1074:
1106:), referring to a "conversational and storytelling style where Indigenous people share stories based on real experience and knowledge, from intimate family gatherings to formal public presentations". A "yarning circle" is a way of passing on cultural knowledge and building respectful relationships within a group. A 2021 article about Indigenous health communication says that yarning "includes repetition as a way to emphasise what is important in the message", and suggests that using the method can be useful in imparting health information. Yarning circles have been introduced in men's and women's prisons across
775:"Cheeky" (or "tjiki") may be used to mean "sly, cunning, malicious, malevolent, spiteful, ill-disposed, ill-natured, mischievous, vicious, bad, wicked, evil", so can be used to describe a person, dog, mosquito or snake, and "a cheeky bugger is a universal substitute for just about anything or anybody on earth". It can be used to denote a dangerous or aggressive animal or person, so for instance could be used describe a dog that is likely to bite or attack.
1291:
933:. ". A 1972 newspaper article suggested that the word is the "diminutive of garbage". The word "Gubba" is derived from the word "Government" and is representative of the White Men who came to take children from the missions, eg in a sentence " run from the Gubbament" nothing to do with white people as a whole, has been bastardised to blanket New South Wales. Most other states don't utilise the word.
1277:
854:, etc.) is used in combination with adjectives or numerals, e.g. "big fella business" = "important business", "one-feller girl" = "one girl". This can give it an adverbial meaning, e.g. "sing out big fella" = "call out loudly". It is also used with pronouns to indicate the plural, e.g. "me fella" = "we" or "us", "you fella" = "you all". Other words include
1042:
are also used to describe a lot of people or things when an actual number is not stated, and is usually associated with "big" or "biggest". Examples include, "There was a big mob (or the biggest mob) at the football." or "There was no moon, so we could see the biggest mobs of stars" or in a health
305:
Negative attitudes that exist in
Australian society towards AbE have negative effects on Aboriginal people across law, health and educational contexts. Speakers have been noted to tend to change between different forms of AAE depending on whom they are speaking to, e.g. striving to speak more like
900:, mainly relating to deceit, joking, and false, but also to a lame (pathetic, bad) idea. As a verb ("gammon/gamin/gammin around") means to fool around, and may also be used as an expression equivalent to "As if!". The word is also used by non-Aboriginal people, and it has been noted that the PNG
659:
compared to
Standard Australian English. The Aboriginal English vowel space tends to share the same lower boundary as Indigenous language vowel spaces, but shares an upper boundary with Standard Australian English, thus representing an expansion upwards from the Indigenous vowel space. There are
1064:
While "rubbish" as an adjective in many dialects of
English means wrong, stupid, or useless, in the north of Australia, "rubbish" is usually used to describe someone who is too old or too young to be active in the local culture. Another use is meaning something is "not dangerous"; for example,
317:
AAE terms, or derivative terms, are sometimes used by the broader
Australian community. Australian Aboriginal English is spoken among Aboriginal people generally, but is especially evident in what are called "discrete communities", i.e. ex-government or mission reserves such as the
525:
may be used for females and inanimate objects in additional to the expected masculine case. This is also shared in standard
English with the masculine pronouns possessing a neuter case, uncommonly (often historically) referring to an unspecified sex (e.g.
301:
There are generally distinctive features of phonology, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use in
Australian Aboriginal English, compared with Australian English. The language is also often accompanied by a lot of non-verbal cues.
793:; it has a "spiritual and philosophical dimension" by which they relate to a certain place. This meaning is now regarded to be part of Australian English, as it has become familiar to non-Indigenous Australians, for example in
743:". Financial matters are referred to as "money business", and the secret-sacred rituals distinct to each sex are referred to as "women's business" and "men's business". "Secret women's business" was at the centre of the
2283:
1377:
247:
613:
accents. More basilectal varieties tend to merge a number of vowels, up to the point of merging all
Australian English vowels into the three or five vowels of a given speaker's native language. That said, the
578:. For example: "board", "church", "Perth"; but "flour", "doctor". Sutton speculates that this feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia – including
289:) population as a result of colonisation. It is made up of a number of varieties which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and grammar and pronunciation differs from that of standard
1012:
refers to an
Aboriginal person asking a relative for money. Humbugging can become a serious burden where the traditional culture is one of communal ownership and strong obligations between relatives.
889:
The word is used across
Australian Aboriginal communities, with its meaning given variously as inauthentic, cheap or broken; to be pretending or joking; or just pathetic or lame.
1309:
1304:
1095:, often with incredible or unbelievable events. Originally a sailors' expression, "to spin a yarn", in reference to stories told while performing mundane tasks such as spinning
4212:
936:
While it can be used derogatorily, "Gubba" is also used to refer to friends, e.g. "gubba mates". Other words for white people are balanda (see above), migaloo, and wadjela.
2557:
2392:
3215:
1065:
non-venomous snakes are all considered to be "rubbish", while in contrast, venomous snakes are "cheeky". In both cases, "rubbish" approximately means "inert".
2361:
1200:
Some other words with particular meanings in
Aboriginal English, or derived from an Aboriginal language, and/or pertaining to Aboriginal culture, include:
4307:
3280:
827:
is used by many Aboriginal people to mean excellent, or very good, in the same way that "wicked", "sick" or "awesome" is by many young English speakers.
2461:
1834:
1602:"Australian Aboriginal English in Indigenous-authored television series: A corpus linguistic study of lexis in Redfern Now, Cleverman and Mystery Road"
2010:
648:
Many Aboriginal people, including those who speak acrolectal varieties of English and even those who do not speak an Indigenous language, do not
1073:
4418:
996:
character) means nonsensical, or unimportant information, humbug in Aboriginal English means to pester with inane or repetitive requests. The
4357:
4142:
2429:
2260:
1454:
1020:
Colloquially used to mean a group of Aboriginal people associated with an extended family group, clan group or wider community group, from a
677:
4377:
3450:
3335:
3208:
2550:
1446:
3858:
2437:
1115:
744:
566:, relative to both other AAE speakers and Standard Australian English speakers (which are generally non-rhotic). These speakers realise
896:
s Australian Word Map ascribes six meanings, based on feedback from around the country, in which the word is used as several different
3963:
2410:
This article by Celeste Rodriguez Louro and Glenys Dale Collard, from The University of Western Australia was originally published in
2333:
874:
slang used by criminals, "gammon" was to swindle someone or cheat them, used for example in the sense of creating a distraction while
1763:
2521:
2474:
2069:
1920:
1650:
1584:
1437:
3762:
2094:
790:
784:
660:
other differences between acrolectal Aboriginal English and Standard Australian English vowel qualities, which tend to represent
2529:
2136:
4010:
3806:
2984:
2624:
2543:
2397:
2338:
1893:
1626:
1111:
1028:
343:
4327:
3767:
3273:
3224:
1555:
929:
has it as "n. Colloq. (derog.) an Aboriginal term for a white man". Also, "gubba, n. Colloq. (derog.) 1. a white man. 2. a
4367:
4060:
3134:
3016:
2928:
832:
2825:
4413:
4362:
4015:
3835:
3652:
3473:
1324:
141:
1863:
1024:. It is used to connect and identify the person and where they are from. "My mob" means my people, or extended family.
442:
Aboriginal English varieties also occur in Indigenous-authored fictional broadcast media, including kinship words like
4408:
3738:
3728:
3326:
3293:
3289:
2970:
2817:
1601:
1576:
2847:
1922:
Examining the Effectiveness of Including Aboriginal Perspectives to Engage Aboriginal Students in High School Science
1008:, humbug is used by both black and white in this latter, Aboriginal way. The most commonly recognised definition of
923:, also spelt gubba, is a term used by some Aboriginal people to refer to white people or non-Aboriginal people. The
4322:
4037:
3895:
3306:
2591:
2412:
2178:
420:
629:
Although Indigenous language and basilectal Aboriginal English vowel systems are small, there is a high degree of
4302:
3828:
3786:
3757:
3689:
3657:
3266:
2977:
339:
2151:
4027:
3981:
3880:
3853:
3818:
3713:
3584:
3169:
3155:
3053:
3039:
2598:
2015:
385:, among other features. Specific terms can be used to refer to local or regional varieties of AbE, for example
306:
Australian English when speaking to a non-Indigenous English-speaking person. This is sometimes referred to as
2235:
1981:
1810:
435:
have a distinct way of pronouncing "r" in words such as "girl" and "bird", somewhat akin to the accent of the
293:, along a continuum. Some of its words have also been adopted into standard or colloquial Australian English.
2480:
4239:
4072:
3890:
3865:
2942:
2781:
2702:
2513:
2509:
2128:
2124:
1329:
661:
634:
146:
80:
70:
60:
4154:
4132:
3936:
3633:
3602:
3480:
3246:
3239:
2723:
2667:
2566:
2244:
1805:
1720:
1114:, in a bid to connect Indigenous inmates with their culture, and reduce reoffending and the high rates of
638:
567:
424:
319:
286:
278:
626:
diphthongs, tend to be maintained in all but the heaviest accents, albeit they are frequently shortened.
4352:
4272:
4137:
4032:
3745:
3679:
3433:
3423:
3418:
2639:
2612:
2369:
2206:
1350:
1189:
1126:
Often conjoined with the word "deadly", "unna" means "True" or "ain't it?". It is used primarily by the
1021:
798:
606:
416:
282:
4345:
1416:
801:, signifying the deep attachment to, and obligation to care for, the traditional lands of their group.
3258:
3774:
3667:
3607:
3485:
3458:
3375:
2991:
2921:
2840:
2502:
2132:
1319:
1173:
925:
891:
685:
563:
498:
161:
2011:"On gammon, global noise and indigenous heterogeneity: Words as things in Aboriginal public culture"
4372:
4202:
4194:
4092:
4055:
3941:
3926:
3801:
3791:
3718:
3557:
3162:
3109:
2876:
2861:
2681:
1572:
And the clock struck thirteen: the life and thoughts of Kaurna Elder Uncle Lewis Yerloburka O'Brien
979:
436:
1188:" means "a white person" and comes from this word. It and its counterpart "blackfella" headline "
878:; or, more generally, nonsense, "humbug". Its origin has been variously thought to be related to
4262:
4229:
4164:
4147:
4002:
3823:
3370:
3360:
2810:
2803:
2695:
2584:
2040:
1871:
1728:
1524:
1005:
947:
794:
764:
642:
346:. Kriol is a totally separate language from English, spoken by over 30,000 people in Australia.
335:
290:
104:
75:
65:
2732:
342:. The varieties developed differently in different parts of Australia, by Aboriginal peoples of
4267:
4252:
4224:
4184:
3976:
3958:
3913:
3662:
3438:
3402:
3176:
2883:
2854:
2796:
2789:
2766:
2688:
2646:
2517:
2470:
2256:
2032:
1952:
1929:
1580:
1516:
1450:
1032:
813:
756:
412:
358:
331:
17:
4387:
4340:
4292:
4219:
4127:
4117:
4112:
4102:
3948:
3921:
3779:
3699:
3644:
3542:
3524:
3511:
3348:
3343:
3183:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3030:
2949:
2887:
2833:
2653:
2574:
2248:
2024:
1694:
1659:
1508:
1296:
1282:
1181:
1092:
993:
739:
in a distinct way, to mean "matters". Funeral and mourning practices are commonly known as "
720:
587:
583:
274:
90:
85:
4257:
4159:
4097:
4067:
4050:
3875:
3750:
3571:
3547:
3519:
3490:
3463:
3428:
3315:
3148:
3141:
3127:
3074:
3060:
2963:
2907:
2746:
2739:
2716:
2709:
1107:
1082:
989:
944:
897:
579:
559:
432:
408:
176:
172:
99:
95:
52:
2393:"Yarns from the heart: the role of Aboriginal English in Indigenous health communication"
1373:
253:
1685:
1474:
Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
1144:
4332:
4247:
4207:
4107:
3931:
3684:
3589:
3579:
3495:
3297:
2956:
2912:
2773:
2660:
1149:
740:
689:
486:
311:
198:
166:
156:
1796:. Aboriginal Teacher Education Program, Mount Lawley College of Advanced Education: 50
238:
4402:
4382:
4297:
3953:
3870:
3811:
3723:
3674:
3552:
3534:
3102:
2869:
2674:
2044:
1139:
967:
879:
875:
871:
828:
404:
1790:"Aboriginal Australians speak: An introduction to Australian Aboriginal linguistics"
1528:
554:
Sutton (1989) documents that some speakers of Aboriginal English in the area around
3885:
3733:
3612:
1944:
1131:
1054:
997:
696:
602:
595:
591:
428:
205:
1698:
1401:
2935:
1314:
1216:
1208:
1177:
940:
930:
716:
656:
649:
571:
334:
of varieties of Aboriginal English, ranging from light forms, close to standard
151:
1499:
Butcher, Andrew (2008). "Linguistic aspects of Australian Aboriginal English".
1376:
Australian Aboriginal English at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1290:
3796:
3067:
1663:
1512:
1272:
883:
859:
855:
724:
610:
535:
460:
2430:"Yarning circles in NSW prisons aim to reduce Indigenous incarceration rates"
2036:
2028:
1956:
3353:
3023:
1241:
1185:
901:
630:
615:
575:
307:
231:
219:
43:
1520:
755:
Many Aboriginal people refer to their house as their camp, particularly in
501:
to link things together. For example, the Aboriginal English equivalent of
439:
miners who worked in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
838:
This usage is not exclusive to Aboriginal people. It is commonly heard in
3380:
2535:
1570:
1543:
The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future
1233:
1205:
Bunji ('mate, friend or "sister in-law (more common for female speakers)"
681:
555:
1648:
Sutton, Peter (1989). "Postvocalic R in an Australian English dialect".
1246:
1192:", an Aboriginal country rock anthem about the need for racial harmony.
831:(aka Deadlys) were awards for outstanding achievement by Aboriginal and
824:
517:
In Aboriginal English, particularly in northern Australia, the pronouns
4317:
4312:
4122:
3468:
3395:
3390:
2308:
1169:
1135:
1078:
839:
760:
712:
708:
350:
1789:
1541:
Harris, John. "Linguistic responses to contact: Pidgins and creoles",
1251:
809:
423:
languages, as well as local variations in pronunciation. According to
3385:
3365:
3201:
3009:
2903:
1378:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1256:
1168:
In Aboriginal communities, particularly those in the outback and the
1009:
985:
2252:
1088:
590:
whalers – spoke rhotic varieties. Many of his informants grew up in
574:
position (after a vowel and before a consonant), though only within
1487:
Australian English Reimagined: Structure, features and developments
1439:
Working with Aboriginal people and communities: A practice resource
652:
before nasal consonants, unlike other Australian English speakers.
349:
Specific features of Aboriginal English differ between regions. In
273:) is a cover term used for the complex, rule-governed varieties of
3046:
2284:"What is the difference between mob, clan, tribe, language group?"
2152:"27 Aboriginal words and phrases that all Australians should know"
1627:"What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it?"
1261:
1228:
1127:
354:
1721:"Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land"
2183:
1609:
The Journal of the European Association for Studies of Australia
1096:
609:
for Aboriginal English vowel pronunciations, especially in more
361:, they include address terms and kinship, uninverted questions (
3262:
2539:
2391:
Louro, Celeste Rodriguez; Collard, Glenys Dale (28 July 2021).
1894:"How to understand Australians - Slang Words & Expressions"
1835:"20 Aboriginal words you should know before visiting Australia"
314:
and is common among Aboriginal people living in major cities.
1116:
incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
850:
In some forms of Aboriginal English, "fellow" (usually spelt
715:) often refer to themselves and other Aboriginal people as "
2177:
Grant, Lowanna; McCarthy-Grogan, Grayson (15 March 2019).
411:
dialect of Aboriginal English. It includes words from the
2313:
Origin and meaning of yarn by Online Etymology Dictionary
1684:
Butcher, Andrew; Anderson, Victoria (22 September 2008).
601:
Most Australian Aboriginal languages have three- or five-
2070:"Words you thought were Indigenous that actually aren't"
2334:"10 ways Aboriginal Australians made English their own"
1556:"10 ways Aboriginal Australians made English their own"
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
2237:
Warraparna Kaurna!: Reclaiming an Australian language
1310:
List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin
1160:
These phrases can be used to ask "What's happening?"
1081:, Western Australia, on the traditional lands of the
970:(South Australia) to refer to non-Aboriginal people.
655:
Acrolectal Aboriginal accents tend to have a smaller
4285:
4238:
4193:
4173:
4085:
4001:
3994:
3912:
3844:
3698:
3643:
3632:
3625:
3570:
3533:
3510:
3449:
3411:
3334:
3325:
3314:
3305:
3193:
3119:
3001:
2902:
2758:
2622:
2573:
1569:O'Brien, Lewis Yerloburka; Gale, Mary-Anne (2007).
1102:
In Aboriginal English, the word is used as a verb (
246:
229:
217:
212:
195:
134:
49:
39:
34:
2501:
1219:(moving quickly from one place to another another)
1142:. This word is used frequently in the 1998 novel
27:Dialect of English used by Indigenous Australians
2366:Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority
684:people for European people; originally from the
542:as the oblique form is not always observed, and
242: code abandoned, but bibliography retained
2469:. Dept. of Justice and Attorney General. 2000.
2207:"The etymology of Coober Pedy, South Australia"
1468:
1466:
1945:"On the Irish variety of the English language"
3274:
2551:
1449:. Aboriginal Services Branch. February 2009.
707:Aboriginal people (particularly those in the
8:
2463:Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook
958:), which translates to "whitefellas' hole".
2063:
2061:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1687:The vowels of Australian Aboriginal English
1043:perspective, "I've got a big mob of pain".
4308:Comparison of American and British English
4177:
3998:
3706:
3640:
3629:
3331:
3322:
3311:
3281:
3267:
3259:
2631:
2558:
2544:
2536:
2146:
2144:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1719:Walker, Alan & Zorc, R. David (1981).
31:
2504:A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms
2121:A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms
2004:
2002:
1919:Hansen, Jennet Jeniffer (December 2016).
1485:Dickson, Greg. "Aboriginal English(es)",
1077:A yarning circle at a mining camp in the
1982:"12 Old-Timey Ways of Saying "Nonsense""
1975:
1973:
1857:
1855:
1764:"Aboriginal words in Australian English"
1072:
485:Aboriginal English does not make use of
1980:Jones, Paul Anthony (25 January 2019).
1629:. NSW Board of Studies. 7 November 2015
1366:
1341:
546:may be found as the subject of a verb.
2179:"50 ways you know you're a blackfella"
1693:. Interspeech 2008. pp. 347–350.
1545:. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, p. 131–151.
1476:. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996, p. 133–141.
2528:(Previews of each entry available at
1862:Browning, Daniel (3 September 2016).
1055:second person plural pronoun address.
791:special meaning for Aboriginal people
633:. For example, vowels may be heavily
7:
4378:Non-native pronunciations of English
2495:. Oxford University Press Australia.
1472:Eades, Diana. "Aboriginal English",
1447:NSW Department of Community Services
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1305:Australian Aboriginal Pidgin English
735:Many Aboriginal people use the word
664:on the part of Aboriginal speakers.
2438:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1172:, Aboriginal people often refer to
745:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
458:, and other frequent words such as
2068:Verass, Sophie (7 February 2018).
1501:Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
816:and means "cool", or really good.
723:term for an Aboriginal person is "
25:
1943:Mitarcheva, Irina (31 May 2019).
1788:Vaszolyi, Eric G. (4 July 2016).
1651:Australian Journal of Linguistics
2137:Oxford Reference, 5th ed. (1990)
1762:Korff, Jens (17 February 2021).
1289:
1275:
1027:Mob is often used to refer to a
880:leg of cured ham known as gammon
785:Country (Indigenous Australians)
2985:South Australian Pidgin English
2428:Ormonde, Bill (8 August 2022).
2398:University of Western Australia
2339:University of Western Australia
1833:Reid, Sarah (18 October 2020).
1238:Tidda ('sister, female friend')
1112:Broken Hill Correctional Centre
727:", which comes from this term.
277:used by a large section of the
4328:English-based creole languages
3225:Australian Irish Sign Language
1489:. Routledge, 2019, p. 134–154.
943:is thought to derive from the
1:
4419:Australian Aboriginal culture
4368:List of English-based pidgins
2929:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1699:10.21437/Interspeech.2008-145
1022:particular place or "Country"
833:Torres Strait Islander people
263:Australian Aboriginal English
110:Australian Aboriginal English
35:Australian Aboriginal English
18:Aboriginal Australian English
4363:Linguistic purism in English
1325:Aboriginal English in Canada
852:fella, feller, fullah, fulla
812:originates in South-western
369:, and Nyungar terms such as
338:, to heavy forms, closer to
3464:London & Thames Estuary
2971:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2247:Press. pp. 13–15, 17.
1225:Horse ('something awesome')
1000:released an album entitled
858:(an Aboriginal person) and
562:have an uncommon degree of
530:). The distinction between
4435:
4323:English as a lingua franca
1864:"The etymology of country"
977:
782:
570:as in the preconsonantal
4303:Broad and general accents
4213:regional and occupational
4180:
4046:
3972:
3709:
3598:
3234:
3002:Major immigrant languages
2978:Queensland Kanaka English
2820:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2634:
1794:Research Outputs Pre 2011
1664:10.1080/07268608908599416
1600:Bednarek, Monika (2021).
1513:10.1080/02699200802223535
1091:is an English word for a
3216:Indigenous Sign Language
2526:– via Archive.org.
2205:Naessan, Petter (2010).
2133:Archive.org 1990 edition
2123:5th ed. (1990), p. 164.
2029:10.1177/0308275X09364068
2016:Critique of Anthropology
988:in broader English (see
939:The name of the town of
797:ceremonies and the term
528:one must brush his teeth
3120:Major foreign languages
2784:? (3 families/isolates)
2514:Oxford University Press
2510:Sydney University Press
2129:Oxford University Press
2125:Sydney University Press
2009:Fisher, Daniel (2010).
1330:American Indian English
1049:can be used instead of
789:The word "country" has
3481:Received Pronunciation
3247:Indigenous Australians
3240:Aboriginal Australians
2567:Languages of Australia
2491:Arthur, J. M. (1996).
2245:University of Adelaide
2214:press-files.anu.edu.au
1806:Edith Cowan University
1400:Davis, Sharon (2022).
1085:
680:is a word used by the
287:Torres Strait Islander
3675:Multicultural Toronto
3209:Australian Aboriginal
2606:Australian Aboriginal
2500:Wilkes, G.A. (1990).
2370:Queensland Government
2101:. Australian Word Map
1190:Blackfella/Whitefella
1076:
978:Further information:
799:connection to country
783:Further information:
618:, and especially the
605:, and these form the
365:), the utterance tag
283:Aboriginal Australian
279:Indigenous Australian
3836:Western Pennsylvania
2992:Torres Strait Creole
2512:in association with
2486:on 31 December 2010.
2127:in association with
2099:Macquarie Dictionary
1417:"Aboriginal English"
1402:"Aboriginal English"
1320:Torres Strait Creole
1222:Foot Falcon ('walk')
926:Macquarie Dictionary
892:Macquarie Dictionary
686:Makassarese language
344:many language groups
162:Early Modern English
4414:Dialects of English
4373:Mid-Atlantic accent
3964:Trinidad and Tobago
2234:Amery, Rob (2016).
1156:Whichway and Wotnah
980:Humbug (Aboriginal)
641:in the presence of
425:Uncle Lewis O'Brien
363:That's your Auntie?
297:General description
142:Proto-Indo-European
4409:Australian English
3896:Pennsylvania Dutch
2592:Western Australian
2493:Aboriginal English
2156:Welcome to Country
1872:ABC Radio National
1808:: Research Online.
1729:Aboriginal History
1086:
1006:Northern Territory
862:(a white person).
795:Welcome to Country
765:Northern Territory
643:palatal consonants
586:missionaries, and
427:, people from the
336:Australian English
291:Australian English
208:(English alphabet)
105:Australian English
76:North Sea Germanic
4396:
4395:
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3690:Standard Canadian
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2897:
2818:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2759:Language families
2362:"Yarning circles"
2342:. 6 February 2020
2262:978-1-925261-25-7
1930:Curtin University
1456:978-1-74190-097-2
904:word for liar is
814:Western Australia
757:Central Australia
359:Western Australia
320:DOGIT communities
260:
259:
16:(Redirected from
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4293:English language
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3982:Falkland Islands
3881:General American
3854:African-American
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2527:
2508:(5th ed.).
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2479:. Archived from
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2413:The Conversation
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2158:. 5 January 2021
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1297:Languages portal
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1283:Australia portal
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1182:Australian Kriol
1110:, starting with
721:Australian Kriol
625:
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503:"We are working"
409:South Australian
407:is the southern
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1083:Panyjima people
1071:
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1002:Too Much Humbug
990:Charles Dickens
982:
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898:parts of speech
882:or the game of
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650:nasalize vowels
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560:South Australia
552:
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487:auxiliary verbs
483:
481:Auxiliary verbs
478:
433:Yorke Peninsula
431:mission on the
399:Noongar English
330:There exists a
328:
322:in Queensland.
299:
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177:Hiberno-English
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100:Hiberno-English
96:British English
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53:Language family
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2023:(3): 265–286.
1998:
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1932:. p. 143.
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1140:Yolngu peoples
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4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
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4218:
4214:
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4209:
4206:
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4198:
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4192:
4186:
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4179:
4176:
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4158:
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4153:
4149:
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4141:
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4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
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4090:
4088:
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4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Torres Strait
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:North-Central
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:New York City
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Ottawa Valley
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:Multicultural
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Black Country
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:West Midlands
3422:
3420:
3419:East Midlands
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:(4 families?)
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:Darwin Region
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:Murrinh Patha
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2613:Torres Strait
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2523:9780424001784
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2476:0-7242-8071-5
2472:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2372:. 30 May 2018
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:Wilkes, G.A.
2116:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1900:. 4 June 2020
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1795:
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1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
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1722:
1715:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1689:
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1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
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1628:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1586:9781862547308
1582:
1578:
1574:
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1562:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1538:
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1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
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1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
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1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1287:
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1273:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
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1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1145:Deadly, Unna?
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
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1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
973:
971:
969:
968:Nunga English
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
937:
934:
932:
928:
927:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
876:pickpocketing
873:
872:Victorian era
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
845:
843:
841:
836:
834:
830:
829:Deadly Awards
826:
819:
817:
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
786:
778:
776:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
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748:
746:
742:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
693:orang belanda
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
667:
665:
663:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
617:
612:
608:
604:
603:vowel systems
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
475:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
456:daughter girl
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Nunga English
402:
400:
396:
392:
391:Murri English
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
315:
313:
312:codeswitching
309:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
255:
251:
249:
245:
240:
236:
234:
233:
228:
224:
221:
216:
211:
207:
204:
200:
194:
178:
174:
171:18th century
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
139:
133:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:Anglo-Frisian
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:West Germanic
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:Indo-European
58:
54:
48:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4138:South Africa
4133:Sierra Leone
4022:
3886:Miami Latino
3775:Philadelphia
3763:Inland North
3668:Newfoundland
3486:West Country
3300:by continent
2848:Pama–Nyungan
2776:(5 families)
2640:Anindilyakwa
2605:
2503:
2492:
2481:the original
2462:
2441:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2411:
2409:
2404:13 September
2402:. Retrieved
2396:
2386:
2376:13 September
2374:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2346:13 September
2344:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2318:13 September
2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2288:Deadly Story
2287:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2236:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2200:
2190:13 September
2188:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2162:13 September
2160:. Retrieved
2155:
2120:
2115:
2105:13 September
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2079:13 September
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2050:13 September
2048:. Retrieved
2020:
2014:
1991:13 September
1989:. Retrieved
1986:Mental Floss
1985:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:(in Latin).
1948:
1938:
1921:
1914:
1904:13 September
1902:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1878:13 September
1876:. Retrieved
1870:
1844:13 September
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1804:– via
1800:13 September
1798:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1773:13 September
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1733:
1727:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1686:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1571:
1564:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1438:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1410:
1369:
1354:, TV series.
1349:
1344:
1199:
1174:white people
1167:
1159:
1143:
1132:Ngarrindjeri
1125:
1103:
1101:
1087:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1019:
1001:
998:Warumpi Band
983:
965:
955:
951:
938:
935:
924:
920:
919:
909:
905:
890:
888:
869:
851:
849:
837:
823:
808:
788:
774:
754:
736:
734:
706:
697:Dutch person
692:
676:
662:conservatism
654:
647:
628:
600:
596:Point McLeay
592:Point Pearce
582:tin-miners,
553:
543:
539:
531:
527:
522:
518:
516:
507:"We workin'"
506:
502:
494:
490:
484:
469:
465:
459:
455:
451:
448:brother boys
447:
443:
441:
429:Point Pearce
417:Ngarrindjeri
403:
398:
395:Broome lingo
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
348:
329:
316:
304:
300:
270:
266:
262:
261:
230:
109:
29:
4263:Philippines
4056:New Zealand
3942:Bay Islands
3922:The Bahamas
3845:Social and
3802:New Orleans
3719:New England
3613:Isle of Man
3558:Port Talbot
3459:East Anglia
3376:Northumbria
2936:Cocos Malay
2922:Angloromani
2733:Yolŋu Matha
2516:Australia.
2268:20 November
2131:Australia.
1949:DSpace Home
1704:20 November
1315:Neo-Nyungar
1217:Featherfoot
1209:Bush tucker
1196:Other words
1178:whitefellas
1130:(including
941:Coober Pedy
931:peeping tom
717:blackfellas
711:and in the
657:vowel space
572:postvocalic
452:sister girl
353:country in
152:Old English
136:Early forms
4403:Categories
4203:Bangladesh
4195:South Asia
4148:Cape Flats
4098:The Gambia
4023:Aboriginal
3859:vernacular
3824:California
3797:High Tider
3792:Appalachia
3653:Aboriginal
3585:South-West
3429:Birmingham
3386:Sunderland
3371:Manchester
3361:Lancashire
3163:Indonesian
3110:Vietnamese
2841:Nyulnyulan
2682:Walmajarri
2625:Indigenous
2585:Australian
2293:23 October
1928:(Thesis).
1898:mmmEnglish
1633:7 November
1362:References
1164:Whitefella
1093:long story
884:backgammon
860:whitefella
856:blackfella
703:Blackfella
616:diphthongs
611:basilectal
536:nominative
489:, such as
461:blackfella
421:West Coast
4268:Singapore
4230:Sri Lanka
4185:Hong Kong
4011:variation
4003:Australia
3914:Caribbean
3780:Baltimore
3663:Lunenburg
3608:Gibraltar
3525:Highlands
3403:Yorkshire
3366:Liverpool
3024:Cantonese
2884:Yangmanic
2877:Worrorran
2862:Tasmanian
2696:Warumungu
2627:languages
2577:varieties
2532:website.)
2045:143553835
2037:0308-275X
1962:27 August
1957:2682-9460
1351:Cleverman
1336:Footnotes
1242:Tjukurrpa
1213:Cleverman
1004:. In the
956:guba-bidi
952:kupa-piti
948:Barngarla
902:Tok Pisin
725:blackbala
631:allophony
607:substrate
564:rhoticity
550:Phonology
538:form and
505:would be
383:moorditji
379:maya-maya
332:continuum
326:Varieties
308:diglossia
232:Glottolog
220:ISO 639-3
44:Australia
4388:Standard
4358:Learning
4346:Nerrière
4337:Globish
4253:Malaysia
4225:Pakistan
4165:Zimbabwe
4093:Cameroon
3927:Barbados
3658:Atlantic
3626:Americas
3543:Abercraf
3512:Scotland
3491:Cornwall
3412:Midlands
3396:Teesside
3391:Tyneside
3381:Pitmatic
3344:Cheshire
3290:Dialects
3177:Japanese
3031:Mandarin
2811:Jarrakan
2804:Iwaidjan
2797:Giimbiyu
2689:Warlpiri
2647:Arrernte
2443:9 August
2434:ABC News
2219:2 August
2095:"Gammon"
1529:32763088
1521:18770096
1269:See also
1234:Songline
1186:waitbala
1038:Mob and
1033:Warlpiri
984:Whereas
966:Used in
945:Kokatha-
759:and the
737:business
731:Business
588:American
584:Scottish
556:Adelaide
513:Pronouns
413:Narungga
239:abor1240
66:Germanic
4318:Engrish
4313:E-Prime
4286:Related
4273:Vietnam
4258:Myanmar
4128:Nigeria
4123:Namibia
4113:Liberia
3995:Oceania
3977:Bermuda
3949:Jamaica
3876:Chicano
3714:Midland
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3572:Ireland
3548:Cardiff
3520:Glasgow
3469:Cockney
3349:Cumbria
3327:England
3318:Britain
3294:accents
3184:Spanish
3170:Italian
3135:Chinese
3096:Tagalog
3089:Spanish
3082:Punjabi
3068:Maltese
3054:Italian
3017:Chinese
2908:creoles
2904:Pidgins
2888:Wagiman
2886:(incl.
2855:Tangkic
2790:Garrwan
2767:Bunuban
2717:Pintupi
2710:Luritja
2654:Burarra
2575:English
1558:. 2020.
1170:Top End
1136:Noongar
1104:yarning
1079:Pilbara
1060:Rubbish
1047:You mob
994:Scrooge
840:Ireland
779:Country
763:of the
761:Top End
719:". The
713:Top End
709:Outback
678:Balanda
673:Balanda
668:Lexicon
635:fronted
580:Cornish
534:as the
499:copulas
495:to have
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437:Cornish
375:boodjar
351:Nyungar
275:English
248:AIATSIS
173:British
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4341:Gogate
4248:Brunei
4160:Uganda
4143:accent
4118:Malawi
4086:Africa
4061:accent
4016:accent
3959:Samaná
3932:Bequia
3751:accent
3724:Boston
3702:States
3685:Quebec
3645:Canada
3634:North
3590:Ulster
3580:Dublin
3496:Dorset
3354:Barrow
3316:Great
3307:Europe
3202:Auslan
3149:German
3142:French
3128:Arabic
3075:Nepali
3061:Korean
3010:Arabic
2964:Norfuk
2834:Mirndi
2740:Dhuwal
2623:Major
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2309:"Yarn"
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1010:humbug
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910:giamon
906:giaman
866:Gammon
825:Deadly
820:Deadly
771:Cheeky
688:, via
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419:, and
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3871:Cajun
3812:Texas
3807:Older
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3553:Gower
3535:Wales
3451:South
3336:North
3156:Greek
3047:Hindi
3040:Greek
2950:Kriol
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2241:(PDF)
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576:stems
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2406:2021
2378:2021
2348:2021
2320:2021
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2257:ISBN
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2192:2021
2184:NITV
2164:2021
2107:2021
2081:2021
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2052:2021
2033:ISSN
1993:2021
1964:2021
1953:ISSN
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1880:2021
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