
1250:
1124:
1083:
1052:
1010:
959:
807:
789:
734:
688:
455:
432:
360:
4559:
4313:
3210:
2721:), abdominal pain (RUQ), right rib pain, right flank pain, right shoulder pain
5195:
5006:
4938:
4929:
4921:
4911:
4763:
4758:
4724:
4709:
4600:
4414:
4201:
3609:
3167:
2856:
2376:
2107:
2075:
2071:
2029:
2001:
1991:
1921:
1860:
1768:
1754:
1088:
951:
748:
744:
4422:
4371:
4362:
4321:
4263:
4209:
4147:
4044:
3982:
3909:
3855:
3808:
3783:"Studies of the symptom abdominal pain—a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3374:
3294:
3117:
3051:
2983:"Studies of the symptom abdominal pain—a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2630:
If patient is unstable: IV fluid resuscitation, urgent surgical consultation
2614:
Abdominal pain, flank pain, back pain, hypotension, pulsatile abdominal mass
4736:
4729:
4704:
4565:
4522:
4123:
3799:
3782:
2999:
2982:
2551:
2087:
2063:
2059:
2034:
1820:
1796:
1629:
1485:
1469:
1401:
1304:
1272:
1254:
1203:
1174:
1040:
988:
824:
769:
722:
684:
447:
368:
232:
224:
4430:
4389:
4329:
4271:
4217:
4155:
4108:
3958:
3863:
3816:
3709:
3625:
3350:
3302:
3222:
3186:
3135:
3071:
3008:
2956:
1327:, functional disorders, gas accumulation, spasm, inflammation, colon cancer
4052:
3990:
3917:
3382:
5110:
5039:
4963:
4699:
4616:
2516:
2280:
2055:
2051:
1828:
1824:
1804:
1687:
1665:
1645:
1446:
1386:
1290:
1056:
1016:
858:
759:, blood vessel compression (such as celiac artery compression syndrome),
740:
718:
470:
294:
240:
104:
203:
One can describe abdominal pain as either continuous or sporadic and as
5049:
5044:
4773:
4676:
3092:
Hung A, Calderbank T, Samaan MA, Plumb AA, Webster G (1 January 2021).
2852:
2259:
2067:
1983:
1800:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1715:
1639:
1625:
1612:
1489:
1391:
1332:
Peri-umbilical (the area around the umbilicus, i.e., the belly button)
1262:
915:
376:
175:. About 15% of people have a more serious underlying condition such as
164:
148:
4490:
2859:). Most people who suffer from stomach pain have a benign issue, like
2234:
Abdominal pain (sharp epigastric, shooting to back), nausea, vomiting
5166:
4694:
4517:
4502:
2893:
2413:
2328:
2240:
1987:
1856:
1776:
1743:
1673:
1581:
1406:
1032:
984:
710:
478:
443:
396:
290:
252:
19:"Stomach ache" redirects here. For the 2014 album by Frank Iero, see
3511:(Third ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. pp. 253–420.
2182:
Abdominal pain (RUQ, radiates epigastric), nausea, vomiting, fever,
48:
4625:
5001:
4850:
2007:
1917:
1832:
1808:
1748:
1691:
1650:
1294:
726:
302:
204:
4570:
3946:(179). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
3557:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2947:
Patterson JW, Dominique E (14 November 2018). "Acute
Abdomenal".
4075:"Aging of the Immune System. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets"
2277:
1847:. The hindgut contains the distal half of the transverse colon,
160:
4641:
2526:
Cecal volvulus: Abdominal pain (acute onset), nausea, vomiting
309:. A common condition associated with acute abdominal pain is
56:
Abdominal pain can be characterized by the region it affects.
2599:
If patient is stable: continue diagnostic workup, establish
42:
Stomach ache, tummy ache, belly ache, belly pain, gastralgia
3886:"Probability of appendicitis before and after observation"
2831:
If patient is stable: medical management, consultation of
1962:
Additional investigations that can aid diagnosis include:
1943:
and pain originating in the muscles of the abdominal wall.
1771:
pain. The contents of the abdomen can be divided into the
3756:
Sherman SC, Cico SJ, Nordquist E, Ross C, Wang E (2016).
3555:
Bates' Guide to
Physical Examination & History Taking
3320:(1st ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
2118:
Below is a brief overview of abdominal pain emergencies.
1955:, lung exam, thorough abdominal exam, and for females, a
1947:
After gathering a thorough history, one should perform a
4346:"Mechanisms and management of functional abdominal pain"
2782:), abdominal pain (LUQ), left rib pain, left flank pain
2580:, urine pregnancy test followed with quantitative blood
2524:: Abdominal pain (>2 days, distention, constipation)
1916:
Reviewing the presence of non-abdominal symptoms (e.g.,
1375:, inflammation, intestinal spasm, functional disorders,
3938:
Skiner HG, Blanchard J, Elixhauser A (September 2014).
3316:
Collantes
Celador E, Rudiger J, Tameem A, eds. (2022).
3149:
Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP (2014).
2593:
If patient is unstable: IV fluid resuscitation, urgent
1558:(nephrolithiasis), complicated urinary tract infection
1543:(nephrolithiasis), complicated urinary tract infection
3507:
Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW (2015). "4: Abdomen".
3461:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc. pp. 209–240.
2904:
mental status, whether acute or chronic, are common.
4480:
3832:"Abdominal Pain and Emergency Department Evaluation"
5188:
5165:
5103:
5070:
5027:
4984:
4977:
4920:
4842:
4683:
4580:
4484:
4298:"Abdominal pain in the ED: a 35 year retrospective"
3269:"Referred Muscle Pain: Basic and Clinical Findings"
3045:
3043:
76:
60:
38:
33:
3940:"Trends in Emergency Department Visits, 2006–2011"
3781:A V, C K, T B, R S, K D, S B, et al. (2014).
3603:
3601:
3578:Karen M. Myrick, Laima Karosas (6 December 2019).
1932:) that can further clarify the diagnostic picture.
191:. In a third of cases, the exact cause is unclear.
4085:(Suppl 5). American Thoracic Society: S422–S428.
2491:Imaging (abdominal X-ray or CT showing free air)
2482:Abdominal pain (sudden onset of localized pain),
2341:Clinical (history & physical exam, including
2090:. After addressing pain, there may be a role for
1907:Confirming the patient's drug and food allergies.
215:The most frequent reasons for abdominal pain are
5297:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen
3751:
3749:
3747:
3530:
3528:
3486:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 157–231.
3151:"Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient"
1882:The process of gathering a history may include:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3640:"Indigestion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
3548:
3546:
3217:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2422:Clinical (history and physical exam, including
3610:"Evaluation of acute abdominal pain in adults"
665:A more extensive list includes the following:
4653:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3209:Patterson JW, Kashyap S, Dominique E (2023),
968:abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome
8:
4124:"Sensitivity to Pain in Relationship to Age"
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3584:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 250.
2632:If patient is stable: admit for observation
4190:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3836:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3267:Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P (March 2001).
3155:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
2795:Diagnostic peritoneal aspiration and lavage
2734:Diagnostic peritoneal aspiration and lavage
2094:treatment in some cases of abdominal pain.
4981:
4660:
4646:
4638:
4481:
4302:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
4128:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
3963:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2062:is dependent on the cause of the pain, as
313:. Here is a list of acute abdomen causes:
255:(1%). More common in those who are older,
47:
30:
4379:
4361:
4244:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
4098:
3798:
3351:"Gynecologic causes of the acute abdomen"
3284:
3176:
3166:
3125:
2998:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
765:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
4350:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
3608:Cartwright SL, Knudson MP (April 2008).
2892:Age does not reduce the total number of
2291:Imaging (abdominal X-ray, abdominal CT)
2145:Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever
2120:
1594:
315:
4079:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
3539:. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer Health.
2939:
2214:General surgery consultation, possible
2162:General surgery consultation, possible
1886:Identifying more information about the
2791:examination, CT of abdomen and pelvis
2730:examination, CT of abdomen and pelvis
2651:Imaging: Chest X-ray (showing widened
2006:Imaging including chest and abdominal
1827:. The midgut contains portions of the
3355:The Surgical Clinics of North America
2785:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2724:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2649:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2617:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2574:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2530:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2489:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2289:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2237:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2188:Clinical (history and physical exam)
2151:Clinical (history and physical exam)
1763:Abdominal pain can be referred to as
7:
3758:Atlas of Clinical Emergency Medicine
3247:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3027:Merriam-Webster (Medical dictionary)
2687:Medications: reduce blood pressure (
2565:Abdominal and pelvic pain, bleeding
2295:Patient made NPO (nothing by mouth)
2250:Patient made NPO (nothing by mouth)
2209:Patient made NPO (nothing by mouth)
2157:Patient made NPO (nothing by mouth)
2147:Periumbilical pain, migrates to RLQ
4134:(11). J Am Geriatr Soc: 1037–1044.
2246:Imaging (abdominal CT, ultrasound)
761:superior mesenteric artery syndrome
223:(8%), urinary tract problems (5%),
4403:Pediatric Clinics of North America
4140:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1964.tb00652.x
3975:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1987.tb04660.x
3459:The Developing Human Tenth Edition
3425:. US: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3400:. American College of Physicians.
3326:10.1093/med/9780198799443.001.0001
2502:Aggressive IV fluid resuscitation
2444:Aggressive IV fluid resuscitation
2363:Aggressive IV fluid resuscitation
2276:Abdominal pain (diffuse, crampy),
14:
4240:"Abdominal pain during pregnancy"
3537:Essentials of General Surgery, 5e
4459:
3969:(5). J Am Geriatr Soc: 398–404.
3702:10.2165/00003495-200767090-00007
3675:Essentials of Family Medicine 6e
3482:Hansen JT (2019). "4: Abdomen".
3318:Essential Notes in Pain Medicine
3286:10.1097/00002508-200103000-00003
2532:Imaging (abdominal X-ray or CT)
2461:Unstable patient: consultation (
2384:Unstable patient: consultation (
1045:C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency
4186:"Abdominal Pain in the Elderly"
4025:The American Journal of Surgery
1267:Gallbladder and biliary tract:
121:ischaemic myocardial conditions
4091:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201602-095AW
4073:Weyand CM, Goronzy rJ (2016).
2669:transesophageal echocardiogram
2625:magnetic resonance angiography
1346:Inferior myocardial infarction
1:
4308:(7). W.B. Saunders: 711–716.
4256:10.1016/S0889-8553(02)00064-X
3902:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81603-8
3848:10.1016/S0733-8627(05)70171-1
3484:Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 4e
3367:10.1016/s0039-6109(16)44484-1
2821:consultation with subsequent
2760:consultation with subsequent
2323:Abdominal pain (epigastric),
4399:"Abdominal Pain in Children"
4037:10.1016/0002-9610(76)90101-X
3890:Annals of Emergency Medicine
3273:The Clinical Journal of Pain
3110:10.1136/flgastro-2019-101204
2802:advanced trauma life support
2741:advanced trauma life support
2665:transthoracic echocardiogram
2458:Stable patient: observation
2381:Stable patient: observation
1179:familial Mediterranean fever
1147:systemic lupus erythematosus
1094:familial Mediterranean fever
885:Gynaecological or obstetric
602:Familial Mediterranean fever
4881:Charcot's cholangitis triad
3509:Gray's Anatomy For Students
1994:, and for females, a serum
1459:pelvic inflammatory disease
890:pelvic inflammatory disease
624:Pelvic inflammatory disease
507:superior Mesenteric artery.
365:pelvic inflammatory disease
225:inflammation of the stomach
5320:
4344:Farmer AD, Aziz Q (2014).
4314:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.01.045
3098:Frontline Gastroenterology
1892:history of present illness
1721:Inferior mesenteric artery
1679:Superior mesenteric artery
879:left renal vein entrapment
467:inflammatory bowel disease
406:inflammatory bowel disease
267:are other serious causes.
265:abdominal aortic aneurysms
18:
5266:Sister Mary Joseph nodule
4415:10.1016/j.pcl.2005.09.009
4202:10.1016/j.emc.2006.01.010
3793:(5). Fam Pract: 517–529.
3614:American Family Physician
3349:Burnett LS (April 1988).
3168:10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2
2889:surgery 1/3 of the time.
2610:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2595:obstetrics and gynecology
2258:Possibly consultation of
2190:Imaging (RUQ ultrasound)
1939:to differentiate between
1309:Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
1074:abdominal aortic aneurysm
1047:, adrenal insufficiency,
181:abdominal aortic aneurysm
55:
46:
4409:(1). Elsevier: 107–137.
4363:10.1177/0141076814540880
4196:(2). Elsevier: 371–388.
4031:(2). Elsevier: 219–223.
3842:(1). Elsevier: 123–136.
3023:"differential diagnosis"
2833:interventional radiology
2813:If patient is unstable:
2752:If patient is unstable:
2471:interventional radiology
2394:interventional radiology
2264:interventional radiology
1843:, and first half of the
1289:, functional disorders,
1162:Irritable bowel syndrome
1139:Henoch-Schonlein purpura
1104:irritable bowel syndrome
375:, or a subdiaphragmatic
221:irritable bowel syndrome
173:irritable bowel syndrome
156:is extremely important.
133:irritable bowel syndrome
3457:Moore KL (2016). "11".
2697:calcium channel blocker
2675:IV fluid resuscitation
2588:transvaginal ultrasound
2542:flexibile sigmoidoscopy
2432:, coagulation profile,
2351:, coagulation profile,
1635:Lower respiratory tract
1377:small bowel obstruction
945:muscle strain or trauma
4673:human digestive system
3944:HCUP Statistical Brief
2823:exploratory laparotomy
2762:exploratory laparotomy
2522:Sigmoid colon volvulus
1966:Blood tests including
1513:sigmoid colon volvulus
1461:, pelvic pain syndrome
997:ischemic heart disease
446:, benign or malignant
286:or bowel obstruction.
179:, leaking or ruptured
154:differential diagnosis
4959:Obstructed defecation
4250:(1). Elsevier: 1–58.
3896:(5). Mosby: 503–507.
3800:10.1093/fampra/cmu036
3000:10.1093/fampra/cmu036
2837:arterial embolization
2702:Surgery consultation
2619:Imaging: Ultrasound,
2454:proton pump inhibitor
2373:proton pump inhibitor
2255:Pain, nausea control
2223:Pain, nausea control
2025:of the abdomen/pelvis
1972:basic metabolic panel
1413:Right lower quadrant
1383:Lower abdominal pain
1356:Diabetic ketoacidosis
1242:Right upper quadrant
1194:myocardial infarction
1037:diabetic ketoacidosis
1028:Metabolic disturbance
850:Renal and urological
570:Diabetic ketoacidosis
5221:Aure-Rozanova's sign
5180:Hannington-Kiff sign
5175:Howship–Romberg sign
5133:Aortic insufficiency
5035:Abdominal distension
2923:Abdominal distension
2873:emergency department
2689:sodium nitroprusside
2578:complete blood count
2496:complete blood count
2484:abdominal distension
2430:complete blood count
2349:complete blood count
2297:IV fluids as needed
2252:IV fluids as needed
2211:IV fluids as needed
2159:IV fluids as needed
2028:Abdominal or pelvic
1980:liver function tests
1968:complete blood count
1519:, gas accumulation,
1504:Left lower quadrant
1315:Left upper quadrant
1151:polyarteritis nodosa
928:Pregnancy: ruptured
613:Gynecological causes
501:, usually caused by
299:abdominal distention
289:The pain may elicit
21:Stomachaches (album)
4786:Chilaiditi syndrome
3957:SA B, LZ R (1987).
3421:LeBlond RF (2004).
2879:Special populations
2552:right hemicolectomy
2479:Perforated Viscous
2424:digital rectal exam
2343:digital rectal exam
2122:
2080:magnesium hydroxide
2023:Computed tomography
1953:cardiovascular exam
1926:shortness of breath
1548:Left low back pain
1439:(nephrolithiasis),
1369:mesenteric ischemia
1167:Metabolic disorders
1143:sickle cell disease
1131:mesenteric ischemia
934:threatened abortion
778:lactose intolerance
753:sickle cell disease
705:microscopic colitis
499:intestinal ischemia
373:mesenteric adenitis
343:Infections such as
261:mesenteric ischemia
5153:Grey Turner's sign
5083:Hepatosplenomegaly
5012:Abdominal guarding
4944:Fecal occult blood
4935:Fecal incontinence
4906:Mirizzi's syndrome
4816:Sherren's triangle
4669:Signs and symptoms
4581:External resources
3760:. Wolters Kluwer.
3553:Bickley L (2016).
3396:Masters P (2015).
3050:Sherman R (1990).
2804:) with IV fluids (
2743:) with IV fluids (
2680:as needed (obtain
2230:Acute pancreatitis
2203:hyperbilirubinemia
2121:
2106:, and exploratory
2070:(examples include
1803:, portions of the
1795:, portions of the
1498:endometrial cancer
1053:black widow spider
1021:testicular torsion
993:pulmonary embolism
948:muscular infection
900:Endocrinological:
701:ulcerative colitis
626:(PID) and abscess.
562:Sickle cell anemia
554:Acute pancreatitis
414:ulcerative colitis
284:vascular occlusion
237:biliary dyskinesia
195:Signs and symptoms
143:, also known as a
5279:
5278:
5251:Fothergill's sign
5241:Rosenstein's sign
5161:
5160:
5116:Mallet-Guy's sign
5055:Shifting dullness
4876:Courvoisier's law
4635:
4634:
3767:978-1-4511-8882-0
3591:978-0-8261-6255-7
3564:978-1-4698-9341-9
3518:978-0-7020-5131-9
3493:978-0-323-53188-7
3468:978-0-323-31338-4
3432:978-0-07-140923-0
3407:978-1-938921-09-4
3335:978-0-19-879944-3
3063:978-0-409-90077-4
2843:
2842:
2810:blood transfusion
2749:blood transfusion
2678:Blood transfusion
2639:Aortic dissection
2569:hypovolemic shock
2561:Ectopic pregnancy
2447:Blood transfusion
2366:Blood transfusion
2272:Bowel obstruction
2013:Electrocardiogram
1793:respiratory tract
1761:
1760:
1517:bowel obstruction
1474:ectopic pregnancy
1422:bowel obstruction
1362:aortic dissection
1325:bowel obstruction
1287:bowel obstruction
1222:pancreatic cancer
1157:bowel obstruction
1070:aortic dissection
930:ectopic pregnancy
873:urinary retention
859:bladder infection
669:Gastrointestinal
658:
657:
653:
644:
635:
632:Ectopic pregnancy
627:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
519:
509:
491:
482:
463:colorectal cancer
451:
426:
417:
404:Complications of
400:
380:
337:
334:
189:ectopic pregnancy
159:Common causes of
138:
137:
28:Medical condition
5309:
4982:
4969:Rectal discharge
4885:Reynolds' pentad
4824:Radiologic signs
4811:McBurney's point
4685:Gastrointestinal
4671:relating to the
4662:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4482:
4471:Cleveland Clinic
4463:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4393:
4383:
4365:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3802:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3753:
3722:
3721:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3454:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3288:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3206:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3170:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3056:. Butterworths.
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2978:
2961:
2960:
2944:
2898:mucous membranes
2538:Gastroenterology
2486:, rigid abdomen
2467:gastroenterology
2408:Abdominal pain,
2390:gastroenterology
2301:Nasogastric tube
2123:
2096:Butylscopolamine
2084:calcium chloride
1930:vaginal bleeding
1849:descending colon
1845:transverse colon
1734:Descending colon
1730:transverse colon
1708:transverse colon
1595:
1430:McBurney's point
1364:, aortic rupture
1297:, inflammation,
1291:gas accumulation
1135:ischemic colitis
757:abdominal angina
721:, post-surgical
647:
638:
630:
622:
600:
592:
584:
576:
568:
560:
552:
515:
496:
487:
454:
431:
422:
403:
383:
342:
336:
332:
316:
257:ischemic colitis
117:ischemic colitis
113:lacerated spleen
67:Gastroenterology
51:
31:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5236:Lockwood's sign
5184:
5157:
5128:Ballance's sign
5099:
5066:
5060:Fluid wave test
5023:
5017:Blumberg's sign
4973:
4949:Rectal tenesmus
4916:
4856:Councilman body
4838:
4781:Goodsall's rule
4769:Hypersalivation
4686:
4679:
4666:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4576:
4575:
4493:
4456:
4443:
4441:
4396:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4295:
4292:
4290:Further reading
4287:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3787:Family Practice
3780:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3725:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3644:medlineplus.gov
3638:
3637:
3633:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3440:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3211:"Acute Abdomen"
3208:
3207:
3194:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2987:Family Practice
2980:
2979:
2964:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2919:
2910:
2886:
2881:
2869:
2848:
2800:Resuscitation (
2739:Resuscitation (
2548:General surgery
2505:General surgery
2463:general surgery
2386:general surgery
2307:General surgery
2260:general surgery
2239:Labs (elevated
2216:cholecystectomy
2116:
2100:cholecystectomy
2047:
1890:by eliciting a
1888:chief complaint
1877:
1859:, and superior
1841:ascending colon
1815:(including the
1702:Ascending colon
1593:
1521:Toxic megacolon
1482:ovarian torsion
1468:, intrauterine
1418:intussusception
1115:
896:ovarian torsion
715:intussusception
697:Crohn's disease
677:gastroenteritis
663:
650:ovarian torsion
615:
545:
522:
503:thromboembolism
493:
475:fecal impaction
440:intussusception
428:
410:Crohn's disease
339:
323:
321:Surgical causes
273:
243:problems (4%),
217:gastroenteritis
213:
197:
169:gastroenteritis
129:Gastroenteritis
123:
109:aortic aneurysm
101:ovarian torsion
71:general surgery
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5292:Abdominal pain
5284:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5271:Blumer's shelf
5268:
5263:
5261:Massouh's sign
5258:
5256:Carnett's sign
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Hamburger sign
5208:
5206:Rovsing's sign
5203:
5201:Obturator sign
5198:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Castell's sign
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5078:Abdominal mass
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4992:Abdominal pain
4988:
4986:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4898:
4887:
4878:
4873:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4829:Hampton's line
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4608:
4606:Abdominal pain
4597:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4562:
4551:
4540:
4525:
4510:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:Classification
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4465:Abdominal Pain
4455:
4454:External links
4452:
4451:
4450:
4394:
4356:(9): 347–354.
4341:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4230:
4176:
4114:
4065:
4011:
3949:
3930:
3876:
3822:
3773:
3766:
3723:
3696:(9): 1343–57.
3680:
3677:. p. 149.
3673:Mahadevan SV.
3656:
3631:
3597:
3590:
3570:
3563:
3542:
3524:
3517:
3499:
3492:
3474:
3467:
3438:
3431:
3413:
3406:
3388:
3361:(2): 385–398.
3341:
3334:
3308:
3259:
3243:"Appendicitis"
3234:
3192:
3141:
3084:
3062:
3053:Abdominal Pain
3039:
3014:
2962:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:Abdominal mass
2925:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2819:trauma surgery
2798:
2783:
2774:After trauma (
2772:
2770:Splenic injury
2766:
2765:
2758:trauma surgery
2737:
2722:
2713:After trauma (
2711:
2705:
2704:
2682:type and cross
2673:
2657:CT angiography
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2621:CT angiography
2615:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2591:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2550:consultation (
2540:consultation (
2534:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2442:
2420:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2361:
2339:
2321:
2319:Upper GI bleed
2315:
2314:
2293:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2248:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2207:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2112:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1996:pregnancy test
1945:
1944:
1937:Carnett's sign
1933:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1876:
1873:
1759:
1758:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:Ureteral stone
1579:
1576:hydronephrosis
1563:Low back pain
1561:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1509:diverticulitis
1502:
1501:
1500:
1494:ovarian cancer
1462:
1455:bladder cancer
1443:
1441:pyelonephritis
1433:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1373:Celiac disease
1365:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1283:
1277:worm infection
1265:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1232:diverticulitis
1228:duodenal ulcer
1224:
1214:
1212:stomach cancer
1200:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:adrenal crisis
1164:
1159:
1153:
1127:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:Immune system
1078:
1077:
1076:
1066:Blood vessels
1064:
1063:
1062:
1049:lead poisoning
1025:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1003:
976:
975:
974:
972:tabes dorsalis
949:
946:
941:Abdominal wall
938:
937:
936:
926:
924:ovarian cancer
908:
898:
892:
888:Inflammatory:
883:
882:
881:
875:
861:
855:pyelonephritis
853:Inflammation:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
838:Inflammatory:
833:
832:
831:
823:Inflammatory:
818:
817:
816:
814:cholelithiasis
810:
802:Inflammatory:
794:
793:
792:
786:food allergies
782:celiac disease
767:
737:
707:
693:diverticulitis
675:Inflammatory:
662:
659:
656:
655:
616:
614:
611:
608:
607:
594:Lead poisoning
586:Pyelonephritis
578:Adrenal crisis
546:
544:
543:Medical causes
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
532:
529:
521:
512:
511:
510:
492:
485:
484:
483:
452:
427:
420:
419:
418:
401:
381:
357:pyelonephritis
338:
329:
324:
322:
319:
272:
269:
245:diverticulitis
212:
209:
196:
193:
185:diverticulitis
141:Abdominal pain
136:
135:
97:diverticulitis
78:
74:
73:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
34:Abdominal pain
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5315:
5314:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Dunphy's sign
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Heel tap sign
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Cullen's sign
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Acute abdomen
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:LĂ©pine's sign
4899:
4897:
4896:Murphy's sign
4893:
4892:
4891:cholecystitis
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Markle's sign
4804:
4802:
4801:Arapov's sign
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:oropharyngeal
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4231:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:Ed S (1964).
4118:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3398:IM Essentials
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2993:(5): 517–29.
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:for possible
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:and possible
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2597:consultation
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:consultation
2506:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:Medications:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:transaminases
2431:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:Medications:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:transaminases
2350:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:Pain control
2310:
2309:consultation
2308:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:Murphy's sign
2181:
2179:
2178:Cholecystitis
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:Pain control
2169:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:Abdominal CT
2150:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:Presentation
2128:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:antimicrobial
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:). Choice of
2057:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:genitourinary
1954:
1950:
1949:physical exam
1942:
1941:visceral pain
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:sigmoid colon
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:biliary tract
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:contains the
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:visceral pain
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:Sigmoid colon
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1656:Biliary tract
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Celiac artery
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:Blood supply
1600:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:kidney cancer
1569:
1566:Kidney pain (
1565:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:low back pain
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:endometriosis
1464:Gynecologic:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:bladder stone
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:stomach ulcer
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
980:
979:Referred pain
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:herpes zoster
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:endometriosis
909:
907:
906:Mittelschmerz
903:
899:
897:
893:
891:
887:
886:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
865:kidney stones
863:Obstruction:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:
849:
841:
837:
836:
834:
830:
829:liver abscess
826:
822:
821:
819:
815:
812:Obstruction:
811:
809:
805:
804:cholecystitis
801:
800:
798:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:Obstruction:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
671:
670:
668:
667:
666:
660:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
628:
625:
620:
617:
612:
610:
609:
606:
603:
598:
595:
590:
587:
582:
579:
574:
571:
566:
563:
558:
555:
550:
547:
542:
540:
539:
533:
530:
527:
526:
525:
520:
518:
517:Referred pain
513:
508:
504:
500:
495:
494:
490:
486:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
429:
425:
421:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:cholecystitis
346:
341:
340:
335:
330:
328:
325:
320:
318:
317:
314:
312:
308:
305:and signs of
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
276:Acute abdomen
271:Acute abdomen
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
208:
206:
201:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:stomach ulcer
87:, perforated
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
16:Stomach aches
5231:Alder's sign
5093:Splenomegaly
5088:Hepatomegaly
4991:
4954:Constipation
4889:
4867:
4861:Mallory body
4849:
4834:Klemm's sign
4822:
4796:Aaron's sign
4791:Dance's sign
4720:Trichophagia
4621:
4610:
4599:
4588:
4564:
4553:
4542:
4527:
4512:
4497:
4467:at Wikibooks
4442:. Retrieved
4406:
4402:
4353:
4349:
4333:. Retrieved
4305:
4301:
4275:. Retrieved
4247:
4243:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4193:
4189:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4131:
4127:
4117:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4028:
4024:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3966:
3962:
3952:
3943:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3893:
3889:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3839:
3835:
3825:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3757:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3647:. Retrieved
3643:
3634:
3620:(7): 971–8.
3617:
3613:
3580:
3573:
3554:
3536:
3508:
3502:
3483:
3477:
3458:
3422:
3416:
3397:
3391:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3317:
3311:
3279:(1): 11–19.
3276:
3272:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3228:23 September
3226:, retrieved
3214:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3104:(1): 44–52.
3101:
3097:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3052:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:
3017:
2990:
2986:
2948:
2942:
2911:
2902:
2891:
2887:
2870:
2867:Epidemiology
2849:
2830:
2812:
2793:
2786:
2751:
2732:
2725:
2709:Liver injury
2701:
2693:beta blocker
2686:
2676:
2650:
2631:
2618:
2598:
2585:
2575:
2566:
2545:
2531:
2525:
2510:Antibiotics
2509:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2438:stool guaiac
2427:
2410:hematochezia
2383:
2380:
2370:
2364:
2357:stool guaiac
2346:
2325:hematochezia
2311:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2285:constipation
2257:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2222:
2220:Antibiotics
2219:
2213:
2210:
2199:transamintis
2195:leukocytosis
2192:
2189:
2170:
2168:Antibiotics
2167:
2164:appendectomy
2161:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2141:Appendicitis
2117:
2104:appendectomy
2048:
2017:
1976:electrolytes
1961:
1946:
1881:
1878:
1869:appendicitis
1865:
1807:(proximal),
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1604:Innervation
1568:kidney stone
1556:kidney stone
1541:kidney stone
1535:hepatomegaly
1478:ovarian cyst
1437:kidney stone
1426:appendicitis
1351:Peptic ulcer
1341:Pancreatitis
1336:Appendicitis
1319:Splenomegaly
1299:colon cancer
1269:inflammation
1259:liver cancer
1247:hepatomegaly
1236:appendicitis
1226:Intestinal:
1218:pancreatitis
1198:pericarditis
1171:ketoacidosis
1116:
1001:pericarditis
964:Lyme disease
920:ovarian cyst
902:menstruation
894:Mechanical:
869:urolithiasis
840:pancreatitis
799:Bile system
774:peptic ulcer
731:constipation
681:appendicitis
664:
646:
641:ovarian cyst
639:Hemorrhagic
637:
629:
621:
618:
599:
591:
583:
575:
567:
559:
551:
548:
523:
514:
488:
423:
393:diverticulum
389:peptic ulcer
353:pancreatitis
345:appendicitis
333:Inflammatory
331:
326:
311:appendicitis
288:
280:inflammation
274:
249:appendicitis
229:constipation
214:
202:
200:onset pain.
198:
177:appendicitis
158:
145:stomach ache
144:
140:
139:
124:
93:pancreatitis
85:Appendicitis
80:
25:
5246:Cupola sign
5143:Kehr's sign
5123:Puddle sign
4754:Odynophagia
4612:Radiopaedia
4590:MedlinePlus
4476:Mayo Clinic
4444:28 December
4335:28 December
4277:28 December
4223:28 December
4169:28 December
4058:28 December
4004:28 December
3923:28 December
3869:28 December
3423:Diagnostics
3077:28 December
3032:30 December
2827:splenectomy
2806:crystalloid
2780:penetrating
2745:crystalloid
2719:penetrating
2653:mediastinum
2418:hypovolemia
2337:hypovolemia
2333:hematemesis
2135:Management
2114:Emergencies
2039:colonoscopy
1896:gynecologic
1823:), and the
1817:gallbladder
1661:Gallbladder
1607:Structures
1484:, fibroid (
1281:cholangitis
1251:fatty liver
1189:Epigastric
1125:Peritonitis
1113:By location
1100:Idiopathic
1084:sarcoidosis
1011:radiculitis
960:radiculitis
835:Pancreatic
808:cholangitis
790:indigestion
735:hemorrhoids
689:esophagitis
648:Adnexal or
459:obstruction
456:Large bowel
436:obstruction
433:Small bowel
385:Perforation
361:Peritonitis
107:, ruptured
95:, ruptured
39:Other names
5302:Acute pain
5286:Categories
5196:Psoas sign
5028:Distension
5007:Baby colic
4939:encopresis
4930:Flatulence
4922:Defecation
4912:Nardi test
4871:Boas' sign
4764:Xerostomia
4759:Bad breath
4747:esophageal
4725:Pagophagia
4710:Aerophagia
4601:Patient UK
4555:DiseasesDB
3215:StatPearls
2949:StatPearls
2934:References
2884:Geriatrics
2857:chest pain
2603:follow-up
2449:as needed
2377:octreotide
2368:as needed
2303:placement
2132:Diagnosis
2126:Condition
2108:laparotomy
2076:ranitidine
2072:omeprazole
2045:Management
2030:ultrasound
2002:Urinalysis
1992:troponin I
1922:chest pain
1920:, chills,
1861:anal canal
1831:(distal),
1821:bile ducts
1769:peritoneal
1755:anal canal
1683:T10 – T12
1360:Vascular:
1273:gallstones
1216:Pancreas:
1129:Vascular:
1089:vasculitis
1060:withdrawal
952:neurogenic
877:Vascular:
749:hemorrhage
745:thrombosis
739:Vascular:
497:occlusive
461:caused by
424:Mechanical
408:, such as
233:gallstones
115:or liver,
4843:Accessory
4737:Dysphagia
4730:Geophagia
4705:Heartburn
4566:SNOMED CT
4423:0031-3955
4372:0141-0768
4322:0735-6757
4264:0889-8553
4210:0733-8627
4148:0002-8614
4045:0002-9610
3983:0002-8614
3910:0196-0644
3856:0733-8627
3809:1460-2229
3375:0039-6109
3295:0749-8047
3118:2041-4137
2908:Pregnancy
2861:dyspepsia
2787:Imaging:
2726:Imaging:
2586:Imaging:
2536:Sigmoid:
2088:lidocaine
2064:ketorolac
2060:analgesia
2035:Endoscopy
1875:Diagnosis
1797:esophagus
1753:Superior
1706:Proximal
1644:Proximal
1630:Esophagus
1591:Mechanism
1486:leiomyoma
1470:pregnancy
1402:Dysentery
1305:pneumonia
1255:hepatitis
1204:gastritis
1202:Stomach:
1175:porphyria
1041:porphyria
1015:from the
1005:from the
989:pneumonia
983:from the
970:(ACNES),
825:hepatitis
770:Digestive
729:, severe
723:adhesions
685:gastritis
672:GI tract
661:By system
448:neoplasms
395:, or the
369:hepatitis
251:(2%) and
227:(5%) and
62:Specialty
5111:Jaundice
5040:Bloating
4964:Diarrhea
4868:biliary:
4700:Vomiting
4571:21522001
4439:17103933
4431:16487787
4390:25193056
4330:20825873
4272:12635413
4218:16584962
4164:26336124
4156:14217863
4109:28005419
3999:30731138
3864:11214394
3817:24987023
3718:46971321
3710:17547475
3626:18441863
3303:11289083
3223:29083722
3187:25635203
3136:33489068
3072:21250252
3009:24987023
2957:29083722
2917:See also
2582:beta-hCG
2517:Volvulus
2404:GI bleed
2056:fentanyl
2052:morphine
1898:history.
1837:appendix
1829:duodenum
1825:pancreas
1805:duodenum
1791:, lower
1725:L1 – L3
1697:Appendix
1688:duodenum
1666:Pancreas
1646:duodenum
1622:T5 - T9
1554:Kidney:
1539:Kidney:
1447:cystitis
1445:Pelvic:
1387:Diarrhea
1121:Diffuse
1057:narcotic
1017:genitals
916:fibroids
910:Tumors:
741:embolism
719:volvulus
619:Source:
549:Source:
524:Source:
489:Vascular
471:volvulus
327:Source:
295:vomiting
241:pancreas
205:cramping
167:include
105:volvulus
5050:Tympany
5045:Ascites
4978:Abdomen
4774:Burping
4677:abdomen
4626:Q183425
4622:Scholia
4549:D015746
4381:4206626
4100:5291468
4053:1251963
3991:3571788
3918:2024789
3383:3279553
3178:4306086
3127:7802492
2894:T cells
2853:dyspnea
2846:Outlook
2815:general
2754:general
2546:Cecal:
2278:bilious
2068:antacid
1984:amylase
1801:stomach
1789:pharynx
1785:foregut
1781:hindgut
1773:foregut
1728:Distal
1716:Hindgut
1686:Distal
1640:Stomach
1626:Pharynx
1613:Foregut
1598:Region
1533:Liver:
1507:Bowel:
1490:abscess
1435:Renal:
1416:Colon:
1397:Crohn's
1392:Colitis
1367:Bowel:
1323:Colon:
1303:Other:
1285:Colon:
1263:abscess
1245:Liver:
1192:Heart:
796:Glands
505:of the
444:hernias
377:abscess
219:(13%),
165:abdomen
163:in the
149:symptom
147:, is a
81:Serious
5167:Hernia
5071:Masses
4695:Nausea
4595:003120
4437:
4429:
4421:
4388:
4378:
4370:
4328:
4320:
4270:
4262:
4216:
4208:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4107:
4097:
4051:
4043:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3916:
3908:
3862:
3854:
3815:
3807:
3764:
3716:
3708:
3624:
3588:
3561:
3515:
3490:
3465:
3429:
3404:
3381:
3373:
3332:
3301:
3293:
3252:1 July
3221:
3185:
3175:
3161:: 43.
3134:
3124:
3116:
3070:
3060:
3007:
2955:
2808:) and
2747:) and
2667:/TTE,
2645:murmur
2623:, MRA/
2576:Labs:
2494:Labs (
2428:Labs (
2414:melena
2402:Lower
2347:Labs (
2329:melena
2281:emesis
2241:lipase
2193:Labs (
2086:) and
2082:, and
2008:X-rays
1988:lipase
1959:exam.
1935:Using
1857:rectum
1783:. The
1779:, and
1777:midgut
1744:Rectum
1674:Midgut
1551:Spleen
1527:Right
1407:Hernia
1155:Small
1055:bite,
1033:uremia
985:thorax
954:pain:
820:Liver
727:tumors
711:hernia
604:(FMF).
572:(DKA).
479:hernia
397:caecum
291:nausea
263:, and
253:cancer
247:(3%),
211:Causes
125:Common
77:Causes
5189:Other
5104:Other
5002:Colic
4851:liver
4687:tract
4617:47481
4560:14367
4435:S2CID
4160:S2CID
3995:S2CID
3714:S2CID
3690:Drugs
3649:2 May
2776:blunt
2715:blunt
2691:plus
2671:/TEE
2601:OBGYN
1918:fever
1833:cecum
1809:liver
1749:Fever
1692:Cecum
1651:Liver
1295:spasm
1007:spine
477:, or
387:of a
307:shock
303:fever
239:) or
187:, or
4985:Pain
4937:and
4715:Pica
4544:MeSH
4533:9-CM
4508:MD81
4446:2023
4427:PMID
4419:ISSN
4386:PMID
4368:ISSN
4337:2023
4326:PMID
4318:ISSN
4279:2023
4268:PMID
4260:ISSN
4225:2023
4214:PMID
4206:ISSN
4171:2023
4152:PMID
4144:ISSN
4105:PMID
4060:2023
4049:PMID
4041:ISSN
4006:2023
3987:PMID
3979:ISSN
3925:2023
3914:PMID
3906:ISSN
3871:2023
3860:PMID
3852:ISSN
3813:PMID
3805:ISSN
3762:ISBN
3706:PMID
3651:2023
3622:PMID
3586:ISBN
3559:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3488:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3379:PMID
3371:ISSN
3330:ISBN
3299:PMID
3291:ISSN
3254:2021
3230:2023
3219:PMID
3183:PMID
3132:PMID
3114:ISSN
3079:2023
3068:PMID
3058:ISBN
3034:2014
3005:PMID
2953:PMID
2789:FAST
2728:FAST
1819:and
1584:pain
391:, a
293:and
171:and
161:pain
4675:or
4538:789
4529:ICD
4523:R10
4514:ICD
4499:ICD
4411:doi
4376:PMC
4358:doi
4354:107
4310:doi
4252:doi
4198:doi
4136:doi
4095:PMC
4087:doi
4033:doi
4029:131
3971:doi
3898:doi
3844:doi
3795:doi
3698:doi
3363:doi
3322:doi
3281:doi
3173:PMC
3163:doi
3122:PMC
3106:doi
2995:doi
2855:or
2817:or
2778:or
2756:or
2717:or
2695:or
2661:MRA
2655:),
2262:or
2037:or
1767:or
1488:),
962:in
412:or
235:or
5288::
4624::
4615::
4604::
4593::
4569::
4558::
4547::
4536::
4521::
4518:10
4506::
4503:11
4433:.
4425:.
4417:.
4407:53
4405:.
4401:.
4384:.
4374:.
4366:.
4352:.
4348:.
4324:.
4316:.
4306:29
4304:.
4300:.
4266:.
4258:.
4248:32
4246:.
4242:.
4212:.
4204:.
4194:24
4192:.
4188:.
4158:.
4150:.
4142:.
4132:12
4130:.
4126:.
4103:.
4093:.
4083:13
4081:.
4077:.
4047:.
4039:.
4027:.
4023:.
3993:.
3985:.
3977:.
3967:35
3965:.
3961:.
3942:.
3912:.
3904:.
3894:20
3892:.
3888:.
3858:.
3850:.
3840:19
3838:.
3834:.
3811:.
3803:.
3791:31
3789:.
3785:.
3726:^
3712:.
3704:.
3694:67
3692:.
3659:^
3642:.
3618:77
3616:.
3612:.
3600:^
3545:^
3527:^
3441:^
3377:.
3369:.
3359:68
3357:.
3353:.
3328:.
3297:.
3289:.
3277:17
3275:.
3271:.
3245:.
3213:,
3195:^
3181:.
3171:.
3157:.
3153:.
3130:.
3120:.
3112:.
3102:12
3100:.
3096:.
3066:.
3042:^
3025:.
3003:.
2991:31
2989:.
2985:.
2965:^
2951:.
2699:)
2684:)
2663:,
2659:,
2554:)
2544:)
2498:)
2473:)
2469:,
2465:,
2440:)
2436:,
2426:)
2416:,
2412:,
2396:)
2392:,
2388:,
2375:,
2359:)
2355:,
2345:)
2335:,
2331:,
2327:,
2283:,
2243:)
2205:)
2201:,
2197:,
2110:.
2102:,
2078:,
2074:,
2054:,
1990:,
1986:,
1982:,
1978:,
1974:,
1970:,
1928:,
1924:,
1863:.
1855:,
1851:,
1839:,
1835:,
1811:,
1799:,
1775:,
1574:,
1570:,
1515:,
1511:,
1496:,
1492:,
1480:,
1476:,
1472:,
1457:,
1453:,
1449:,
1424:,
1420:,
1371:,
1307:,
1293:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
1261:,
1257:,
1253:,
1249:,
1234:,
1230:,
1220:,
1210:,
1206:,
1196:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1169::
1149:,
1145:,
1141:,
1137:,
1133:,
1072:,
1051:,
1043:,
1039:,
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