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comparison. If the performance domain is low in self-relevance then the reflection process is likely to be more important and the outstanding performance of a friend or relative boost self-evaluation. Assume that people want to maintain a positive self-evaluation. Now, predictions can be tested about when people will alter the self-relevance of a performance domain, how close (or distant) they will feel toward another, and whether they will facilitate or hinder the performance of another. The emotions underlying these behavioral changes have also been explored. The model has been extended to recognize the effects of committed relationships, e.g., marriage, by
Stephen Beach.
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posits two processes, the comparison process and the reflection process, to explain how the outstanding performance of others can affect our own behavior. When a close other, e.g., a friend or relative, performs better in a highly self-relevant domain then self-evaluation is likely to suffer by
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Self-reported attitudes might primarily reflect a person's feelings or her beliefs about an attitude object Her behavior with respect to the object might also primarily reflect feelings about the object, i.e., consummatory behaviors, or beliefs about the object, i.e., instrumental behaviors.
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The number of processes that affect self-esteem is large and diverse, a "self zoo". Using three broad classes of mechanisms, cognitive consistency, social comparison and value expression, the "confluence" work shows that many of these mechanisms are not independent. For example, a threat to
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Tesser, A., Crepaz, N., Collins, J. C. , Cornell, D. & Beach, S.R.H. (2000). Confluence of self defense mechanisms: On integrating the self zoo. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1476-1489.. The element that connects these processes is posited to be negative
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This research, in collaboration with Sidney Rosen, identified (and named) a robust tendency for persons to avoid communicating information with negative consequences (bad news) to the relevant recipient. A variety of explanations for the effect has been explored and reported.
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This research suggests that simply thinking about an attitude object, even with no new information or change in circumstances, can result in attitude change usually in a more extreme direction (polarization). Such changes seem to depend on the presence of cognitive
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Attitudes differ in the extent to which they are influenced by genetic factors, i.e., their heritability. Attitudes with greater heritability are more accessible, more resistant to social influence and more influential in attracting/repelling us to/from
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According to the
Mismatch Model the relationship between attitudes and behavior is maximized when there is a match between the attitude component reflected in the self-report and the component reflected in the behavior.
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Millar, M. G. & Tesser, A. (1992). The role of beliefs and feelings in guiding behavior: The Mis-match Model. In L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.) The
Construction of Social Judgement. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
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Beach, S. R. H. & Tesser, A. (1995). Self-esteem and the extended self-evaluation maintenance model: The self in social context. In M. Kernis (Ed.) Efficacy, Agency, and Self Esteem. New York: Plenum. Pp
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Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 21), 181-227. New York: Academic Press.
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Tesser, A., & Rosen, S. The reluctance to transmit bad news. In L. Berkowitz (Editor), Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology (Volume 8). New York: Academic Press, 1975, 194-232.
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Tesser, A., & Leone, C. Cognitive schemas and thought as determinants of attitude change. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 1977, 13, 340-356.
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Tesser, A. Self-generated attitude change. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. XI). New York: Academic Press, 1978.
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where he held a faculty position (1967–1999) and directed the
Institute for Behavioral Research (1984–1994). His research has been supported by the
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Tesser, A. (1993) On the importance of heritability in psychological research: The case of attitudes. Psychological Review, 100, 129-142.
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self-esteem via social comparison can be addressed via increases in cognitive consistency or value expression and vice versa.
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109:(born May 24, 1941) is a Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the
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113:. His research has made significant contributions to several areas in the field of
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Self-Generated attitude change (attitude polarization).
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175:Society for Personality and Social Psychology
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167:National Institute for Mental Health
247:Self-evaluation maintenance theory
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119:self-evaluation maintenance model
125:that focuses on the motives for
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379:University of Georgia faculty
374:American social psychologists
255:Confluence and the Self Zoo.
173:as president in 2000 of the
169:. He served in the field of
183:interpersonal communication
163:National Science Foundation
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137:Abraham Tesser received a
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239:The Psychology of Self
231:Attitude Heritability.
143:Long Island University
177:and as Editor of the
159:University of Georgia
111:University of Georgia
95:University of Georgia
16:American psychologist
191:psychology of self
171:social psychology
155:Purdue University
123:social psychology
117:. He created the
115:social psychology
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85:Social psychology
71:Scientific career
63:Purdue University
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145:in 1962 and an
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149:in 1965 and
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91:Institutions
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384:1941 births
65:(PhD, 1967)
43:24 May 1941
363:Categories
263:References
81:psychology
39:1941-05-24
211:Attitudes
187:attitudes
133:Biography
342:145-170.
314:Erlbaum.
220:schemas.
197:Research
189:and the
165:and the
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352:affect.
234:others.
77:Fields
53:, U.S.
141:from
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29:Born
151:PhD
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139:BA
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