718:
788:, and bought and set up the Wangamanna station as a camel breeding and carrying business. He married the widow Emily Ozadelle and they had seven children. Wade worked hard at fitting in and being seen as an equal to his Australian peers, dressing in the European style, educating his children at top private schools and becoming a naturalised citizen. However his attempts were ridiculed and at the end of the camel era, he sold up and returned to Afghanistan. By 1901, there were an estimated 2000β4000 cameleers in Australia. Many of them made regular trips home to deal with family matters.
559:
2423:
75:
823:
1140:
1127:
596:
Although the cameleers came from different ethnic groups and a range of regions β mostly
Baluchistan, Kashmir, Sind and Punjab (parts of present-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, north-western India and eastern Iran), with a few from Egypt and Turkey, they were known collectively as Afghans, later shortened
791:
While outback settlers, farmers and others who had dealings with the
Afghans often vouched for them, finding that they held many values in common, prejudice arose and discriminatory legislation was introduced by colonial, state and federal governments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One
1309:
in the early days. He became a leader of the camel drivers working for the
Overland Telegraph Line, eventually settling in Adelaide. He married a European woman and was known as a peace maker, once settling a dispute between Abdul Wade and Gunny Khan, two wealthy camel owners. He also became the
978:, set up a sheep station and married an Aboriginal woman, is proud of her heritage on both sides. She says that it was difficult for her ancestor to acquire permanent residence and permission to marry, but the Afghans were honourable men who preferred to marry rather than rape local women.
621:
Before the building of railways and the widespread adoption of motor vehicles, camels were the primary means of transporting goods in the
Outback, where the climate was too harsh for horses and other beasts of burden. From 1850 to 1900, the cameleers played an important part in opening up
981:
Several descendants in
Adelaide formed the Australian Outback Afghan Camelmen Descendants and Friends Memorial Committee, which organised a memorial in 2007. They included Janice Taverner (nΓ©e Mahomet), Mona Wilson (nΓ©e Akbar), Eric Sultan, Abdul Bejah (son of Jack Bejah and grandson of
1419:
Jones (2007) has "A biographical listing of
Australia's Muslim cameleers" (which includes Sikhs), representing "more than half of the total number of cameleers and other Muslim men from south Asia who worked in Australia during the era of camel transport", on pages 166β191.
1096:
and co-written and co-produced by Hazara photographer
Muzafar Ali, who arrived in Australia as a refugee in 2015. The film, which explores the concept of identity, arose after Ali started investigating the long history of Afghan people in Australia. It premiered at the
875:, and transporting water to wherever it was needed. However, even though the Afghans' help was greatly appreciated, they were also subject to discrimination because of their religion and appearance, and because of the competition they provided to European bullock (
1255:'s Victorian Relief Expedition, to recover the bodies of Burke and wills, and it was during this journey that he was bitten badly by a bull camel, causing him loss of use of his right arm. He then worked in a market garden in Menindee, dying in the early 1880s.
521:
Many of the cameleers and their families later returned to their homelands, but many remained and turned to other trades and ways of making a living. Today, many people can trace their ancestry back to the early cameleers, many of whom intermarried with local
839:
Through the 1930s and 1940s, with no employment and sometimes a hostile community, many cameleers returned to their homelands, but others remained and developed trades and other means of making a living. In 1952, a small number of "ancient, turbaned men,"
796:(2022), author Ryan Butta tells of how Abdul Wade was attacked by people who saw him as a threat to their business interests, despite his contributions to the community, including offering hundreds of his camels to add to Australia's contribution to
748:, which devastated eastern Australia from 1895 to 1902, the camels and their drivers were indispensable. John Edwards wrote to the Attorney-General in 1902: "It is no exaggeration to say that if it had not been for the Afghan and his camels,
792:
example was a 1895 law which prevented
Afghans from mining on the Western Australia goldfields, after tensions arose between the communities and Afghans were accused of polluting waterholes (although no evidence was ever found for this). In
1022:. There is a red metalwork decorative screen with traditional Islamic patterning on the front of the crescent. The memorial does not have a plaque, but there is a small stone obelisk in front of the crescent wall with Arabic writing.
1344:
1870 β 1930) was a "licensed hawker" of imported goods based in
Victoria. According to research by Len Kenna, Khan was originally from Bathroi, a village in Dadyal Tehsil, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. His 1916 portrait (as recorded in the
1284:
1848 β 1910) operated a camel station in South
Australia, before opening camel stations in a number of locations in Western Australia in partnership with his brother Tagh. He assisted in raising funds for the construction of the
1005:
and created by South Australian artist Shaun Kirby and his company Thylacine Art Projects. It was unveiled on the night of 11 December 2007, so that the lighting of the sculpture could be appreciated. It is in the shape of a
593:. In 1866 Samuel Stuckey went to Karachi, and imported more than 100 camels as well as 31 men. In the 1860s, about 3,000 camel drivers came to Australia from Afghanistan and the Indian sub-continent, along with more camels.
634:
and also the railways. The camels hauled the supplies and their handlers erected fences, acted as guides for several major expeditions, and supplied almost every inland mine or station with its goods and services.
725:
In the 1880s, camels were used by police in northern South Australia for the collection of statistics and census forms as well as other kinds of work, and the Marree police used camels on patrol until 1949. At
670:
and Alice Springs. There was more acceptance by the local Aboriginal people, and some cameleers married local Aboriginal women and started families in Australia. However some married European women, and writer
1379:
in 1915, in which the former cameleers shot four people dead and wounded seven more, before being killed themselves. The other man was Gool Badsha Mahomed, not to be confused with Gool Mohomet of Adelaide
490:. They provided vital support to exploration, communications and settlement in the arid interior of the country where the climate was too harsh for horses. They also played a major role in establishing
425:
from the 1860s to the 1930s. Small groups of cameleers were shipped in and out of Australia at three-year intervals, to service the Australian inland pastoral industry by carting goods and transporting
2387:
486:, throughout inland Australia, creating a permanent link between the coastal cities and the remote cattle and sheep grazing stations until about the 1930s, when they were largely replaced by the
1833:
952:
Many camels were shot by police after they were superseded by modern transport, but some cameleers released their camels into the wild rather than allow them to be shot. A large population of
543:, the early settlers used people from British territories, particularly Asia, as navigators. In 1838, Joseph Bruce and John Gleeson brought out 18 of the first "Afghans", who arrived in the
638:
The majority of cameleers arrived in Australia alone, leaving wives and families behind, to work on three-year contracts. Those who were not given living quarters on a station (such as on
2307:
1158:
Over time, as some members of the Afghan community prospered through trade and camel breeding, they contributed towards the building of the oldest permanent mosque in Australia, the
577:, who was known for exporting horses to India, was commissioned by the Victorian Exploration Committee to buy camels and recruit camel drivers. Eight (or three) cameleers arrived in
374:
937:
marketer decided that the name recognised Afghan cameleers for their contribution to outback transport. The idea was his fiction, but it stuck. Marketing of the present-day
1147:
At first a special room set aside in someone's house served as places of prayer, but as time went on, the Muslim communities wanted to have dedicated places of worship. At
2359:
1703:
1470:
1048:
acknowledges their contributions as camel owners and drivers in the 1890s in opening up the interior of Western Australia before the building of the railway.
3048:
2332:
886:
Author Ryan Butta has highlighted the fact that the cameleers were rendered invisible in some of the popular mythologies and histories of Australia, such as
229:
1349:) was used in 2016 by Australian artist Peter Drew to create a poster campaign called "Real Aussies Say Welcome". This project was followed by the book and
1231:
in the British Indian Army. Recruited by Landells for the Burke and Wills expedition, he was one of the first eight cameleers who arrived in Melbourne from
646:), generally lived away from white populations, at first in camps, and later in "Ghantowns" near existing settlements. A thriving Afghan community lived at
1506:
1169:, which dates from 1905, was paid for by fund-raising efforts throughout the WA Muslim community, much of it instigated by the highly educated businessman
2285:
1548:
1110:
204:
1840:
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Many cameleers were refused naturalisation and found themselves refused entry when they tried to return to Australia after visits home, based on the
3033:
367:
1664:
810:
published an editorial saying "the imported Asiatic... is another cheap labour curse in a land where such curses are already much too plentiful".
923:
in 1923: he was observing a Moslem man running to a place of quiet for evening prayers during a brief stop there. Soon the name was shortened to
2435:
966:
introduced across Australia, evident in the remaining artefacts, particularly prayer beads, some books, and letters belonging to the cameleers.
2088:
2845:
2812:
2662:
613:, Egypt, Persia and Turkey. Most practised Islam, and many blended this with their local customs, in particular the Pashtun code of honour.
3058:
806:
2755:
962:, planted wherever the Afghans went, are another legacy of the cameleers. Another, understudied, legacy of the cameleers is the traces of
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1888:
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1880:
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2147:
1789:
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183:
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1981:
1816:
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214:
199:
189:
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in 1904, and Dost Mahomed (b.1881, India) who arrived in Australia in 1898 and returned home several times between 1914 and 1931.
815:
115:
555:. It proved its worth as a pack animal, but unfortunately caused Horrocks's death by accidental shooting so was later put down.
3043:
1295:
or Gul Muhammed (1865β1950), who married Frenchwoman Adrienne Lesire, owned a station and later became Imam at Adelaide Mosque.
848:
95:
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1173:(also known as Hassan Musa Khan) and the cameleer Faiz Mahomet. In 1910 there were also mosques in Coolgardie, Mount Malcolm,
2654:
1346:
1114:
1081:
753:
734:
597:
to "Ghans". Ethnic groups included Pashtun, Punjabi, Baloch (or Baluch) and Sindhis (from the region between the southern
224:
219:
2866:
1711:
879:) and horse teamsters. Many of the European competitors were also cameleers, and in 1903 a European camel train owner in
434:. They were commonly referred to as "Afghans", even though the majority of them originated from the far western parts of
975:
439:
138:
2832:
804:
residents from "semi-starvation" after floods cut the town off from all other modes of transport in 1890. Yet in 1892,
650:(then also known as Hergott Springs) leading to the nicknames "Little Asia" or "Little Afghanistan". When rail reached
3028:
2543:
1781:
342:
194:
58:
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989:
Marree still has the longest-surviving "Ghantown", and many descendants of the original cameleers still live there.
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860:
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590:
163:
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exploration in other parts of the world, but by 1859, only seven camels had been imported into Australia. In 1858
1480:
1450:
1065:, explores and records the relationships that many cameleers formed with Aboriginal women, and their descendants.
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908:
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at the time the cameleers were an active part of the community and business there, yet did not write about them.
544:
262:
120:
1502:
1062:
916:
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wrote of white women who had joined the Afghan community and converted to Islam, even making the pilgrimage to
347:
327:
2974:
1314:(spiritual leader) of the Afghan community in SA at the Adelaide Mosque. He was buried at Coolgardie in 1897.
1881:"Ryan Butta says Afghan cameleers were ignored by Henry Lawson, and our national story is the poorer for it"
1556:
1159:
1148:
1076:
891:
827:
683:
647:
552:
503:
462:. Nonetheless, many were from Afghanistan itself as well. In addition, there were also some with origins in
158:
148:
35:
574:
558:
3053:
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in 1861, a simple mud and tin-roofed building, but this subsequently fell into disuse and was demolished.
1098:
953:
920:
691:
523:
209:
1334:
1858 β 1964), herbalist and philanthropist, who settled in Adelaide and became known as "the wonder man".
1197:
1862 β 1957), who had been decorated for his military service, led his community in Marree. He came from
907:
cameleers as popular folklore would have it. The antiquated passenger train that ran on the narrow-gauge
859:
From the mid 1800s through to the early 1900s, camels and cameleers were significant contributors to the
1460:
1445:
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934:
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277:
105:
46:
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2255:
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By the turn of the century, Muslim entrepreneurs dominated the camel business, including Fuzzly Ahmed (
30:
This article is about early camel drivers in Australian history. For Australians of Afghan origin, see
1632:
2880:
1806:
1750:
847:
It is recorded that the first person to make a deposit, his life savings of Β£29, in the newly-formed
463:
302:
2949:
2388:"'Confronting truths': Film peels back layers of 'untold history' of migrant cameleers in Australia"
819:. In 1903 a petition was raised about a number of discriminatory practices, but nothing came of it.
784:(Marree and Coolgardie). Abdul Wade (also known as Wadi, Wabed, Wahid) was especially successful in
1248:
1210:
1030:
864:
467:
292:
252:
1909:
2461:
2436:"Former Hazara refugee and photographer connects with cameleer descendants in Australian outback"
2028:
1465:
1455:
1206:
1093:
1041:
872:
868:
745:
491:
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312:
282:
267:
100:
66:
31:
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1633:"Contextualisation and Conceptualisation in a multifarious context: Mixed models of leadership"
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associated with Islam. The curved wall is covered with handmade rippled tiles, produced at the
74:
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2808:
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2047:
2020:
1977:
1812:
1785:
1756:
1429:
687:
623:
515:
307:
272:
247:
2360:"The Furnace director: stories of Australia's cameleers 'felt like a huge historic omission'"
2174:
2059:
2010:
1475:
1317:
1170:
841:
730:, just over the border in the Northern Territory, the last camel police patrol was in 1953.
297:
287:
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2517:
2422:
1510:
1415:
Hector Mahomet, Peer Mahomet and Charlie Sadadeen were well known on the Oodnadatta track.
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785:
737:
to transport food, water, machinery and other supplies. In 1898 there were 300 Muslims in
667:
643:
499:
407:
395:
257:
2979:
2117:
1601:
1202:
919:β a service that ended in 1980 β was nicknamed "The Afghan Express" by a railwayman at
887:
672:
540:
143:
2199:
1998:
3022:
2846:"Immigrant who fought White Australia policy for right to vote leaves lasting legacy"
2644:
2593:
2308:"Filmmaker explores the love that grew between Afghan cameleers and Indigenous women"
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1327:
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983:
655:
548:
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479:
435:
153:
1976:. Quorn, South Australia: Pichi Richi Railway Preservation Society Inc. p. 20.
851:
on 11 March 1848 was "an Afghan shepherd", with his name recorded as "Croppo Sing".
2993:
2364:
1399:
1321:
1320:(30 May 1863 β 1939), well-educated and multi-lingual, ran a bookshop, founded the
1292:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1873 β 1909) was a Baloch cameleer who worked the WA goldfields in the late 1890s.
1258:
1244:
1178:
1166:
1071:
1037:
912:
822:
781:
773:
703:
659:
639:
483:
168:
2898:
2728:
2540:
Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia
2048:"On the History of Sufism in Australia: a manuscript from the Broken Hill Mosque"
1778:
Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia
1033:
on North Terrace. It reads "Dervish Bejah, c1862-1957, Camel-driver, explorer".
2178:
1434:
1407:
1306:
1227:
1885), son of Mulla Mohamed Jullah of Gaznee, was a Pashtun who had served as a
1198:
1139:
1126:
797:
777:
695:
602:
443:
431:
415:
2867:"Forgotten history of Australia's exotic cameleers revived by living relatives"
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1403:
1337:
1019:
959:
801:
761:
757:
738:
663:
651:
598:
487:
2672:
2073:
2024:
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on 9 June 1860 and the oldest cameleer in the party. He went with Burke from
3009:
Mullah Abdullah, A mullah? A reassessment of the assertions and the evidence
2680:
1251:'s party, helping to feed them with ducks and fish. He also participated in
1106:
1011:
880:
749:
711:
610:
578:
566:
427:
422:
2015:
1935:
1151:, an important junction of the camel trade, the Afghan cameleers built the
2907:
Tin Mosques and Ghan Towns: A History of Afghan Camel Drivers in Australia
1375:
1855 β 1 January 1915), one of two perpetrators of an attack known as the
470:. The majority of cameleers, including cameleers from British India, were
17:
2411:
1302:
1240:
1133:
1007:
942:
925:
899:
507:
451:
447:
42:
2940:. Government of South Australia, South Australian Museum. Archived from
2600:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
2333:"Australian feature film shines light on pioneering gold rush cameleers"
482:. They set up camel-breeding stations and rest-house outposts, known as
2975:
Bibliography on Camels and Cameleers at the Northern Territory Library.
1392:, a young Afghan man who brought his camels to the outback in the 1890s
1232:
904:
727:
606:
582:
459:
419:
1857:
1311:
963:
570:
511:
471:
929:
and passed into public use, although the term was never used by the
547:
in 1838. The first camel, which became known as "Harry", arrived at
974:
A fourth-generation descendant of a Baluch cameleer who settled in
1350:
1228:
1138:
1125:
1045:
821:
716:
676:
605:
in what is now Pakistan) as well as others (fewer in number) from
557:
539:
The various colonies of Australia being under the dominion of the
475:
2882:
Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland, 1860s-1930s
2703:"How The 'Afghan Cameleer' Campaign Accidentally Hides Diversity"
1808:
Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland, 1860s-1930s
1752:
Australia's Muslim Cameleers: Pioneers of the Inland, 1860s-1930s
1358:
1268:
There was also Dost Mahomed (b.1878, Baluchistan) who worked at
2489:
1001:
which pays homage to the city's Afghan camel drivers, called
949:
is still focused on the same sentiment, compelling as it is.
2941:
826:
Grave of Afghan camel caravanner Zeriph Khan (1871-1903) at
2901:
includes short biographies of a large number of cameleers.)
1638:. Paper presented at ANZAM conference held in Perth in 2012
876:
764:
and other towns...would have practically ceased to exist".
41:"The Ghans" redirects here. For the Australian train, see
2046:
Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin; Dawood, Rami (18 March 2022).
883:
replaced all of his Afghan camel drivers with Europeans.
2089:"Meet the fourth generation of a Baluch Afghan cameleer"
1437:, a place in WA where two cameleers were shot and killed
2751:
2653:. Vol. 7. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2984:(South Australian History: Flinders Ranges Research).
710:
used camels when surveying the country north-east of
589:
on 9 June 1860 with a shipment of 24 camels for the
2167:"Historical Archaeology Report: Mahomet Allum Khan"
2154:. Originally published in the Oct-Dec issue, AG#20.
1606:South Australian History: Flinders Ranges Research
1289:and laid its foundation stone on 13 November 1905.
733:In the 1890s, camels were used extensively in the
1811:(Pbk ed.). Wakefield Press. pp. 26β27.
1755:(Pbk ed.). Wakefield Press. p. 39,172.
1014:in the deserts of South Australia as well as the
2992:(ABC TV broadcast transcript, 1 November 2004 β
1834:"A Museum in Finke: An Aputula Heritage Project"
1543:
1541:
1539:
1471:Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
2778:"The Legend of Monga Khan, an Aussie folk hero"
1974:Into the Pass: a history of Pichi Richi Railway
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1209:of 1896. He is commemorated by a plaque in the
903:, was named a century ago but not in homage to
526:women and European women in outback Australia.
2729:"The Legend of Monga Khan. No! The True Story"
1386:was the leader of the community in Oodnadatta.
551:in 1840 and was used in an 1846 expedition by
2833:"The strange story of Australia's wild camel"
2805:The legend of Monga Khan: an Aussie folk hero
1355:The Legend of Monga Khan: An Aussie Folk Hero
1084:and highlights the roles of Afghan cameleers.
368:
8:
2803:Drew, Peter; Kurmelovs, Royce, eds. (2016),
2518:"Weekend Notes: Adelaide City Afghan Mosque"
2111:
2109:
986:), Lil Hassan (nΓ©e Fazulla), and Don Aziz.
844:, were to be found at the Adelaide mosque.
682:In 1873 Mahomet Saleh accompanied explorer
654:, the caravans travelled between there and
2899:Online version of 2010 ed. at Google Books
2731:. Australian Indian Historical Society Inc
2512:
2510:
2421:
2165:Affifudin, Amirul Husni (September 2018).
1655:
1653:
1061:, directed by Afghan/Australian filmmaker
375:
361:
53:
27:Camel drivers in Australia (c.1860sβ1930s)
2063:
2014:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1596:
1594:
1111:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art
2971:Photo with information and bibliography.
2752:"'Aussie' poster designed by Peter Drew"
2306:Mohabbat, Besmillah (13 November 2020).
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1661:"Camels & Sepoys for the Expedition"
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1505:. 3rd September 2009. Australia.gov.au.
1025:There is also a bronze plaque honouring
1626:
1624:
1622:
1492:
662:for the camel caravans travelling from
658:(formerly known as Stuart). There were
333:
321:
238:
177:
129:
81:
65:
2879:Jones, Philip G.; Jones, Anna (2007).
2873:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
2386:Singh, Manpreet K. (9 December 2020).
1805:Jones, Philip G.; Jones, Anna (2007).
1749:Jones, Philip G.; Jones, Anna (2007).
1498:
1496:
1177:, Bummers Creek, Mount Sir Samuel and
2756:Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences
2003:Australian Journal of Islamic Studies
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:from the original on 16 February 2011
7:
2727:Jordan, Crystal; Kenna, Len (2016).
3049:Australian people of Afghan descent
3007:Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin (2023). "
2958:Many names and further information.
2924:Stevens, Christine (27 July 2011).
2146:Stevens, Christine (27 July 2011).
2087:Mohabbat, Besmillah (1 June 2019).
1889:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1879:Kelsey-Sugg, Anna (2 August 2022).
1101:in October 2022. The film features
562:Afghans with resting camels, c.1891
510:, still in use today), and several
411:
399:
3013:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
2861:β Story of Sikh hawker Siva Singh.
2650:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2598:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2538:Westrip, J.; Holroyde, P. (2010).
2358:Bakare, Lanre (8 September 2020).
1997:Cook, Abu Bakr Sirajuddin (2018).
1776:Westrip, J.; Holroyde, P. (2010).
1092:is a documentary film directed by
628:Australian Overland Telegraph Line
184:Islamic organisations in Australia
25:
2885:(Pbk ed.). Wakefield Press.
2875:β Cameleers in Western Australia.
2865:Snow, Madison (1 February 2020).
2568:"inHerit β State Heritage Office"
2293:Office of Multicultural Interests
1962:newspaper, 17 April 1903, page 2.
1357:", which includes illustrations,
1059:The Afghan Cameleers in Australia
702:. Two years later Saleh assisted
474:, while a sizeable minority were
450:), which was inhabited by ethnic
2967:State Library of South Australia
2264:History Trust of South Australia
2208:State Library of South Australia
2126:History Trust of South Australia
1972:Barrington, Rodney, ed. (2024).
1704:"Stories: Cameleers and hawkers"
1555:. 15 August 2014. Archived from
1082:gold rushes in Western Australia
890:'s work. Paterson spent time in
816:Immigration Restriction Act 1901
116:Halal certification in Australia
73:
3034:Pakistani diaspora in Australia
2950:"Afghan Cameleers of Australia"
2701:Hashmi, Zushan (13 June 2016).
2572:inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au
1839:. pp. 1β97. Archived from
1549:"Afghan cameleers in Australia"
1143:Adelaide Mosque historic plaque
897:Australia's most famous train,
849:Savings Bank of South Australia
721:Cameleers with visitors, c.1891
506:(the first permanent mosque in
2926:"Australia's Afghan cameleers"
2831:Lerwill, Ben (10 April 2018).
2655:Australian National University
2286:"Discover Multicultural Perth"
2148:"Australia's Afghan cameleers"
1832:Kelham, Megg (November 2010).
1708:National Archives of Australia
1631:Faris, Nezar (December 2012).
1347:National Archives of Australia
1115:Art Gallery of South Australia
569:had been used successfully in
1:
2938:"Australian Muslim cameleers"
1503:Afghan cameleers in Australia
1372:
1341:
1331:
1281:
1262:
1224:
1220:
1194:
1130:The Adelaide Mosque (1888-89)
735:Western Australian Goldfields
388:Afghan cameleers in Australia
2963:"Afghan handlers and camels"
2905:Stevens, Christine (2003) .
2645:"Allum, Mahomet (1858β1964)"
2256:"J150 Plaque, Bejah Dervish"
1324:and later lived in Adelaide.
1153:earliest mosque in Australia
976:Geraldton, Western Australia
440:North-West Frontier Province
343:Prominent Australian Muslims
3059:Social history of Australia
2594:"Mahomet, Faiz (1848β1910)"
2200:"Afghan cameleers memorial"
2179:10.13140/RG.2.2.23125.27365
1201:, and later took part with
1036:A commemorative plaque for
3075:
2844:Lee, Tim (29 March 2020).
2643:Hankel, Valmai A. (1968).
2623:Farina Restoration Project
1910:"The Ballad of Abdul Wade"
1732:Note: Conflicting sources.
1132:in Little Gilbert Street,
867:, the construction of the
768:Success and discrimination
591:Burke and Wills expedition
40:
29:
2462:"Watandar, My Countryman"
2065:10.1163/22105956-bja10021
1481:United States Camel Corps
1451:Demography of Afghanistan
999:Whitmore Square, Adelaide
909:Central Australia Railway
835:The last of the cameleers
800:in 1914. Cameleers saved
545:colony of South Australia
494:, building the country's
121:Islamophobia in Australia
3039:Exploration of Australia
2619:"The Gool Mahomet story"
1663:. Burkeandwills.net.au.
956:remains from that time.
842:supposedly as old as 117
794:The Ballad of Abdul Wade
348:Grand Mufti of Australia
328:National Mosque Open Day
2494:Watandar, My Countryman
2413:Watandar, My Countryman
2052:Journal of Sufi Studies
1860:for details of document
1247:, where he waited with
1160:Central Adelaide Mosque
1105:, artistic director of
1090:Watandar, My Countryman
997:There is a memorial at
694:to find a way from the
690:. Three Afghans helped
648:Marree, South Australia
626:, helping to build the
601:in Afghanistan and the
504:Central Adelaide Mosque
454:(historically known as
159:Central Adelaide Mosque
149:Auburn Gallipoli Mosque
3044:Transport in Australia
2467:Adelaide Film Festival
2016:10.55831/ajis.v3i3.119
1999:"Tasawwuf 'Usturaliya"
1513:. Accessed 8 May 2014.
1441:Ahmadiyya in Australia
1171:Mohamed Hasan Musakhan
1144:
1136:
1099:Adelaide Film Festival
931:railway administration
831:
722:
706:on an expedition, and
692:William Christie Gosse
563:
496:first mosque at Marree
45:. For other uses, see
34:. For other uses, see
2944:on 27 September 2014.
2930:Australian Geographic
2152:Australian Geographic
1602:"The Afghan camelmen"
1509:5 August 2016 at the
1461:Pakistani Australians
1446:Battle of Broken Hill
1377:Battle of Broken Hill
1142:
1129:
1038:Faiz and Tagh Mahomet
1016:Hilal (crescent moon)
935:Commonwealth Railways
825:
720:
630:between Adelaide and
575:George James Landells
561:
106:Battle of Broken Hill
2750:Drew, Peter (2016).
1193:(or Bejah Dervish) (
1057:A 2020 documentary,
111:Contemporary society
2981:The Afghan Camelmen
2807:, Peter Drew Arts,
2592:Koutsoukis, A. J.,
2337:Gold Industry Group
1714:on 4 September 2019
1211:Jubilee 150 Walkway
1031:Jubilee 150 Walkway
3029:Islam in Australia
3001:Pioneering Afghans
2470:. 8 September 2022
2235:Monument Australia
2231:"Afghan Cameleers"
1466:Islam in Australia
1456:Indian Australians
1207:Calvert Expedition
1145:
1137:
1080:is set during the
1042:St Georges Terrace
873:rabbit-proof fence
869:Overland Telegraph
832:
776:βOodnadatta, then
746:Federation Drought
723:
714:in 1874 and 1875.
564:
492:Islam in Australia
164:Baitul Huda Mosque
67:Islam in Australia
32:Afghan Australians
2814:978-0-9954388-0-4
2664:978-0-522-84459-7
2442:. 21 January 2023
2339:. 2 December 2020
2266:. 1 February 2009
1960:National Advocate
1858:Territory Stories
1559:on 15 August 2014
1430:Afghan Australian
1299:Haji Mulla Merban
1109:, and curator of
933:. In the 1960s a
855:Impact and legacy
688:Western Australia
624:Central Australia
516:Western Australia
390:, also known as "
385:
384:
16:(Redirected from
3066:
2989:Afghan Cameleers
2970:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2920:
2896:
2874:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2840:
2818:
2817:
2800:
2794:
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2724:
2718:
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2204:
2196:
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2162:
2156:
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2143:
2137:
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2134:
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2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1876:
1861:
1855:
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1845:
1838:
1829:
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1802:
1796:
1795:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1700:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1598:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1553:australia.gov.au
1545:
1514:
1500:
1476:Pashtun diaspora
1374:
1343:
1333:
1318:Hassan Musa Khan
1283:
1264:
1226:
1222:
1196:
438:, primarily the
413:
401:
377:
370:
363:
101:Afghan cameleers
96:Makassan Traders
77:
54:
21:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3019:
3018:
2961:
2948:
2936:
2923:
2917:
2904:
2893:
2878:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2830:
2827:
2825:Further reading
2822:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2784:. 12 March 2017
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2707:The New Matilda
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2665:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:. p. 193.
2544:Wakefield Press
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
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2239:
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2229:
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2214:
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2202:
2198:
2197:
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2183:
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2164:
2163:
2159:
2145:
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2140:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1908:
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1903:
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1847:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:. p. 175.
1782:Wakefield Press
1775:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1748:
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1736:
1731:
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1717:
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1620:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1517:
1511:Wayback Machine
1501:
1494:
1489:
1426:
1369:Mullah Abdullah
1187:
1131:
1124:
1070:The 2020 drama
1054:
1010:, evocative of
995:
972:
865:mining industry
857:
837:
786:New South Wales
770:
684:Peter Warburton
668:New South Wales
619:
537:
532:
500:South Australia
381:
352:
317:
234:
173:
139:List of mosques
125:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3056:
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3036:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3005:
2997:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2934:
2921:
2915:
2902:
2891:
2876:
2862:
2841:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2795:
2769:
2742:
2719:
2693:
2663:
2635:
2610:
2584:
2559:
2553:978-1862548411
2552:
2530:
2506:
2481:
2453:
2427:
2404:
2378:
2350:
2324:
2298:
2277:
2247:
2222:
2191:
2157:
2138:
2105:
2079:
2058:(1): 115β135.
2038:
1989:
1982:
1964:
1952:
1927:
1916:. 26 July 2022
1901:
1862:
1846:on 10 May 2019
1824:
1817:
1797:
1791:978-1862548411
1790:
1768:
1761:
1734:
1725:
1678:
1649:
1618:
1570:
1515:
1491:
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1412:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1366:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1256:
1214:
1203:Lawrence Wells
1186:
1185:Notable people
1183:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1086:
1085:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1050:
994:
991:
971:
968:
888:Banjo Paterson
856:
853:
836:
833:
769:
766:
673:Ernestine Hill
618:
615:
541:British Empire
536:
533:
531:
528:
418:who worked in
383:
382:
380:
379:
372:
365:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
345:
339:
336:
335:
331:
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186:
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156:
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146:
144:Lakemba Mosque
141:
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123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
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63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Camel drivers
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:from Bushmag.
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2916:0-9581760-0-0
2912:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2892:9781862547780
2888:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
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2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:Elton, Jude.
2112:
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2017:
2012:
2008:
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1983:9781763538726
1979:
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1825:
1820:
1818:9781862547780
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1810:
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1762:9781862547780
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1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:short stories
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1328:Mahomet Allum
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1279:
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1266:
1260:
1257:
1254:
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1249:William Brahe
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1191:Dervish Bejah
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:(all in WA).
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:Nici Cumpston
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:Fahim Hashimy
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:Bejah Dervish
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Dervish Bejah
979:
977:
969:
967:
965:
961:
957:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:Alice Springs
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
895:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:wool industry
854:
852:
850:
845:
843:
834:
830:Cemetery, NSW
829:
824:
820:
818:
817:
811:
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2131:10 December
1936:"Our Story"
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1199:Baluchistan
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