446:, and bitumen from Trinidad's pitch lake. However, Cochrane's terms of service expired in April 1851, and he returned to England before the pair could bring the project to fruition. Gesner attempted to continue the project on his own, but Halifax's city council awarded the gas license to a rival group, the Halifax Gas Company. Moreover, although Gesner attempted to receive a lease to mine bitumen in Albert County, another entrepreneur, William Cairns, had already purchased the rights to mine coal in the area. After Cairns had Gesner's men forcibly expelled from the site of the bitumen deposit, Gesner brought suit against Cairns for trespassing. The trial centered on whether the albertite deposit was coal or asphalt. The jury, told by the judge that Cairn's license to mine coal included "other mines and minerals," ultimately sided against Gesner, resulting in albertite's misidentification as "Albert Coal" for the next 30 years. In early 1853, following the outcome of the trial, Gesner and his family moved to New York City, where he had earlier exhibited his kerosene and amassed significant publicity.
2840:
506:," became aware of the North American Kerosene Company's claims, he filed for patent infringement and won. Although Young only began his distillation experiments in 1848, two years after Gesner's first public demonstration of Kerosene, he was first to file an American patent for his process in 1852. Thereafter, the North American Kerosene Company had to pay royalties to Young.
313:, Nova Scotia in 1827 as a travelling physician. Gesner also continued to pursue his passion for geology, reading the writings of notable geologists and developing a habit of picking up mineral specimens that caught his attention while making his rounds on horseback. In 1836, Gesner published his first book,
410:
that he collected while shipping horses across the
Atlantic, Gesner developed a method of extracting oils and gas from bituminous substances. Gesner found that the first product was not satisfactory, as it had an offensive odour, the raw material was expensive to obtain, and his experiments suggested
276:
and the United States, but this enterprise failed after he lost most of his horses in two shipwrecks. Financially drained, Gesner returned to the family farm and married
Harriet Webster, daughter of prominent Kentville doctor Isaac Webster in 1824. Reportedly, Webster offered to take care of Gesner's
497:
By the late 1850s, the North
American Kerosene Company began to face increased competition as various coal oil competitors entered the scene. In response to the increased competition, the North American Kerosene Company published a pamphlet on March 28, 1859, that advised customers that kerosene is
836:
The industrial resources of Nova Scotia : comprehending the physical geography, topography, geology, agriculture, fisheries, mines, forests, wild lands, lumbering, manufactories, navigation, commerce, emigration, improvements, industry, contemplated railways, natural history and resources, of
541:
Gesner married
Harriet Webster, daughter of prominent Kentville doctor Isaac Webster in 1824. Together, they had seven sons and three daughters, but three children died in infancy. Three of his sons, Brower (1834–1873), John Frederick (1839–1899), and George Weltden (1829–1904), pursued careers in
493:
in August 1859, the plant cost $ 1.25 million to build, employed 200 men, used 30,000 tons of coal per year, and exported 5,000 gallons of kerosene per day. Modern engineers have praised Gesner's efficient design of the factory, differing very little from manufactories built as late as 1914. While
359:
While in St. John, Gesner amassed an extensive collection of minerals and wildlife specimens, which he assembled into a museum in 1842. Gesner's museum was one of its first of its kind in
British North America and had 2173 items in its catalogue. The museum was a financial failure, and when Gesner
605:
to pay tribute to his contribution to the petroleum industry. The monument reads "His treatise on the geology and mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1836, was one of the earliest works dealing with those subjects in this province and about 1852 he was the
American inventor of the process of kerosene oil.
471:
11,203, 11,204, and 11,205 for "Improvement in kerosene burning fluids," but he transferred patent rights to the North
American Kerosene Company. In the patents, Gesner described three distinct types of kerosene, which he labelled kerosenes A, B and C. Kerosene A was the most volatile fraction,
328:
In 1838, the government of New
Brunswick appointed Gesner Provincial Geologist, and he moved to Saint John to conduct a geological survey of the province. For five years, Gesner spent his summers on geological fieldwork and his winters classifying specimens and writing reports. Although Gesner's
466:
The pamphlet offered for sale $ 100,000 in shares of a new company called the
Asphalt Mining and Kerosene Company, later renamed the North American Kerosene Company. The pamphlet outlined the numerous uses for kerosene oils and noted that Gesner was the company's chief chemist, hired on for a
367:
Following the termination of his geological appointment in 1843, Gesner returned to his family homestead at
Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in order to be with his father who was then 87 years old. While working on the family farm, Gesner also continued to practice medicine, write books, give public
554:, which was extremely influential in the future development of the petroleum industry and remarkable for the accuracy of his predictions on the future course the refining business would take. Gesner was humble about his contribution to the development of the petroleum industry, writing in
329:
geological studies were of high quality by the standards of the 1840s, he had no experience in mining and failed to make a realistic appraisal of the province's mineral reserves. Following the publication of Gesner's geological surveys, local entrepreneurs opened coal and iron mines in
612:
The City of Halifax renamed a street at the west end of Fairview between Melrose and Adelaide in honor of Gesner. Formerly a part of Dunbrack Street, the construction of the Dunbrack Street/North West Arm Drive connector during the 1980s prompted the renaming of this segment.
411:
that one ton of Trinidad bitumen would produce only 42 gallons of oil. Switching his experiments from Trinidad's bitumen to albertite, Gesner found that the burning oil extracted from the substance produced a brighter and cleaner flame compared to lamps using
423:, Gesner reportedly gave the first public demonstration of the preparation and use of the new lamp fuel in August 1846. Gesner first called his product "keroselain" from two Greek words, κηρός (wax) and λάδι (oil), but later contracted the name to
498:
their registered trademark and that oils made by others can not use the name. One prominent rival manufacturer, Samuel Downer of Boston, Massachusetts, made an agreement in early 1859 to license the name and Gesner's refinement process. When
558:
that "The progress of discovery in this case, as in others, has been slow and gradual. It has been carried on by the labors, not of one mind, but of many, so as to render it difficult to discover to whom the greatest credit is due."
1031:
Then in 1846, a Nova Scotian physician and geologist named Abraham Gesner invented kerosene. This pioneering form of fossil fuel, which some called coal oil, burned cleaner and brighter than whale oil, and didn't have a pungent
2867:
333:
and were quickly disappointed by the extent and quality of the ore. Unhappy investors questioned the validity of Gesner's surveys and the provincial government terminated his employment in 1843.
3008:
360:
left New Brunswick, the Saint John Mechanics’ Institute acquired the objects. In 1890, the Natural History Society of New Brunswick took over the collection, which is today a part of the
297:. While primarily a medical student, Gesner developed an interest in the earth sciences and took lectures in mineralogy and geology. Gesner also established a lifelong relationship with
476:. Kerosene B was slightly less volatile and was intended mainly for mixing with the other grades. Kerosene C was the lamp fuel, which came to be known as "coal-oil" or "carbon-oil."
368:
lectures and conduct experiments. He published notes for emigrants to New Brunswick, outlined the industrial resources of Nova Scotia, and built an electrical motor driven by a
3023:
885:
vs. Halifax Gas-Light Company : deposition of Richard C. Taylor, respecting the asphaltum mine at Hillsborough in the county of Albert and province of New Brunswick
2798:
372:. In 1846, the government of Nova Scotia appointed Gesner Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the following year he submitted a report on the living conditions of the
624:
neighbourhood, where the residential streets are named for Canadian inventors. Whether by plan or by coincidence, it dead-ends at an Esso (Imperial Oil) gas station.
646:
in Parrsboro Nova Scotia, a former residence of Gesner, has awarded an "Abraham Gesner Work Scholarship" to a local student who shows keen interest in the sciences.
494:
the enterprise had not made Gesner extremely wealthy, he lived comfortably in Brooklyn, New York, where he was a prominent figure in the local church and community.
2983:
2802:
800:
Report on the Londonderry iron and coal deposits / by Dr. Gesner. And, A prospectus with a view to forming a company to work the same / by the proprietor, John Ross
2998:
1706:
937:
1019:
376:
population. While visiting Mi'kmaq habitations across the province for his report, Gesner was known to donate his own money to assist impoverished families.
2963:
2988:
775:
Report on the geological survey of the province of New Brunswick : with a topographical account of the public lands and the districts explored in 1842
2993:
2978:
3018:
3013:
2912:
461:
439:
431:
2902:
3003:
2708:
2639:
2468:
2396:
2201:
1886:
1740:
1682:
1493:
1397:
1055:
52:
454:
After arriving in New York, Gesner focused on finding financial backing for his kerosene venture. In March 1853, Gesner partnered with
794:
628:
550:
For a time, Gesner remained in New York, practising medicine and continuing his research into hydrocarbons. In 1861, Gesner published
487:, the first of its kind in North America. By 1856, the firm was selling kerosene for use as lamp fuel. According to an article in the
460:
Project for the Formation of a Company to Work the Combined Patent Rights of Dr. Abraham Gesner, Nova Scotia, and the Right Hon. the
2934:
2907:
2774:
2741:
2675:
2606:
2432:
2110:
2006:
1922:
1364:
1203:
981:
956:
921:
893:
866:
845:
808:
783:
751:
730:
709:
688:
667:
106:
2892:
2877:
160:
2882:
521:
to produce kerosene instead of coal at about one third the cost. Sometime after the trial, the company replaced Gesner with
479:
Under Gesner's guidance, the North American Kerosene Company began constructing a coal oil refinery on a seven-acre tract at
262:
764:
Synopsis of the contents of Gesner's Museum of Natural History, at Saint John, N.B., opened on the fifth day of April, 1842
585:, but he died on April 29, 1864, before he could take up the position. Gesner was buried in an unmarked grave at Halifax's
2968:
533:, and continued to operate until May 1951. In 1952, a junk dealer bought the refinery and sold the equipment for scrap.
502:, a Scottish chemist, who had independently developed a process of distilling a petroleum fuel into a product he named "
443:
341:
330:
282:
110:
609:
In 2007, Gesner was inducted into the Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame for his contributions to the petroleum industry.
2973:
156:
31:
2872:
236:, Nova Scotia. He was an influential figure in the development of the study of Canadian geology and natural history.
2917:
1009:
266:
2887:
606:
Erected by Imperial Oil Ltd. as a token of appreciation and for his important contribution to the oil industry."
526:
254:
229:
321:
and displayed Gesner's ability to express complicated concepts in simple language. Following the publication of
294:
286:
643:
967:
909:
Report of a case tried at Albert circuit, 1852, before his Honor, Judge Wilmot, and a special jury :
636:
503:
384:
318:
176:
42:
825:
277:
debts if he would study medicine and secure a steady income for his family. In 1825, Gesner travelled to
571:
514:
499:
489:
876:
581:
In 1863, Gesner returned to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was offered the chair of Natural History at
903:
2958:
2953:
582:
567:
510:
435:
361:
114:
621:
250:
221:
72:
2792:
2530:
2522:
2369:
2361:
2309:
2301:
2258:
2250:
2167:
2159:
2080:
2072:
1979:
1971:
1856:
1848:
1802:
1794:
1700:
1655:
1647:
1604:
1596:
1459:
1451:
1330:
1322:
1171:
1163:
1014:
931:
858:
Prospectus of Dr. Gesner's patent kerosene gas obtained from bitumen, asphaltum, or mineral pitch
602:
586:
2862:
2816:
1520:
2930:
2780:
2770:
2747:
2737:
2714:
2704:
2681:
2671:
2645:
2635:
2612:
2602:
2579:
2561:
2514:
2474:
2464:
2438:
2428:
2402:
2392:
2353:
2293:
2242:
2207:
2197:
2151:
2116:
2106:
2064:
2012:
2002:
1963:
1928:
1918:
1892:
1882:
1840:
1786:
1746:
1736:
1688:
1678:
1639:
1588:
1499:
1489:
1443:
1403:
1393:
1370:
1360:
1314:
1209:
1199:
1155:
1115:
1097:
1061:
1051:
1005:
977:
952:
917:
889:
862:
841:
804:
779:
747:
726:
705:
684:
663:
575:
387:. However, little notice was taken of his report until the fossils were rediscovered in 1879.
337:
336:
During the first summer of his geological surveys, Gesner found a bituminous substance on the
290:
2461:
Doctors of another calling : physicians who are known best in fields other than medicine
2389:
Doctors of another calling : physicians who are known best in fields other than medicine
1675:
Doctors of another calling : physicians who are known best in fields other than medicine
1486:
Doctors of another calling : physicians who are known best in fields other than medicine
1047:
Doctors of another calling : physicians who are known best in fields other than medicine
442:. The pair planned to set up a company that would illuminate Halifax by using albertite from
2897:
2569:
2506:
2463:. Cooper, D. K. C. (David K. C.), 1939-. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 122.
2345:
2285:
2234:
2143:
2056:
1955:
1832:
1778:
1631:
1580:
1435:
1306:
1147:
1105:
182:
2194:
Ontario's petroleum legacy : the birth, evolution and challenges of a global industry
1733:
Ontario's petroleum legacy : the birth, evolution and challenges of a global industry
233:
94:
2857:
1265:"Biography – GESNER, ABRAHAM – Volume IX (1861–1870) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
1264:
819:
2574:
2549:
1110:
1085:
2873:
Abraham Gesner monument at Chipman Corner (in former Cornwallis Township), Nova Scotia
2947:
2701:
Imperial standard : Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian oil industry from 1880
2632:
Imperial standard : Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian oil industry from 1880
2534:
2497:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
2373:
2336:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
2313:
2276:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
2262:
2225:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
2171:
2134:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
2084:
2047:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1983:
1946:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1879:
Imperial standard : Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian oil industry from 1880
1860:
1823:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1806:
1769:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1659:
1622:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1608:
1571:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1463:
1426:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1390:
Imperial standard : Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian oil industry from 1880
1334:
1297:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
1175:
1138:
Beaton, Kendall (1955). "Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining".
762:
522:
480:
420:
298:
261:. He was one of 12 children raised by Henry Gesner and Sarah Pineo, His father was a
51:
1544:
598:
530:
369:
272:
In his early twenties, Gesner began a venture selling horses to plantations in the
373:
325:
Gesner focused his efforts on studying geology and the sciences connected to it.
2883:
Abraham Gesner saved more whales than Green Peace ever will, by James S. Robbins
821:
New Brunswick; with Notes for Emigrants: Comprehending the Early History, an ...
632:
484:
455:
396:
258:
225:
76:
430:
Shortly after Gesner's father died on October 13, 1850, he moved his family to
2718:
2649:
1896:
1407:
601:
Ltd., then a Standard Oil subsidiary, erected a memorial at Gesner's grave in
407:
17:
2565:
2518:
2478:
2406:
2357:
2297:
2246:
2211:
2155:
2068:
1967:
1844:
1790:
1750:
1692:
1643:
1592:
1503:
1447:
1318:
1159:
1101:
1065:
525:
as chief chemist. The Newton Creek plant eventually passed into the hands of
2784:
2751:
2685:
2616:
2442:
2120:
2016:
1932:
1374:
1213:
518:
412:
345:
310:
273:
213:
209:
1488:. Cooper, D. K. C. Newark: University of Delaware Press. pp. 119–120.
383:, where he discovered the first of the great fossil deposits of the future
2583:
1119:
1045:
971:
946:
907:
880:
856:
834:
798:
773:
741:
720:
699:
678:
657:
473:
424:
416:
404:
217:
146:
125:
2767:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
2734:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
2668:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
2599:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
2425:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
2103:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
1999:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
1915:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
1357:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
1196:
The great Canadian oil patch : the petroleum era from birth to peak
2526:
2365:
2305:
2254:
2163:
2076:
1975:
1852:
1798:
1651:
1600:
1455:
1326:
1167:
743:
Fourth report on the geological survey of the province of New-Brunswick
701:
Second report on the geological survey of the province of New-Brunswick
400:
353:
208:; May 2, 1797 – April 29, 1864) was a Nova Scotian and New Brunswickan
142:
2924:
2391:. Cooper, D. K. C. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 121.
1050:. Cooper, D. K. C. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 117.
722:
Third report on the geological survey of the province of New-Brunswick
680:
First report on the geological survey of the province of New-Brunswick
438:, and in 1852 to Halifax. In Halifax, Gesner made the acquaintance of
2703:. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press. p. 24.
2634:. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press. p. 22.
1881:. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press. p. 22.
617:
468:
380:
278:
2510:
2349:
2289:
2238:
2147:
2060:
1959:
1836:
1782:
1635:
1584:
1439:
1310:
1151:
566:
Gesner became a distillation consultant, visiting the oil fields in
2034:
27:
New Brunswick and Nova Scotian physician and geologist (1797–1864)
552:
A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum and Other Distilled Oils
349:
2033:. Business History Review, 29(01), 28–53. doi:10.2307/3111597 (
973:
A practical treatise on coal petroleum and other distilled oils
948:
A practical treatise on coal petroleum and other distilled oils
2903:
Abraham Gesner by New Brunswick Community College, Saint John
2858:
Abraham Gesner's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography
269:
Gesner was noted to be a great reader and a diligent student.
200:
2863:
Abraham Gesner's entry in the Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame
2817:"Abraham Gesner, 1797–1864 – Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame"
627:
In 2000, he was honored by the placement of his image on a
458:
Horatio Eagle, who issued an eight-page circular entitled,
228:(now called Chipmans Corner) and lived much of his life in
191:
2550:"Dr Abraham Gesner: the father of the petroleum industry"
2031:
Dr. Gesner’s Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining
1086:"Dr Abraham Gesner: the father of the petroleum industry"
467:"moderate salary." On June 27, 1854, Gesner obtained U.S
188:
309:
Gesner qualified as a doctor of medicine and settled in
2196:. Edmonton: Heritage Community Foundation. p. 11.
1735:. Edmonton: Heritage Community Foundation. p. 10.
913:
vs. William Cairns : copied from the judge's notes
616:
There is a street named for Gesner in the west part of
323:
Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia,
315:
Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia.
197:
194:
1392:. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. p. 21.
659:
Remarks on the geology and mineralogy of Nova Scotia
317:
The book expanded on an earlier geological study by
2868:
Abraham Gesner's entry in the Canadian Encyclopedia
419:. While undertaking a series of public lectures in
185:
152:
138:
120:
102:
83:
58:
39:
3009:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
517:, the North American Kerosene Company began using
249:Abraham Pineo Gesner was born on May 2, 1797, in
574:in the development of his petroleum refinery in
30:For his uncle, a politician in Nova Scotia, see
635:. In 2016, Gesner was posthumously awarded the
570:sometime around 1860. Gesner might have helped
379:In 1842, looking for coal, Gesner travelled to
8:
2797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2670:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. pp. 27–28.
2918:Abraham Gesner University of New Brunswick
639:by the province of his longtime residence.
2908:Abraham Gesner by National Chemistry Week
2801:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1705:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
936:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
36:
3024:Scientists from Saint John, New Brunswick
2898:Abraham Gesner Petroleum History Society
2893:Abraham Gesner by the Nova Scotia Museum
2573:
1109:
265:, who emigrated to Nova Scotia after the
161:North American Kerosene Gas Light Company
2769:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 16.
2736:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 15.
2601:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 16.
2554:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2427:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 14.
2105:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 13.
2001:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 12.
1917:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 11.
1677:. Cooper, D. K. C. Newark. p. 120.
1090:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1359:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 8.
1198:. Edmonton: JuneWarren Pub. p. 6.
997:
440:Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
395:Gesner likely began experimenting with
2984:Academic staff of Dalhousie University
2790:
2661:
2659:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2454:
2452:
2418:
2416:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2096:
2094:
1908:
1906:
1872:
1870:
1818:
1816:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1698:
929:
861:. New York: Trehern & Williamson.
2999:People from Kings County, Nova Scotia
2878:Abraham Gesner, by Nova Scotia Museum
1566:
1564:
1515:
1513:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
7:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1079:
1077:
1075:
399:in the 1840s. Utilizing a sample of
450:The North American Kerosene Company
2989:Founders of the petroleum industry
2888:Abraham Gesner by Industry Canada
2821:www.canadianpetroleumhalloffame.ca
1010:"The cautionary tale of whale oil"
888:. Philadelphia: King & Baird.
509:Following the discovery of oil in
25:
2994:Canadian people of German descent
2979:19th-century Canadian physicians
181:
50:
2964:Alumni of King's College London
2035:https://doi.org/10.2307/3111597
1022:from the original on 2019-10-06
976:. New York: Balliere Brothers.
951:. New York: Balliere Brothers.
3014:Colony of New Brunswick people
490:New York Commercial Advertiser
1:
564:A Practical Treatise on Coal,
107:Guy's Hospital Medical School
3019:Physicians of Guy's Hospital
3004:Colony of Nova Scotia people
2923:Haigh, Elizabeth V. (2019).
556:A Practical Treatise on Coal
444:Albert County, New Brunswick
2765:Gray, Earle, 1931- (2005).
157:Government of New Brunswick
32:Abraham Gesner (politician)
3040:
2699:Taylor, Graham D. (2019).
2630:Taylor, Graham D. (2019).
1877:Taylor, Graham D. (2019).
1388:Taylor, Graham D. (2019).
29:
2913:Foulis - Gesner Conflict
2459:Murray, T. Jock. (2014).
2387:Murray, T. Jock. (2014).
1673:Murray, T. Jock. (2014).
1044:Murray, T. Jock. (2014).
562:After the publication of
527:Charles Pratt and Company
348:to differentiate it from
283:St Bartholomew's Hospital
230:Saint John, New Brunswick
166:
131:
111:St Bartholomew's Hospital
49:
1484:Murray, T. Jock (2014).
287:Sir Astley Paston Cooper
2929:. Tellwell Publishing.
2499:Business History Review
2338:Business History Review
2278:Business History Review
2227:Business History Review
2136:Business History Review
2049:Business History Review
1948:Business History Review
1825:Business History Review
1771:Business History Review
1624:Business History Review
1573:Business History Review
1428:Business History Review
1299:Business History Review
1140:Business History Review
945:Abraham Gesner (1861).
855:Abraham Gesner (1850).
833:Abraham Gesner (1849).
818:Abraham Gesner (1847).
772:Abraham Gesner (1843).
761:Abraham Gesner (1842).
740:Abraham Gesner (1842).
719:Abraham Gesner (1841).
698:Abraham Gesner (1840).
677:Abraham Gesner (1839).
656:Abraham Gesner (1836).
644:Fundy Geological Museum
542:geology and chemistry.
2548:Murray, T. J. (1993).
642:Starting in 1998, the
637:Order of New Brunswick
464:of Middlesex, England.
385:Miguasha National Park
41:Abraham Pineo Gesner,
2732:Gray, Earle. (2005).
2666:Gray, Earle. (2005).
2597:Gray, Earle. (2005).
2423:Gray, Earle. (2005).
2192:Gray, Earle. (2008).
2101:Gray, Earle. (2005).
1997:Gray, Earle. (2005).
1913:Gray, Earle. (2005).
1731:Gray, Earle. (2008).
1194:Gray, Earle. (2005).
968:George Weltden Gesner
572:James Miller Williams
537:Marriage and children
391:Discovery of kerosene
281:to study medicine at
220:. Gesner was born in
1355:Gray, Earle (2005).
1084:Murray, T J (1993).
583:Dalhousie University
568:Enniskillen Township
546:Later life and death
511:Enniskillen Township
434:, a small town near
362:New Brunswick Museum
267:American Revolution.
173:Abraham Pineo Gesner
115:Dalhousie University
2969:Canadian geologists
2029:Beaton, K. (1955).
826:Simmonds & Ward
622:Katimavik-Hazeldean
2974:Canadian inventors
1015:The Globe and Mail
603:Camp Hill Cemetery
587:Camp Hill Cemetery
529:, a subsidiary of
319:Charles T. Jackson
2710:978-1-77385-036-8
2641:978-1-77385-036-8
2470:978-1-61149-466-2
2398:978-1-61149-466-2
2203:978-1-4593-3970-5
1888:978-1-77385-036-8
1742:978-1-4593-3970-5
1684:978-1-61149-466-2
1495:978-1-61149-466-2
1399:978-1-77385-036-8
1057:978-1-61149-466-2
877:Richard C. Taylor
462:Earl of Dundonald
344:, which he named
338:Petitcodiac River
289:, and surgery at
170:
169:
133:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
3031:
2940:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2788:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2333:
2318:
2317:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1269:www.biographi.ca
1261:
1218:
1217:
1191:
1180:
1179:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1002:
987:
966:Abraham Gesner;
962:
941:
935:
927:
904:William L. Avery
899:
872:
851:
829:
814:
793:Abraham Gesner;
789:
768:
757:
736:
715:
694:
673:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
90:
69:
67:
54:
37:
21:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2922:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2789:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2711:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2511:10.2307/3111597
2496:
2495:
2486:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2350:10.2307/3111597
2335:
2334:
2321:
2290:10.2307/3111597
2275:
2274:
2270:
2239:10.2307/3111597
2224:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2148:10.2307/3111597
2133:
2132:
2128:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2061:10.2307/3111597
2046:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1960:10.2307/3111597
1945:
1944:
1940:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1837:10.2307/3111597
1822:
1821:
1814:
1783:10.2307/3111597
1768:
1767:
1758:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1697:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1636:10.2307/3111597
1621:
1620:
1616:
1585:10.2307/3111597
1570:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1440:10.2307/3111597
1425:
1424:
1415:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1311:10.2307/3111597
1296:
1295:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1221:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1152:10.2307/3111597
1137:
1136:
1127:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:
984:
965:
959:
944:
928:
924:
902:
896:
875:
869:
854:
848:
832:
817:
811:
792:
786:
771:
760:
754:
739:
733:
718:
712:
697:
691:
676:
670:
655:
652:
595:
548:
539:
472:known today as
452:
393:
370:voltaic battery
307:
247:
242:
184:
180:
159:
113:
109:
103:Alma mater
98:
92:
88:
79:
70:
65:
63:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2926:Abraham Gesner
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2852:External links
2850:
2847:
2846:
2832:
2808:
2775:
2757:
2742:
2724:
2709:
2691:
2676:
2655:
2640:
2622:
2607:
2589:
2540:
2484:
2469:
2448:
2433:
2412:
2397:
2379:
2319:
2268:
2217:
2202:
2177:
2126:
2111:
2090:
2039:
2022:
2007:
1989:
1938:
1923:
1902:
1887:
1866:
1812:
1756:
1741:
1712:
1683:
1665:
1614:
1560:
1536:
1509:
1494:
1469:
1413:
1398:
1380:
1365:
1340:
1280:
1219:
1204:
1181:
1125:
1071:
1056:
1036:
1008:(2019-10-04).
996:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
982:
963:
957:
942:
922:
916:. Saint John.
911:Abraham Gesner
900:
894:
883:Abraham Gesner
873:
867:
852:
846:
830:
815:
809:
803:. Saint John.
790:
784:
778:. Saint John.
769:
758:
752:
746:. Saint John.
737:
731:
725:. Saint John.
716:
710:
704:. Saint John.
695:
689:
683:. Saint John.
674:
668:
651:
648:
594:
591:
547:
544:
538:
535:
451:
448:
392:
389:
306:
303:
295:John Abernethy
291:Guy's Hospital
246:
243:
241:
238:
168:
167:
164:
163:
154:
150:
149:
140:
136:
135:
129:
128:
122:
121:Known for
118:
117:
104:
100:
99:
97:, Nova Scotia
93:
91:(aged 66)
87:April 29, 1864
85:
81:
80:
71:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
40:
26:
24:
18:Abraham Gesner
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3036:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2936:9780228809777
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2841:"Google Maps"
2836:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2776:0-9737342-0-5
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:0-9737342-0-5
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2677:0-9737342-0-5
2673:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2608:0-9737342-0-5
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:0-9737342-0-5
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:0-9737342-0-5
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:0-9737342-0-5
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:0-9737342-0-5
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:0-9737342-0-5
1362:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:0-9737342-0-5
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
991:
985:
983:9780665477645
979:
975:
974:
969:
964:
960:
958:9780665477638
954:
950:
949:
943:
939:
933:
925:
923:9780665223891
919:
915:
914:
912:
905:
901:
897:
895:9780665108143
891:
887:
886:
884:
878:
874:
870:
868:9780665515811
864:
860:
859:
853:
849:
847:9780665353857
843:
839:
838:
831:
827:
823:
822:
816:
812:
810:9780665349386
806:
802:
801:
796:
791:
787:
785:9780665448140
781:
777:
776:
770:
767:. Saint John.
766:
765:
759:
755:
753:9780665448133
749:
745:
744:
738:
734:
732:9780665448126
728:
724:
723:
717:
713:
711:9780665448119
707:
703:
702:
696:
692:
690:9780665448102
686:
682:
681:
675:
671:
669:9780665353871
665:
661:
660:
654:
653:
650:Written works
649:
647:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:postage stamp
625:
623:
619:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
557:
553:
545:
543:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
523:Luther Atwood
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
495:
492:
491:
486:
482:
481:Newtown Creek
477:
475:
470:
465:
463:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
421:Charlottetown
418:
414:
409:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
365:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Albert County
339:
334:
332:
331:Queens County
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
299:Charles Lyell
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:King's County
252:
244:
239:
237:
235:
232:. He died in
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:who invented
215:
211:
205:
178:
174:
165:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
38:
33:
19:
2925:
2835:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:
2811:
2766:
2760:
2733:
2727:
2700:
2694:
2667:
2631:
2625:
2598:
2592:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2502:
2498:
2460:
2424:
2388:
2382:
2341:
2337:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2193:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2102:
2055:(1): 38–39.
2052:
2048:
2042:
2030:
2025:
1998:
1992:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1914:
1878:
1828:
1824:
1774:
1770:
1732:
1674:
1668:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1579:(1): 33–34.
1576:
1572:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1485:
1431:
1427:
1389:
1383:
1356:
1302:
1298:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:
1195:
1143:
1139:
1093:
1089:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1024:. Retrieved
1013:
1000:
972:
947:
910:
908:
882:
881:
857:
837:the province
835:
820:
799:
774:
763:
742:
721:
700:
679:
658:
641:
626:
615:
611:
608:
599:Imperial Oil
596:
580:
563:
561:
555:
551:
549:
540:
531:Standard Oil
515:Pennsylvania
508:
504:paraffin oil
496:
488:
478:
459:
453:
429:
397:hydrocarbons
394:
378:
366:
358:
335:
327:
322:
314:
308:
305:Early career
271:
248:
172:
171:
153:Institutions
132:
89:(1864-04-29)
2959:1864 deaths
2954:1797 births
1096:(1): 43–4.
840:. Halifax.
662:. Halifax.
633:Canada Post
500:James Young
485:Long Island
259:Nova Scotia
226:Nova Scotia
77:Nova Scotia
62:May 2, 1797
2948:Categories
2826:2020-06-17
2719:1087508620
2650:1087508620
1897:1087508620
1554:2020-06-12
1530:2020-06-12
1408:1087508620
1274:2020-06-12
1026:2019-10-07
992:References
456:shipbroker
408:Pitch Lake
405:Trinidad's
251:Cornwallis
245:Early life
222:Cornwallis
124:Inventing
73:Cornwallis
66:1797-05-02
2793:cite book
2566:0141-0768
2560:(1): 44.
2535:154857952
2519:0007-6805
2505:(1): 52.
2479:856623159
2407:856623159
2374:154857952
2358:0007-6805
2344:(1): 51.
2314:154857952
2298:0007-6805
2284:(1): 45.
2263:154857952
2247:0007-6805
2233:(1): 42.
2212:842999352
2172:154857952
2156:0007-6805
2142:(1): 41.
2085:154857952
2069:0007-6805
1984:154857952
1968:0007-6805
1954:(1): 37.
1861:154857952
1845:0007-6805
1831:(1): 36.
1807:154857952
1791:0007-6805
1777:(1): 35.
1751:842999352
1701:cite book
1693:856623159
1660:154857952
1644:0007-6805
1630:(1): 34.
1609:154857952
1593:0007-6805
1545:"History"
1521:"History"
1504:856623159
1464:154857952
1448:0007-6805
1434:(1): 33.
1335:154857952
1319:0007-6805
1305:(1): 32.
1176:154857952
1160:0007-6805
1146:(1): 31.
1102:0141-0768
1066:856623159
932:cite book
795:John Ross
597:In 1933,
578:in 1861.
519:petroleum
432:Sackville
413:whale oil
346:albertite
311:Parrsboro
274:Caribbean
240:Biography
214:geologist
210:physician
2785:60679720
2752:60679720
2686:60679720
2617:60679720
2443:60679720
2121:60679720
2017:60679720
1933:60679720
1375:60679720
1214:60679720
1020:Archived
1006:Ed Butts
970:(1865).
906:(1852).
879:(1851).
824:London:
797:(1846).
576:Hamilton
474:gasoline
425:kerosene
417:coal oil
263:Loyalist
218:kerosene
147:medicine
126:kerosene
2584:8423576
2575:1293824
2527:3111597
2366:3111597
2306:3111597
2255:3111597
2164:3111597
2077:3111597
1976:3111597
1853:3111597
1799:3111597
1652:3111597
1601:3111597
1549:NBM-MNB
1525:NBM-MNB
1456:3111597
1327:3111597
1168:3111597
1120:8423576
1111:1293824
469:patents
436:Halifax
401:bitumen
374:Miꞌkmaq
354:asphalt
234:Halifax
143:Geology
95:Halifax
64: (
2933:
2783:
2773:
2750:
2740:
2717:
2707:
2684:
2674:
2648:
2638:
2615:
2605:
2582:
2572:
2564:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2477:
2467:
2441:
2431:
2405:
2395:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2210:
2200:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2119:
2109:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2015:
2005:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1931:
1921:
1895:
1885:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1749:
1739:
1691:
1681:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1502:
1492:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1406:
1396:
1373:
1363:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1212:
1202:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1118:
1108:
1100:
1064:
1054:
1032:odour.
980:
955:
920:
892:
865:
844:
807:
782:
750:
729:
708:
687:
666:
618:Ottawa
593:Legacy
381:Quebec
293:under
285:under
279:London
139:Fields
2531:S2CID
2523:JSTOR
2370:S2CID
2362:JSTOR
2310:S2CID
2302:JSTOR
2259:S2CID
2251:JSTOR
2168:S2CID
2160:JSTOR
2081:S2CID
2073:JSTOR
1980:S2CID
1972:JSTOR
1857:S2CID
1849:JSTOR
1803:S2CID
1795:JSTOR
1656:S2CID
1648:JSTOR
1605:S2CID
1597:JSTOR
1460:S2CID
1452:JSTOR
1331:S2CID
1323:JSTOR
1172:S2CID
1164:JSTOR
403:from
2931:ISBN
2803:link
2799:link
2781:OCLC
2771:ISBN
2748:OCLC
2738:ISBN
2715:OCLC
2705:ISBN
2682:OCLC
2672:ISBN
2646:OCLC
2636:ISBN
2613:OCLC
2603:ISBN
2580:PMID
2562:ISSN
2515:ISSN
2475:OCLC
2465:ISBN
2439:OCLC
2429:ISBN
2403:OCLC
2393:ISBN
2354:ISSN
2294:ISSN
2243:ISSN
2208:OCLC
2198:ISBN
2152:ISSN
2117:OCLC
2107:ISBN
2065:ISSN
2013:OCLC
2003:ISBN
1964:ISSN
1929:OCLC
1919:ISBN
1893:OCLC
1883:ISBN
1841:ISSN
1787:ISSN
1747:OCLC
1737:ISBN
1707:link
1689:OCLC
1679:ISBN
1640:ISSN
1589:ISSN
1500:OCLC
1490:ISBN
1444:ISSN
1404:OCLC
1394:ISBN
1371:OCLC
1361:ISBN
1315:ISSN
1210:OCLC
1200:ISBN
1156:ISSN
1116:PMID
1098:ISSN
1062:OCLC
1052:ISBN
978:ISBN
953:ISBN
938:link
918:ISBN
890:ISBN
863:ISBN
842:ISBN
805:ISBN
780:ISBN
748:ISBN
727:ISBN
706:ISBN
685:ISBN
664:ISBN
513:and
350:coal
212:and
84:Died
59:Born
2570:PMC
2507:doi
2346:doi
2286:doi
2235:doi
2144:doi
2057:doi
1956:doi
1833:doi
1779:doi
1632:doi
1581:doi
1436:doi
1307:doi
1148:doi
1106:PMC
631:by
620:'s
415:or
352:or
340:in
177:ONB
43:ONB
2950::
2819:.
2795:}}
2791:{{
2779:.
2746:.
2713:.
2680:.
2658:^
2644:.
2611:.
2578:.
2568:.
2558:86
2556:.
2552:.
2529:.
2521:.
2513:.
2503:29
2501:.
2487:^
2473:.
2451:^
2437:.
2415:^
2401:.
2368:.
2360:.
2352:.
2342:29
2340:.
2322:^
2308:.
2300:.
2292:.
2282:29
2280:.
2257:.
2249:.
2241:.
2231:29
2229:.
2206:.
2180:^
2166:.
2158:.
2150:.
2140:29
2138:.
2115:.
2093:^
2079:.
2071:.
2063:.
2053:29
2051:.
2011:.
1978:.
1970:.
1962:.
1952:29
1950:.
1927:.
1905:^
1891:.
1869:^
1855:.
1847:.
1839:.
1829:29
1827:.
1815:^
1801:.
1793:.
1785:.
1775:29
1773:.
1759:^
1745:.
1715:^
1703:}}
1699:{{
1687:.
1654:.
1646:.
1638:.
1628:29
1626:.
1603:.
1595:.
1587:.
1577:29
1575:.
1563:^
1547:.
1523:.
1512:^
1498:.
1472:^
1458:.
1450:.
1442:.
1432:29
1430:.
1416:^
1402:.
1369:.
1343:^
1329:.
1321:.
1313:.
1303:29
1301:.
1283:^
1267:.
1222:^
1208:.
1184:^
1170:.
1162:.
1154:.
1144:29
1142:.
1128:^
1114:.
1104:.
1094:86
1092:.
1088:.
1074:^
1060:.
1029:.
1018:.
1012:.
934:}}
930:{{
589:.
483:,
427:.
364:.
356:.
301:.
257:,
253:,
224:,
201:ər
175:,
145:,
75:,
2939:.
2843:.
2829:.
2805:)
2787:.
2754:.
2721:.
2688:.
2652:.
2619:.
2586:.
2537:.
2509::
2481:.
2445:.
2409:.
2376:.
2348::
2316:.
2288::
2265:.
2237::
2214:.
2174:.
2146::
2123:.
2087:.
2059::
2037:)
2019:.
1986:.
1958::
1935:.
1899:.
1863:.
1835::
1809:.
1781::
1753:.
1709:)
1695:.
1662:.
1634::
1611:.
1583::
1557:.
1533:.
1506:.
1466:.
1438::
1410:.
1377:.
1337:.
1309::
1277:.
1216:.
1178:.
1150::
1122:.
1068:.
986:.
961:.
940:)
926:.
898:.
871:.
850:.
828:.
813:.
788:.
756:.
735:.
714:.
693:.
672:.
204:/
198:n
195:s
192:ɛ
189:ɡ
186:ˈ
183:/
179:(
68:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
