550:
33:
219:
542:
44:
521:... It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout , although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.
120:, which maintained its own historical records, traditions and way of life. Founded in the 2nd century BC, it had grown into an international institution by the 1st century AD, attracting scholars from distant locations and encompassing all shades of Buddhist philosophy. Its influence can be traced to other parts of the world, through branches established elsewhere. Thus, the Abhayagiri Vihara developed as a great institution vis‑a‑vis the
1830:
1840:
597:, a unique creation of Sri Lanka sculptors, can be seen at the foot of the steps leading to the Pancavasa commonly known as Mahasena’s palace. A smaller example, just as exquisitely carved, was found nearby at the Queen's Pavilion. Varying in shape and size and made of different kinds of stones, all are exquisite artistic creations. According to Paranavitana, the moonstone symbolizes
477:, almost half a century of Chola rule and the subsequent abandonment of the capital, Anuradhapura, led to the disintegration of the Abhayagiri Vihara. Despite efforts by Vijayabahu I and Parakramabahu I in the 13th century to renovate and resurrect the temple, its gradual destruction in the course of time could not be averted, particularly after the final transfer of the capital from
194:
his defeat, one of his first acts was to build the
Abhayagiri Vihara on the site of the Giri monastery. Mahatissa Thera of Kupikkala was appointed it's Chief Incumbent as a mark of gratitude for his support in the fight against the invaders. Abhayagiri thereafter became a symbol not only of religious, but also of national, resurgence, as it signaled the end of Brahmin and
1850:
170:
to defeat the foreign invaders. Tiya agreed, advanced with his forces to meet the Tamils, and was vanquished by them. The Tamils, elated by their success, advanced towards
Anuradhapura and defeated the King, who was forced to abandon the throne and go into hiding in the mountains. As the King, defeated in battle, was fleeing
349:(420–77 AD), on a merchant ship owned by a man named Nandi. Consequently, three more nuns, headed by Tissara, arrived in Nanjing. Thus in the year 434, over three thousand nuns received their higher ordination for the second time in the presence of more than ten Sinhala nuns headed by Tissara at the Nanjing Temple in China.
169:
chiefs landed at
Mahatittha with a mighty army. Valagamba, a good diplomat, realized that his forces were too weak to fight against both of these enemies and tried to rid himself of them by making them fight each other. He sent a message to Tiya that if he could have the kingdom, provided he managed
488:
A dark era of eight hundred years engulfed
Abhayagiri Vihara until its rediscovery in the 1880s awoke scientific and scholarly interest in the abandoned and vandalized ruins. Mistakenly identified at first as Jetavana Vihara, they were photographed and drawn by specialists in the late 19th century,
461:
Though the chronicle says that he reunited the Sangha, this expression glosses over the fact that what he did was to abolish the
Abhayagiri and Jetavana Nikāyas. He laicized many monks from the Mahā Vihāra Nikāya, all the monks in the other two – and then allowed the better ones among the latter to
100:
rising to many stories, roofed with gilt bronze or tiles of burnt clay glazed in brilliant colours. To the north of the city, encircled by great walls and containing elaborate bathing ponds, carved balustrades and moonstones, stood "Abhayagiri", one of seventeen such religious units in
Anuradhapura
193:
or period of famine and south Indian rule which followed, Vattagamani Abhaya took refuge in the mountain region amassing troops until, after more than fourteen years of exile, he marched on
Anuradhapura in 89 BC and defeated the last Tamil king, Bhatiya. In fulfilment of the vow made on the day of
584:
The principal
Buddhist guardian deities are frequently indicated by the animal vehicles of the particular gods, particularly on the guard stones. A good example is furnished by the exquisite statues on either side of the entrance to Abhayagiri Stupa. The headdress of one of the statues is a conch
557:
The architectural elements of the buildings excavated at
Abhayagiri Vihara clearly reflect the social beliefs and religious practices prevalent at the time. Although Buddhism was the state religion and the principal doctrine followed by the majority of the population, the influence of other local
352:
It is also recorded that there were religious contacts between Sri Lanka and Java through the
Abhayagiri Vihara, at least toward the end of the 8th century, as described by a fragmentary inscription from the Ratubaka plateau in central Java. This inscription records the establishment of "the
209:
in Sinhala, (for example the Vessagiri, Meghagiri or Chetiyagiri monasteries) it is possible that the name Abhayagiri symbolizes the monastery created by Vattagamani Abhaya after his recapture of the kingdom surrounding the hillock known as Digapasana, now inside the Abhayagiri complex.
254:
monks. The king prohibited the giving of alms to them and went as far as to demolish the buildings of the Mahavihara and re‑use their materials for the construction of new buildings at the Abhayagiri. The accession of Mahasena ushered in the golden age of Abhayagiri. After the
617:
was fully restored and renovated by the Sri Lankan Central Cultural Fund as a UNESCO project for a total of Rs519.5 million (US$ 3.9 million). It was unveiled in June 2015 with President Maithripala Sirisena and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe attending.
589:
or its precinct. Even at present, they are commonly believed to be endowed with mystic powers, and courts of law in Anuradhapura accept swearing before the statues as evidence in the settlement of minor disputes between litigants.
569:). They are usually carved, although plain guard stones have also been found. Among the Hindu symbols represented on these stones, the most common, apart from the Pot of Abundance and Kalpavrksa, is the figure of the
306:
Before the 12th century CE, more rulers of Sri Lanka gave support and patronage to the Abhayagiri Theravādins, and travellers such as Faxian saw the Abhayagiri Theravādins as the main Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka.
1917:
269:
Ten days from now, Buddha's tooth will be brought out and carried to the Abhayagiri Monastery... on both sides of the road; the king sets images of the Five Hundred Forms which the Buddha assumed in his previous
416:
In the 8th century CE, it is known that both Mahāyāna and the esoteric Vajrayāna form of Buddhism were being practiced in Sri Lanka, and two Indian monks responsible for propagating Esoteric Buddhism in China,
353:
Abhayagiri Vihara of Sinhalese ascetics trained in the sayings of jinas ." Commenting on this record, J.G. de Casparis observes, 'The most important detail is the name of the foundation, the Abhayagiri Vihara.
585:
while that of the other is a lotus. Representing Sanka and Padma, the two principal treasure houses of Kuvera, they are believed to have been erected to ward off any evil or danger that might threaten the
562:, was considerable, and is expressed in the architecture of the period. The design of entrances, for example, illustrates the practice of placing buildings under the protection of a guardian deity.
443:
The monks of these two traditions were then defrocked and given the choice of either returning to the laity permanently, or attempting re-ordination under the Mahāvihāra tradition as "novices" (
1922:
581:
are of particular significance in agricultural societies where they symbolize the daughters of the guardian deity of rain. The elephant figure at the Eth Pokuna is also a symbol of water.
509:
worship is a prominent practice in Mahayana, while the Maitreya Bodhisatta (Santhusitha) is venerated by Theravadins. In more recent times, there has been attempts to identify Nātha with
667:
1228:
1868:
605:. He interprets the pattern of the outermost ring as flames, and the various animals shown in the other concentric circles as successive phases of man's passage through samsara.
489:
while the Department of Archaeology, established about the same period, undertook excavation and conservation work of some of the edifices at the beginning of the 20th century.
399:
As a major university and centre of learning, Abhayagiri was the home of various important Buddhist scholars working in Sanskrit and Pali. These include Upatissa (who wrote the
1264:
182:
near the northern gate of the city, cried out: "The great Sinhala is fleeing." The king thereupon resolved, "if my wish (of regaining the kingdom) is fulfilled, I will build a
983:
440:
The Culavamsa narrates that (ch 78:1–27) king Parakramabahu I purified the Mahavihara first and then unified it with the Abhayagiri and Jethawana fraternities.
162:
to Buddhism, while others revolted. Tiya, who enjoyed the support of his community, lived both in and outside of Sri Lanka and was therefore very powerful.
315:
In the course of time, Abhayagiri had developed into a well‑organized religious and educational institution having well-established relations with China,
577:, and illustrates the degree of perfection reached by the sculptors of Abhayagiri. Lotuses and punkalas are indicative of plenty. Representations of the
433:
The trend of Abhayagiri Vihara being the dominant Buddhist sect changed in the 12th century CE, when the Mahāvihāra gained the political support of King
282:
and visited Abhayagiri in 412 AD, it had developed into a leading Buddhist centre of Sri Lanka. By the 7th century, Abhayagiri Vihara consisted of four
1907:
1136:
144:
named Tiya (Tissa) declared war against him. Tiya was deluded by the prophecy of another Brahmin that was destined to be king. Before the arrival of
1257:
549:
573:, or anthropomorphic King Cobra. The best example of these, and one of the finest guardstones yet discovered, was found at the Ratnaprasada in
1592:
788:
389:
reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the
109:. Surrounding the humped dagaba, Abhayagiri Vihara was a seat of the Northern Monastery, or Uttara Vihara and the original custodian of the
803:
1250:
1091:
1764:
1283:
1184:
1853:
1754:
1216:
1202:
1032:
839:
743:
116:
The term "Abhayagiri Vihara" refers not only to the complex of monastic buildings, but also to a fraternity of Buddhist monks, or
1407:
256:
721:
525:
Early reports by Europeans from the 18th century describe the Buddhist monks of Sri Lanka as being engaged in the recitation of
470:, or "King of the Sangha", a monk who would preside over the Sangha and its ordinations in Sri Lanka, assisted by two deputies.
1912:
1464:
32:
1769:
1559:
1528:
1469:
1322:
1276:
1124:
1075:
1055:
928:
908:
1793:
373:
also describes the concurrent existence of both monasteries in Sri Lanka and refers to the monks of the Mahavihara as the "
341:, or higher ordination, to the Chinese nuns. According to another Chinese source, in 426 AD, eight Sinhala nuns arrived in
1684:
565:
The two slabs erected on either side of the foot of the flight of steps leading to a building are known as guard stones (
1833:
687:
434:
179:
337:
compiled by Shi Baochang in 526 AD, and the biography of Gunavarnam and Sanghavarnam, the Sinhala nuns gave the second
1619:
1496:
1397:
303:
All of these have been located and identified through archaeological excavations, research and epigraphical evidence.
205:
monk Giri who lived in the monastery earlier. However, since most ancient monasteries were built around a hillock, or
201:
According to the Mahavamsa, the name Abhayagiri Vihara originated from the names of King Vattagamani Abhaya and the
1644:
1327:
632:
386:
251:
121:
1808:
1759:
1317:
1209:
The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka – Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes from Museums in Sri Lanka
247:
1569:
1516:
1387:
1332:
159:
on the island, however, they lost their supremacy and were replaced by the sangha. Some Brahmins converted
148:
369:
teachings; as such, it was seen as heretical by more conservative Mahavihara monks. In the 7th century CE,
1659:
1612:
1584:
1140:
474:
137:
1370:
744:"The Mahavamsa, The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka, Geiger, Wilhelm, Chapter XXXIII, The Ten Kings, p. 228"
1803:
1731:
1550:
1506:
1375:
1360:
530:
259:
was brought to Sri Lanka in the 4th century, Abhayagiri was selected to house it for public veneration.
462:
become novices in the now 'unified' Sangha, into which they would have in due course to be reordained.
1798:
1788:
1746:
1721:
1676:
1639:
1540:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1483:
1312:
1295:
977:
779:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp.
1689:
1654:
1382:
1279:
155:
to the island, Brahmins held the highest place in society. After the establishment of the Buddhist
1839:
218:
1781:
1491:
1417:
882:
874:
485:, or King's Country, to an alternative location in 1215 as a result of repeated Maga invasions.
381:), and the monks of the Abhayagiri Vihara as the "Mahāyāna Sthaviras". Xuanzang further writes:
780:
771:
541:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1664:
1212:
1198:
1180:
1120:
1071:
1051:
1028:
924:
904:
854:
835:
784:
506:
498:
223:
156:
117:
601:, the endless cycle of rebirth, and the path to freedom from the samsaric process leading to
1843:
1172:
1087:
965:
957:
954:
The impact of the Abhayagiri practices on the development of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka
866:
647:
627:
594:
578:
454:
346:
175:
56:
1166:
43:
1777:
1501:
1402:
190:
747:
662:
652:
637:
362:
286:
s (literally "families", fraternities or grouped institutions for religious teaching):
125:
48:
1392:
391:
1901:
1706:
1233:
886:
827:
713:
657:
52:
1304:
574:
401:
171:
166:
81:
37:
857:(2004). "Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast Asia in the Light of Recent Scholarship".
366:
1242:
437:(1153–1186 CE), and completely abolished the Abhayagiri and Jetavana traditions.
17:
1701:
1649:
1624:
1597:
1574:
642:
514:
478:
422:
226:
136:
It is recorded in the chronicle that Abhayagiri Dagaba was established by King
110:
88:. It is one of the most extensive ruins in the world and one of the most sacred
473:
Periodic South Indian invasions, especially in the 9th century in the reign of
1736:
870:
517:
Buddha on his crown, identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara. Andrew Skilton writes:
513:
Bodhisattva. However, traditions and basic iconography, including an image of
501:
Bodhisattva has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka, where he is called
467:
418:
338:
243:
1883:
1870:
691:
1813:
1602:
1438:
1412:
1197:. (752 p.; 1620 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.
1048:
Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History From Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.
334:
328:
230:
97:
85:
74:
66:
128:
Buddhist monastic sects in the ancient Sri Lankan capital of Anuradhapura.
1229:
Discover Sri Lanka – More information & images about Abhayagiri Dagaba
446:
1716:
1629:
1607:
1443:
570:
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374:
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152:
93:
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102:
1564:
526:
279:
275:
262:
183:
246:, Abhayagiri grew in prestige and importance. The accession of King
178:("nigantha" in Pali) named Giri, who headed the arama built by King
614:
586:
548:
540:
502:
217:
105:. One of the focal points of the complex is an ancient stupa, the
42:
31:
1088:"Art & Archaeology – Sri Lanka – Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara"
1042:
1040:
140:
during the period of his second reign, from 89–77 B.C.E. A young
1019:
1017:
413:, Aryasura, and the tantric masters Jayabhadra, and Candramåli.
316:
1246:
1111:
1109:
1168:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
1025:
American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship.
92:
pilgrimage cities in the nation. Historically it was a great
27:
Historical Buddhist monastery site in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
1918:
Archaeological protected monuments in Anuradhapura District
832:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
668:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
361:
Abhayagiri Vihara appears to have been a centre for
96:
center as well as a royal capital, with magnificent
1745:
1675:
1583:
1549:
1482:
1452:
1426:
1348:
1341:
1303:
1137:"Abhayagiri Stupa to be unveiled » the Nation"
718:ति भुसं रवि॥, महावंस तेत्तिंसतिम परिच्छेद, दसराजको"
770:
1923:1st-century BC religious buildings and structures
956:(Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries.
533:for counting, as practiced in Mahāyāna Buddhism.
250:in the 3rd century AD saw the suppression of the
1211:, . Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.
519:
459:
383:
1258:
1023:Williams, Duncan; Queen, Christopher. (1999)
982:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
8:
804:A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-hsien
613:Over the course of 15 years, the Abhayagiri
1345:
1265:
1251:
1243:
36:The restored Abhayagiri Dagaba (stupa) in
1234:Abhayagiri Vihara – The Northem [
714:"तं दिस्वा पलायन्तं, निगण्ठोगिरिनामको।
678:
425:, visited the island during this time.
405:), Kavicakravarti Ananda (authored the
1165:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (2007).
975:
7:
1849:
278:came to Sri Lanka in search of the
1094:from the original on 4 August 2020
859:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
724:from the original on 10 April 2018
101:and the largest of its five major
25:
1908:Buddhist temples in Anuradhapura
1848:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1408:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
1195:Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka
1119:Windhorse Publications. p. 151.
1068:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
921:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
1465:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
1207:von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1992).
1193:von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1990).
466:Parakkamabāhu also appointed a
1470:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1238:] Monastery (Uttararamaya)
1117:A Concise History of Buddhism.
769:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
326:According to the Chinese text
65:was a major monastery site of
1:
1008:
996:
939:
814:
545:The Abhayagiri dagoba (stupa)
132:King Valagamba and Abhayagiri
1398:Gajabahu's invasion of Chola
901:The Rough Guide to Sri Lanka
323:during 5th-6th century CE.
265:, a Chinese monk, recounted:
214:The golden age of Abhayagiri
47:Abhayagiriya Monastery with
688:"Mahavamsa – The Ten Kings"
447:
429:Suppression and destruction
1939:
1645:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya
1050:Psychology Press. p. 159.
1046:Gombrich, Richard. (1988)
964:(inactive 12 April 2024).
633:Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya
198:influence in the country.
1824:
1293:
1070:Sarup & Son. p. 137.
871:10.1017/S0022463404000177
834:, Santipada, p. 59,
1593:Administrative divisions
1115:Skilton, Andrew. (2004)
1066:Baruah, Bibhuti. (2008)
923:Sarup & Son. p. 53.
919:Baruah, Bibhuti. (2008)
903:. Rough Guides. p. 391.
686:Geiger, Wilhelm (2008).
537:Architectural decoration
165:At the same time, seven
1388:Fourth Buddhist council
1333:Pre Anuradhapura period
1171:. Motilal Banarsidass.
952:Thero, Rangama (2007).
777:Encyclopædia Britannica
553:Detailing on the dagoba
333:, the biography of the
1913:Stupas in Anuradhapura
1884:8.370944°N 80.395250°E
593:The best example of a
558:beliefs, particularly
554:
546:
523:
464:
397:
357:Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna
272:
234:
59:
40:
1376:Battle of Vijithapura
1352:(377 BC–463 AD)
899:Thomas, Gavin (2015)
552:
544:
345:, the capital of the
267:
221:
80:that was situated in
46:
35:
1296:Anuradhapura kingdom
257:Buddha's Tooth Relic
1889:8.370944; 80.395250
1880: /
1747:Society and culture
1690:Tank cascade system
1660:Mahamevnāwa Gardens
1655:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
1383:The Five Dravidians
1371:Dutugamunu Campaign
1361:Arrival of Buddhism
1280:Anuradhapura period
1027:Routledge. p. 134.
962:10.5353/th_b4020387
716:पलायति महाकाळ-सीहळो
1732:Port of Mahatittha
1685:Irrigation network
1418:The Six Dravidians
555:
547:
377:Sthaviras" (Pali:
235:
60:
41:
1862:
1861:
1727:Port of Jambukola
1665:Mapagala fortress
1640:Abhayagiri vihāra
1560:Foreign relations
1529:Tamil mercenaries
1478:
1477:
790:978-1-59339-837-8
311:Foreign relations
222:Bronze statue of
107:Abhayagiri Dagaba
63:Abhayagiri Vihāra
18:Abhayagiri vihāra
16:(Redirected from
1930:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1814:Tantric Buddhism
1457:
1456:(691–1017)
1431:
1353:
1346:
1298:377 BC – 1017 AD
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1190:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1143:on 7 August 2016
1139:. Archived from
1133:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1064:
1058:
1044:
1035:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
987:
981:
973:
949:
943:
937:
931:
917:
911:
897:
891:
890:
851:
845:
844:
824:
818:
812:
806:
801:
795:
794:
774:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
750:on 10 April 2018
746:. Archived from
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
694:on 22 April 2010
690:. Archived from
683:
648:Sandakada pahana
455:Richard Gombrich
453:) according to
450:
387:Mahāvihāravāsins
347:Liu Song dynasty
55:(twin pond) and
21:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1820:
1794:Popular culture
1741:
1722:Port of Gokanna
1671:
1579:
1545:
1474:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1430:(463–691)
1429:
1422:
1403:Beminitiya Seya
1354:
1351:
1337:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1225:
1187:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1114:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
974:
951:
950:
946:
938:
934:
918:
914:
898:
894:
855:Woodward, Hiram
853:
852:
848:
842:
826:
825:
821:
813:
809:
802:
798:
791:
768:
767:
763:
753:
751:
742:
741:
737:
727:
725:
712:
711:
707:
697:
695:
685:
684:
680:
676:
624:
611:
539:
495:
435:Parakkamabāhu I
431:
407:Saddhammopåyana
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1782:in Sinhalese
1760:Caste system
1755:Architecture
1541:Capital city
1507:Lambakanna I
1453:Late period
1318:Bibliography
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1167:
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1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
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1887: /
1872:8°22′15.4″N
1854:WikiProject
1774:Literature
1770:Immigration
1650:Atamasthana
1625:Polonnaruwa
1598:Malaya Rata
1575:Sanghamitta
1177:10125/23030
978:cite thesis
970:10722/53107
698:28 November
643:Atamasthana
479:Polonnaruwa
423:Amoghavajra
299:Vahadu‑mula
293:Kapara‑mula
290:Uttara‑mula
270:existence.'
227:Bodhisattva
189:During the
111:Tooth relic
98:monasteries
1902:Categories
1809:Brahmanism
1737:Rajakariya
1553:and people
1484:Government
1305:Background
1125:0904766926
1076:8176251526
1056:0415075858
929:8176251526
909:0241203570
674:References
531:mālā beads
468:Sangharaja
419:Vajrabodhi
339:Upasampada
252:Mahavihara
244:Gajabahu I
122:Mahavihara
1603:Maya Rata
1585:Geography
1439:Mahavamsa
1413:Dipavamsa
1393:Tripiṭaka
887:154070293
595:moonstone
392:Tripiṭaka
367:Vajrayāna
335:bhikkhuni
231:Sri Lanka
176:Jain monk
138:Valagamba
86:Sri Lanka
75:Vajrayana
67:Theravada
57:moonstone
1834:Category
1804:Buddhism
1799:Religion
1789:Perahera
1717:Kahavanu
1712:Kahapana
1630:Sigiriya
1608:Rajarata
1551:Politics
1524:Military
1497:Monarchs
1492:Monarchy
1444:Sigiriya
1323:Timeline
1098:8 August
1092:Archived
1011:, p. 126
1009:Hirakawa
997:Hirakawa
942:, p. 121
940:Hirakawa
879:20072583
830:(2012),
817:, p. 125
815:Hirakawa
722:Archived
622:See also
571:Nagaraja
567:Muragala
560:Hinduism
515:Amitābha
511:Maitreya
483:Rajarata
448:sāmaṇera
411:Aryadeva
375:Hīnayāna
371:Xuanzang
363:Mahāyāna
248:Mahasena
186:here."
153:Buddhism
124:and the
94:monastic
90:Buddhist
78:Buddhism
71:Mahayana
1778:in Pali
1677:Economy
1570:Mahinda
1342:History
1313:Outline
1282:topics
754:9 April
728:9 April
603:nirvana
599:samsara
527:mantras
481:in the
343:Nanjing
329:Biqiuni
321:Kashmir
149:Mahinda
146:Bhikkhu
142:Brahmin
103:viharas
1844:Portal
1707:Pearls
1636:Sites
1620:Cities
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1565:Ashoka
1512:Moriya
1502:Vijaya
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475:Sena I
319:, and
280:Dhamma
276:Faxian
263:Faxian
242:Under
184:vihara
157:sangha
118:Sangha
1702:Ivory
1366:Elara
1328:Years
1147:4 May
883:S2CID
875:JSTOR
615:Stupa
587:stupa
579:lotus
503:Natha
379:Thera
331:Zhuan
167:Tamil
1697:Gems
1213:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1149:2016
1121:ISBN
1100:2013
1072:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1029:ISBN
984:link
925:ISBN
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756:2018
730:2018
700:2012
421:and
385:The
365:and
317:Java
284:mula
207:giri
203:Jain
196:Jain
174:, a
73:and
1536:Law
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