1849:
2518:
2544:
2481:
2270:, had contact with the European world, their population may have numbered as many as 40,000. Around 20,000 would have been Eastern Abenaki, another 10,000 would have been Western Abenaki, and the last 10,000 would have been Maritime Abenaki. Early contact with European fishermen resulted in two major epidemics that affected Abenaki during the 16th century. The first epidemic was an unknown sickness occurring sometime between 1564 and 1570, and the second one was
879:
522:
1757:
2497:
1384:. These two Abenaki reserves continue to grow and develop. Since the year 2000, the total Abenaki population (on and off reserve) has doubled to 2,101 members in 2011. Approximately 400 Abenaki reside on these two reserves, which cover a total area of less than 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi). The unrecognized majority are off-reserve members, living in various cities and towns across Canada and the United States.
1837:. Leroux found that only 2.2 percent of the Missisquoi Abenaki membership has Abenaki ancestry, with the rest of the organization's root ancestors being primarily French Canadian and migrating to Vermont in the mid-nineteenth century. The Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi's shifting claims about its root ancestors as well as loose membership critieria are consistent with race-shifting patterns.
4246:
1520:. During the European colonization of North America, the land occupied by the Abenaki was in the area between the new colonies of England in Massachusetts and the French in Quebec. Since no party agreed to territorial boundaries, there was regular conflict among them. The Abenaki were traditionally allied with the French; during the reign of
1711:
Quebec-Montreal axis. Over 5,000 people visit the
Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in WĂ´linak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales exceeding C$ 3 million. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker
50:
1509:, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest.
1821:
The
Abenaki Nation, based in Quebec, claim that those self-identifying as Abenaki in Vermont are settlers making false claims to Indigenous ancestry. While the Odanak and Wolinak Abenaki First Nations in Quebec initially believed claims from residents of Vermont who said they were Abenaki, the Odanak
1964:
is a major part of
Abenaki culture. It is used not only as entertainment but also as a teaching method. The Abenaki view stories as having lives of their own and being aware of how they are used. Stories were used as a means of teaching children behavior. Children were not to be mistreated, and so
1934:
The
Abenaki were a farming society that supplemented agriculture with hunting and gathering. Generally the men were the hunters. The women tended the fields and grew the crops. In their fields, they planted the crops in groups of "sisters". The three sisters were grown together: the stalk of corn
1914:
Most of the year, Abenaki lived in dispersed bands of extended families. Bands came together during the spring and summer at seasonal villages near rivers, or somewhere along the seacoast for planting and fishing. During the winter, the
Abenaki lived in small groups further inland. These villages
1710:
The development of tourism projects has allowed the
Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy, while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the
1601:. The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement through devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678, with the Wampanoag more than decimated and many native survivors having been sold into slavery in Bermuda.
1825:
Scholars have not been able to find credible evidence of the
Vermont Abenaki's claims of Indigenous ancestry. Anthropological research from the first half of the 20th century indicates that no Abenaki community actively existed in Vermont during that time period.
2278:. Maine was hit very hard during the year of 1617, with a fatality rate of 75%, and the population of the Eastern Abenaki fell to about 5,000. The more isolated Western Abenaki suffered fewer fatalities, losing about half of their original population of 10,000.
2406:
makes reference to the
Abenaki: "On a late-winter evening in 1983, while driving through fog along the Maine coast, recollections of old campfires began to drift into the March mist, and I thought of the Abnaki Indians of the Algonquin tribe who dwelt near
2020:
Many other plants are used for various healing and treatment modalities, including for the skin, as a disinfectant, as a cure-all, as a respiratory aid, for colds, coughs, fevers, grippe, gas, blood strengthening, headaches and other pains,
2657:
2683:
1444:
share many linguistic similarities. It has come close to extinction as a spoken language. Tribal members are working to revive the
Abenaki language at Odanak (means "in the village"), a First Nations Abenaki reserve near
1860:
New
Hampshire does not recognize any Abenaki tribes. It has no federally recognized tribes or state-recognized tribes; however, it established the New Hampshire Commission on Native American Affairs in 2010. The various
1355:
was done by the people and traded to the English colonists for durable goods. These contributions by Native American Abenaki peoples went largely unreported. Two tribal communities formed in Canada, one once known as
1745:
1200:
1160:
987:
1342:
During the Anglo-French wars, the Abenaki were allies of France, having been displaced from Ndakinna by immigrating English settlers. An anecdote from the period tells the story of a Wolastoqew war chief named
938:), lived in the Kennebec River Valley in northern Maine. Principal village: Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke); other villages: Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc.
1794:
found that less than 1% of the Missisquoi's 1,171 members could show descent from an Abenaki ancestor. The bureau's report concluded that the petitioner is "a collection of individuals of claimed but mostly
1330:
based on hunting, fishing, trapping, berry picking and on growing corn, beans, squash, potatoes and tobacco. They also produced baskets, made of ash and sweet grass, for picking wild berries, and boiled
1915:
occasionally had to be fortified, depending on the alliances and enemies of other tribes or of Europeans near the village. Abenaki villages were quite small with an average number of 100 residents.
3210:
1802:
State recognition allows applicants to seek certain scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to for members to market artwork as American Indian or Native American-made under the 1990
3241:
4565:
254:
While Abenaki peoples have shared cultural traits, they did not historically have a centralized government. They came together as a post-contact community after their original tribes were
2304:. Because of this, descendants of nearly every southern New England Algonquian tribe can be found among the Abenaki people. A century later, fewer than 1,000 Abenaki remained after the
2926:
After having lived for several decades around the city of Lévis, the Abenaki settled in Odanak and Wôlinak in 1700 in one of the most picturesque and rich farming districts in Québec.
4333:
2963:
1647:(or Rasles, ~1657?-1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of Yankee settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rale, the Abenaki raided the settlements at
1923:
2517:
2543:
1351:
and received the rank of knight. Not all Abenaki natives fought on the side of the French, however; many remained on their native lands in the northern colonies. Much of the
2330:
wrote of the Abenaki in her short story, "The Church in the Wilderness" (1828). Several Abenaki characters and much about their 18th-century culture are featured in the
2274:
in 1586. Multiple epidemics arrived a decade prior to the English colonization of Massachusetts in 1620, when three separate sicknesses swept across New England and the
1868:
In 2021, a bill was introduced to the New Hampshire legislature to allow New Hampshire communities to rename locations in the Abenaki language. This bill did not pass.
4356:
220:
3355:
1684:
1391:. The remaining Abenaki people live in multi-racial towns and cities across Canada and the US, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and northern New England.
3309:
3181:
2451:
1213:
3267:
2300:
The Abenaki population continued to decline, but in 1676, they took in thousands of refugees from many southern New England tribes displaced by settlement and
2938:
1784:
827:
1406:
that are administered cooperatively by the Nulhegan. The forest contains 65 acres (26 ha). The Missiquoi Abenaki Tribe owns forest land in the town of
3292:
4580:
4326:
1768:
3218:
1285:
1188:
3434:
4570:
4560:
862:
4575:
2293:
came through 10 years later. Smallpox struck in 1670, and influenza in 1675. Smallpox affected the Native Americans in 1677, 1679, 1687, along with
4473:
3340:
1976:
to a shouting contest. When the waterfall does not respond, Azban dives into the waterfall to try to outshout it; he is swept away because of his
1896:
of southern New England. They cultivated food crops and built villages on or near fertile river floodplains. They also hunted game, fished, and
3485:
4319:
4144:
2919:
2808:
3529:
1809:
In 2002, the State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people have not had a "continuous presence" in the state and had migrated north to
2971:
1813:
by the end of the 17th century. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669.
1790:
The Missisquoi Abenaki applied for federal recognition as an Indian tribe in the 1980s but failed to meet four of the seven criteria. The
4360:
967:
2857:
1935:
supported the beans, and squash or pumpkins provided ground cover and reduced weeds. The men would hunt bears, deer, fish, and birds.
1822:
reversed their position in 2003, calling on the groups in Vermont to provide them with genealogical evidence of Indigenous ancestry.
1803:
4171:
4122:
3956:
3566:
3139:
3071:
1690:
The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during
3155:
1833:," arguing that genealogical and archival evidence shows that most members of the state-recognized tribes are descended from white
1493:
719:. The Pennacook were once a large confederacy who were politically distinct and competitive with their northern Abenaki neighbors.
4585:
3989:
1741:
1625:
1540:
1357:
857:
1695:
1289:
1184:
1156:
4210:(1700), translated into English-Abenaki by Stephen Laurent, and published in hardcover (525 pp.) by Chisholm Bros. Publishing.
1501:
argues that the Abenakis' neighbors, pre-contact Iroquois, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the
2718:
2427:
in Massachusetts Samuel Numphow, Sagamore Kancamagus, and writings on the Abenaki language by former chief of the reserve at
255:
3185:
4590:
4550:
4232:
3948:
1716:
1265:
1011:
1876:
There are a dozen variations of the name "Abenaki", such as Abenaquiois, Abakivis, Quabenakionek, Wabenakies and others.
4342:
3597:
2869:
1441:
3620:
3317:
2496:
1840:
Leroux's research prompted renewed calls by the Abenaki First Nations to reassess Vermont's state recognition process.
4555:
1502:
1480:
meaning "from". Thus, the word for "white man" literally translates to "Who is this man and where does he come from?"
184:
3895:
3439:
GROUP OF MISSISQUOI: RESEARCH FINDINGS REVEAL TROUBLING IRREGULARITIES IN THE STATE OF VERMONT'S RECOGNITION PROCESS"
4058:
3830:
3805:
3780:
3755:
3374:
4191:
2319:, with 6,012 people claiming Abenaki heritage. In 1991 Canadian Abenaki numbered 945; by 2006 they numbered 2,164.
1848:
1608:
in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous English colonial settlements in Maine, from
1468:, meaning that a phrase or an entire sentence is expressed by a single word. For example, the word for "white man"
638:
590:
3088:
2993:
1938:
The Abenaki were a patrilineal society, which was common among New England tribes. In this they differed from the
4066:
3998:
2831:, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 137. Cited in Campbell, Lyle (1997).
2316:
2312:
1950:
1691:
682:
444:
1926:. During the winter, the Abenaki lined the inside of their conical wigwams with bear and deer skins for warmth.
3980:
2764:
2455:
2340:
2331:
1791:
1780:
1761:
1621:
1616:, killing about 300 settlers over ten years. They also occasionally raided into Massachusetts, for instance in
1488:
There is archeological evidence of indigenous people in what is today New Hampshire for at least 12,000 years.
1212:
4275:
2390:
4300:
4467:
4446:
3242:"Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the St. Francis / Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont"
2480:
2356:
2231:
1552:
1311:
region of Quebec between 1676 and 1680, and subsequently, for about twenty years, lived on the banks of the
905:
716:
558:
4280:
2254:
for slight itches and as an antiseptic ointment. They stuff the leaves, needles and wood into pillows as a
4285:
4115:. Quebec: Joseph Laurent (Sozap LolĂ´ KizitĂ´gw), Abenakis, Chief of the Indian village of St. Francis, P.Q.
2007:
1580:
1465:
1078:
749:
765:
4221:
2175:
1699:
1617:
1394:
In December 2012, the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation created a tribal forest in the town of
1387:
There are about 3,200 Abenaki living in Vermont and New Hampshire, without reservations, chiefly around
2377:(2012) novels, set in the contemporary world. Books for younger readers both have historical settings:
1632:
and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade.
677:– "People Who Separated"), lived in the Middle and Upper Connecticut River Valley. Principal villages:
3678:
2529:
2471:
2301:
1881:
1772:
1594:
1562:
1369:
1308:
1123:
291:
228:
224:
3925:
3131:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
1272:
valley in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. The Missiquoi lived along the eastern shore of
735:
4364:
4250:
2439:
2305:
2169:
2088:
1664:
1605:
1531:
Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and
1446:
1437:
1361:
1327:
1303:
English colonial settlement in New England and frequent violence forced many Abenaki to migrate to
1099:
983:
979:
888:
836:
823:
537:
271:
4125:; Dec. 2009 (hardcover): Kessinger Publishings Legacy Reprint Series; and April 2010 (paperback):
3268:"'A false narrative': Abenaki leaders dispute the legitimacy of Vermont's state-recognized tribes"
4010:
3962:
3714:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152, 171
3535:
2850:
The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600–1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People,
2638:
2459:
2193:
2187:
2151:
2076:
2058:
1893:
1796:
1776:
1506:
1410:, centered around the Brunswick Springs. These springs are believed to be a sacred Abenaki site.
1407:
1399:
1377:
1103:
1051:
840:
803:
786:
496:
486:
463:
140:
4102:
4094:
3872:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 163-164
1597:, the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years they fought along the Maine frontier in the
1312:
1042:
866:
4080:
New England Captives Carried to Canada: Between 1677 and 1760 During the French and Indian Wars
1035:
4167:
4160:
A Cultural History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England: Voices from Past and Present
4140:
4118:
4098:
4090:
3952:
3572:
3562:
3416:
3135:
3129:
3067:
2915:
2853:
2804:
2606:
2590:
2423:, edited by Siobhan Senier. Selections include letters from leader of the early praying town,
2402:
2327:
2199:
2157:
2070:
1989:
1886:
1644:
1598:
1381:
1293:
1269:
1180:
1094:
1066:
1059:
975:
878:
832:
728:
582:
521:
123:
3985:"Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian"
3459:
1114:
4545:
4061:
True Stories of New England Captives Carried to Canada during the Old French and Indian Wars
4002:
3863:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155
3854:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164
3732:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 173
3723:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152
3690:
3408:
3020:"N'dakinna: Our Homeland...Still – Additional Examples of Abenaki Presence in New Hampshire"
2625:
2525:
2145:
2001:
1834:
1829:
Researcher Darryl Leroux characterizes the Vermont Abenaki's claims of Abenaki ancestry as "
1799:
with little or no social or historical connection with each other before the early 1970's."
1712:
1676:
1656:
1648:
1586:
1517:
1458:
1419:
772:
708:
626:
287:
232:
212:
179:
110:
3356:"Abenaki Nation in Quebec says tribes bearing its name in Vermont should not be recognized"
4492:
4479:
2602:
2443:
2348:
2100:
2038:
1668:
1652:
1613:
1395:
1281:
1192:
1019:
971:
959:
4149:
3667:
Rousseau, Jacques 1947 Ethnobotanique Abenakise. Archives de Folklore 11:145–182 (p. 166)
1636:
4028:
3159:
1756:
1505:
enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring
4430:
3116:
The Embattled Northeast: the Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations
3093:
2801:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
2596:
2584:
2432:
2378:
2250:
2133:
2118:
2082:
2013:
1943:
1908:
1548:
1388:
1336:
1273:
1196:
1047:
779:
630:
290:. While the two terms are often confused, the Abenaki are one of several tribes in the
2442:
written by women taken captive by the Abenaki from the early New England settlements:
4539:
4420:
4203:
4136:
4048:
2508:
2447:
2408:
2397:
2369:
2289:
passing through the following year. Smallpox affected the Abenaki again in 1649, and
2275:
2046:
2034:
1737:
1683:
brought an end to the war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the
1629:
1450:
1429:
1297:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1167:
1152:
1107:
865:), lived around Trois-Rivières, Centre-du-Québec, and included settlements along the
471:
459:
248:
153:
4372:
4126:
2619:
2503:
2364:
2221:
2205:
2181:
2030:
1961:
1660:
1659:. The Massachusetts government then declared war and bloody battles were fought at
1609:
1433:
1398:. This forest was established with assistance from the Vermont Sierra Club and the
1135:
1083:
934:
916:
754:
634:
467:
145:
127:
4415:
3966:
2726:
2487:
1942:
to the west in New York, and from many other North American Native tribes who had
1865:, Abenaki and other Native and heritage groups are represented to the Commission.
3984:
3019:
2909:
4385:
4213:
4163:
2139:
2127:
2116:
to create containers, moose calls and other utilitarian pieces, and the bark of
1525:
1403:
1344:
1332:
1241:
844:
455:
4311:
4139:, PQ: La Voix Des Bois-Franes. Reprinted 2008: Toronto: Global Language Press,
3412:
2053:, pediatric aid (such as for teething), and other unspecified or general uses.
2571:
2290:
2267:
2022:
1830:
1672:
1567:
1536:
1498:
1373:
1320:
1007:
851:
475:
149:
84:
17:
4110:
3593:
3420:
2873:
2566:
Please list living people under their First Nation or state-recognized tribe.
2389:(2008), concerns a young Abenaki-French Canadian girl during the time of the
2285:
in 1631, 1633, and 1639. Seven years later, an unknown epidemic struck, with
2011:
as part of their traditional diet. They also use the fruit and the grains of
1889:, and as docile, ingenious, temperate in the use of liquor, and not profane.
1347:(variant spellings include Assacumbuit), who killed more than 140 enemies of
505:
Historically, ethnologists have classified the Abenaki by geographic groups:
4390:
4089:, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, National Museum Of Man Mercury Series
3576:
3531:
Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610—1791
3396:
2551:
2533:
2315:, 1,549 people identified themselves as Abenaki. So did 2,544 people in the
2286:
2242:
2163:
2026:
1973:
1733:
1680:
1590:
1521:
1425:
1348:
1277:
994:
942:
691:
645:
597:
157:
4295:
4269:
3184:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Archived from
2470:
Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the
1911:. Each man had different hunting territories inherited through his father.
4245:
3903:
3503:
1968:
One of the stories is of Azban the Raccoon. This is a story about a proud
4451:
4410:
3679:"Use of plants for food and medicine by Native Peoples of eastern Canada"
2385:(1998) (grades 4–6) is set in 1777; and Beth Kanell's young adult novel,
2282:
2064:
2050:
2042:
1939:
1904:
1897:
1862:
1532:
1352:
1046:, potentially related to the Androsgoggins, they lived between the upper
742:
573:
199:
194:
3624:
2964:"Nulhegan Abenaki attain first tribal forestland in more than 200 years"
4425:
2835:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401. Campbell uses the spelling
2833:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
2424:
2294:
2255:
1969:
1640:
1513:
1454:
244:
4296:
Native Languages of the Americas: Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki Language)
4014:
3742:
3646:
625:– "People of the Flint"), also known as the Sokoki. They lived in the
4346:
2428:
2271:
2215:
2094:
1919:
1810:
1557:
1365:
1316:
1304:
1245:
1217:
817:
562:
491:
240:
4117:
Reprinted (paperback) Sept. 2006: Vancouver: Global Language Press,
3694:
2419:
Letters and other non-fiction writing can be found in the anthology
1022:. Occupied an intermediate location, therefore sometimes classed as
49:
27:
Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the US
4257:
4154:. Published at L'Atelier typographique de la "Gazette de Sorel", QC
4006:
3902:. Ne-Do-Ba (Friends), A Maine Nonprofit Corporation. Archived from
1195:
rivers, in present-day Maine and New Brunswick. Principal village:
4405:
4290:
4200:(1932), Odanak, Quebec, reprinted in 2008 by Global Language Press
3064:
The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675–1678
2599:(1866-1934), Oneida herbalist and hotelkeeper (father was Abenaki)
2237:
1980:. This story would be used to show a child the pitfalls of pride.
1977:
1847:
1755:
1257:
1221:
1211:
1055:
877:
520:
236:
4073:
Les Abenakis D'Odanak: Histoire des Abénakis D'Odanak (1675–1937)
2281:
The new diseases continued to strike in epidemics, starting with
1339:
remains a traditional activity practiced by some tribal members.
1284:
in southern New Hampshire. The maritime Abenaki lived around the
1252:. The Eastern Abenaki population was concentrated in portions of
4400:
4395:
4306:
2768:
2363:(1977), both of which are set in the eighteenth century; and in
1544:
1528:
was designated a member of the French nobility for his service.
802:– "region of the land around lakes"), lived along the shores of
4315:
3929:
3677:
Johns, Timothy; Hebda, Richard; Arnason, Thor (November 1981).
1516:(Tisquantum) and took them to Spain, where they were sold into
4053:
Father Aubery's French-Abenaki Dictionary: English translation
3884:, ed. Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola, Penguin, London, 1998
3486:"Bill promotes Native American history through NH place names"
2108:
for making baskets, canoes, snowshoes, and whistles. They use
94:
United States (Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine), self-identified
4229:
The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast
3945:
The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast
3375:"DÉNONCIATION DE GROUPES AUTOPROCLAMÉS ACTIFS SUR LE NDAKINA"
2581:–1819), an 18th-century Mi'kmaw scout, adopted by the Abenaki
2550:
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
454:) — the aboriginal name of the area broadly corresponding to
3464:
New Hampshire Department of Natural & Cultural Resources
1965:
instead of punishing the child, they would be told a story.
4263:
1512:
In 1614, Thomas Hunt captured 24 Abenaki people, including
1268:. The other major group, the Western Abenaki, lived in the
1240:), previously extended across most of what is now northern
569:
and this term gradually was applied to all Western Abenaki.
3504:"New Hampshire Senate Bill 33 (Prior Session Legislation)"
3205:
3203:
2587:(1839–1917), chief, author, language advocate, businessman
1930:
Gender, food, division of labor, and other cultural traits
1593:) fought the English colonists in New England in 1675 in
1159:. Principal villages: Meductic, Aukpaque. Now a separate
2344:(1940) is based on a novel of the same name by Roberts.
2005:
and sniff them for headaches. They consume the fruit of
3310:"State Says Abenaki Do Not Have "Continuous Presence""
2438:
Accounts of life with the Abenaki can be found in the
1058:, their central village was somewhere near modern day
3741:
A full list of their ethnobotany can be found at the
2896:
Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes: Third Edition
2049:, swellings, urinary aid, gastrointestinal aid, as a
1018:
was located on the upper Saco River near present-day
986:, Precaute, Segocket, and Wabigganus. Now a separate
4152:
Histoire des Abénakis, depuis 1605 jusqu'à nos jours
4055:. S. Laurent (Translator). Chisholm Bros. Publishing
3397:"State Recognition and the Dangers of Race Shifting"
3293:
Abenaki Turn to Vermont Legislature for Recognition
1624:
in 1704. The raids stopped when the war ended. Some
1086:
in east-central New Hampshire. Sometimes classed as
4515:
4501:
4489:
4460:
4439:
4371:
4218:
Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip's War
2690:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. May 7, 2021
2664:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. May 7, 2021
239:, while the Western Abenaki language was spoken in
190:
175:
167:
133:
117:
104:
93:
82:
71:
66:
56:
40:
4281:Koasek Traditional Band of the Koas Abenaki Nation
904:), lived in the Androscoggin Valley and along the
525:Historical territories of Western Abenaki tribes,
3596:. Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki People.
2593:(1853–1943), chief, language advocate, and author
1428:language. Other neighboring Wabanaki tribes, the
1368:, Abenaki for "coming home"), and the other near
1151:), lived in the inland of upper Maine and middle
4566:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
4190:(August 1994), Paperback: 616 pages, Publisher:
2789:A Time Before New Hampshire by Michael J. Caduto
1922:for housing, though a few preferred oval-shaped
1120:Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock, Wewenoc
974:; other villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek,
757:in east-central New Hampshire. Often classed as
2297:, 1691, 1729, 1733, 1755, and finally in 1758.
1918:Most Abenaki crafted dome-shaped, bark-covered
1424:The Abenaki language is closely related to the
256:decimated by colonization, disease, and warfare
221:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
4182:Other grammar books and dictionaries include:
2122:(red osier dogwood) ssp. sericea for smoking.
1639:or Father Rale's War, erupted when the French
466:of the area—Western Abenaki, Eastern Abenaki,
4327:
3831:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3806:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3781:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3756:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3128:Spencer C. Tucker; et al., eds. (2011).
2266:Before the Abenaki, except the Pennacook and
581:– "People of the Pines"), lived in the upper
513:. Within these groups are the Abenaki bands:
223:of Canada and the United States. They are an
8:
3401:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
3298:January 20, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011
2799:Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009).
2723:U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
1999:The Abenaki smash the flowers and leaves of
1785:State-recognized tribes in the United States
1635:The Third Abenaki War (1722–25), called the
1561:Indian Reserve; the second was founded near
1535:of new infectious diseases. The governor of
35:
4307:Western Abenaki Dictionary and Radio Online
4112:New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues
561:in Québec. Principal village: St. Francis (
462:. It is sometimes used to refer to all the
4498:
4334:
4320:
4312:
4097:, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 71
2823:Snow, Dean R. 1978. "Eastern Abenaki". In
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
1892:Abenaki lifeways were similar to those of
1769:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
1547:). The first, of what was later to become
1543:(large self-administered areas similar to
1098:, they were one of the major bands of the
48:
34:
4208:Father Aubery's French-Abenaki Dictionary
4198:Abenaki Legends, Grammar, and Place Names
4134:Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names.
4087:The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians
3621:"The Abenaki Perspective on Storytelling"
3561:(3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File.
3240:Bureau of Indian Affairs (July 2, 2007).
3215:National Conference of State Legislatures
1856:in Opechee Park in Laconia, New Hampshire
286:meaning "People of the Dawn Land" in the
4150:Maurault, Joseph-Anselme (Abbot), 1866.
481:The Abenaki people also call themselves
4474:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
4075:. Les Éditions du Lévrier, Montreal, QC
3588:
3586:
3460:"Commission on Native American Affairs"
3341:"Letter to Vermont conservation groups"
2994:"12,000 Years Ago in the Granite State"
2649:
2476:
1667:at the Indian village near present-day
1326:In those days, the Abenaki practiced a
4082:, Heritage Books, 1989 (reprint 1925).
3559:Encyclopedia of Native American tribes
3373:Rancourt, Joanie (November 25, 2019).
2898:(New York: Checkmark Books, 2006) p. 1
1844:New Hampshire and minority recognition
1663:(1724), where Rale was killed, and at
1503:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex
579:Cohass, Cohasiac, Koasek, Koasek, Coos
164:
3534:. The Burrows Company. Archived from
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3266:Robinson, Shaun (November 14, 2023).
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
1764:, a state-recognized tribe in Vermont
839:, and included settlements along the
7:
3743:Native American Ethnobotany Database
3354:Fennario, Tom (September 12, 2022).
2852:University of Oklahoma Press, 1994,
2104:(basswood, or American linden) var.
1953:method to make important decisions.
1228:The homeland of the Abenaki, called
67:Regions with significant populations
4158:Moondancer and Strong Woman, 2007.
4029:"Miniature Baskets by Jeanne Brink"
3882:Women's Indian Captivity Narratives
3339:Abenakis of Odanak (June 2, 2023).
2970:. December 18, 2012. Archived from
2827:, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of
2614:Notable contemporary Abenaki people
1852:36-foot-tall (11 m) statue of
1315:near the falls, before settling in
4071:Charland, Thomas-M. (O.P.), 1964.
4063:. Press of E.A. Hall & Company
3600:from the original on July 16, 2011
3528:Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed. (1900).
3052:, University Press of New England.
2914:. Éditions S. Harvey. p. 22.
2829:Handbook of North American Indians
2241:as a tea, soup, jelly, sweetener,
1879:The Abenaki were described in the
1728:Maine: federally recognized tribes
1232:(Our Land; alternately written as
565:). The people were referred to as
25:
4581:Native American tribes in Vermont
4276:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribal Council
3484:Ramer, Holly (January 21, 2021).
1402:. It contains a hunting camp and
1380:, directly across the river from
1323:in the early eighteenth century.
227:-speaking people and part of the
4571:Native American history of Maine
4561:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
4244:
3990:The Journal of American Folklore
3623:. Abenaki Nation. Archived from
3395:Leroux, Darryl (July 14, 2023).
2872:. Abenaki Nation. Archived from
2542:
2516:
2495:
2479:
1752:Vermont: state-recognized tribes
1748:as tribes in the United States.
1742:Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians
1130:Wolastoqiyik and Passamaquoddy:
4576:Native American tribes in Maine
4192:Canadian Museum Of Civilization
3308:Dillon, John (March 20, 2002).
3087:Peters, Paula (July 14, 2002).
2561:Notable historic Abenaki people
2112:and willow to make containers,
2014:Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
1696:Northeast Coast campaign (1750)
1124:coastal areas of southern Maine
485:, meaning "Real People" (c.f.,
3158:. Cbodanak.com. Archived from
3050:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
2763:Lee Sultzman (July 21, 1997).
2737:– via HighBeam Research.
2092:(Canada nettle), a variety of
1898:gathered wild plants and fungi
1797:undemonstrated Indian ancestry
1494:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
1472:is a combination of the words
1183:coast and inland, between the
1:
4264:Conseil des Abénakis d'Odanak
4233:University of Minnesota Press
3949:University of Minnesota Press
3926:"Conseil des Abenakis Odanak"
2628:(born 1983), Canadian actress
2575:
1792:U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
1717:National Film Board of Canada
1307:. The Abenaki settled in the
711:, therefore sometimes called
526:
297:Alternate spellings include:
3745:(159 documented plant uses).
2911:The Native Peoples of Québec
2684:"Québec Census Profile 2021"
2658:"Canada Census Profile 2021"
2387:The Darkness Under the Water
2347:The Abenaki are featured in
1442:Eastern Algonquian languages
1430:Pestomuhkati (Passamaquoddy)
1376:) on the south shore of the
1082:, lived along the shores of
753:, lived along the shores of
235:was predominantly spoken in
4270:Abenaki (WĂ´banakiĂ´dwawĂ´gan)
4186:Gordon M. Day's two-volume
4051:and Stephen Laurent, 1995.
3647:"Raccoon and the Waterfall"
2688:Census Profile, 2021 Census
2662:Census Profile, 2021 Census
2248:The Abenaki use the gum of
1894:Algonquian-speaking peoples
1817:"Race-shifting" controversy
1290:Wolastoq (Saint John River)
982:, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon,
637:. Principal village around
585:Valley. Principal village:
567:St. Francis River Abenakis,
464:Algonquian-speaking peoples
4607:
4196:Chief Henry Lorne Masta's
4188:Western Abenaki Dictionary
4132:Masta, Henry Lorne, 1932.
3683:Canadian Journal of Botany
3413:10.17953/aicrj.46.2.leroux
2622:(born 1944), basket artist
2435:, as well as many others.
1987:
1854:Keewakwa Abenaki Keenahbeh
1804:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
1578:
1417:
1201:federally recognized tribe
1161:federally recognized tribe
988:federally recognized tribe
4353:
4291:Elnu Tribe of the Abenaki
4067:Greenfield, Massachusetts
3999:American Folklore Society
3981:Chamberlain, Alexander F.
3896:"Biography of Indian Joe"
3211:"State-Recognized Tribes"
3134:. ABC-CLIO. p. 249.
3066:. Atheneum. p. 214.
2803:. McFarland. p. 10.
1404:maple sugaring facilities
1102:, lived along the upper
910:St. Francis River Abenaki
908:, therefore often called
683:Northfield, Massachusetts
138:
122:
109:
61:
47:
4461:Treaties and land claims
4109:Laurent, Joseph (1884).
3894:Johnson, Arthur (2007).
3062:Bourne, Russell (1990).
3018:Harris, Michael (2021).
2998:New Hampshire Humanities
2456:Susannah Willard Johnson
2391:Vermont Eugenics Project
2262:Population and epidemics
1781:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1762:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1555:and is now known as the
1426:Panawahpskek (Penobscot)
1349:King Louis XIV of France
4586:First Nations in Quebec
4468:Great Peace of Montreal
4447:Seven Nations of Canada
4059:Baker, C. Alice, 1897.
2474:(from north to south):
2411:a thousand years ago."
2383:The Arrow Over the Door
2357:James Archibald Houston
2353:Bride of the Wilderness
2232:Vaccinium angustifolium
1734:Penobscot Indian Nation
1434:Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet)
964:Penobscot (Pentagouet),
717:Penacook, New Hampshire
439:("dawn" or "east") and
4373:Ethnolinguistic groups
4357:Northeastern Woodlands
4286:Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe
3947:(NED - New ed.).
3557:Waldman, Carl (2006).
2725:. 2008. Archived from
2396:The first sentence in
2029:, nasal inflammation,
2008:Vaccinium myrtilloides
1857:
1765:
1692:Father Le Loutre's War
1628:were adopted into the
1581:French and Indian Wars
1225:
962:. Principal villages:
883:
831:), lived southwest of
532:
278:are both derived from
4490:Regional councils and
4253:at Wikimedia Commons
4222:Yale University Press
4078:Coleman, Emma Lewis.
3943:Brooks, Lisa (2008).
3295:Burlington Free Press
2908:Noël, Michel (1997).
2176:Gaultheria procumbens
1851:
1783:are, as of 2011, all
1759:
1700:French and Indian War
1358:Saint-Francois-du-lac
1215:
881:
524:
198:
134:Related ethnic groups
4591:Wabanaki Confederacy
4551:Algonquian ethnonyms
4452:Iroquois Confederacy
4220:(New Haven; London:
3627:on February 10, 2010
3538:on September 7, 2006
3314:Vermont Public Radio
3188:on December 23, 2012
2974:on November 16, 2018
2876:on February 10, 2010
2472:Wabanaki Confederacy
2440:captivity narratives
2351:'s historical novel
2209:and another unknown
2194:Photinia melanocarpa
1773:Koasek Abenaki Tribe
1746:federally recognized
1014:. Principal village
715:. Principal village
478:—as a single group.
292:Wabanaki Confederacy
229:Wabanaki Confederacy
171:AlnĂ´bak (WĂ´banakiak)
4440:Historical polities
4085:Day, Gordon, 1981.
4049:Aubery, Joseph, Fr.
3320:on January 31, 2022
3291:Hallenbeck, Terri.
3221:on October 25, 2022
2848:Colin G. Calloway:
2306:American Revolution
2170:Fragaria virginiana
2089:Laportea canadensis
1940:six Iroquois tribes
1907:, the Abenaki were
1589:under King Philip (
1553:Saint Francis River
1447:Pierreville, Quebec
1362:Pierreville, Quebec
1328:subsistence economy
1248:, and the southern
1006:), lived along the
828:MRC Nicolet-Yamaska
557:), lived along the
530: 17th century
37:
4556:Algonquian peoples
4343:Indigenous peoples
3967:10.5749/j.ctttsd1b
3182:"Tribal Directory"
3114:Kenneth Morrison,
2639:Mount Pemigewasset
2276:Canadian Maritimes
2245:, snack, or meal.
2188:Phaseolus vulgaris
2182:Osmunda cinnamomea
2152:Cardamine diphylla
2110:Hierochloe odorata
2077:Fraxinus americana
2059:Hierochloe odorata
1972:that challenges a
1858:
1777:Elnu Abenaki Tribe
1766:
1565:and is called the
1507:Algonquian peoples
1476:meaning "who" and
1408:Brunswick, Vermont
1400:Vermont Land Trust
1378:St. Lawrence River
1296:between Maine and
1250:Canadian Maritimes
1226:
1104:Androscoggin River
1054:rivers in western
884:
841:St. Francois River
804:Lake Winnipesaukee
533:
443:("land") (compare
141:Algonquian peoples
124:Wabanaki mythology
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4249:Media related to
4145:978-1-897367-18-6
3932:on April 4, 2015.
3089:"Worlds rejoined"
2921:978-2-921703-07-9
2810:978-0-7864-5169-2
2771:on April 11, 2010
2765:"Abenaki History"
2607:silent film actor
2591:Henry Lorne Masta
2524:Eastern Abenaki (
2341:Northwest Passage
2338:(1930). The film
2328:Lydia Maria Child
2302:King Philip's War
2216:Solanum tuberosum
2200:Prunus virginiana
2158:Cornus canadensis
2114:Betula papyrifera
2071:Betula papyrifera
2037:, for the bones,
1990:Abenaki mythology
1685:St. Francis River
1677:Peace conferences
1657:Merry-Meeting Bay
1599:First Abenaki War
1595:King Philip's War
1449:, and throughout
1292:valleys near the
1270:Connecticut River
1199:. Now a separate
1181:Passamaquoddy Bay
1106:, centred around
932:, later known as
906:St. Francis River
627:Missisquoi Valley
583:Connecticut River
559:St. Francis River
205:
204:
163:
162:
113:, French, English
100:
78:
16:(Redirected from
4598:
4516:Tribal Council 2
4502:Tribal Council 1
4499:
4355:Cultural areas:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4313:
4301:Abenaki language
4258:Penobscot Nation
4248:
4116:
4037:
4036:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3928:. Archived from
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3906:on March 4, 2016
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3649:. Abenaki Nation
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3490:Associated Press
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3448:. July 31, 2023.
3446:Abenaki Heritage
3443:
3435:"Press release:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3392:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3316:. Archived from
3305:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3246:Federal Register
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3217:. Archived from
3207:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3162:on July 20, 2012
3156:"Administration"
3152:
3146:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2943:Penobscot Nation
2935:
2929:
2928:
2905:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2767:. Archived from
2760:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2729:on June 11, 2014
2715:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2626:Annick Obonsawin
2580:
2577:
2546:
2520:
2499:
2483:
2452:Elizabeth Hanson
2313:1990 U.S. Census
2146:Caltha palustris
2033:, for the eyes,
2002:Ranunculus acris
1949:Groups used the
1882:Jesuit Relations
1835:French-Canadians
1713:Alanis Obomsawin
1665:a daylong battle
1606:Queen Anne's War
1587:Wampanoag people
1571:Indian Reserve.
1464:The language is
1420:Abenaki language
1280:lived along the
1179:), lived on the
1122:), lived in the
1030:Smaller tribes:
960:Penobscot Valley
958:), lived in the
837:Centre-du-Québec
806:, New Hampshire.
723:Smaller tribes:
709:Merrimack Valley
707:), lived in the
685:, and Fort Hill.
639:Swanton, Vermont
591:Newbury, Vermont
531:
528:
445:Proto-Algonquian
435:is derived from
288:Abenaki language
233:Abenaki language
165:
98:
85:
76:
57:Total population
52:
38:
21:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4511:
4491:
4485:
4480:Paix des Braves
4456:
4435:
4367:
4349:
4340:
4242:
4180:
4178:Further reading
4108:
4045:
4040:
4033:Dawnland Voices
4027:
4026:
4022:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3959:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3695:10.1139/b81-287
3676:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3569:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3492:. No. 161.
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3394:
3393:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2894:Waldman, Carl.
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2635:
2616:
2603:Elijah Tahamont
2578:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2468:
2444:Mary Rowlandson
2421:Dawnland Voices
2417:
2349:Charles McCarry
2332:Kenneth Roberts
2325:
2317:2000 U.S census
2264:
2134:Acornus calamus
2101:Tilia americana
2074:(paper birch),
2039:antihemorrhagic
1997:
1992:
1986:
1959:
1932:
1874:
1846:
1819:
1754:
1730:
1725:
1708:
1671:, on the upper
1669:Fryeburg, Maine
1583:
1577:
1549:Indian reserves
1486:
1422:
1416:
1396:Barton, Vermont
1335:to make syrup.
1313:Chaudière River
1282:Merrimack River
1266:White Mountains
1210:
1173:Peskotomuhktati
1088:Western Abenaki
1024:Western Abenaki
1020:Fryeburg, Maine
1012:White Mountains
972:Old Town, Maine
882:Eastern Abenaki
876:
874:Eastern Abenaki
867:BĂ©cancour River
821:(also known as
813:
811:Wabanaki Nation
759:Eastern Abenaki
543:Arrasaguntacook
529:
519:
517:Western Abenaki
511:Eastern Abenaki
507:Western Abenaki
502:meaning "men".
487:Lenape language
264:
197:
183:
180:AlnĂ´badĂ´wawĂ´gan
143:
83:
43:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4593:
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4527:
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4524:
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4454:
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4393:
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4375:
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4354:
4351:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4241:
4240:External links
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:(Minneapolis:
4225:
4211:
4201:
4194:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4166:: Bauu Press,
4156:
4147:
4130:
4106:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4056:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4020:
4007:10.2307/533199
3983:(April 1903).
3972:
3957:
3935:
3917:
3886:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3822:
3797:
3772:
3747:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3669:
3660:
3638:
3611:
3582:
3567:
3549:
3520:
3495:
3476:
3451:
3426:
3380:
3365:
3346:
3331:
3300:
3284:
3251:
3232:
3199:
3173:
3147:
3140:
3120:
3107:
3094:Cape Cod Times
3079:
3072:
3054:
3041:
3010:
2985:
2955:
2930:
2920:
2900:
2887:
2861:
2858:978-0806125688
2841:
2816:
2809:
2791:
2782:
2740:
2701:
2675:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2597:Emma Camp Mead
2594:
2588:
2585:Joseph Laurent
2582:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2530:Arosaguntacook
2523:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2467:
2464:
2433:Joseph Laurent
2416:
2413:
2403:Harlot's Ghost
2379:Joseph Bruchac
2324:
2321:
2263:
2260:
2251:Abies balsamea
2125:They also use
2119:Cornus sericea
2083:Fraxinus nigra
2062:(sweetgrass),
1996:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1958:
1955:
1931:
1928:
1873:
1870:
1845:
1842:
1818:
1815:
1753:
1750:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1707:
1704:
1679:at Boston and
1645:SĂ©bastien Rale
1579:Main article:
1576:
1573:
1539:allocated two
1485:
1482:
1418:Main article:
1415:
1412:
1389:Lake Champlain
1382:Trois-Rivières
1372:(now known as
1337:Basket weaving
1274:Lake Champlain
1224:bark covering.
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1164:
1157:St. John River
1128:
1127:
1111:
1091:
1075:
1063:
1039:
1028:
1027:
991:
939:
913:
898:Arosaguntacock
875:
872:
871:
870:
848:
833:Trois-Rivières
812:
809:
808:
807:
800:Winninebesakik
783:
776:
769:
762:
746:
739:
732:
721:
720:
688:
687:
686:
631:Lake Champlain
607:Mazipskikskoik
594:
570:
555:Anasaguntacook
518:
515:
263:
260:
231:. The Eastern
203:
202:
192:
188:
187:
185:MĂ´giadawawĂ´gan
177:
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160:
136:
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68:
64:
63:
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53:
45:
44:
41:
31:
26:
24:
18:Abenaki people
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4603:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
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4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4227:Lisa Brooks,
4226:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4204:Joseph Aubery
4202:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4172:0-9721349-3-X
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:Victoriaville
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4123:0-9738924-7-1
4120:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4096:
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3958:9780816647835
3954:
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3866:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3836:
3835:naeb.brit.org
3832:
3826:
3823:
3811:
3810:naeb.brit.org
3807:
3801:
3798:
3786:
3785:naeb.brit.org
3782:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3760:naeb.brit.org
3757:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3619:Joe Bruchac.
3615:
3612:
3599:
3595:
3594:"What We Ate"
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3568:9780816062737
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3537:
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3402:
3398:
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3357:
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3335:
3332:
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3311:
3304:
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3285:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3141:9781851096978
3137:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3073:0-689-12000-1
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:Muir, Diana,
3045:
3042:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
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2913:
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2901:
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2888:
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2871:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2605:(1855–1918),
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2509:Passamaquoddy
2505:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:Hannah Duston
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:Norman Mailer
2394:
2393:, 1931–1936.
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:Second Glance
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2161:, an unknown
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2137:, an unknown
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:species, and
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:(black ash),
2085:
2084:
2080:(white ash),
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:anaphrodisiac
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:Haudenosaunee
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:race-shifting
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Passamaquoddy
1735:
1727:
1723:United States
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1551:, was on the
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:polysynthetic
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:New Hampshire
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:New Brunswick
1295:
1294:boundary line
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:New Hampshire
1259:
1255:
1254:New Brunswick
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:Passamaquoddy
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:New Brunswick
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:Canton, Maine
1105:
1101:
1100:Androscoggins
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Indian Island
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Alessikantekw
891:
890:
886:
885:
880:
873:
868:
864:
863:MRC Becancour
860:
859:
854:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
825:
820:
819:
815:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
796:Wioninebeseck
793:
789:
788:
787:Winnipesaukee
784:
782:
781:
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775:
774:
770:
768:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
751:
747:
745:
744:
740:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
726:
725:
724:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
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694:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
643:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Assagunticook
548:
544:
540:
539:
535:
534:
523:
516:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
498:
495:) and by the
494:
493:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
472:Passamaquoddy
469:
465:
461:
460:the Maritimes
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
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404:
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384:
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372:
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360:
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340:
336:
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304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
257:
252:
250:
249:New Hampshire
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
196:
193:
189:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
159:
155:
154:Passamaquoddy
151:
147:
142:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
103:
96:
92:
88:
81:
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70:
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4380:
4303:– recordings
4243:
4228:
4217:
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4197:
4187:
4181:
4159:
4151:
4133:
4111:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4060:
4052:
4043:Bibliography
4032:
4023:
3994:
3988:
3975:
3944:
3938:
3930:the original
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3904:the original
3899:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3840:December 17,
3838:. Retrieved
3834:
3825:
3815:December 17,
3813:. Retrieved
3809:
3800:
3790:December 17,
3788:. Retrieved
3784:
3775:
3765:December 17,
3763:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3700:February 16,
3698:. Retrieved
3686:
3682:
3672:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3558:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:the original
3530:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:
3498:
3489:
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3429:
3404:
3400:
3368:
3359:
3349:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:the original
3313:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:
3245:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3214:
3192:December 26,
3190:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3160:the original
3150:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3092:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3027:
3023:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2978:November 15,
2976:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2967:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2933:
2925:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:the original
2870:"Who We Are"
2864:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:the original
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2722:
2692:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2620:Jeanne Brink
2565:
2564:
2532:, Pigwacket/
2528:, Kennebec,
2504:Wolastoqiyik
2469:
2458:(1754); and
2437:
2420:
2418:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2365:Jodi Picoult
2360:
2355:(1988), and
2352:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2310:
2299:
2280:
2265:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:Spiraea alba
2220:
2214:
2210:
2206:Rubus idaeus
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2035:abortifacent
2031:anthelmintic
2019:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1967:
1962:Storytelling
1960:
1957:Storytelling
1948:
1937:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1767:
1740:people, and
1731:
1709:
1689:
1661:Norridgewock
1637:Dummer's War
1634:
1603:
1584:
1575:Abenaki wars
1566:
1556:
1545:feudal fiefs
1530:
1511:
1497:, historian
1492:
1490:
1487:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1440:, and other
1423:
1393:
1386:
1364:(now called
1341:
1325:
1302:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1177:Pestomuhkati
1176:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:Wolastoqiyik
1134:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1084:Ossipee Lake
1077:
1071:
1065:
1052:Androscoggin
1041:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1003:
999:
993:
984:Passadumkeag
980:Mattawamkeag
963:
955:
952:Pamnaouamske
951:
948:Panawahpskek
947:
941:
935:Norridgewock
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
909:
902:Amariscoggin
901:
897:
893:
889:Androscoggin
887:
856:
850:
822:
816:
799:
795:
792:Winnibisauga
791:
785:
778:
771:
766:Pemigewasset
764:
758:
755:Ossipee Lake
748:
741:
734:
727:
722:
712:
704:
700:
696:
690:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
644:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
586:
578:
572:
566:
554:
550:
547:Ersegontegog
546:
542:
538:Arsigantegok
536:
510:
506:
504:
499:
490:
482:
480:
468:Wolastoqiyik
451:
447:
440:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:Abenaquioict
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
253:
216:
208:
206:
146:Wolastoqiyik
128:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
4495:governments
4386:Anishinaabe
4214:Lisa Brooks
4164:Boulder, CO
4001:: 128–129.
3910:October 11,
3689:(11): 107.
3542:November 7,
3324:January 30,
3166:October 30,
2579: 1739
2460:Jemima Howe
2431:in Quebec,
2415:Non-fiction
2373:(2003) and
2140:Amelanchier
2128:Acer rubrum
2068:(dogbane),
1995:Ethnobotany
1946:societies.
1944:matrilineal
1909:patrilineal
1903:Unlike the
1643:missionary
1541:seigneuries
1526:Assacumbuit
1244:, southern
1242:New England
1141:Walastekwyk
1010:and in the
845:Magog River
824:Pierreville
603:Masipskwoik
456:New England
367:Abenaquioue
363:Abenaquiois
284:WĂ´banakiak,
144:Especially
4540:Categories
4272:, Omniglot
4127:Nabu Press
3900:nedoba.org
3034:October 5,
3003:October 4,
2733:August 14,
2694:January 3,
2668:January 3,
2609:Dark Cloud
2572:Indian Joe
2291:diphtheria
2023:rheumatism
2017:for food.
1988:See also:
1924:longhouses
1779:, and the
1744:have been
1698:) and the
1673:Saco River
1537:New France
1499:Diana Muir
1345:Nescambuit
1155:along the
1060:Farmington
1043:Amaseconti
1008:Saco River
976:Kenduskeag
956:Pentagouet
773:Piscataqua
671:Soquachjck
667:Zooquagese
635:headwaters
623:Missiassik
433:WĂ´banakiak
407:Abnaquotii
375:Abeneaguis
323:Abanaquois
225:Algonquian
4493:community
4391:Atikamekw
4361:Subarctic
4103:0316-1862
4095:0316-1854
3653:March 22,
3631:March 22,
3604:March 22,
3513:March 20,
3469:March 20,
3421:0161-6463
3360:APTN News
3277:March 26,
3225:March 20,
2939:"Culture"
2880:March 22,
2837:wabánahki
2825:Northeast
2775:March 20,
2719:"Abenaki"
2645:Footnotes
2552:Pennacook
2534:Pequawket
2526:Penobscot
2400:'s novel
2375:Lone Wolf
2361:Ghost Fox
2359:'s novel
2287:influenza
2243:condiment
2227:latifolia
2213:species,
2167:species,
2164:Crataegus
2143:species,
2106:americana
2056:They use
2027:demulcent
1984:Mythology
1974:waterfall
1951:consensus
1887:cannibals
1681:Casco Bay
1653:Arrowsick
1649:Brunswick
1622:Deerfield
1591:Metacomet
1585:When the
1563:BĂ©cancour
1533:epidemics
1522:Louis XIV
1370:BĂ©cancour
1333:maple sap
1286:St. Croix
1278:Pennacook
1238:N'Dakinna
1234:N'dakinna
1193:Penobscot
1189:St. Croix
1036:Apikwahki
1016:Pigwacket
1000:Pigwacket
995:Pequawket
943:Penobscot
926:Kennebeck
858:Becancour
713:Merrimack
692:Pennacook
679:Squakheag
675:Onejagese
663:Sokoquius
655:Squakheag
615:Misiskuoi
598:Missiquoi
500:Alnanbal,
427:Abonnekee
423:Abonakies
403:Abnaquois
399:Abnaquies
391:Abernaqui
387:Abenquois
347:Abenakkis
343:Abenakiss
339:Abenakias
266:The word
217:Wαpánahki
158:Penobscot
105:Languages
42:Wαpánahki
4522:Bands...
4411:Maliseet
4266:, Quebec
4235:, 2008).
4224:, 2018).
3598:Archived
3577:67361229
3508:LegiScan
3272:VTDigger
3100:July 12,
3024:Spectrum
2968:VTDigger
2633:See also
2462:(1792).
2454:(1728);
2450:(1702);
2446:(1682),
2334:' novel
2283:smallpox
2238:Zea mays
2065:Apocynum
2051:hemostat
2043:sedative
1863:Cowasuck
1760:Flag of
1675:(1725).
1626:captives
1524:, Chief
1459:New York
1414:Language
1353:trapping
1260:east of
1230:Ndakinna
1216:Abenaki
1208:Location
1185:St. John
1149:Malecite
1145:Maliseet
1095:Rocameca
1072:Kwapahag
1067:Kwupahag
1048:Kennebec
922:Kinipekw
917:Kennebec
780:Souhegan
729:Amoskeay
705:Openango
701:Penikoke
697:Penacook
659:Socoquis
619:Missisco
611:Missique
574:Cowasuck
415:Abnekais
379:Abenequa
355:Abenaqui
351:Abenaque
319:Abanaqui
311:Abanakee
280:Wabanaki
270:and its
200:Wabanaki
195:Ndakinna
176:Language
118:Religion
4546:Abenaki
4431:Wyandot
4426:Naskapi
4416:Miꞌkmaq
4381:Abenaki
4260:, Maine
4251:Abenaki
3437:ABENAKI
2948:July 5,
2488:Miꞌkmaq
2425:Wamesit
2336:Arundel
2323:Fiction
2311:In the
2295:measles
2268:Mi'kmaq
2256:panacea
2041:, as a
1970:raccoon
1920:wigwams
1885:as not
1872:Culture
1604:During
1568:WĂ´linak
1518:slavery
1514:Squanto
1484:History
1470:awanoch
1461:state.
1455:Vermont
1438:Mi'kmaq
1374:WĂ´linak
1321:WĂ´linak
1309:Sillery
1197:Machias
1115:Wawinak
1079:Ossipee
1004:Pequaki
852:WĂ´linak
750:Ossipee
736:Cocheco
651:Sokwaki
633:to the
629:, from
589:, near
497:autonym
492:Lenapek
483:AlnĂ´bak
476:Mi'kmaq
448:*wa·pan
411:Abasque
395:Abnaqui
383:Abenkai
371:Abenati
335:Abenaki
331:Abenake
327:Abenaka
315:Abanaki
307:AlnĂ´bak
303:Abinaki
276:Abnaki,
272:syncope
268:Abenaki
245:Vermont
213:Abenaki
209:Abenaki
191:Country
150:Mi'kmaq
111:Abenaki
75:18,420
62:~21,000
36:Abenaki
4482:(2002)
4476:(1975)
4470:(1701)
4421:Mohawk
4365:Arctic
4347:Quebec
4170:
4143:
4121:
4101:
4093:
4015:533199
4013:
3997:(61).
3965:
3955:
3575:
3565:
3419:
3138:
3118:(1984)
3070:
3030:(1): 1
2918:
2856:
2807:
2429:Odanak
2409:Bangor
2272:typhus
2235:, and
1811:Quebec
1706:Canada
1655:, and
1641:Jesuit
1630:Mohawk
1618:Groton
1558:Odanak
1457:, and
1436:, and
1366:Odanak
1317:Odanak
1305:Quebec
1276:. The
1246:Quebec
1218:wigwam
1171:(also
1139:(also
1118:(also
1070:(also
998:(also
946:(also
930:Caniba
920:(also
892:(also
855:(also
818:Odanak
790:(also
743:Nashua
695:(also
649:(also
646:Sokoki
601:(also
587:Cowass
577:(also
563:Odanak
541:(also
474:, and
452:*axkyi
419:Abneki
299:Abnaki
247:, and
241:Quebec
219:) are
168:People
156:, and
139:Other
99:(2000)
97:2,544
89:16,400
86:Quebec
77:(2021)
72:Canada
4508:Bands
4406:Inuit
4011:JSTOR
3963:JSTOR
3442:(PDF)
3407:(2).
2225:var.
2211:Rubus
2095:Salix
1978:pride
1694:(see
1614:Casco
1610:Wells
1474:awani
1360:near
1258:Maine
1222:birch
1220:with
1056:Maine
437:wĂ´ban
282:, or
262:Names
237:Maine
4401:Innu
4396:Cree
4168:ISBN
4141:ISBN
4119:ISBN
4099:ISSN
4091:ISSN
3953:ISBN
3912:2018
3842:2019
3817:2019
3792:2019
3767:2019
3702:2023
3655:2010
3633:2010
3606:2010
3573:OCLC
3563:ISBN
3544:2006
3515:2022
3471:2022
3417:ISSN
3326:2022
3279:2024
3227:2022
3194:2012
3168:2012
3136:ISBN
3102:2024
3068:ISBN
3036:2023
3005:2023
2980:2018
2950:2017
2916:ISBN
2882:2010
2854:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2777:2010
2735:2012
2696:2023
2670:2023
2466:Maps
1732:The
1620:and
1319:and
1288:and
1256:and
1191:and
1050:and
966:now
843:and
509:and
458:and
450:and
207:The
4345:in
4206:'s
4003:doi
3691:doi
3409:doi
2381:'s
2367:'s
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1719:).
1612:to
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1264:'s
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
