959:
absolute, since its influence on inertia and the propagation of light was thought of as being itself independent of physical influence....The theory of relativity resolved this problem by establishing the behaviour of the electrically neutral point-mass by the law of the geodetic line, according to which inertial and gravitational effects are no longer considered as separate. In doing so, it attached characteristics to the aether which vary from point to point, determining the metric and the dynamic behaviour of material points, and determined, in their turn, by physical factors, namely the distribution of mass/energy. Thus the aether of general relativity differs from those of classical mechanics and special relativity in that it is not ‘absolute’ but determined, in its locally variable characteristics, by ponderable matter.
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Newton objectivises space. Since he classes his absolute space together with real things, for him rotation relative to an absolute space is also something real. Newton might no less well have called his absolute space “Ether”; what is essential is merely that besides observable objects, another thing, which is not perceptible, must be looked upon as real, to enable
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depends not only on relative positions (distances) and relative velocities, but also on its state of rotation, which physically may be taken as a characteristic not appertaining to the system in itself. In order to be able to look upon the rotation of the system, at least formally, as something real,
488:
Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains always similar and immovable. Relative space is some movable dimension or measure of the absolute spaces; which our senses determine by its position to bodies: and which is vulgarly taken for immovable space ... Absolute
958:
Because it was no longer possible to speak, in any absolute sense, of simultaneous states at different locations in the aether, the aether became, as it were, four-dimensional, since there was no objective way of ordering its states by time alone. According to special relativity too, the aether was
478:
Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature flows equably without regard to anything external, and by another name is called duration: relative, apparent and common time, is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable) measure of duration by the means of
483:
According to Newton, absolute time exists independently of any perceiver and progresses at a consistent pace throughout the universe. Unlike relative time, Newton believed absolute time was imperceptible and could only be understood mathematically. According to Newton, humans are only capable of
499:
These notions imply that absolute space and time do not depend upon physical events, but are a backdrop or stage setting within which physical phenomena occur. Thus, every object has an absolute state of motion relative to absolute space, so that an object must be either in a state of absolute
508:. To support his views, Newton provided some empirical examples: according to Newton, a solitary rotating sphere can be inferred to rotate about its axis relative to absolute space by observing the bulging of its equator, and a solitary pair of spheres tied by a rope can be inferred to be in
557:
suggested that, lacking any point of reference, a sphere in an otherwise empty universe could not be conceived to rotate, and a pair of spheres could be conceived to rotate relative to one another, but not to rotate about their center of gravity, an example later raised by
528:
Two spheres orbiting around an axis. The spheres are distant enough for their effects on each other to be ignored, and they are held together by a rope. If the rope is under tension, it is because the bodies are rotating relative to absolute space according to
974:
Special relativity eliminates absolute time (although Gödel and others suspect absolute time may be valid for some forms of general relativity) and general relativity further reduces the physical scope of absolute space and time through the concept of
577:
is an expression of such relative motion. So, for example, a single particle in a universe with no other bodies would have zero mass. According to Mach, Newton's examples simply illustrate relative rotation of spheres and the bulk of the universe.
933:
To deny the ether is ultimately to assume that empty space has no physical qualities whatever. The fundamental facts of mechanics do not harmonize with this view. For the mechanical behaviour of a corporeal system hovering freely in
983:
because the local geodesics eventually channel information from these stars, but it is not necessary to invoke absolute space with respect to any system's physics, as its local geodesics are sufficient to describe its spacetime.
1763:
877:
theory, which connected the two and showed both to be dependent upon the reference frame's motion. In
Einstein's theories, the ideas of absolute time and space were superseded by the notion of
903:. An event that is simultaneous with another event in one frame of reference may be in the past or future of that event in a different frame of reference, which negates absolute simultaneity.
624:
The existence of absolute space contradicts the internal logic of classical mechanics since, according to
Galilean principle of relativity, none of the inertial frames can be singled out.
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1698:
2328:
1379:
1666:
855:
466:
1314:
Newton, Isaac; Chittenden, N. W. Life of Sir Isaac Newton; Adee, Daniel; Motte, Andrew; Hill, Theodore
Preston Early American mathematics books CU-BANC (1846).
1134:
Newton, Isaac; Chittenden, N. W. Life of Sir Isaac Newton; Adee, Daniel; Motte, Andrew; Hill, Theodore
Preston Early American mathematics books CU-BANC (1846).
484:
perceiving relative time, which is a measurement of perceivable objects in motion (like the Moon or Sun). From these movements, we infer the passage of time.
1372:
639:
The motions of bodies included in a given space are the same among themselves, whether that space is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a straight line.
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was of the opinion that space made no sense except as the relative location of bodies, and time made no sense except as the relative movement of bodies.
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motion is the translation of a body from one absolute place into another: and relative motion, the translation from one relative place into another ...
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Absolute space does not explain inertial forces since they are related to acceleration with respect to any one of the inertial frames.
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that move uniformly with respect to one another. The laws of physics transform from one inertial frame to another according to
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Even within the context of
Newtonian mechanics, the modern view is that absolute space is unnecessary. Instead, the notion of
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Absolute space acts on physical objects by inducing their resistance to acceleration but it cannot be acted upon.
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refers to the concurrence of events in time at different locations in space in a manner agreed upon in all
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474:. According to Newton, absolute time and space respectively are independent aspects of objective reality:
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These views opposing absolute space and time may be seen from a modern stance as an attempt to introduce
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As a practical matter, inertial frames often are taken as frames moving uniformly with respect to the
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Savitt, Steven F. (September 2000), "There's No Time Like the
Present (in Minkowski Spacetime)",
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470:, the concepts of absolute time and space provided a theoretical foundation that facilitated
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1994:
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619:, leading to the following objections to absolute space, as outlined by Milutin Blagojević:
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461:
273:
1320:. University of California Libraries. New-York : Published by Daniel Adee. p. 88.
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with "properties of space", a terminology that is not widely used. Einstein stated that in
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1202:
The Matter Myth: Dramatic
Discoveries that Challenge Our Understanding of Physical Reality
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431:
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Historically, there have been differing views on the concept of absolute space and time.
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proposes that mechanics is entirely about relative motion of bodies and, in particular,
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899:. The theory of relativity does not have a concept of absolute time because there is a
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The concepts of space and time were separate in physical theory prior to the advent of
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for space and time, a perspective made explicit in the special theory of relativity.
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When, accordingly, we say that a body preserves unchanged its direction and velocity
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about the properties of the universe. In physics, absolute space and time may be a
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1140:. University of California Libraries. New-York : Published by Daniel Adee.
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and therefore the structure of spacetime depends on the presence of matter.
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361:
314:
309:
220:
1317:
Newton's
Principia : the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
1137:
Newton's
Principia : the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
1593:
863:
I do not define time, space, place and motion, as being well known to all.
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1840:
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586:, our assertion is nothing more or less than an abbreviated reference to
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1169:
Einstein's Space-Time: An
Introduction to Special and General Relativity
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411:
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63:
533:, or because they rotate relative to the universe itself according to
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2423:
1385:
1151:
Space and Time: Inertial Frames (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1051:
935:
351:
68:
452:, where Copernicus uses the concept of an immobile sphere of stars.
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1604:
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The above four concepts are the "well-known" objects mentioned by
523:
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356:
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Quoted below from his later papers, Einstein identified the term
2413:
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574:
58:
33:
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1608:
1485:
Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
1446:
Proceedings of the Conference of Applied Differential Geometry
1376:, Londini, Jussu Societatis Regiae ac Typis J. Streater, or
1073:"Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Classical Theories"
430:
A version of the concept of absolute space (in the sense of a
1392:
1700s. From part of the Scholium, reprinted on page 737 of
442:
writes that a "whiff" of absolute space can be observed in
952:
Albert Einstein, Ether and the Theory of Relativity (1920)
1439:"Albert Einstein's New Ether and his General Relativity"
979:. There appears to be absolute space in relation to the
2368:
635:
Newton himself recognized the role of inertial frames.
479:
motion, which is commonly used instead of true time ...
3340:
715:
1396::The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by
751:(the origin of this vector coincides with the point
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2157:
2099:
1854:
1774:
1709:
1642:
565:A more recent form of these objections was made by
1231:Ignazio Ciufolini; John Archibald Wheeler (1995).
743:
2329:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
1380:The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
956:
931:
486:
1093:, University of California Press, 1975, p. 45.
2384:
1620:
925:the "aether" is not absolute anymore, as the
388:
27:Theoretical foundation of Newtonian mechanics
8:
1373:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
537:, or because they rotate relative to local
467:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
3074:
2448:
2391:
2377:
2369:
1627:
1613:
1605:
562:in his development of general relativity.
395:
381:
29:
1566:
1526:
1171:, Springer Science & Business Media,
1162:
1160:
1158:
725:
724:
716:
714:
744:{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} ={\vec {OP}}}
516:) by observing the tension in the rope.
3347:
1103:Knudsen, Jens M.; Hjorth, Poul (2012).
1064:
32:
1557:Gilson, James G. (September 1, 2004),
1483:A. Einstein (1924), "Über den Äther",
964:Albert Einstein, Über den Äther (1924)
1879:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1111:Springer Science & Business Media
755:and its end coincides with the point
7:
3325:
2037:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
1199:Davies, Paul; Gribbin, John (2007).
947:to be looked upon as something real.
1985:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
1726:standing on the shoulders of giants
1077:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
449:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
2352:
1467:Ether and the Theory of Relativity
25:
770:of all radius vectors. The space
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3324:
3315:
3314:
2314:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
1592:
1286:Gravitation and Gauge Symmetries
717:
40:
2334:Newton International Fellowship
2015:generalized Gauss–Newton method
1928:Newton's method in optimization
1335:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK:
1106:Elements of Newtonian Mechanics
788:which is the same in all space
607:has taken precedence, that is,
512:about their center of gravity (
913:Einstein's views on the aether
735:
706:is uniquely determined by its
1:
651:for more discussion on this.
504:, or moving at some absolute
326:Ultimate fate of the universe
1955:Newton's theorem about ovals
1283:Blagojević, Milutin (2002).
1037:Philosophy of space and time
3129:Geological history of Earth
2324:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
2073:
1980:Corpuscular theory of light
1906:Schrödinger–Newton equation
1022:Inertial frame of reference
690:is fixed and defined as an
649:Inertial frame of reference
605:inertial frame of reference
3508:
2481:Orders of magnitude (time)
1733:Notes on the Jewish Temple
1394:On the Shoulders of Giants
1239:Princeton University Press
1091:The Copernican Achievement
910:
901:relativity of simultaneity
885:, and curved spacetime in
839:Δ from the time axis to a
3310:
3192:Time translation symmetry
1388:, English translation by
1229:Ernst Mach; as quoted by
804:} is called a time axis.
759:). The three-dimensional
460:Originally introduced by
1884:post-Newtonian expansion
1764:Corruptions of Scripture
1756:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
1471:Sidelights on Relativity
1333:The Theory of Relativity
1167:Ferraro, Rafael (2007),
1109:(illustrated ed.).
655:Mathematical definitions
3492:Concepts in metaphysics
3147:Absolute space and time
2798:Astronomical chronology
2074:Absolute space and time
1938:truncated Newton method
1911:Newton's laws of motion
1874:Newton's law of cooling
1599:Absolute space and time
1493:. English translation:
1473:(Methuen, London, 1922)
1448:: 78–86, archived from
1337:Oxford University Press
1271:Gravitation and Inertia
1234:Gravitation and Inertia
598:operational definitions
408:Absolute space and time
18:Absolute time and space
3197:Time reversal symmetry
2501:Italian six-hour clock
2309:Isaac Newton Telescope
2299:Isaac Newton Institute
2069:Newton–Puiseux theorem
2064:Parallelogram of force
2052:kissing number problem
2042:Newton–Euler equations
1945:Gauss–Newton algorithm
1894:gravitational constant
967:
955:
745:
641:
633:
613:of frames of reference
594:
546:
497:
481:
2962:Time and fate deities
2907:The Unreality of Time
2846:A series and B series
2263:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
2173: (nephew-in-law)
2149:Copernican Revolution
2144:Scientific Revolution
2005:Newton–Cotes formulas
1869:Newton's inequalities
1846:Structural coloration
1515:Philosophy of Science
1495:Concerning the Aether
893:Absolute simultaneity
746:
637:
621:
580:
527:
476:
3462:Theory of relativity
3213:Chronological dating
3182:Theory of relativity
2526:Daylight saving time
2270:Astronomers Monument
1960:Newton–Pepys problem
1933:Apollonius's problem
1901:Newton–Cartan theory
1814:Newton–Okounkov body
1747:hypotheses non fingo
1736: (c. 1680)
1601:at Wikimedia Commons
1241:. pp. 386–387.
1207:Simon & Schuster
1059:References and notes
1017:Copernican principle
713:
436:Aristotelian physics
3457:Classical mechanics
2506:Thai six-hour clock
2079:Luminiferous aether
2027:Newton's identities
2000:Newton's cannonball
1975:Classical mechanics
1965:Newtonian potential
1826:Newtonian telescope
1577:2004physics...9010G
1559:Mach's Principle II
1465:Einstein, Albert: "
1437:Kostro, L. (2001),
1331:Møller, C. (1976).
1177:2007esti.book.....F
1089:Robert S. Westman,
1027:Luminiferous aether
897:frames of reference
843:(radius vector) in
761:linear vector space
664:Newtonian mechanics
662:, as understood in
617:Galilean relativity
588:the entire universe
472:Newtonian mechanics
3482:Philosophy of time
3472:Physical cosmology
3036:Rosy retrospection
3014:Mental chronometry
2838:Philosophy of time
2304:Isaac Newton Medal
2109: (birthplace)
1923:Newtonian dynamics
1821:Newton's reflector
1500:2010-11-04 at the
970:General relativity
923:general relativity
887:general relativity
883:special relativity
875:special relativity
869:Special relativity
792:and is denoted as
774:is endowed with a
741:
547:
543:general relativity
320:Radiometric dating
3338:
3337:
3248:
3247:
3223:Circadian rhythms
3041:Tense–aspect–mood
2896:Temporal finitism
2773:
2772:
2749:Grandfather clock
2366:
2365:
2258: (sculpture)
2225:Abraham de Moivre
2179: (professor)
2107:Woolsthorpe Manor
2059:Newton's quotient
2032:Newton polynomial
1990:Newton's notation
1721: (1661–1665)
1597:Media related to
1521:(S1): S563–S574,
1346:978-0-19-560539-6
1300:978-0-7503-0767-3
1248:978-0-691-03323-5
1216:978-0-7432-9091-3
1120:978-3-642-97599-8
995:Absolute rotation
738:
668:three-dimensional
592:—Ernst Mach
551:Gottfried Leibniz
510:absolute rotation
440:Robert S. Westman
434:) can be seen in
405:
404:
16:(Redirected from
3499:
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3427:
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3415:
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3378:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3235:Glottochronology
3075:
2991:Human experience
2851:B-theory of time
2449:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2354:
2249: (monotype)
2213:William Stukeley
2209: (disciple)
2189:Benjamin Pulleyn
2165:Catherine Barton
2084:Newtonian series
1995:Rotating spheres
1741:General Scholium
1636:Sir Isaac Newton
1629:
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1080:
1069:
1042:Rotating spheres
1032:Mach's principle
965:
953:
750:
748:
747:
742:
740:
739:
734:
726:
720:
682:. If some point
678:. It is denoted
571:Mach's principle
495:
462:Sir Isaac Newton
410:is a concept in
397:
390:
383:
327:
211:Day of Judgement
44:
30:
21:
3507:
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3502:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3477:Aristotelianism
3467:Time in physics
3447:
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3445:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3306:
3297:Time immemorial
3244:
3201:
3162:Coordinate time
3133:
3087:Geological time
3063:
3046:Time management
3009:Generation time
2993:
2985:
2930:
2912:
2832:
2791:
2769:
2657:
2575:
2492:
2485:
2441:
2433:
2402:
2397:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2338:
2294:Newton's cradle
2275:
2230:
2203: (student)
2201:William Whiston
2197: (student)
2153:
2134:Religious views
2095:
2010:Newton's method
1970:Newtonian fluid
1864:Bucket argument
1850:
1770:
1705:
1638:
1633:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1568:physics/0409010
1556:
1555:
1551:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:Wayback Machine
1482:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1418:Stephen Hawking
1366:
1362:
1347:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1079:. 19 July 2021.
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1012:Bucket argument
1000:Absolute theory
990:
972:
966:
963:
954:
951:
915:
909:
871:
835:a point in the
727:
711:
710:
674:, with a fixed
657:
591:
560:Albert Einstein
555:George Berkeley
522:
520:Differing views
496:
493:
458:
432:preferred frame
428:
420:preferred frame
401:
372:
371:
347:
346:
337:
336:
332:Time in physics
325:
300:
299:
298:
279:
278:
259:
258:
257:
236:
235:
196:
195:
194:
175:
174:
150:
149:
138:
137:
98:
97:
96:Fields of study
88:
87:
54:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3487:Space and time
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:Time geography
3237:
3232:
3230:Clock reaction
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3029:time signature
3026:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2901:Temporal parts
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Eternal return
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Chronocentrism
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:Hindu Panchang
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227: (friend)
2222:
2221: (friend)
2216:
2215: (friend)
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2185: (mentor)
2183:William Clarke
2180:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Occult studies
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:Newton fractal
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Newton's rings
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:Newton's metal
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1809:Newton polygon
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1743:" (1713;
1737:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1710:Other writings
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1588:
1587:External links
1585:
1582:
1581:
1549:
1537:10.1086/392846
1528:10.1.1.14.6140
1505:
1475:
1458:
1455:on 2010-08-02.
1429:
1360:
1345:
1323:
1306:
1299:
1275:
1254:
1247:
1222:
1215:
1209:. p. 70.
1191:
1185:
1154:
1143:
1126:
1119:
1113:. p. 30.
1095:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
986:
971:
968:
961:
949:
911:Main article:
908:
905:
870:
867:
866:
865:
776:scalar product
737:
733:
730:
723:
719:
656:
653:
632:
631:
628:
625:
521:
518:
491:
457:
454:
427:
424:
403:
402:
400:
399:
392:
385:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:Related topics
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
266:
260:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
99:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
72:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:Major concepts
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3504:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:Chronobiology
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Arrow of time
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Geochronology
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:Wheel of time
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Periodization
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Digital clock
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Relative hour
2519:
2517:
2516:24-hour clock
2514:
2512:
2511:12-hour clock
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Newton (unit)
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:William Jones
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191: (tutor)
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:John Conduitt
2169:
2167: (niece)
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:Cranbury Park
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:Personal life
2098:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:Newton number
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:Kepler's laws
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:parameterized
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:Contributions
1773:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:" (1675)
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:0-7624-1348-4
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:. p. 1.
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1293:. p. 5.
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1273:, p. 387
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:as quoted by
1258:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1186:9780387699462
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1047:Time dilation
1045:
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769:
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731:
728:
721:
709:
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705:
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698:of any point
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541:according to
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426:Early concept
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305:Chronobiology
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226:Reincarnation
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48:
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35:
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19:
3429:Solar System
3292:Time capsule
3286:Tempus fugit
3284:
3206:Other fields
3146:
2905:
2886:Perdurantism
2808:Calendar era
2760:
2753:
2739:Cuckoo clock
2676:astronomical
2650:
2476:Unit of time
2407:Key concepts
2356:Isaac Newton
2268:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2177:Isaac Barrow
2115: (home)
1856:Newtonianism
1831:Newton scale
1794:Impact depth
1767: (1754)
1762:
1759: (1728)
1754:
1744:
1731:
1716:
1702: (1711)
1697:
1694: (1707)
1689:
1686: (1704)
1681:
1678: (1704)
1673:
1670: (1687)
1665:
1662: (1684)
1657:
1654: (1671)
1649:
1643:Publications
1558:
1552:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1450:the original
1445:
1432:
1393:
1390:Andrew Motte
1378:
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1363:
1332:
1326:
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1270:
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1004:
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941:acceleration
932:
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892:
891:
872:
862:
852:Isaac Newton
849:
844:
828:
827: : Δ →
824:
815:
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756:
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642:
638:
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610:
609:a preferred
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583:
581:
564:
548:
498:
494:Isaac Newton
487:
482:
477:
465:
459:
447:
429:
407:
406:
128:Paleontology
81:of the world
3417:Outer space
3405:Spaceflight
3369:Mathematics
3302:Time travel
3280:System time
3187:Time domain
3172:Proper time
2996:use of time
2967:Father Time
2947:Immortality
2937:Ages of Man
2866:Endurantism
2823:Regnal year
2803:Big History
2732:water-based
2631:Solar Hijri
2541:Hexadecimal
2491:Measurement
2453:Chronometry
2439:Measurement
2256:by Paolozzi
2195:Roger Cotes
1804:Newton disc
1718:Quaestiones
1691:Arithmetica
1420:, ed. 2002
936:empty space
798:ordered set
676:orientation
645:fixed stars
367:Time travel
274:Hexadecimal
248:Measurement
216:Immortality
103:Archaeology
3451:Categories
3004:Chronemics
2979:Kalachakra
2891:Presentism
2876:Eternalism
2782:Chronology
2720:mechanical
2671:Main types
2589:Main types
2343:Categories
2319:XMM-Newton
2236:Depictions
2207:John Keill
2129:Apple tree
2124:Later life
2119:Early life
1699:De Analysi
1491:(2): 85–93
1469:" (1920),
1398:Copernicus
817:trajectory
567:Ernst Mach
514:barycenter
444:Copernicus
416:philosophy
294:Naturalism
231:Kalachakra
160:Eternalism
155:Presentism
147:Philosophy
133:Futurology
108:Chronology
3381:Astronomy
3260:Leap year
3177:Spacetime
3051:Yesterday
2952:Dreamtime
2926:Mythology
2813:Deep time
2725:stopwatch
2700:hourglass
2681:astrarium
2611:Gregorian
2604:Lunisolar
2581:Calendars
2571:Time zone
2444:standards
2158:Relations
1667:Principia
1545:121275903
1523:CiteSeerX
1355:220221617
1291:CRC Press
1263:Ciufolini
977:geodesics
879:spacetime
856:Principia
736:→
672:Euclidean
539:geodesics
362:Spacetime
315:Evolution
310:Cosmogony
253:Standards
221:Afterlife
191:Mythology
123:Metrology
3320:Category
3068:Time in
3059:Tomorrow
2921:Religion
2861:Duration
2828:Timeline
2762:Timeline
2561:Sidereal
2429:Eternity
2281:Namesake
2247:by Blake
1841:Spectrum
1782:Calculus
1751: )
1651:Fluxions
1498:Archived
1414:Einstein
988:See also
962:—
950:—
945:rotation
927:geodesic
907:Einstein
841:position
837:interval
822:function
696:position
584:in space
492:—
264:ISO 8601
206:End time
201:Creation
187:Religion
170:Fatalism
118:Horology
76:Eternity
3441:Science
3357:Physics
3343:Portals
3330:Commons
3253:Related
3167:Instant
3157:Chronon
3139:Physics
3079:Geology
3070:science
2942:Destiny
2787:History
2755:History
2710:sundial
2693:quantum
2636:Chinese
2626:Islamic
2536:Decimal
2531:Chinese
2493:systems
2419:Present
1799:Inertia
1787:fluxion
1683:Queries
1675:Opticks
1659:De Motu
1573:Bibcode
1406:Galileo
1267:Wheeler
1173:Bibcode
1006:Apeiron
854:in his
820:) is a
778:⟨ , ⟩.
412:physics
290:Science
113:History
64:Present
3270:Moment
3265:Memory
3117:period
2705:marine
2688:atomic
2663:Clocks
2621:Hebrew
2616:Julian
2551:Metric
2424:Future
2254:Newton
2245:Newton
1543:
1525:
1424:
1412:, and
1410:Newton
1402:Kepler
1386:London
1368:Newton
1353:
1343:
1297:
1245:
1213:
1183:
1117:
1052:Vacuum
919:aether
810:(also
808:Motion
796:. The
786:scalar
694:, the
692:origin
647:. See
531:Newton
456:Newton
352:Motion
269:Metric
69:Future
3393:Stars
3275:Space
3107:epoch
3097:chron
3055:Today
3024:tempo
3019:Music
2881:Event
2715:watch
2599:Lunar
2594:Solar
2566:Solar
2556:Roman
2546:Hindu
2089:table
1563:arXiv
1541:S2CID
1453:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
1370:1687
831:that
784:is a
766:is a
666:, is
660:Space
506:speed
357:Space
165:Event
2994:and
2957:Kāla
2652:List
2646:Maya
2442:and
2414:Past
2400:Time
1422:ISBN
1351:OCLC
1341:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1265:and
1243:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1115:ISBN
833:maps
812:path
782:Time
670:and
575:mass
535:Mach
502:rest
414:and
59:Past
34:Time
3112:era
3102:eon
3092:age
2471:TAI
2461:UTC
1533:doi
1489:105
1416:).
943:or
881:in
814:or
768:set
702:in
686:in
611:set
464:in
446:'s
3453::
3057:–
3053:–
2466:UT
1571:,
1561:,
1539:,
1531:,
1519:67
1517:,
1487:,
1444:,
1408:,
1404:,
1400:,
1384:,
1349:.
1289:.
1269::
1237:.
1205:.
1179:,
1157:^
1075:.
889:.
858::
847:.
800:{
569:.
438:.
422:.
3345::
2392:e
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1739:"
1724:"
1628:e
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1575::
1565::
1535::
1357:.
1303:.
1251:.
1219:.
1175::
1123:.
845:R
829:R
825:r
802:t
794:t
790:E
772:R
764:R
757:P
753:O
732:P
729:O
722:=
718:r
704:E
700:P
688:E
684:O
680:E
590:.
545:.
396:e
389:t
382:v
20:)
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