539:
22:
208:
531:
33:
510:... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout , although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.
109:, which maintained its own historical records, traditions and way of life. Founded in the 2nd century BC, it had grown into an international institution by the 1st century AD, attracting scholars from distant locations and encompassing all shades of Buddhist philosophy. Its influence can be traced to other parts of the world, through branches established elsewhere. Thus, the Abhayagiri Vihara developed as a great institution vis‑a‑vis the
1819:
1829:
586:, a unique creation of Sri Lanka sculptors, can be seen at the foot of the steps leading to the Pancavasa commonly known as Mahasena’s palace. A smaller example, just as exquisitely carved, was found nearby at the Queen's Pavilion. Varying in shape and size and made of different kinds of stones, all are exquisite artistic creations. According to Paranavitana, the moonstone symbolizes
466:, almost half a century of Chola rule and the subsequent abandonment of the capital, Anuradhapura, led to the disintegration of the Abhayagiri Vihara. Despite efforts by Vijayabahu I and Parakramabahu I in the 13th century to renovate and resurrect the temple, its gradual destruction in the course of time could not be averted, particularly after the final transfer of the capital from
183:
his defeat, one of his first acts was to build the
Abhayagiri Vihara on the site of the Giri monastery. Mahatissa Thera of Kupikkala was appointed it's Chief Incumbent as a mark of gratitude for his support in the fight against the invaders. Abhayagiri thereafter became a symbol not only of religious, but also of national, resurgence, as it signaled the end of Brahmin and
1839:
159:
to defeat the foreign invaders. Tiya agreed, advanced with his forces to meet the Tamils, and was vanquished by them. The Tamils, elated by their success, advanced towards
Anuradhapura and defeated the King, who was forced to abandon the throne and go into hiding in the mountains. As the King, defeated in battle, was fleeing
338:(420–77 AD), on a merchant ship owned by a man named Nandi. Consequently, three more nuns, headed by Tissara, arrived in Nanjing. Thus in the year 434, over three thousand nuns received their higher ordination for the second time in the presence of more than ten Sinhala nuns headed by Tissara at the Nanjing Temple in China.
158:
chiefs landed at
Mahatittha with a mighty army. Valagamba, a good diplomat, realized that his forces were too weak to fight against both of these enemies and tried to rid himself of them by making them fight each other. He sent a message to Tiya that if he could have the kingdom, provided he managed
477:
A dark era of eight hundred years engulfed
Abhayagiri Vihara until its rediscovery in the 1880s awoke scientific and scholarly interest in the abandoned and vandalized ruins. Mistakenly identified at first as Jetavana Vihara, they were photographed and drawn by specialists in the late 19th century,
450:
Though the chronicle says that he reunited the Sangha, this expression glosses over the fact that what he did was to abolish the
Abhayagiri and Jetavana Nikāyas. He laicized many monks from the Mahā Vihāra Nikāya, all the monks in the other two – and then allowed the better ones among the latter to
89:
rising to many stories, roofed with gilt bronze or tiles of burnt clay glazed in brilliant colours. To the north of the city, encircled by great walls and containing elaborate bathing ponds, carved balustrades and moonstones, stood "Abhayagiri", one of seventeen such religious units in
Anuradhapura
182:
or period of famine and south Indian rule which followed, Vattagamani Abhaya took refuge in the mountain region amassing troops until, after more than fourteen years of exile, he marched on
Anuradhapura in 89 BC and defeated the last Tamil king, Bhatiya. In fulfilment of the vow made on the day of
573:
The principal
Buddhist guardian deities are frequently indicated by the animal vehicles of the particular gods, particularly on the guard stones. A good example is furnished by the exquisite statues on either side of the entrance to Abhayagiri Stupa. The headdress of one of the statues is a conch
546:
The architectural elements of the buildings excavated at
Abhayagiri Vihara clearly reflect the social beliefs and religious practices prevalent at the time. Although Buddhism was the state religion and the principal doctrine followed by the majority of the population, the influence of other local
341:
It is also recorded that there were religious contacts between Sri Lanka and Java through the
Abhayagiri Vihara, at least toward the end of the 8th century, as described by a fragmentary inscription from the Ratubaka plateau in central Java. This inscription records the establishment of "the
198:
in Sinhala, (for example the Vessagiri, Meghagiri or Chetiyagiri monasteries) it is possible that the name Abhayagiri symbolizes the monastery created by Vattagamani Abhaya after his recapture of the kingdom surrounding the hillock known as Digapasana, now inside the Abhayagiri complex.
243:
monks. The king prohibited the giving of alms to them and went as far as to demolish the buildings of the Mahavihara and re‑use their materials for the construction of new buildings at the Abhayagiri. The accession of Mahasena ushered in the golden age of Abhayagiri. After the
606:
was fully restored and renovated by the Sri Lankan Central Cultural Fund as a UNESCO project for a total of Rs519.5 million (US$ 3.9 million). It was unveiled in June 2015 with President Maithripala Sirisena and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe attending.
578:
or its precinct. Even at present, they are commonly believed to be endowed with mystic powers, and courts of law in Anuradhapura accept swearing before the statues as evidence in the settlement of minor disputes between litigants.
558:). They are usually carved, although plain guard stones have also been found. Among the Hindu symbols represented on these stones, the most common, apart from the Pot of Abundance and Kalpavrksa, is the figure of the
295:
Before the 12th century CE, more rulers of Sri Lanka gave support and patronage to the Abhayagiri Theravādins, and travellers such as Faxian saw the Abhayagiri Theravādins as the main Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka.
1906:
258:
Ten days from now, Buddha's tooth will be brought out and carried to the Abhayagiri Monastery... on both sides of the road; the king sets images of the Five Hundred Forms which the Buddha assumed in his previous
405:
In the 8th century CE, it is known that both Mahāyāna and the esoteric Vajrayāna form of Buddhism were being practiced in Sri Lanka, and two Indian monks responsible for propagating Esoteric Buddhism in China,
342:
Abhayagiri Vihara of Sinhalese ascetics trained in the sayings of jinas ." Commenting on this record, J.G. de Casparis observes, 'The most important detail is the name of the foundation, the Abhayagiri Vihara.
574:
while that of the other is a lotus. Representing Sanka and Padma, the two principal treasure houses of Kuvera, they are believed to have been erected to ward off any evil or danger that might threaten the
551:, was considerable, and is expressed in the architecture of the period. The design of entrances, for example, illustrates the practice of placing buildings under the protection of a guardian deity.
432:
The monks of these two traditions were then defrocked and given the choice of either returning to the laity permanently, or attempting re-ordination under the Mahāvihāra tradition as "novices" (
1911:
570:
are of particular significance in agricultural societies where they symbolize the daughters of the guardian deity of rain. The elephant figure at the Eth Pokuna is also a symbol of water.
498:
worship is a prominent practice in Mahayana, while the Maitreya Bodhisatta (Santhusitha) is venerated by Theravadins. In more recent times, there has been attempts to identify Nātha with
656:
1217:
1857:
594:. He interprets the pattern of the outermost ring as flames, and the various animals shown in the other concentric circles as successive phases of man's passage through samsara.
478:
while the Department of Archaeology, established about the same period, undertook excavation and conservation work of some of the edifices at the beginning of the 20th century.
388:
As a major university and centre of learning, Abhayagiri was the home of various important Buddhist scholars working in Sanskrit and Pali. These include Upatissa (who wrote the
1253:
171:
near the northern gate of the city, cried out: "The great Sinhala is fleeing." The king thereupon resolved, "if my wish (of regaining the kingdom) is fulfilled, I will build a
972:
429:
The Culavamsa narrates that (ch 78:1–27) king Parakramabahu I purified the Mahavihara first and then unified it with the Abhayagiri and Jethawana fraternities.
151:
to Buddhism, while others revolted. Tiya, who enjoyed the support of his community, lived both in and outside of Sri Lanka and was therefore very powerful.
304:
In the course of time, Abhayagiri had developed into a well‑organized religious and educational institution having well-established relations with China,
566:, and illustrates the degree of perfection reached by the sculptors of Abhayagiri. Lotuses and punkalas are indicative of plenty. Representations of the
422:
The trend of Abhayagiri Vihara being the dominant Buddhist sect changed in the 12th century CE, when the Mahāvihāra gained the political support of King
271:
and visited Abhayagiri in 412 AD, it had developed into a leading Buddhist centre of Sri Lanka. By the 7th century, Abhayagiri Vihara consisted of four
1896:
1125:
133:
named Tiya (Tissa) declared war against him. Tiya was deluded by the prophecy of another Brahmin that was destined to be king. Before the arrival of
1246:
538:
562:, or anthropomorphic King Cobra. The best example of these, and one of the finest guardstones yet discovered, was found at the Ratnaprasada in
1581:
777:
378:
reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the
98:. Surrounding the humped dagaba, Abhayagiri Vihara was a seat of the Northern Monastery, or Uttara Vihara and the original custodian of the
792:
1239:
1080:
1753:
1272:
1173:
1842:
1743:
1205:
1191:
1021:
828:
732:
105:
The term "Abhayagiri Vihara" refers not only to the complex of monastic buildings, but also to a fraternity of Buddhist monks, or
1396:
245:
710:
514:
Early reports by Europeans from the 18th century describe the Buddhist monks of Sri Lanka as being engaged in the recitation of
459:, or "King of the Sangha", a monk who would preside over the Sangha and its ordinations in Sri Lanka, assisted by two deputies.
1901:
1453:
21:
1758:
1548:
1517:
1458:
1311:
1265:
1113:
1064:
1044:
917:
897:
1782:
362:
also describes the concurrent existence of both monasteries in Sri Lanka and refers to the monks of the Mahavihara as the "
330:, or higher ordination, to the Chinese nuns. According to another Chinese source, in 426 AD, eight Sinhala nuns arrived in
1673:
554:
The two slabs erected on either side of the foot of the flight of steps leading to a building are known as guard stones (
1822:
676:
423:
168:
326:
compiled by Shi Baochang in 526 AD, and the biography of Gunavarnam and Sanghavarnam, the Sinhala nuns gave the second
1608:
1485:
1386:
292:
All of these have been located and identified through archaeological excavations, research and epigraphical evidence.
194:
monk Giri who lived in the monastery earlier. However, since most ancient monasteries were built around a hillock, or
190:
According to the Mahavamsa, the name Abhayagiri Vihara originated from the names of King Vattagamani Abhaya and the
1633:
1316:
621:
375:
240:
110:
1797:
1748:
1306:
1198:
The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka – Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes from Museums in Sri Lanka
236:
1558:
1505:
1376:
1321:
148:
on the island, however, they lost their supremacy and were replaced by the sangha. Some Brahmins converted
137:
358:
teachings; as such, it was seen as heretical by more conservative Mahavihara monks. In the 7th century CE,
1648:
1601:
1573:
1129:
463:
126:
1359:
733:"The Mahavamsa, The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka, Geiger, Wilhelm, Chapter XXXIII, The Ten Kings, p. 228"
1792:
1720:
1539:
1495:
1364:
1349:
519:
248:
was brought to Sri Lanka in the 4th century, Abhayagiri was selected to house it for public veneration.
451:
become novices in the now 'unified' Sangha, into which they would have in due course to be reordained.
1787:
1777:
1735:
1710:
1665:
1628:
1529:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1472:
1301:
1284:
966:
768:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp.
1678:
1643:
1371:
1268:
144:
to the island, Brahmins held the highest place in society. After the establishment of the Buddhist
1828:
207:
1770:
1480:
1406:
871:
863:
474:, or King's Country, to an alternative location in 1215 as a result of repeated Maga invasions.
370:), and the monks of the Abhayagiri Vihara as the "Mahāyāna Sthaviras". Xuanzang further writes:
769:
760:
530:
1715:
1700:
1685:
1653:
1201:
1187:
1169:
1109:
1060:
1040:
1017:
913:
893:
843:
824:
773:
495:
487:
212:
145:
106:
590:, the endless cycle of rebirth, and the path to freedom from the samsaric process leading to
1832:
1161:
1076:
954:
946:
943:
The impact of the Abhayagiri practices on the development of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka
855:
636:
616:
583:
567:
443:
335:
164:
45:
1155:
32:
1766:
1490:
1391:
179:
736:
651:
641:
626:
351:
275:
s (literally "families", fraternities or grouped institutions for religious teaching):
114:
37:
1381:
380:
1890:
1695:
1222:
875:
816:
702:
646:
41:
1293:
563:
390:
160:
155:
70:
26:
846:(2004). "Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast Asia in the Light of Recent Scholarship".
355:
1231:
426:(1153–1186 CE), and completely abolished the Abhayagiri and Jetavana traditions.
1690:
1638:
1613:
1586:
1563:
631:
503:
467:
411:
215:
125:
It is recorded in the chronicle that Abhayagiri Dagaba was established by King
99:
77:. It is one of the most extensive ruins in the world and one of the most sacred
462:
Periodic South Indian invasions, especially in the 9th century in the reign of
1725:
859:
506:
Buddha on his crown, identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara. Andrew Skilton writes:
502:
Bodhisattva. However, traditions and basic iconography, including an image of
490:
Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka, where he is called
456:
407:
327:
232:
1872:
1859:
680:
1802:
1591:
1427:
1401:
1186:. (752 p.; 1620 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.
1037:
Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History From Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.
323:
317:
219:
86:
74:
63:
55:
117:
Buddhist monastic sects in the ancient Sri Lankan capital of Anuradhapura.
1218:
Discover Sri Lanka – More information & images about Abhayagiri Dagaba
435:
1705:
1618:
1596:
1432:
559:
555:
548:
499:
471:
434:
399:
363:
359:
141:
82:
78:
66:
59:
950:
867:
1354:
1165:
958:
591:
587:
331:
309:
191:
184:
134:
130:
91:
1553:
515:
268:
264:
251:
172:
235:, Abhayagiri grew in prestige and importance. The accession of King
167:("nigantha" in Pali) named Giri, who headed the arama built by King
603:
575:
537:
529:
491:
206:
94:. One of the focal points of the complex is an ancient stupa, the
31:
20:
1077:"Art & Archaeology – Sri Lanka – Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara"
1031:
1029:
129:
during the period of his second reign, from 89–77 B.C.E. A young
1008:
1006:
402:, Aryasura, and the tantric masters Jayabhadra, and Candramåli.
305:
1235:
1100:
1098:
1157:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
1014:
American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship.
81:
pilgrimage cities in the nation. Historically it was a great
16:
Historical Buddhist monastery site in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
1907:
Archaeological protected monuments in Anuradhapura District
821:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
657:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
350:
Abhayagiri Vihara appears to have been a centre for
85:
center as well as a royal capital, with magnificent
1734:
1664:
1572:
1538:
1471:
1441:
1415:
1337:
1330:
1292:
1126:"Abhayagiri Stupa to be unveiled » the Nation"
707:ति भुसं रवि॥, महावंस तेत्तिंसतिम परिच्छेद, दसराजको"
759:
1912:1st-century BC religious buildings and structures
945:(Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries.
522:for counting, as practiced in Mahāyāna Buddhism.
239:in the 3rd century AD saw the suppression of the
1200:, . Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.
508:
448:
372:
1247:
1012:Williams, Duncan; Queen, Christopher. (1999)
971:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
8:
793:A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-hsien
602:Over the course of 15 years, the Abhayagiri
1334:
1254:
1240:
1232:
25:The restored Abhayagiri Dagaba (stupa) in
1223:Abhayagiri Vihara – The Northem [
703:"तं दिस्वा पलायन्तं, निगण्ठोगिरिनामको।
667:
414:, visited the island during this time.
394:), Kavicakravarti Ananda (authored the
1154:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (2007).
964:
7:
1838:
267:came to Sri Lanka in search of the
1083:from the original on 4 August 2020
848:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
713:from the original on 10 April 2018
90:and the largest of its five major
14:
1897:Buddhist temples in Anuradhapura
1837:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1397:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
1184:Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka
1108:Windhorse Publications. p. 151.
1057:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
910:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
1454:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
1196:von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1992).
1182:von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1990).
455:Parakkamabāhu also appointed a
1459:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1227:] Monastery (Uttararamaya)
1106:A Concise History of Buddhism.
758:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
315:According to the Chinese text
54:was a major monastery site of
1:
997:
985:
928:
803:
534:The Abhayagiri dagoba (stupa)
121:King Valagamba and Abhayagiri
1387:Gajabahu's invasion of Chola
890:The Rough Guide to Sri Lanka
312:during 5th-6th century CE.
254:, a Chinese monk, recounted:
203:The golden age of Abhayagiri
36:Abhayagiriya Monastery with
677:"Mahavamsa – The Ten Kings"
436:
418:Suppression and destruction
1928:
1634:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya
1039:Psychology Press. p. 159.
1035:Gombrich, Richard. (1988)
953:(inactive 12 April 2024).
622:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya
187:influence in the country.
1813:
1282:
1059:Sarup & Son. p. 137.
860:10.1017/S0022463404000177
823:, Santipada, p. 59,
1582:Administrative divisions
1104:Skilton, Andrew. (2004)
1055:Baruah, Bibhuti. (2008)
912:Sarup & Son. p. 53.
908:Baruah, Bibhuti. (2008)
892:. Rough Guides. p. 391.
675:Geiger, Wilhelm (2008).
526:Architectural decoration
154:At the same time, seven
1377:Fourth Buddhist council
1322:Pre Anuradhapura period
1160:. Motilal Banarsidass.
941:Thero, Rangama (2007).
766:Encyclopædia Britannica
542:Detailing on the dagoba
322:, the biography of the
1902:Stupas in Anuradhapura
1873:8.370944°N 80.395250°E
582:The best example of a
547:beliefs, particularly
543:
535:
512:
453:
386:
346:Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna
261:
223:
48:
29:
1365:Battle of Vijithapura
1341:(377 BC–463 AD)
888:Thomas, Gavin (2015)
541:
533:
334:, the capital of the
256:
210:
69:that was situated in
35:
24:
1285:Anuradhapura kingdom
246:Buddha's Tooth Relic
1878:8.370944; 80.395250
1869: /
1736:Society and culture
1679:Tank cascade system
1649:Mahamevnāwa Gardens
1644:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
1372:The Five Dravidians
1360:Dutugamunu Campaign
1350:Arrival of Buddhism
1269:Anuradhapura period
1016:Routledge. p. 134.
951:10.5353/th_b4020387
705:पलायति महाकाळ-सीहळो
1721:Port of Mahatittha
1674:Irrigation network
1407:The Six Dravidians
544:
536:
366:Sthaviras" (Pali:
224:
49:
30:
1851:
1850:
1716:Port of Jambukola
1654:Mapagala fortress
1629:Abhayagiri vihāra
1549:Foreign relations
1518:Tamil mercenaries
1467:
1466:
779:978-1-59339-837-8
300:Foreign relations
211:Bronze statue of
96:Abhayagiri Dagaba
52:Abhayagiri Vihāra
1919:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1803:Tantric Buddhism
1446:
1445:(691–1017)
1420:
1342:
1335:
1287:377 BC – 1017 AD
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1179:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:on 7 August 2016
1128:. Archived from
1122:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1033:
1024:
1010:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
976:
970:
962:
938:
932:
926:
920:
906:
900:
886:
880:
879:
840:
834:
833:
813:
807:
801:
795:
790:
784:
783:
763:
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
739:on 10 April 2018
735:. Archived from
729:
723:
722:
720:
718:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
683:on 22 April 2010
679:. Archived from
672:
637:Sandakada pahana
444:Richard Gombrich
442:) according to
439:
376:Mahāvihāravāsins
336:Liu Song dynasty
44:(twin pond) and
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1809:
1783:Popular culture
1730:
1711:Port of Gokanna
1660:
1568:
1534:
1463:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1419:(463–691)
1418:
1411:
1392:Beminitiya Seya
1343:
1340:
1326:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1260:
1214:
1176:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1034:
1027:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
963:
940:
939:
935:
927:
923:
907:
903:
887:
883:
844:Woodward, Hiram
842:
841:
837:
831:
815:
814:
810:
802:
798:
791:
787:
780:
757:
756:
752:
742:
740:
731:
730:
726:
716:
714:
701:
700:
696:
686:
684:
674:
673:
669:
665:
613:
600:
528:
484:
424:Parakkamabāhu I
420:
396:Saddhammopåyana
348:
302:
285:Mahanethpa‑mula
229:
227:Royal patronage
205:
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1864:80°23′42.9″E
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1771:in Sinhalese
1749:Caste system
1744:Architecture
1530:Capital city
1496:Lambakanna I
1442:Late period
1307:Bibliography
1224:
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1148:Bibliography
1134:. Retrieved
1130:the original
1120:
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761:"Abhayagiri"
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741:. Retrieved
737:the original
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685:. Retrieved
681:the original
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564:Abhayagiriya
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161:Anuradhapura
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71:Anuradhapura
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1876: /
1861:8°22′15.4″N
1843:WikiProject
1763:Literature
1759:Immigration
1639:Atamasthana
1614:Polonnaruwa
1587:Malaya Rata
1564:Sanghamitta
1166:10125/23030
967:cite thesis
959:10722/53107
687:28 November
632:Atamasthana
468:Polonnaruwa
412:Amoghavajra
288:Vahadu‑mula
282:Kapara‑mula
279:Uttara‑mula
259:existence.'
216:Bodhisattva
178:During the
100:Tooth relic
87:monasteries
1891:Categories
1798:Brahmanism
1726:Rajakariya
1542:and people
1473:Government
1294:Background
1114:0904766926
1065:8176251526
1045:0415075858
918:8176251526
898:0241203570
663:References
520:mālā beads
457:Sangharaja
408:Vajrabodhi
328:Upasampada
241:Mahavihara
233:Gajabahu I
111:Mahavihara
1592:Maya Rata
1574:Geography
1428:Mahavamsa
1402:Dipavamsa
1382:Tripiṭaka
876:154070293
584:moonstone
381:Tripiṭaka
356:Vajrayāna
324:bhikkhuni
220:Sri Lanka
165:Jain monk
127:Valagamba
75:Sri Lanka
64:Vajrayana
56:Theravada
46:moonstone
1823:Category
1793:Buddhism
1788:Religion
1778:Perahera
1706:Kahavanu
1701:Kahapana
1619:Sigiriya
1597:Rajarata
1540:Politics
1513:Military
1486:Monarchs
1481:Monarchy
1433:Sigiriya
1312:Timeline
1087:8 August
1081:Archived
1000:, p. 126
998:Hirakawa
986:Hirakawa
931:, p. 121
929:Hirakawa
868:20072583
819:(2012),
806:, p. 125
804:Hirakawa
711:Archived
611:See also
560:Nagaraja
556:Muragala
549:Hinduism
504:Amitābha
500:Maitreya
472:Rajarata
437:sāmaṇera
400:Aryadeva
364:Hīnayāna
360:Xuanzang
352:Mahāyāna
237:Mahasena
175:here."
142:Buddhism
113:and the
83:monastic
79:Buddhist
67:Buddhism
60:Mahayana
1767:in Pali
1666:Economy
1559:Mahinda
1331:History
1302:Outline
1271:topics
743:9 April
717:9 April
592:nirvana
588:samsara
516:mantras
470:in the
332:Nanjing
318:Biqiuni
310:Kashmir
138:Mahinda
135:Bhikkhu
131:Brahmin
92:viharas
1833:Portal
1696:Pearls
1625:Sites
1609:Cities
1602:Ruhuna
1554:Ashoka
1501:Moriya
1491:Vijaya
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874:
866:
827:
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482:Legacy
464:Sena I
308:, and
269:Dhamma
265:Faxian
252:Faxian
231:Under
173:vihara
146:sangha
107:Sangha
1691:Ivory
1355:Elara
1317:Years
1136:4 May
872:S2CID
864:JSTOR
604:Stupa
576:stupa
568:lotus
492:Natha
368:Thera
320:Zhuan
156:Tamil
1686:Gems
1202:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1138:2016
1110:ISBN
1089:2013
1061:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1018:ISBN
973:link
914:ISBN
894:ISBN
825:ISBN
774:ISBN
745:2018
719:2018
689:2012
410:and
374:The
354:and
306:Java
273:mula
196:giri
192:Jain
185:Jain
163:, a
62:and
1525:Law
1225:sic
1162:hdl
955:hdl
947:doi
856:doi
398:),
1893::
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1097:^
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969:}}
965:{{
870:.
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384:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
