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1765:
1277:, is also associated due to his victory over a number of rebellions by various tribes who were led by his relatives. One source says that during his reign there were over 40 rebellions against his rule. Abdur Rahman Khan's rule was termed by one British official as a "reign of terror", as he was considered despotic and had up to 100,000 people judicially executed during his 21 years as Emir. Thousands more starved to death, caught deadly diseases and died, were massacred by his army, or were killed during his forceful migrations of tribes. However, he was perhaps the greatest military genius Afghanistan ever produced.
1513:
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1372:, and installed him upon the throne as Amir of Afghanistan. Notwithstanding the new Amir's incapacity, and some jealousy between the real leaders, Abdur Rahman and his uncle, they again routed Sher Ali's forces and occupied Kandahar in 1867. When Afzal Khan died at the end of the year, Azam Khan became the new ruler, with Abdur Rahman installed as governor in the northern province. But towards the end of 1868, Sher Ali's return and a general rising in his favor resulted in Abdur Rahman and Azam Khan's defeat at
3540:
1906:
1528:, who had not displayed much activity. Instead, Ayub Khan was defeated in Kandahar by the British General Frederick Roberts on 1 September 1880. Ayub Khan was forced to flee into Persia. From that time Abdur Rahman was fairly seated firm on the throne at Kabul, thanks to the unwavering British protections in terms of giving large supplies of arms and money. In the course of the next few years, Abdul Rahman consolidated his grip over all Afghanistan, suppressing
3363:
1443:, scouted Abdur Rahman Khan, and began negotiating with him. Abdur Rahman was reluctant to accept such a proposal, as he considered himself an opponent of the British, with his own men wishing for Jihad against them. While negotiations continued, the British considered numerous political solutions, including dividing Afghanistan into numerous kingdoms. The British were seeking to a quick conclusion to the war due to the resignation of
1144:
1133:
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1559:, over a disputed point in the demarcation of the northwestern frontier of Afghanistan. Abdur Rahman's attitude at this critical juncture is a good example of his political sagacity. To one who had been a man of war from his youth, who had won and lost many fights, the rout of a detachment and the forcible seizure of some debatable frontier lands was an untoward incident; but it was not a
3318:
2095:
1673:
In the agreement that followed relations between the
British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India. A Royal Commission was set up to
1669:
In 1893, Mortimer Durand was deputed to Kabul by the government of
British India for this purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions, and in order to discuss with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan other
1363:
The Amir had scarcely suppressed it by winning a desperate battle when Abdur Rahman's reappearance in the north was a signal for a mutiny by troops stationed in those parts and a gathering of armed bands to his standard. After some delay and desultory fighting, he and his uncle, Azam Khan, occupied
1796:
populated areas in the north, where they could spy on local Dari-speaking, non-Pashtun ethnic groups and act as a screen against further
Russian encroachments on Afghan territory." From the end of 1888, the Amir spent eighteen months in his northern provinces bordering upon the Oxus, where he was
1600:
His adventurous life, his forcible character, the position of his state as a barrier between the Indian and the
Russian empires, and the skill with which he held the balance in dealing with them, combined to make him a prominent figure in contemporary Asian politics and will mark his reign as an
1580:
made ready for that contingency, the Amir's reserved and circumspect tone in the consultations with him helped to turn the balance between peace and war, and substantially conduced towards a pacific solution. Abdur Rahman left on those who met him in India the impression of a clear-headed man of
1500:
on 22 July 1880, Abdur Rahman was officially recognized as Amir, granted assistance in arms and money, and promised, in case of unprovoked foreign aggression, such further aid as might be necessary to repel it, provided that he align his foreign policy with the
British. The British evacuation of
1563:
for calling upon the
British, although they had guaranteed his territory's integrity, to vindicate his rights by hostilities which would certainly bring upon him a Russian invasion from the north, and would compel his British allies to throw an army into Afghanistan from the southeast. He also
1852:
and numerous towers of Hazara heads were made from the defeated rebels. Upon each victory Abdur Rahman claimed, it unleashed a reign of terror. This resulted in Hazara women being forcibly married to
Pashtuns, as well as Hazara territories, specifically in largely ethnic Hazara areas such as
1847:
revolted against Abdur Rahman. As the Kabul
Newsletters written by the British agents indicate, Abdur Rahman was an extremely ruthless man. He has been called 'The Dracula Amir' by some writers. Due to Abdur Rahman's depredations, over 50–60 percent of the total Hazara population was
1352:, face", Abdur Rahman distinguished himself for his ability and energetic daring. Although his father, Afzal Khan came to terms with Amir Sher Ali, Abdur's behavior in the northern province soon excited Amir's suspicion and, when he was summoned to Kabul, fled across the
1401:, taking his banner after claiming he had a vision that ensured victory. The ruler of Badakhshan did not permit Abdur Rahman to ford the Amu Darya, to which Abdur Rahman did so further downstream. He then crossed a mountain pass while it snowed, arriving at
1575:
His interest lay in keeping powerful neighbours, whether friends or foes, outside his kingdom. He knew this to be the only policy that would be supported by the Afghan nation; and although for some time a rupture with Russia seemed imminent, while the
1777:; while the exercise of his personal authority was too often stained by acts of unnecessary cruelty. He held open courts for the receipt of petitioners and the dispensation of justice; and in the disposal of business he was indefatigable.
1451:, wishing to withdraw all British troops from Afghanistan as quickly as possible. With this, the British no longer wished to uphold a British envoy in Afghanistan. However, both sides continued to differ, with the British wishing to keep
3686:
1493:
A central political issue in
Afghanistan during Khan's reign was the difficulties in establishing a relationship between nationalism, Islam, and claims to political legitimacy by traditional tribal structures. At the
1772:
Abdur Rahman Khan's government was a military despotism resting upon a well-appointed army; it was administered through officials absolutely subservient to an inflexible will and controlled by a widespread system of
1552:
1448:
1957:
1976:(his native ethnics) remember him as a ruler who initiated many programs for modernization, and effectively prevented the country from being occupied by Russia by using the "financial and advisory" support of
2402:
Born in Kabul in 1844, Abdur Rahman Khan spent most of his youth in Balkh with his farther, Mohammad Afzal 5. Abdur Rahman learned conventional warfare tactics from the
British soldier of fortune, William
1581:
action, with great self-reliance and hardihood, not without indications of the implacable severity that too often marked his administration. His investment with the insignia of the highest grade of the
1388:
Upon the death of Sher Ali Khan, Abdur Rahman Khan, serving exile in Turkestan, requested from the Russians to enter Afghanistan as a claimant of the throne. This request was denied. However, following
1670:
pending questions. Abdur Rahman Khan showed his usual ability in diplomatic argument, his tenacity where his own views or claims were in debate, with a sure underlying insight into the real situation.
1329:
in the north of the country, where he had been governing when his father died. This began a fierce internecine conflict for power between Dost Mohammad's sons, which lasted for nearly five years. The
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1474:
welcomed his arrival. On 19 July, the British informed Abdur Rahman that they were prepared to recognize him as the ruler of Afghanistan, inviting him to Kabul for a ceremony. Abdur Rahman called a
1780:
In the 1880s, the "Iron Emir" decided to strategically displace some members of different ethnic groups in order to bring better security. For example, he "uprooted troublesome Durrani and Ghilzai
1368:; but in the battle that ensued at Sheikhabad on 10 May, he was deserted by a large body of his troops, and after his signal defeat Abdur Rahman released his father, Afzal Khan, from prison in
1485:
Griffin described Abdur Rahman as a man of middle height, with an exceedingly intelligent face and frank and courteous manners, shrewd and able in conversation on the business in hand.
1191:
1797:
engaged in pacifying the country that had been disturbed by revolts, and in punishing with a heavy hand all who were known or suspected to have taken any part in rebellion.
2742:
3298:
1524:, one of Sher Ali Khan's sons, marched upon that city from Herat, defeated Abdur Rahman's troops, and occupied the place in July 1880. This serious reverse roused the
1174:
1266:. This despotism rested upon a well-appointed army and was administered through officials subservient to an inflexible will and controlled by a widespread system of
931:
882:
2124:
1988:
To some historians he is called a tyrant, to other people he is a hero. But what did Abdul Rahman give us? He united Afghanistan under one king and one flag.
1785:
273:
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1393:'s abdication, as well as the British occupation of Kabul, the Russians allowed Abdur Rahman Khan to re-enter Afghanistan. Abdur Rahman made way for
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1609:. He was allowed to import munitions of war. He succeeded in imposing an organized government one of the most the fiercest and unruly population in
1521:
1444:
1243:
88:
832:
2005:
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1588:
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In 1893, Mortimer Durand negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan the Durand Line Treaty for the demarcation of the frontier between Afghanistan, the
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1085:
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1861:, Maiden Shah, and Zawar being depopulated of Hazara populations. The territories of prominent Hazara chiefs in these areas were given to
1829:
Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of Abdul Rahman.
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with his father, Mohammad Afzal Khan. Abdul Rahman learned conventional warfare tactics from the British soldier William Campbell.
3000:
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2212:
1405:, where its garrison defected. With the fall of Rostaq, Abdur Rahman met the Mir of Badakhshan in battle, forcing him to flee to
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on 3 January 1869. Both sought refuge to the east in Central Asia, where Abdur Rahman placed himself under Russian protection at
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which confirmed the legality of the Durand Line. Similarly, the legality of the Durand Line was once again confirmed by King
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determine the boundary between Afghanistan and British-governed India, and was tasked to negotiate terms for agreeing to the
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under their control with Sardar Sher Ali as governor, while Abdur Rahman saw it imperative as a part of Afghanistan.
1428:. Sultan Murad then aligned with Abdur Rahman, and encouraged rebellion against Ghulam Haidar, with the commander of
1582:
752:
245:
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tax was also enforced on Shias, which was only meant to be for non-Muslims. It caused some Hazaras to migrate to
1467:
263:
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237:
1429:
782:
1617:
inventions for strengthening his armament, while he sternly set his face against all innovations which, like
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Magnus, Ralph (1988). "The PDPA Regime in Afghanistan". In Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (eds.).
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1952:. His youngest son, Mahomed Omar Jan, was born in 1889 of an Afghan mother, connected by descent with the
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812:
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343:
226:
138:
118:
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1748:(former prime minister and later president of Afghanistan) during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976.
1718:
1699:
393:
2489:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp.
1744:
The Durand Line was once again recognised as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan by
3676:
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2672:"Worthy Advice in the Affairs of the World and Religion: The Autobiography of Emir Abdur Rahman Khan"
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1338:
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The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers
1905:
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1397:, whose ruler he had marriage ties with. While on route, he did a pilgrimage to the shrine of
1325:. At first, the new Amir was quietly recognized. But after a few months, Afzal Khan raised an
1075:
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527:
303:
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declaring for Abdur Rahman. Ghulam Haidar fled across the Amu Darya, leaving the entirety of
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Today, his descendants can be found in many places outside Afghanistan, such as in America,
1854:
1433:
1247:
1010:
647:
577:
283:
194:
3055:
1804:
and the conversion of its indigenous peoples to Islam. The region was subsequently renamed
3477:
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1922:
1921:
Abdur Rahman died on 1 October 1901, inside his summer palace, being succeeded by his son
1858:
1726:
1687:
1478:, with many tribal leaders declaring for him, while Abdur Rahman was declared the Amir of
1345:
1224:
842:
567:
403:
353:
323:
98:
2765:
2702:
The "ancient supremacy" : Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the battle for Balkh, 1731–1901
1360:. Sher Ali threw Afzal Khan into prison, and a revolt followed in southern Afghanistan.
3515:
3368:
3203:
1981:
1977:
1926:
1734:
1648:
1496:
1227:, but also uniting the country after years of internal fighting and negotiation of the
772:
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732:
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507:
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The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901
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The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901
2360:
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1984:. The Emir was effectively dependent on British arms and money to stay in power.
17:
3221:
2758:
1862:
1675:
1664:
1232:
1228:
1015:
942:
477:
432:
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Turkistan: notes of a journey in Russian Turkistan, Kokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja
2055:
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2090:
1801:
1745:
1679:
1622:
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1030:
1005:
1000:
657:
597:
452:
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1555:, in India, the news came of a skirmish between Russian and Afghan troops at
2720:
2578:
1949:
1865:
sardars, or other closely related government loyalists. Alongside this, the
1817:
1774:
1533:
1420:. This request was denied. However, Ghulam Haidar Khan, Yaqub's governor of
1377:
1330:
1267:
1263:
970:
667:
413:
2978:
3276:
3135:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
2888:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2625:
1348:
as "a tall well-built man, with a large head, and a marked Afghan, almost
1317:, as his successor, passing over the two elder half brothers of Sher Ali,
2700:
1973:
1953:
1781:
1459:
1452:
1365:
1286:
990:
164:
1458:
Believing that the British might withdraw, Abdur Rahman Khan arrived in
3600:
2873:
Government and Society in Afghanistan: the Reign of 'Abd al-Rahman Khan
2041:
1941:
1937:
1894:
1878:
1844:
1644:
1618:
1602:
1556:
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1537:
1406:
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1212:
985:
537:
189:
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1933:
1886:
1870:
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1789:
1628:
He also built himself several summer and guest houses, including the
1614:
1569:
1424:, attacked Kunduz, occupying it, and forcing Sultan Murad to flee to
1413:
1369:
1364:
Kabul in March 1866. The Amir Sher Ali marched up against them from
1196:
1025:
980:
3001:"Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan – National Portrait Gallery"
2671:
1812:("Light of the nation and religion"), and his zeal for the cause of
1462:
sometime in July 1880, where religious leaders from regions such as
3687:
Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
3116:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2051:
1993:
Prince Abdul Ali Seraj (1945–2018), great-grandson of Abdur Rahman
1914:
1904:
1889:
region, Abdur Rahman ordered soldiers to destroy the faces of the
1866:
1822:
1813:
1763:
1755:
1683:
1606:
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1306:
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293:
134:
114:
2819:
Humanitarian Invasion: Global Development in Cold War Afghanistan
1601:
epoch in the history of Afghanistan. The Amir received an annual
1223:
from 1880 to his death in 1901. He is known for perpetrating the
1972:
Afghan society has mixed feelings about his rule. A majority of
1960:
was the ambassador of Iran from 1930 to 1932, he was the son of
1882:
1710:
1610:
1501:
Afghanistan was settled on the terms proposed, and in 1881, the
1439:
The British, eyeing for a suitable candidate to be the ruler of
1353:
1200:
48:
3280:
2034:(Advice on the worldly life and religion), 1883. Autobiography.
1686:, Afghanistan. From the British side the camp was attended by
1540:
revolted against the severity of his measures several times.
1211:) (between 1840 and 1844 – 1 October 1901) also known by his
2627:
Concise history of afghanistan in 25 volumes : volume 1
2330:
A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863–1901
2560:
2558:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
1516:
One of Abdur Rahman's guest houses and its gardens, Kabul
2735:"Why Afghanistan's independence day remains problematic"
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2068:(Crown of histories), 1904, Autobiography in 2 volumes.
1625:, might give Europeans a foothold within his country.
3692:
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
2040:(Epistle of princely wisdom), 1886. On the notion of
1800:
In 1895–1896, Abdur Rahman directed the invasion of
1721:, now provinces of Pakistan as a successor state of
3567:
3536:
3498:
3415:
3359:
3314:
2116:(court physician to Abdur Rahman Khan in the 1890s)
1250:. Abdur Rahman Khan re-established the writ of the
200:
188:
174:
160:
144:
124:
108:
104:
94:
84:
76:
69:
41:
2757:
2480:
1909:Site of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's tomb, located in
1568:in 1885, which served more as an advice guide for
3142:Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947
2792:Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to present
2537:
3180:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present
3056:"Afghan "prince" who would be tribal president"
3015:"Abdur Rahman Khan "The Iron Amir" – 1880–1901"
2875:, University of Texas Press (1979), pp. 176–177
2211:However, his year of birth is given as 1830 in
2142:
2140:
1986:
1344:Described by the American scholar and explorer
2975:"Ancient Buddhas Will Not Be Rebuilt – UNESCO"
1309:, on 9 June 1863, Abdur Rahman's grandfather,
1238:Abdur Rahman Khan was the one and only son of
30:For other people named Abdur Rahman Khan, see
3292:
2233:
2231:
2229:
1940:, and even in Scandinavian countries such as
1168:
8:
2125:Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan
1643:The Amir found himself unable, by reason of
1412:Abdur Rahman requested from Sultan Murad of
1204:
2822:. Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
2390:. Princeton University Press. p. 417.
1944:. His two eldest sons, Habibullah Khan and
1682:, now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near
1416:for military access so he could advance on
3299:
3285:
3277:
3236:
1698:in Khyber. Afghanistan was represented by
1206:
1175:
1161:
211:
38:
2795:. Hurst & Co. Publisher. p. 84.
1956:family. One of the Amir's grandchildren,
1605:from the British government of 1,850,000
2658:
2549:
2425:
2199:
2136:
2006:Most Exalted Order of the Star of India
1409:while Abdur Rahman annexed Badakhshan.
1293:in 1844. He spent most of his youth in
225:
214:
2745:from the original on 1 September 2019.
2262:"Afghanistan and the Search for Unity"
2249:from the original on 27 February 2014.
1532:by a relentless and brutal use of his
1380:. Azam died in Kabul in October 1869.
1262:because his government was a military
171:
2580:Ideology and Power in the Middle East
2475:
2473:
2120:List of heads of state of Afghanistan
1893:during a military campaign against a
1706:representing Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.
1651:to visit England; but his second son
1505:also handed over Kandahar to the new
1254:after the disarray that followed the
27:Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901
7:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2082:, Abdur Rahman is briefly mentioned.
1808:. In 1896, he adopted the title of
1678:, between the two parties camped at
1585:appeared to give him much pleasure.
3028:Lee, Jonathan L. (1 January 1996).
2911:
2564:
2525:
2513:
2359:Lee, Jonathan L. (1 January 1996).
1547:was in conference with the British
1760:Abdur Rahman Khan during his reign
1655:, the crown prince, went instead.
32:Abdur Rahman Khan (disambiguation)
25:
3159:Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977).
2440:The Far East and Australasia 2003
2109:European influence in Afghanistan
2016:Most Honourable Order of the Bath
3569:
3538:
3500:
3417:
3361:
3316:
3109:
2845:"Abdur Rahman Khan (Afganistan)"
2213:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
2093:
2004:Honorary Grand Commander of the
1752:Dictatorship and the "Iron Amir"
1729:signed a new agreement with the
1543:In 1885, at the moment when the
1142:
1132:
1131:
236:
58:
3707:20th-century Afghan politicians
3697:19th-century Afghan politicians
3182:. Reaktion Books. p. 399.
1647:, to accept an invitation from
3034:. BRILL. pp. xxii–xxiii.
2624:Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (2013).
2038:Risalah-i Khirad’namah-i Amiri
1436:under Abdur Rahman's control.
1:
3702:19th-century monarchs in Asia
3263:31 May 1880 – 1 October 1901
3208:Encyclopedia of Asian history
3163:. London: Osprey Publishing.
3161:North-West Frontier 1837–1947
2977:. Ipsnews.net. Archived from
2891:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 90–.
2760:Afghanistan: A Modern History
2467:, F.A. Praeger (1966), p. 136
2239:"Why the Durand Line matters"
2153:. PublicAffairs. p. 42.
2050:, 1889. On the importance of
3662:20th-century Afghan monarchs
3657:19th-century Afghan monarchs
2756:Rasanayagam, Angelo (2005).
2014:Honorary Grand Cross of the
1715:North-West Frontier Province
80:31 May 1880 – 1 October 1901
2789:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
2260:Omrani, Bijan (July 2007).
1313:, nominated his third son,
1301:Background and early career
1108:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
918:Transitional Administration
488:Principality of Chaghaniyan
3728:
3229:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3140:Barthorp, Michael (2002).
1839:1888–1893 Hazara uprisings
1836:
1746:Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan
1662:
1583:Order of the Star of India
1447:, with his successor, the
964:Related historical regions
29:
3610:
3265:
3252:
3244:
3239:
2699:Lee, Jonathan L. (1996).
2630:. : Trafford Publishing.
2593:10.1515/9780822381501-014
2443:. Eur. 2002. p. 62.
2278:10.1080/03068370701349086
1768:Abdur Rahman Khan in 1897
1384:Exile and return to power
1205:
264:Indus Valley civilisation
179:
170:
64:Abdur Rahman Khan in 1897
57:
46:
3223:"Abdurrahman Khan"
2953:. کابل: انتشارات امیری.
2705:. New York: E.J. Brill.
2365:. BRILL. pp. xxvi.
2327:Kakar, M. Hasan (2006).
2032:Pandnamah-i dunya va din
1613:; he availed himself of
1536:authority. The powerful
1285:Abdur Rahman Khan was a
783:Principality of Qandahar
3308:Monarchs of Afghanistan
3132:Encyclopædia Britannica
2816:Nunan, Timothy (2016).
2764:. I.B. Tauris. p.
2487:Encyclopædia Britannica
1897:rebellion in the area.
1816:induced him to publish
1810:Zia-ul-Millat-Wa-ud Din
1256:second Anglo-Afghan war
52:Ziya'al-Milat wa al-Din
3178:Lee, Jonathan (2019).
3074:The Knights of England
2951:تاریخ باستانی هزارهها
2386:Dupree, Louis (1980).
2147:Tomsen, Peter (2011).
2044:or intellect in Islam.
1996:
1918:
1769:
1761:
1704:Sardar Shireendil Khan
1692:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
1597:
1517:
1149:Afghanistan portal
1086:List of heads of state
344:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
3712:Genocide perpetrators
2852:University of Lucknow
2677:World Digital Library
2585:Duke University Press
2538:Wilkinson-Latham 1977
2333:. Brill. p. 10.
2307:"ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Khān"
1925:who is the father of
1908:
1901:Death and descendants
1837:Further information:
1767:
1759:
1700:Sahibzada Abdul Latif
1592:Jahan Nama Palace in
1591:
1515:
1258:. He became known as
394:Indo-Parthian kingdom
374:Indo-Scythian kingdom
128:1 October 1901 (aged
3667:Emirs of Afghanistan
3433:Sultan Mohammad Khan
3072:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
2981:on 13 September 2011
2929:Encyclopædia Iranica
2925:"Hazāra ii. History"
2885:Paul Bergne (2007).
2482:"'Abdor Rahman Khan"
2245:. 21 February 2014.
1739:Treaty of Rawalpindi
1596:, built for the Amir
1572:than anything else.
1339:Sultan Mohammad Khan
1305:Before his death in
155:, Kabul, Afghanistan
3595:Mohammad Zahir Shah
3590:Mohammad Nadir Shah
3559:Habibullāh Kalakāni
3463:Mohammad Yaqub Khan
3453:Mohammad Afzal Khan
3397:Shah Shujah Durrani
3392:Mahmud Shah Durrani
3259:Emir of Afghanistan
3144:. London: Cassell.
2949:دلجو, عباس (2014).
2871:Hasan Kawun Kakar,
1958:Azizullah Khan Ziai
1843:In the early 1890s
1634:Chihil Sutun Palace
1578:Government of India
1333:are descendants of
1240:Mohammad Afzal Khan
1221:Amir of Afghanistan
853:Democratic Republic
205:Mohammad Afzal Khan
71:Amir of Afghanistan
3458:Mohammad Azam Khan
3438:Dost Mohammad Khan
3387:Zaman Shah Durrani
3382:Timur Shah Durrani
3377:Ahmad Shah Durrani
3210:(4 vol. 1988) 1:5.
3204:Embree, Ainslie T.
2741:. 29 August 2019.
2567:, p. 378-379.
2073:In popular culture
2018:(civil division),
1999:Honours and awards
1919:
1891:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1770:
1762:
1636:in Kabul, and the
1630:Bagh-e Bala Palace
1598:
1518:
1337:'s older brother,
1335:Dost Mohammad Khan
1311:Dost Mohammad Khan
1244:Dost Mohammad Khan
1242:, and grandson of
1056:Political violence
863:Tanai coup attempt
498:Rashidun Caliphate
443:Hephthalite Empire
364:Indo-Greek kingdom
3631:
3630:
3546:Saqqawist Emirate
3473:Abdur Rahman Khan
3407:Ayub Shah Durrani
3275:
3274:
3266:Succeeded by
3127:Abdur Rahman Khan
3041:978-90-04-10399-3
2898:978-1-84511-283-7
2661:, pp. 37–38.
2637:978-1-4907-1446-2
2602:978-0-8223-8150-1
2552:, pp. 81–85.
2540:, pp. 16–17.
2500:978-1-59339-837-8
2463:Eugene Schuyler,
2372:978-90-04-10399-3
2340:978-90-04-15185-7
2160:978-1-5864-8781-2
2048:Risalah-i najiyah
1702:and the Governor
1638:Jahan Nama Palace
1561:sufficient reason
1252:Afghan government
1246:, founder of the
1188:Abdur Rahman Khan
1185:
1184:
1076:Afghan (ethnonym)
1051:Political history
955:
954:
803:Saqqawist Emirate
753:Sadozai Sultanate
706:
705:
492:7th–8th centuries
461:
460:
314:Macedonian Empire
304:Achaemenid Empire
274:Oxus civilization
210:
209:
184:
183:
180:Abdur Rahman Khan
42:Abdur Rahman Khan
18:Abdul Rahman Khan
16:(Redirected from
3719:
3672:Barakzai dynasty
3583:
3582:
3577:Barakzai Kingdom
3575:
3573:
3572:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3528:Inayatullah Khan
3508:Barakzai Kingdom
3506:
3504:
3503:
3425:Barakzai Emirate
3423:
3421:
3420:
3402:Ali Shah Durrani
3367:
3365:
3364:
3336:Abdul Aziz Hotak
3321:
3320:
3319:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3255:Barakzai dynasty
3245:Preceded by
3237:
3233:
3225:
3193:
3174:
3155:
3136:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3070:
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3052:
3046:
3045:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2997:
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2990:
2988:
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2965:
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2940:
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2937:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2882:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
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2849:
2840:
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2807:
2806:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2763:
2753:
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2724:
2696:
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2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2484:
2477:
2468:
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2405:
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2356:
2345:
2344:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2235:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2144:
2114:Lillias Hamilton
2103:
2101:Biography portal
2098:
2097:
2096:
2020:29 December 1893
1994:
1881:in northeastern
1786:transported them
1725:. In 1905, Amir
1449:Marquis of Ripon
1434:Afghan Turkestan
1248:Barakzai dynasty
1210:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1118:Muslim conquests
1103:Hinduism history
1066:Economic history
950:
928:Islamic Republic
719:
718:
648:Chagatai Khanate
474:
473:
414:Kidarite kingdom
284:Gandhara kingdom
260:
259:
240:
230:
212:
195:Barakzai dynasty
172:
62:
39:
21:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3637:
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3632:
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3579:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3478:Habibullah Khan
3418:
3416:
3411:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3271:
3269:Habibullah Khan
3262:
3257:
3250:
3220:
3217:
3200:
3198:Further reading
3190:
3177:
3171:
3158:
3152:
3139:
3125:, ed. (1911). "
3121:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3062:. 6 March 2009.
3054:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2843:Rajput, Madhu.
2842:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2733:
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2728:
2713:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2638:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2603:
2587:. p. 274.
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2501:
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2471:
2462:
2458:
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2409:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
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2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2237:
2236:
2227:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2075:
2066:Taj al-Tavarikh
2028:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1970:
1948:, were born at
1923:Habibullah Khan
1903:
1841:
1835:
1833:Hazara genocide
1754:
1727:Habibullah Khan
1696:Political Agent
1688:Mortimer Durand
1667:
1661:
1491:
1386:
1346:Eugene Schuyler
1303:
1283:
1231:Agreement with
1225:Hazara Genocide
1190:
1181:
1143:
1141:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1035:
965:
957:
956:
948:
943:Islamic Emirate
883:Islamic Emirate
843:Saur Revolution
716:
708:
707:
638:Mongol Invasion
612:before 879–1215
471:
463:
462:
404:Sasanian Empire
388:135 BC – 248 AD
354:Parthian Empire
324:Seleucid Empire
257:
228:
221:
156:
149:
133:
113:
99:Habibullah Khan
65:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Pashtun people
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3550:(unrecognized)
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3516:Amanullah Khan
3512:
3510:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3490:Nasrullah Khan
3487:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3369:Durrani Empire
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:Regnal titles
3235:
3234:
3216:
3215:External links
3213:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:978-1789140101
3188:
3175:
3169:
3156:
3150:
3137:
3123:Chisholm, Hugh
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3065:
3047:
3040:
3020:
3006:
2992:
2966:
2960:978-9936801509
2959:
2941:
2916:
2914:, p. 399.
2904:
2897:
2877:
2864:
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2801:
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2711:
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2616:
2601:
2569:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2528:, p. 377.
2518:
2516:, p. 376.
2506:
2499:
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2456:
2449:
2430:
2407:
2396:
2378:
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2319:
2298:
2272:(2): 145–157.
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2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1982:the Great Game
1978:British Empire
1969:
1966:
1962:Nasrullah Khan
1946:Nasrullah Khan
1927:Amanullah Khan
1902:
1899:
1834:
1831:
1753:
1750:
1735:Amanullah Khan
1731:United Kingdom
1660:
1657:
1653:Nasrullah Khan
1649:Queen Victoria
1564:published his
1503:British troops
1490:
1487:
1385:
1382:
1302:
1299:
1282:
1279:
1273:The nickname,
1183:
1182:
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1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
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1139:
1126:
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1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:Jewish history
1110:
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1099:
1098:
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1083:
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1073:
1068:
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1053:
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1044:Related topics
1043:
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1038:
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3:
2:
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3485:
3484:Jehandad Khan
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Sher Ali Khan
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3352:
3351:Hussain Hotak
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Mirwais Hotak
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3313:
3309:
3302:
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3288:
3283:
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3279:
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3256:
3249:
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3209:
3205:
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3197:
3191:
3185:
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3172:
3170:0-85045-275-9
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3153:
3151:0-304-36294-8
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3118:public domain
3107:
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2829:9781107112070
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2802:9781850656838
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2775:9781850438571
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2712:90-04-10399-6
2708:
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2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:Chisholm 1911
2655:
2652:
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2639:
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2550:Barthorp 2002
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2452:
2450:1-85743-133-2
2446:
2442:
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2431:
2428:, p. 37.
2427:
2426:Chisholm 1911
2422:
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2408:
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2397:0-691-03006-5
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2308:
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2287:
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2279:
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2271:
2267:
2266:Asian Affairs
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
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2240:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:0-550-18022-2
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2202:, p. 38.
2201:
2200:Chisholm 1911
2196:
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2110:
2107:
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2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:11 April 1885
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1911:Zarnegar Park
1907:
1900:
1898:
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1888:
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1724:
1723:British India
1720:
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1566:autobiography
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1553:Lord Dufferin
1550:
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1355:
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1347:
1342:
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1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Sher Ali Khan
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:The Iron Amir
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:The Iron Amir
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:British India
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:The Iron Amir
1214:
1207:عبدالرحمن خان
1202:
1198:
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1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:List of years
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Paropamisadae
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
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968:
961:
960:
947:
944:
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940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
903:Islamic State
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
873:Islamic State
871:
870:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
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840:
836:
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826:
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821:
820:
816:
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811:
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806:
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796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
763:Afsharid Iran
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
743:Hotak dynasty
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
712:
711:
701:
699:
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695:
691:
689:
686:
685:
681:
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669:
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636:
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631:
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621:
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611:
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605:
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589:
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579:
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571:
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566:
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541:
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535:
531:
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519:
516:
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467:
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417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
385:
384:Kushan Empire
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:247 BC–224 AD
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
345:
342:
341:
337:
335:
334:Maurya Empire
332:
331:
327:
325:
322:
321:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
295:
294:Median Empire
292:
291:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
250:
247:
244:
243:
239:
235:
234:
231:
224:
219:
213:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
178:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
154:
153:Zarnegar Park
147:
143:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
61:
56:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3647:1840s births
3633:
3617:indicates a
3614:
3599:
3522:Abd-al Karim
3520:
3482:
3472:
3346:Ashraf Hotak
3341:Mahmud Hotak
3323:Hotak Empire
3253:
3227:
3207:
3179:
3160:
3141:
3130:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3030:
3023:
3009:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:the original
2969:
2950:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2907:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2857:11 September
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2838:
2818:
2811:
2791:
2784:
2759:
2751:
2738:
2729:
2701:
2694:
2684:30 September
2682:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:
2626:
2619:
2579:
2572:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2486:
2464:
2459:
2439:
2433:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2361:
2329:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2301:
2291:18 September
2289:. Retrieved
2269:
2265:
2255:
2243:The Diplomat
2242:
2207:
2164:. Retrieved
2149:
2078:In the film
2065:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2019:
2009:
1987:
1971:
1931:
1920:
1842:
1828:
1821:
1809:
1799:
1779:
1771:
1743:
1737:through the
1708:
1672:
1668:
1642:
1627:
1599:
1574:
1544:
1542:
1530:insurrection
1525:
1519:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1457:
1438:
1411:
1399:Khwaja Ahrar
1387:
1373:
1362:
1343:
1327:insurrection
1304:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1259:
1237:
1216:
1187:
1186:
1096:List of wars
945:(reinstated)
905:(reinstated)
278:2100–1800 BC
268:2200–1800 BC
129:
47:
36:
3677:Durand Line
3652:1901 deaths
2934:30 December
2388:Afghanistan
1875:Balochistan
1863:Mohammadzai
1784:tribes and
1719:Baluchistan
1676:Durand Line
1665:Durand Line
1659:Durand Line
1441:Afghanistan
1229:Durand Line
1016:Kushanshahr
893:US invasion
628:Khwarezmids
478:Kabul Shahi
433:Alchon Huns
288:1500–535 BC
229:Afghanistan
227:History of
139:Afghanistan
119:Afghanistan
85:Predecessor
3641:Categories
3581:(restored)
3443:Akbar Khan
3103:References
3080:, London,
1802:Kafiristan
1694:, British
1680:Parachinar
1663:See also:
1645:ill-health
1640:in Kholm.
1623:telegraphs
1594:Tashkurgan
1395:Badakhshan
1391:Yaqub Khan
1374:Tinah Khan
1319:Afzal Khan
1289:, born in
1281:Early life
1031:Zabulistan
1006:Kafiristan
1001:Kabulistan
823:Daoud coup
658:Qarlughids
598:Ghaznavids
508:Tang China
453:Nezak Huns
378:155–80? BC
348:256–125 BC
338:305–180 BC
328:312–150 BC
318:330–312 BC
308:550–330 BC
298:728–550 BC
151:Palace at
3619:localized
3468:Ayub Khan
3248:Ayub Khan
2985:9 October
2739:TRT world
2646:861259978
2611:242204076
2403:Campbell.
2286:162273503
1950:Samarkand
1885:. In the
1877:, and to
1850:massacred
1818:treatises
1775:espionage
1741:in 1919.
1522:Ayub Khan
1520:However,
1430:Takhtapul
1378:Samarkand
1331:Musahiban
1323:Azam Khan
1268:espionage
1264:despotism
971:Arachosia
937:2004–2021
922:2001–2004
887:1996–2001
877:1992–1996
857:1978–1992
837:1973–1978
817:1926–1973
797:1823–1926
787:1818–1855
777:1747–1823
767:1738–1747
757:1716–1732
747:1709–1738
737:1510–1709
727:1501–1738
702:1520–1591
692:1370–1507
682:1245–1381
672:1256–1335
668:Ilkhanate
662:1224–1266
652:1226–1245
642:1219–1226
632:1215–1231
622:1037–1194
578:Saffarids
368:180–90 BC
112:1840–1844
95:Successor
89:Ayub Khan
2912:Lee 2019
2743:Archived
2721:33665005
2565:Lee 2019
2526:Lee 2019
2514:Lee 2019
2247:Archived
2223:, page 2
2087:See also
2026:Writings
1991:—
1974:Pashtuns
1954:Barakzai
1806:Nuristan
1619:railways
1615:European
1534:despotic
1468:Kohistan
1464:Panjshir
1460:Charikar
1453:Kandahar
1426:Fayzabad
1366:Kandahar
1213:epithets
1137:Category
1011:Khorasan
991:Gandhara
932:politics
833:Republic
733:Safavids
688:Timurids
602:963–1187
588:Samanids
568:Tahirids
558:Abbasids
528:Umayyads
470:Medieval
246:Timeline
218:a series
216:Part of
165:Babo Jan
132:. 56–61)
3624:monarch
3615:Italics
3601:Salemai
3232:. 1921.
3120::
3060:Reuters
2312:15 July
2166:15 July
2054:in the
1980:during
1942:Denmark
1938:Germany
1879:Mashhad
1855:Urzugan
1845:Hazaras
1782:Pashtun
1603:subsidy
1570:princes
1557:Panjdeh
1549:viceroy
1538:Ghilzai
1407:Chitral
1358:Bukhara
1287:Pashtun
1061:Culture
986:Bactria
914:Interim
813:Kingdom
793:Emirate
723:Mughals
698:Arghuns
678:Kartids
618:Seljuks
608:Ghurids
592:875–999
582:863–900
572:821–873
562:750–821
552:750-977
542:680–870
538:Zunbils
532:661–750
522:660–842
512:660–669
502:652–661
482:565–879
457:484–711
447:410–557
437:380–560
418:320–465
408:230–651
255:Ancient
190:Dynasty
3574:
3543:
3505:
3422:
3366:
3186:
3167:
3148:
3114:
3094:p. 214
3092:Shaw,
3082:p. 312
3038:
2957:
2895:
2826:
2799:
2772:
2719:
2709:
2680:. 1885
2644:
2634:
2609:
2599:
2497:
2447:
2394:
2369:
2337:
2284:
2219:
2157:
2080:Kesari
2060:hadith
2056:Qur’an
1968:Legacy
1934:France
1895:Hazara
1887:Bamyan
1871:Quetta
1859:Ghazni
1607:rupees
1497:durbar
1470:, and
1445:Lytton
1414:Kunduz
1403:Rostaq
1370:Ghazni
1350:Jewish
1219:, was
1197:Pashto
1026:Sistan
981:Ariana
715:Modern
220:on the
201:Father
161:Spouse
145:Burial
3622:rebel
2848:(PDF)
2607:S2CID
2282:S2CID
2131:Notes
2052:jihad
1915:Kabul
1867:Jizya
1823:jihad
1814:Islam
1794:Tajik
1790:Uzbek
1684:Khost
1489:Reign
1480:Kabul
1476:Jirga
1472:Tagab
1422:Balkh
1418:Kabul
1356:into
1307:Herat
1295:Balkh
1291:Kabul
949:since
548:Lawik
175:Names
135:Kabul
115:Kabul
77:Reign
3206:ed.
3184:ISBN
3165:ISBN
3146:ISBN
3036:ISBN
2987:2013
2955:ISBN
2936:2012
2893:ISBN
2859:2022
2824:ISBN
2797:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2717:OCLC
2707:ISBN
2686:2013
2642:OCLC
2632:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2314:2013
2293:2022
2217:ISBN
2168:2013
2155:ISBN
2058:and
1883:Iran
1792:and
1717:and
1711:FATA
1690:and
1632:and
1621:and
1611:Asia
1545:Amir
1526:Amir
1507:Amir
1354:Oxus
1321:and
1201:Dari
1192:GCSI
1091:Wars
1071:Name
996:Iran
976:Aria
951:2021
908:2001
897:2001
867:1990
847:1978
827:1973
807:1929
148:1901
125:Died
109:Born
49:Amir
3129:".
2589:doi
2274:doi
2042:aql
1873:in
1820:on
1788:to
424:Rob
3643::
3226:.
3076:,
3058:.
2927:.
2850:.
2768:.
2766:64
2737:.
2715:.
2674:.
2640:.
2605:.
2595:.
2583:.
2557:^
2493:.
2491:20
2485:.
2472:^
2410:^
2400:.
2349:^
2280:.
2270:38
2268:.
2264:.
2241:.
2228:^
2215:,
2176:^
2139:^
2008:,
1964:.
1936:,
1929:.
1913:,
1857:,
1826:.
1713:,
1551:,
1509:.
1482:.
1466:,
1341:.
1270:.
1235:.
1215:,
1203::
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