822:
indemnification of the masters in case the registration of the slaves is not done, if it is the obligation of any of their employees, since the unregistered slaves would be automatically freed. Article 3 deals with the indemnity of the masters based on the list value of the slaves, and a percentage of the value would be deducted from their price according to the time it took for the slave to be freed from his registration, varying from 2% deduction if freed in the first year, to 12% deduction if freed from the eleventh year onwards. In the case of slaves between the ages of 60 and 65, according to article 3, §10, the compensation to the masters for their alforria is in the form of service for a period of 3 years. After the age of 65, the slaves are freed from any obligation to the master upon their alforria. Article 4, §4, makes it explicit, however, that the regalia to indemnity for the slaves' alforria will cease with the extinction of slavery, which occurred with the
Abolition of Slavery in 1888.
1800:
20:
814:; it is only equitable as a consequence of the positive law itself, which acquiesced to the fact and gave it force as if it were a true and legitimate property; this fictitious property is rather a toleration by the law for special reasons of public order than the recognition of a right that has its basis and foundation in the eternal laws. In the trial, one should always decide as favorably as possible to freedom. So that only those on whom there is a clear right of ownership should be declared slaves and kept as such; and even then, if it is not possible, strictly or at least in equity and in favor of liberty, to exempt them from captivity, if only by means of compensation to the master."
876:, who, in the minutes of the meeting that culminated in such destruction, ordered an analysis of the slave situation from the legal point of view a year earlier, and the abolitionist tendencies at that time. Rui Barbosa saw slavery as the greatest of Brazil's problems, and would not tolerate any compromise regarding its end, following the example of the Free Womb and Sexagenarian Laws: if slavery is to cease to exist, let it be completely extinguished. The Minister affirmed that if anyone was to be compensated, it should be the former slaves themselves. However, knowing the impossibility of this happening, the idea of burning his collection was initiated.
328:
535:. Numerous robust and still young blacks were legally sexagenarians, being freed, in this case, by the Sexagenarian Law, still in working condition. The landowners would still try to annul the liberation, claiming to have been cheated because they were not compensated as promised by the law. The recently uncovered areas in the west region of São Paulo proved to be more disposed to the total emancipation of the slaves: rich and prosperous, they already exerted a great attraction on immigrants, and were better prepared for the regime of wage labor.
649:
699:
by the gallon, misery, crime, illness and premature death. Two years after the decree of the law, maybe half of the new free element had already disappeared! The farmers could hardly find any "sharecroppers" willing to take care of the crops. All services were disorganized; so great was the social breakdown. The only part of São Paulo that suffered less was that which had already received some foreign immigration in advance; the
Province as a whole lost almost its entire coffee crop for lack of pickers!
209:. Many had mortgaged their properties to speculators and large traffickers – including many Portuguese – to obtain funds to buy more captives. He also recalled that, if such a large quantity of African slaves continued to enter the Empire, there would be an imbalance between the categories of the population – free and slave – threatening the former. The so-called "good society" would be exposed to "very serious dangers", since the imbalance had already provoked numerous rebellions (such as that of
898:
also prevented any reimbursement to the freedmen. Records such as these are also used today by countries with a history of slavery so that people can identify their ancestors. Although this event was of paramount importance for preventing former slave owners from obtaining compensation, it is currently regarded by some researchers as a crucial factor generating the "erasure of black memory" and constant among the central elements of the patterns of disrespect towards black groups in Brazil.
913:
664:
760:
more: the freedmen owned them. Blacks and mulattos who escaped slavery bought their own slaves if they had the resources. The penetration of slavery went even deeper: there are recorded cases of slaves who owned slaves. Slavery penetrated into the slave head itself. If it is true that no one in Brazil wanted to be a slave, it is also true that many accepted the idea of owning a slave.
2287:
2301:
263:
228:. Because so many returned to their countries, it was necessary for consulates and the entities that protected them, such as some immigration promotion societies, to intervene. There were many regions where slaves were replaced by immigrants. Some cities in 1874 had 80% black rural workers, and in 1899, 7% black workers and 93% white.
483:§1 of Law No. 2,040: The said minor children will remain in the power and under the authority of their mothers' masters, who will have the obligation of raising and caring for them until the age of 8. When the slave's child reaches this age, the mother's master will have the option of either receiving compensation of 600 thousand
243:(1864–1870) that the abolitionist movement gained momentum. Thousands of former slaves who returned from the war victorious, many even decorated, ran the risk of returning to their former condition under pressure from their former owners. The social problem became a political issue for the ruling elite of the Second Reign.
872:, requested the destruction of all the registration books, documents and papers relating to slavery in the Ministry of Finance, so as to prevent any research at that time and after it aimed at compensating former slave owners. However, this decision was only made effective on May 13, 1891, during the administration of
860:
Chamber of
Deputies, Bill No. 10, which ordered the government to indemnify, in public debt bonds, the losses resulting from the extinction of the servile element. This bill was not even deliberated, since it went against what had already been established in the Golden Law, the Sexagenarian Law, and the Free Womb Law.
471:(21) or they could be handed over to the government. In practice, the slave owners kept the ingenuous on their properties, treating them as if they were slaves. In 1885, of the 400,000 ingenuous, only 118 were handed over to the government – the owners opted to free sick, blind, and physically handicapped slaves.
835:
provision for the re-registration of all slaves until July 1885, leaving free those who were not registered and whose value would be arbitrated according to the process of the law for liberation by the emancipation fund." The emancipation fund sought to gather, in a pecuniary manner, resources to obtain as many
852:
in article 101, §5, and having heard the
Council of State, I decide to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and convene another one, which will meet extraordinarily on March 1 of the next year." The reason for this dissolution was the oppositions created by Bill No. 48, which sought the implementation of
843:
would ensure the legitimacy of private property, a principle denied after the
Abolition Law was promulgated, by declassifying the slave as an object, a property. This fund was created by the Free Womb Law, in its article 3. The bill proposed by Deputy Antônio Felício dos Santos had, therefore, as its
821:
Following what was decided about the slave registration, the
Sexagenarian Law, in its article 1, §3, stipulates the value of each slave according to his age, varying from 200 thousand réis to 900 thousand réis, being the value of female slaves 25% lower. Paragraph 8 of the same article deals with the
817:
The Free Womb Law states, in its article 1, §1, that the children of slave women up to 8 incomplete years of age are the property of their mothers' owners. After the age of 8, the masters can choose between freeing the child and receiving an indemnity of 600 thousand réis from the State, or using the
920:
If on the one hand the abolition of slavery represented a great ethical and humanitarian achievement, on the other hand it proved problematic, because in many ways, the situation of the freedmen worsened. Since the government did not organize any program for their integration into society, they were
847:
The abolitionist movement suffered opposition from the slave society in the
Chamber. On September 3, 1884, the deputy and first-secretary, Leopoldo Augusto Diocleciano de Melo e Cunha, proceeds to testify on Decree No. 9,270 prepared by the then Minister and Secretary of State for the Affairs of the
830:
On August 23, 1871, before the publication of the Free Womb Law (promulgated on the following month, guaranteeing freedom to the children of slaves born in Brazil), the Senate decided, in a plenary session, to authorize the release of the nation's slaves, whose services were given in usufruct to the
759:
It was a society in which slavery as a practice, if not as a value, was widely accepted. Slaves were owned not only by the sugar and coffee barons. The small farmers of Minas Gerais, the small businessmen and bureaucrats of the cities, the secular priests and religious orders also owned slaves. Even
579:
generated violence, which was denounced in the debates on the Golden Law on
November 9, 1888 in the General Chamber, by Representative General Andrade Figueira, who accused the São Paulo police (Public Force) and politicians of being conniving with these escapes, which led the São Paulo slave owners
547:
also began to participate more actively in the struggle, fleeing the farms and seeking freedom in the cities, especially after 1885, when corporal punishment of runaway slaves was prohibited when they were recaptured. Law No. 310, of
October 15, 1886, revoked article 60 of the 1830 Criminal Code and
478:
The law declared free the children of slave women born from its date. The infant mortality rate among slaves increased, because, in addition to the terrible living conditions, the neglect of newborns grew. The financial aid foreseen by the Free Womb Law for farmers to pay for the expenses of raising
195:
and the overloader are guilty of the crime of importing or attempting to import slaves. The crew and those who help in the unloading of slaves in
Brazilian territory are accomplices, as well as those who contribute to hide them from the authority's knowledge, or to subtract them from apprehension at
897:
on November 15, 5 days before the beginning of the new legislature, the possibility of executing the plan was exhausted. The subsequent burning of the registration books and tax collection books of former slaves determined by an order of the then Minister of Finance Rui Barbosa on December 14, 1890
884:
A plan of indemnification for the freedmen was mentioned by Princess Isabel in a letter sent to the Viscount of Santa Vitória on August 11, 1889. The plan involved the use of funds donated by the then Viscount, which would come from his bank. The starting date for the proceedings was supposed to be
698:
According to Antônio Prado's prediction, when the "13 of May Law" was quickly enacted, its effects were the most disastrous. The ex-slaves, used to the guardianship and curatorship of their former masters, scattered from the farms to "try their lives" in the cities; a life that consisted of: liquor
526:
The Saraiva-Cotegipe Law became known as the Sexagenarian Law. Born from a project of the deputy from Bahia, Rui Barbosa, this law freed all slaves over 60 years old, through financial compensation to their poorer owners to help these former slaves. However, this part of the law was never fulfilled
223:
Until 1850, immigration had been a spontaneous phenomenon. Between 1850 and 1870, it began to be promoted by the landowners. Coming first from Germany, unsuccessfully, and then from Italy, the immigrants, often deceived and with contracts that made them work in an almost slave-like regime, occupied
834:
The last years before the abolition of slavery were tumultuous in the Chamber of Deputies. Trying to speed up the emancipation process, bills were introduced to encourage the end of slavery through compensation. On July 15, 1884, Congressman Antônio Felício dos Santos presented Bill No. 51 "making
584:
The slaves fled en masse, damaging not only major economic interests, but also public safety interests: there were deaths, there were injuries, there was invasion of localities, there was terror poured out on every family, and that important province for many months remained in the most afflicting
889:
and is part of the documents ceded to the museum by the Visconde de Mauá Museum. A copy of the letter is also in the collection of the Araraquara City Council since September 05, 2019 by determination of Opinion No. 392/2019 of the Commission of Justice, Legislation and Writing of the legislative
515:
From 1887 on, abolitionists began to act in the countryside, often helping mass escapes, sometimes causing farmers to be forced to hire their former slaves on a salaried basis. In 1887, several towns freed their slaves; their freedom was usually conditional on the provision of services (which, in
451:
After 21 years without any governmental measure regarding the end of slavery, the Rio Branco Law, better known as the Free Womb Law, was voted, which considered all children of slaves born from its publication, and intended to establish an evolutionary stage between slave labor and the free labor
778:
The battle of abolition, as some abolitionists realized, was a national battle. This battle continues today and is the task of the nation. The struggle of blacks, the most direct victims of slavery, for full citizenship must be seen as part of this larger struggle. Today, as in the 19th century,
686:
The end of slavery, however, did not improve the social and economic condition of former slaves. Without schooling or a defined profession, for most of them the simple legal emancipation did not change their subordinate condition, nor did it help to promote their citizenship or social ascension.
859:
A last attempt to ensure the right to indemnity after slavery was proposed on May 24, 1888 with the intention of establishing, as well described in its preamble: "complementary provisions to Law No. 3,353 of May 13, 1888, which extinguished slavery". Deputy Antônio Coelho Rodrigues sent, to the
530:
Few slaves reached this age, and those who arrived were already unable to guarantee their livelihood, even more because they had to compete with European immigrants. Moreover, in the census of 1872, which made the first general registration of slaves, many farmers had increased the age of their
157:
Criticized in the United Kingdom itself for pretending to make England the "moral guardian of the world," in Brazil, the Aberdeen Act provoked panic in slave traders and landowners. The immediate consequence of the act was the significant and paradoxical increase in the slave trade, due to the
805:
Although the total abolition of slavery only happened in 1888, with the Golden Law, the laws of the Free Womb (Law No. 2,040, of 1871) and of the Sexagenarians (Law No. 3,270, of 1885) already provided for indemnities from the slave owners in case of liberation of the slaves they owned.
571:
publicly asked not to be used anymore to capture the fugitives. In the last years of slavery in Brazil, the abolitionist campaign adopted the slogan "Abolition without compensation". From abroad, especially from Europe, there were appeals and manifestos favorable to the end of slavery.
885:
the inauguration of the new legislature on November 20, 1889, and the princess intended to execute it with the help of influential abolitionists in the government and in the media such as Joaquim Nabuco and José do Patrocínio. The original letter is currently in the collection of the
154:, and to judge their captains. Through the act, British captains were empowered to moor Brazilian ships on the high seas and check whether they were carrying slaves. If they did, they had to dispose of the cargo, returning the slaves to Africa, or transferring it to British ships.
420:
abolished slavery in their territories. In the last years of slavery in Brazil, the abolitionist campaign became radicalized with the thesis "Abolition without compensation" launched by journalists, liberal professionals, and politicians who did not own rural properties.
448:, that enacted the first abolitionist law, the Rio Branco Law, on September 28, 1871. In defense of the law, the Viscount of Rio Branco presents slavery as an "injurious institution," less for the slaves and more for the country, especially for its external image.
204:
There were so many protests that, in July 1852, Eusébio de Queirós had to appear before the Chamber of Deputies to appeal for a change in public opinion. He recalled that many farmers in the north faced financial difficulties, unable to pay their debts to the
274:
Around 1852, the first abolitionist associations and clubs emerged around the country, such as the Dois de Julho Abolitionist Society (1852), founded by young students from the Bahia Medical School. In 1880, important politicians, such as Joaquim Nabuco and
499:
Abolitionism is first of all a political movement, for which, no doubt, interest in the slaves and compassion for their fate powerfully concur, but which is born from a different thought: that of rebuilding Brazil on free labor and the union of races in
925:
and deprived of access to health, education, vocational training, and citizenship. Many lost their jobs and their homes and were forced to migrate in search of new jobs, which were generally precarious and difficult. Misery became commonplace. The
844:
primary function, the end of slavery, for the simple fact that if the required new registration was not carried out, the slave owner would lose possession of the slave, leaving him only the just compensation, provided for by the emancipation fund.
172:
The provinces protested, because at that time in Brazil, slavery was something natural, integrated into the routine and customs, seen as a necessary and legitimate institution. An intensely unequal society depended on slaves to maintain itself.
809:
In Perdigão Malheiro's understanding: "if slavery owes its existence and preservation exclusively to positive law, it is evident that positive law can extinguish it. The obligation to indemnify is not strict, according to absolute or
319:
Women's participation was also of great relevance in the struggle for the end of slavery, acting in partnership with historical abolitionists or independently. Noteworthy is the Ave Libertas Society, an abolitionist group founded in
742:
In a third approach, May 13 is seen as a popular conquest. This is the focus of modern debates, which face the black problem as a national problem. The whole process of abolition in Brazil was slow and ambiguous, because, as
474:
On the other hand, the Rio Branco Law had the merit of exposing the evils of slavery in the press and in public acts. In the 1890s, about half a million children were freed when they would have been entering productive age.
1509:
111:
that contributed to hindering the development of São Paulo, he went on to deal with the servile element and free immigration, which could contribute to the coming of European populations plagued by the ravages of
619:" doesn't sleep: at late hours of the night the Quilombolas come, the runaway slaves and those holed up in the forests, bringing the tribute of their depredations on the neighboring or distant plantations to the
127:, since November 7, 1831, the Chamber of Deputies had approved and the Regency had promulgated the Feijó Law, which prohibited the trafficking of African slaves into the country, but this law was not enforced.
452:
regime, without, however, causing abrupt changes in the economy or in society. In the Chamber of Deputies, the bill received 65 votes in favor and 45 against. Of these, 30 were from deputies from the three
585:
terror. Fortunately, the landowners of São Paulo understood that, in the face of the inaction of the Public Force, it would be better to capitulate before the disorder, so they gave freedom to the slaves.
200:
One of its articles determined the trial of offenders should be done by the Admiralty, thus passing on to the imperial government the power to judge, which had previously been conferred on local judges.
818:
services of the child until the age of 21. In article 8 of the same Law, it is determined that all slaves should be registered with a declaration of name, sex, status, fitness for work and filiation.
2135:
40:
519:
Ceará and Amazonas freed their slaves in 1885. Ceará's decision increased the pressure of public opinion on the imperial authorities. In 1885, the government gave in a little more and enacted the
921:
left to their own devices. In the context of a white dominant society deeply steeped in racism, discrimination continued to manifest itself at all levels. The vast majority of freedmen remained
305:, had an outstanding role in the abolitionist campaign, including by delegitimizing slavery, seen, from then on, as a barbaric and backward way of organizing work and treating human beings.
254:, and the freeing of many slaves, including those who fought in the Paraguayan War, contributed significantly to the decrease in the number of slaves in Brazil at the time of the abolition.
527:
and the slave owners were never compensated. Slaves who were between 60 and 65 years old were to "render services for 3 years to their masters and after the age of 65 they would be freed".
1949:
623:
owner, who collects the second harvest of what he didn't sow, and who always has in reserve for the Quilombolas food resources that they cannot do without, and also, not infrequently,
563:(a group of abolitionists), thousands of them escaped from the farms and settled in the Jabaquara Quilombo, in Santos. At this point, the abolitionist campaign became mixed with the
95:
Councilor Antônio Rodrigues Veloso de Oliveira was one of the first abolitionist voices in newly independent Brazil. In the words of historian Antônio Barreto do Amaral: "In his '
120:
should continue. However, he also proposed that the slavery of imported individuals should be restricted to ten years and that slaves' children in Brazil should be born free."
36:
491:, or of using the services of the minor until the age of 21. In the first case, the Government will receive the minor and dispose of him or her in accordance with this law.
297:" served as models for other anti-slavery publications. Lawyers, artists, intellectuals, journalists, and politicians engaged in the movement and raised funds to pay for
165:
British warships chased suspicious vessels into Brazilian waters and threatened to blockade ports involved in the slave trade. There were incidents, exchanges of fire in
1328:
2175:
779:
there is no possibility of escaping outside the system. There is no quilombo possible, not even a cultural one. The struggle is everyone's and it is inside the monster.
2342:
1954:
181:
1959:
856:
The dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies sought to curb the abolitionist movements that were taking shape, but the opposition could not contain the liberal ideas.
2160:
316:
was founded on August 13, 1883, and, beginning in 1884, there was an intensification of activism in public spaces and greater institutionalization of the movement.
2155:
1924:
1891:
19:
2145:
162:
says that in 1846, 50,324 slaves entered Brazil, and in 1848, 60,000. It is estimated that until 1850, the country received 3.5 million African captives.
930:
period was the beginning of a long and arduous process of struggle for rights, dignity, recognition, and inclusion, which to this day is still not concluded.
312:, João Clapp, among others, took the lead in the abolitionist movement in much of the historiography produced. With the amalgamation of 13 associations, the
139:
135:
2165:
187:, which adopted effective measures for the extinction of the slave trade. Converted into Law No. 581 of September 4, 1850, its article 3 determined that:
2140:
1746:
1688:
A construção da democracia: síntese histórica dos grandes momentos da Câmara dos Deputados, das Assembléias Nacionais Constituintes do Congresso Nacional
1299:
A construção da democracia: síntese histórica dos grandes momentos da Câmara dos Deputados, das Assembléias Nacionais Constituintes do Congresso Nacional
1103:
467:
According to the law, the slaves' children (called ingenuous) had two options: they could either stay with their mothers' masters until they reached the
2170:
1934:
1415:
283:, the Brazilian Society Against Slavery, which stimulated the formation of dozens of similar associations around Brazil. Similarly, Nabuco's newspaper "
1283:
401:, directly responsible for the liberation of more than a thousand captives, stands out. The Emancipating Society of São Paulo was also created in the
2039:
1964:
1944:
1879:
1217:
1021:
348:
220:
In 1854, the Nabuco de Araújo Law, named after the Minister of Justice from 1853 to 1857, was approved. The last known landings took place in 1856.
130:
In March 1845, the term of the last treaty signed between Brazil and the United Kingdom expired, and the British government decreed, in August, the
679:
signed the Golden Law, which extinguished slavery in Brazil. The decision displeased the farmers, who demanded compensation for the loss of "their
1389:
340:
85:
464:. In the Imperial Senate, there were 33 votes in favor and 7 against. Among the votes against, 5 were from senators from the coffee provinces.
1659:
1623:
1150:
894:
89:
169:. Some Brazilian captains, before being boarded, threw their human cargo into the ocean. They were farmers or landowners, all slaveholders.
2016:
1969:
1442:
313:
709:
The Golden Law was the crowning achievement of the first national mobilization of public opinion, in which politicians and poets, slaves,
683:". As they did not receive it, they joined the republican movement. By abandoning slavery, the Empire lost a pillar of political support.
671:
mass, in Rio de Janeiro, brings together Princess Isabel and about twenty thousand people, and celebrates the abolition, on May 17, 1888.
2211:
2056:
2029:
724:), became the "freedom granting May 13", and highlights the support given by many white people of the time to the abolition of slavery.
676:
327:
235:, slavery began to decline with the end of the slave trade. Progressively, European wage-earning immigrants replaced the slaves in the
1719:
1995:
1784:
984:
124:
1559:
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publicly committed itself to the cause of child birth as of that date, but it was the office of the Viscount of Rio Branco, of the
63:
period, acquiring relevance from 1850 onwards and a truly popular character from 1870 onwards, culminating with the signing of the
1854:
2332:
2236:
1939:
1774:
1769:
1909:
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anticipation of slave purchases before the definitive prohibition and, especially, the great increase in the price of slaves.
1990:
1789:
1739:
849:
339:
had a prominent participation in the abolitionist campaign, with almost all the main leaders of the abolition being Masons.
916:
The 14th São Paulo Black Consciousness March in 2017. The poster reads: "Slavery didn't end, we have nothing to celebrate".
556:, will be imposed the same penalties decreed by the Criminal Code and other legislation in force for any other offenders".
2076:
2068:
873:
2337:
2327:
2082:
1886:
969:
869:
441:
48:
2257:
939:
532:
232:
794:
656:
445:
225:
24:
372:
755:", and José Murilo also shows that it was not only large landowners who owned slaves. The same historian also says:
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2180:
744:
417:
143:
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new taxes to increase the Emancipation Fund and granted freedom to slaves over 60 years old without compensation.
1844:
1834:
1829:
1732:
886:
116:'s wars. Councilor Veloso de Oliveira proposed that in the impossibility of establishing migratory currents, the
97:
Memórias para o melhoramento da Província de São Paulo, aplicável em grande parte às demais províncias do Brasil'
1914:
1839:
1869:
979:
959:
927:
907:
728:
717:
596:
383:
302:
2226:
1929:
344:
276:
184:
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Relatório sobre o Projeto N.º 48 das Comissões Reunidas de Orçamento e Justiça Civil da Câmara dos Deputados.
2046:
2024:
1919:
1874:
751:, of inequality; marked by the absence of the values of freedom and participation; marked by the absence of
1985:
1062:
461:
56:
2051:
2034:
868:
On December 14, 1890, by decree, in a proposal made by Joaquim Nabuco in 1888, Rui Barbosa, sworn in as
1046:
Barreto, Maria Renilda N.; Silva, Wladimir Barbosa (2014). "Mulheres e Abolição: Protagonismo e Ação".
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in 1884 and led by women, which, in the first year of activity, achieved the alforria of 200 captives.
100:
1470:"Ruy Barbosa e a Queima dos Arquivos: As Lutas pela Memória da Escravidão e os Discursos dos Juristas"
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2150:
1469:
954:
576:
520:
484:
394:
309:
159:
117:
44:
1799:
1526:
104:
1063:"Associativismo avant la lettre: as sociedades pela abolição da escravidão no Brasil oitocentista"
1819:
1779:
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that structure our society, block mobility, and impede the construction of a democratic nation":
721:
293:
177:
151:
68:
397:, the work of the ex-slave and one of the greatest heroes of the abolitionist cause, the lawyer
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in 1810, and published by the author in 1822, after enumerating and criticizing the acts of the
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aimed at curbing the advancement of the black population, which was, at the time, an oppressed
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1824:
1814:
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1619:
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Empire Filipe Franco de Sá, which reads as follows: "Using the attribution given to me by the
648:
166:
92:, had already called slavery a "deadly cancer that threatened the foundations of the nation".
80:
1755:
1538:
1481:
1111:
1074:
964:
922:
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slaves to evade the 1872 registration, hiding the inbreds introduced by smuggling after the
356:
236:
60:
468:
368:
301:. Although it is not widely known, the Positivist Church of Brazil, with Miguel Lemos and
288:
214:
108:
687:
About the negative consequences of abolition without support to the slaves, in the book "
386:
mobilized and an abolitionist association is founded by students such as Plínio de Lima,
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2262:
2252:
2221:
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2088:
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736:
568:
488:
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376:
352:
280:
240:
210:
2316:
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2203:
2112:
564:
308:
Historical male characters such as Joaquim Nabuco, José do Patrocínio, José Mariano,
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1079:
180:
took an important step: his cabinet prepared a bill, presented to the parliament by
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457:
453:
387:
131:
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2231:
944:
790:
663:
652:
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402:
398:
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103:, applicable in large part to the other provinces of Brazil), presented to Prince
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47:, and to the emancipation movements in the colonial period, particularly the 1798
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811:
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364:
336:
298:
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262:
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Law No. 4, of June 10, 1835, in the part in which they imposed the penalty of
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147:
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2100:
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Duarte, Evandro Piza; Carvalho Neto, Menelick de; Scotti, Guilherme (2015).
1237:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. p. 52.
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771:
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732:
624:
553:
406:
206:
192:
713:, students, journalists, lawyers, intellectuals and workers participated.
694:", published in 1942, Everardo Valim Pereira de Souza made this analysis:
1390:"Online slave registers from Curaçao allow descendants to find ancestors"
710:
413:
251:
246:
The abolition of the slave trade, its low reproduction rate, the various
113:
603:", denouncing the complicity of small commercial establishments, called
549:
544:
247:
52:
1714:
559:
In the interior of São Paulo, led by the mulato Antônio Bento and his
363:, Antônio Bento, José do Patrocínio, Joaquim Nabuco, Silva Jardim and
731:
evoke another May 13, which sees the abolition on May 13, 1888, as a
1416:"Suriname: registers totslaafgemaakten (Slavenregisters), 1826–1863"
1724:
793:, signed by Princess Isabel, is currently in the collection of the
523:, which regulated the "gradual extinction of the servile element."
1645:
O “Terceiro Reinado”: Isabel de Bragança, A Imperatriz que Não Foi
1361:
O "Terceiro Reinado": Isabel de Bragança, A Imperatriz que Não Foi
911:
680:
662:
647:
326:
261:
18:
1527:"O pós-abolição como problema histórico: balanços e perspectivas"
675:
On May 13, 1888, the imperial government yielded to pressure and
539:
The escapes and the quilombos of the last slavery years in Brazil
250:
epidemics, the constant escapes of slaves, the multiplication of
627:
and lead for resistance in the case of attacks on the Quilombos.
607:, in the receiving of goods stolen from the farms by slaves and
390:, Rui Barbosa, Aristides Spínola, Regueira Costa, among others.
59:(1822), the discussions on this subject extended throughout the
1728:
1616:
Suaves amazonas: mulheres e abolição da escravatura no nordeste
1142:
Suaves amazonas: mulheres e abolição da escravatura no nordeste
412:
The country was seized by the abolitionist cause and, in 1884,
1695:
Preto no Branco: Raça e Nacionalidade no Pensamento Brasileiro
1652:
Os juristas na formação do Estado-Nação Brasileiro (1850–1930)
1376:
Preto no Branco: Raça e Nacionalidade no Pensamento Brasileiro
1330:
Os juristas na formação do Estado-Nação Brasileiro (1850–1930)
1640:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Typografia Nacional.
1443:"Rui Barbosa e a polêmica queima dos arquivos da escravidão"
1597:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
27:
collection commemorating the abolition of slavery in Brazil
1050:(in Portuguese). Vol. 6, no. 14. pp. 50–62.
1003:
Senado Federal (2012). "Representação de José Bonifácio".
770:
The same author also writes, commenting on the "burden of
1667:
Sociedade e História do Brasil – Do cativeiro à liberdade
1650:
Mota, Carlos Guilherme; Ferreira, Gabriela Nunes (2010).
1647:(in Portuguese). Vassouras: Universidade Severino Sombra.
1201:
Sociedade e História do Brasil – Do cativeiro à liberdade
516:
some cases, implied servitude to other family members).
405:, with the participation of political leaders, farmers,
1441:
Godoy, Arnaldo Sampaio de Moraes (September 13, 2015).
39:
in Brazil, in 1611, to its definitive abolition by the
1681:
A abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta (1823–1888)
1674:
A abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta (1823–1888)
1669:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Instituto Teotônio Vilela.
1314:
A abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta (1823–1888)
1006:
A abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta (1823–1888)
567:
campaign and gained an important reinforcement: the
2245:
2202:
2193:
2128:
2067:
2015:
2008:
1978:
1902:
1862:
1853:
1807:
1762:
1704:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais.
1683:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Brasília: Senado Federal.
1676:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Brasília: Senado Federal.
196:sea, or in the act of unloading and being pursued.
1690:(in Portuguese). Btrasília: Camara dos Deputados.
191:The owner, the captain or master, the pilot, the
1602:A Maçonaria na Década da Abolição e da República
1286:(Law 2,040) (in Portuguese). September 28, 1871.
1220:(Law 3,270) (in Portuguese). September 28, 1885.
1168:A Maçonaria na Década da Abolição e da República
580:to free their slaves to avoid further violence:
479:their babies was never provided to the farmers:
1609:A Ação Secreta da Maçonaria na Política Mundial
1183:A Ação Secreta da Maçonaria na Política Mundial
776:
757:
696:
613:
582:
497:
189:
1586:Barbosa, Rui, Emancipação dos Escravos (1884)
1740:
1697:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.
1636:Malheiro, Agostinho Marques Perdigão (2008).
1583:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial.
43:, in 1755 and 1758, during the reign of King
8:
1560:"Cinco visões sobre os 130 anos da abolição"
1525:Rios, Ana Maria; Mattos, Hebe Maria (2004).
575:These mass escapes of slaves to the city of
720:), because of Princess Isabel (daughter of
716:May 13 (once a national holiday during the
2199:
2012:
1859:
1747:
1733:
1725:
1702:1º Centenário do Conselheiro Antônio Prado
1700:Souza, Everardo Vallim Pereira de (1946).
1643:Mesquita, Maria Luiza de Carvalho (2009).
1250:1º Centenário do Conselheiro Antônio Prado
270:" talking about the abolitionist campaign.
51:, whose plans included the eradication of
35:goes back to the first attempt to abolish
1542:
1485:
1115:
1078:
747:states: "Society was marked by values of
409:, journalists and, especially, students.
16:History of slavery abolitionism in Brazil
2343:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
1633:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Selo Negro.
1104:"O abolicionismo como movimento social"
995:
655:, 1888. Document in the custody of the
331:Ave Libertas Society's newspaper cover.
1715:Casa de Rui Barbosa Foundation website
1686:Silva Neto, Casimiro Pedro da (2003).
1631:Políticas Públicas e Ações Afirmativas
1346:Políticas Públicas e Ações Afirmativas
88:, in his famous representation to the
1654:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Saraiva.
1212:
1210:
347:, who abolished the slave trade, the
7:
1590:Rio de Janeiro: Tipografia Nacional.
1194:
1192:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
850:Political Constitution of the Empire
552:, and determined that "to the slave
314:Brazilian Abolitionist Confederation
99:(Memoirs for the improvement of the
2212:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
1614:Ferreira, Luzilá Gonçalves (1999).
1581:Dicionário de História de São Paulo
1514:(Court case) (in Portuguese). 2004.
1023:Dicionário de História de São Paulo
831:Crown, regardless of compensation.
801:Compensation to former slave owners
826:Debates in the Chamber of Deputies
231:In 1850, after the passage of the
224:themselves with rural work in the
14:
2136:Count of São João das Duas Barras
985:Abolitionism in the United States
86:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
67:on May 13, 1888, which abolished
2299:
2285:
1798:
1693:Skidmore, Thomas Elliot (1976).
1629:Fonseca, Dagoberto José (2009).
1579:Amaral, Antônio Barreto (2006).
1110:(in Portuguese) (100): 115–127.
864:After the prohibition of slavery
704:Everardo Vallim Pereira de Souza
1940:Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos
1720:Chronology of slavery in Brazil
1618:(in Portuguese). Recife: UFPE.
1595:Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro
1234:Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro
1117:10.1590/S0101-33002014000300007
1080:10.1590/S1517-45222011000300007
797:in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
1558:Maia, Beatriz (May 14, 2018).
1009:. Vol. 1. pp. 30–47.
495:Joaquim Nabuco wrote in 1883:
375:emancipated slaves during the
1:
1593:Câmara dos Deputados (1888).
1231:Câmara dos Deputados (1888).
880:Compensation to former slaves
789:The original document of the
727:The militants of the current
367:were Masons. In 1839, Masons
2237:Francisco José do Nascimento
2083:Confederation of the Equator
970:Race and ethnicity in Brazil
895:Proclamation of the Republic
343:, pioneer of the abolition,
239:. But it was only after the
90:Constituent Assembly of 1823
795:Brazilian National Archives
692:Centenário de Antônio Prado
677:Princess Isabel de Bragança
657:Brazilian National Archives
25:Brazilian National Archives
2359:
1611:(in Portuguese). Landmark.
1604:(in Portuguese). A Trolha.
1544:10.1590/2237-101X005008005
905:
874:Tristão de Alencar Araripe
641:
433:
78:
1910:José Bonifácio de Andrada
1835:Prince Imperial of Brazil
1830:Brazilian imperial family
1796:
1607:Castellani, José (20017.
1600:Castellani, José (2001).
1487:10.5102/unijus.v26i2.3553
887:Imperial Museum of Brazil
403:capital city of São Paulo
359:), and the abolitionists
1511:Habeas Corpus No. 82,424
980:Post-abolition in Brazil
960:Black movement in Brazil
908:Post-abolition in Brazil
729:black movement in Brazil
632:Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
597:Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
543:The enslaved blacks and
384:Faculty of Law of Recife
303:Raimundo Teixeira Mendes
2047:Imperial Brazilian Navy
2025:Imperial Brazilian Army
1679:Senado Federal (2012).
1672:Senado Federal (2012).
1665:Senado Federal (2000).
1327:Mota; Ferreira (2010).
1312:Senado Federal (2012).
1199:Senado Federal (2000).
1102:Alonso, Angela (2014).
1061:Alonso, Angela (2011).
784:José Murilo de Carvalho
765:José Murilo de Carvalho
745:José Murilo de Carvalho
2333:Abolitionism in Brazil
2258:Eusébio de Queirós Law
1986:Independence of Brazil
1970:Viscount of Ouro Preto
1965:Viscount of Rio Branco
1638:A Escravidão no Brasil
1266:A Escravidão no Brasil
940:Eusébio de Queirós Law
917:
787:
768:
707:
672:
660:
635:
593:
533:Eusébio de Queirós Law
508:
351:, responsible for the
349:Viscount of Rio Branco
332:
271:
233:Eusébio de Queirós Law
198:
176:Yielding to pressure,
57:Independence of Brazil
33:abolitionism in Brazil
28:
2156:Count of Porto Alegre
2035:Fatherland Volunteers
1925:Viscount of Caravelas
915:
666:
651:
425:The abolitionist laws
330:
265:
258:Abolitionist campaign
23:1888 poster from the
22:
2161:Marquis of Tamandaré
2151:John Pascoe Grenfell
1991:Constitution of 1824
1945:Viscount of Sepetiba
1790:Units of measurement
1218:Saraiva-Cotegipe Law
1108:Novos Estudos CEBRAP
955:Black Guard (Brazil)
722:Emperor Dom Pedro II
521:Saraiva-Cotegipe Law
382:The students of the
150:, even in Brazilian
146:the right to arrest
2338:Political movements
2328:Slavery legislation
2176:Viscount of Inhaúma
1955:Viscount of Uruguai
1915:Diogo Antônio Feijó
1887:Chamber of Deputies
1863:Political instances
1840:Prince of Grão-Pará
1547:– via SciELO.
1378:. pp. 220–221.
1363:. pp. 123–124.
1297:Silva Neto (2003).
1181:Castellani (2007).
1166:Castellani (2001).
1128:– via SciELO.
1091:– via SciELO.
870:Minister of Finance
599:wrote in his book "
182:Minister of Justice
142:, the act gave the
2227:José do Patrocínio
2141:Viscount of Laguna
1930:Eusébio de Queirós
918:
673:
661:
601:As Vítimas-Algozes
595:In the same vein,
446:Conservative Party
407:college professors
345:Eusébio de Queirós
333:
294:Revista Illustrada
277:José do Patrocínio
272:
268:Revista Illustrada
185:Eusébio de Queirós
152:territorial waters
101:São Paulo Province
37:indigenous slavery
29:
2323:Slavery in Brazil
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2189:
2188:
2166:Baron of Amazonas
2004:
2003:
1950:Marquis of Paraná
1935:Marquis of Olinda
1920:Viscount of Cairu
1825:Emperor of Brazil
1660:978-85-02-08750-7
1624:978-85-7315-153-4
1564:Jornal da Unicamp
1533:(in Portuguese).
1476:(in Portuguese).
1420:Nationaal Archief
1396:. August 17, 2020
1374:Skidmore (1976).
1359:Mesquita (2009).
1348:. pp. 46–47.
1263:Malheiro (2008).
1152:978-85-7315-153-4
1139:Ferreira (1999).
1069:(in Portuguese).
975:Slavery in Brazil
839:as possible. The
160:Caio Prado Júnior
144:British Admiralty
109:Captains Generals
81:Slavery in Brazil
49:Bahian Conspiracy
41:Marquis of Pombal
2350:
2309:
2304:
2303:
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2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2200:
2171:Marquis of Erval
2077:Independence War
2040:List of generals
2030:Military Academy
2013:
1960:Viscount of Mauá
1860:
1845:Prince of Brazil
1802:
1756:Empire of Brazil
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1568:
1567:
1566:(in Portuguese).
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1344:Fonseca (2009).
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965:Racism in Brazil
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591:
590:Andrade Figueira
511:Sexagenarian Law
506:
460:, São Paulo and
454:coffee provinces
285:O Abolicionista"
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1875:Imperial Senate
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1474:Universitas Jus
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1096:
1073:(28): 116–199.
1060:
1059:
1055:
1048:Revista da ABPN
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1020:Amaral (2006).
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427:
373:Bento Gonçalves
369:David Canabarro
289:Angelo Agostini
266:1880 issue of "
260:
83:
77:
75:Imperial period
31:The history of
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2307:History portal
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1316:. Vol. 2.
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1272:. Vol. 1.
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434:Main article:
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377:Ragamuffin War
353:Rio Branco Law
341:José Bonifácio
335:The Brazilian
310:André Rebouças
281:Rio de Janeiro
279:, created, in
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241:Paraguayan War
226:coffee economy
140:Foreign Office
134:. Named after
125:Regency Period
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2017:Armed Forces
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1453:September 3,
1451:. Retrieved
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837:manumissions
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132:Aberdeen Act
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96:
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84:
55:. After the
32:
30:
2181:Count of Eu
2121:(1864–1870)
2115:(1864–1865)
2109:(1851–1852)
2107:Platine War
2103:(1835–1840)
2097:(1835–1845)
2091:(1825–1828)
2079:(1822–1824)
1903:Politicians
1067:Sociologias
812:Natural law
753:citizenship
667:An outdoor
609:quilombolas
365:Rui Barbosa
337:Freemasonry
299:manumission
211:Malê revolt
207:traffickers
148:slave ships
123:During the
118:slave trade
71:in Brazil.
2317:Categories
1426:August 17,
1422:(in Dutch)
1400:August 17,
991:References
945:Golden Law
791:Golden Law
772:prejudices
653:Golden Law
644:Golden Law
638:Golden Law
565:republican
322:Pernambuco
217:in 1835).
65:Golden Law
2268:Lei Áurea
2232:Luís Gama
2129:Personnel
2101:Cabanagem
1892:President
1880:President
1785:Provinces
1496:1982-8268
1394:DutchNews
1126:0101-3300
1089:1517-4522
893:With the
841:indemnity
749:hierarchy
733:soft coup
625:gunpowder
554:defendant
550:scourging
487:from the
399:Luís Gama
395:São Paulo
361:Luís Gama
252:quilombos
193:boatswain
2009:Military
1855:Politics
1820:Pedro II
1808:Monarchy
1780:Nobility
934:See also
782:—
763:—
737:minority
711:freedmen
702:—
630:—
588:—
561:caifazes
545:mulattos
503:—
500:freedom.
418:Amazonas
215:Salvador
114:Napoleon
45:Joseph I
2195:Slavery
1815:Pedro I
1775:Economy
1770:History
890:house.
248:malaria
138:of the
105:João VI
69:slavery
53:slavery
2246:Others
2085:(1824)
1979:Others
1658:
1622:
1494:
1447:Conjur
1149:
1124:
1087:
577:Santos
287:, and
167:Paraná
61:Empire
1531:Topoi
1480:(2).
1270:(PDF)
681:goods
621:venda
617:venda
615:The "
605:venda
489:State
414:Ceará
213:, in
2069:Wars
1656:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1492:ISSN
1455:2021
1428:2020
1402:2020
1147:ISBN
1122:ISSN
1085:ISSN
485:réis
440:The
416:and
371:and
291:'s "
1539:doi
1482:doi
1112:doi
1075:doi
393:In
355:(a
2319::
1562:.
1529:.
1490:.
1478:26
1472:.
1445:.
1418:.
1392:.
1209:^
1191:^
1145:.
1120:.
1106:.
1083:.
1071:13
1065:.
1032:^
739:.
689:1º
611::
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379:.
1748:e
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659:.
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