278:, necklaces with a pendant saying "dhimmi", and distinct black and/or red shoes. Obadiah also wrote that every Jewish woman had to wear a small brass bell either around her throat or on her shoe, so that the noise would serve to mark her as Jewish. Based Obadiah's account, these distinctions had the effect of singling out Jews for special physical and verbal abuse.
334:, "No vizier had ever displayed such zeal as he for the service of religion and the observance of the law. In all affairs connected with religion he was strict and severe, but in temporal matters, easy and indulgent. Never did he incur the slightest reprehension for remissness in his duty towards God."
288:
Ibn Samha was upset at Abu Shuja's actions and wrote to Nizam al-Mulk. Besides being Ibn Samha's employer, Nizam al-Mulk also wanted to put the Seljuk sultan's authority on the caliph. Nizam al-Mulk was able to pressure the caliph into firing Abu Shuja. According to Ibn al-Jawzi, he was dismissed
345:
The memory of the edict attributed to Abu Shuja was particularly powerful among the Jewish community. Besides
Obadiah the Proselyte, its effects were also mentioned in a heavily fictionalized Judeo-Arabic epistle found in the
622:
378:
attributes the anti-dhimmi laws to al-Muqtadi without mentioning Abu Shuja. Meanwhile, the later Geniza epistle attributes them to Abu Shuja without mentioning al-Muqtadi.
405:
They were later repealed in 1104 (498 AH). The reason is unknown, although
Grayson speculates it may have something to do with the political uncertainty at the time.
354:. It depicts a period of extended hardship by the Jewish community which it blames on Abu Shuja: "the root of these calamitites was an evil man named Abu Shuja".
266:
to distinguish them from
Muslims. These resitrictions were especially harsh and intended to be as humiliating as possible to dhimmis. Based on the accounts of
330:
Al-Rudhrawari was highly esteemed by later Muslim sources, who praised him both for his piety and generosity as well as his literary ability. According to
617:
632:
396:
Obadiah's focus was specifically on the Jewish community, so if non-Jewish dhimmis were singled out for abuse as well then he didn't write about it.
374:
has al-Muqtadi wrote that "al-Muqtadi empowered his second-in-command, whose name was
Abishuga, to take discriminatory action against the Jews".
533:
483:
301:, he was put under house arrest and then exiled to Rudhrawar, where he lived for a while before going on hajj in 1094.
627:
469:
171:
30:
579:
456:
170:, also known by the honorific "Zaḥīr al-Dīn", was an 11th-century government official and author who served as
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331:
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The edict specifically stated that these restrictions also applied to government officials. According to
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praised him for his "consummate merit, vast intelligence, dignified conduct, and unerring foresight."
612:
607:
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178:
twice, once briefly in 1078 and the second time from 1083/4 until 1094. He wrote a continuation to
274:, an Italian convert to Judaism who was in Iraq around 1120, the distinguishing features included
460:
223:. His second term in office was much longer: he was appointed in December 1083 or January 1084 (
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209:
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479:
464:
335:
175:
310:
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447:
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credited him with helping restore some of the
Abbasid caliphate's prestige and respect.
297:, this happened instead on Thursday, 19 Safar, 484 AH (12 April, 1091 CE). According to
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601:
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His first term as vizier was very short in 1078 (471 AH), after the dismissal of the
582:. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 288–290.
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He didn't say whether this also applied to non-Jewish dhimmis, or to men as well.
254:, and a Muslim carpet seller. In response, Abu Shuja promulgated a harsh anti-
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Ibn
Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Translated from the Arabic. Vol. III
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285:, many dhimmi government officials went into hiding due to the edict.
322:, 488 AH). He was buried at the Baqi al-Gharqad cemetery in Madinah.
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228:
370:
Abu Shuja's exact role in this edict is somewhat unclear.
308:, and he ended up spending the last year of his life as a
88:
December 1083 or
January 1084 – April or May 1091
260:
edict on behalf of the caliph, enforcing them to wear a
227:, 476 AH) and stayed in office until April or May 1091 (
535:
Jews in the
Political Life of Abbasid Baghdad, 908-1258
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623:11th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate
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293:, 484 AH (25 October, 1091 CE). According to
192:of poetry, of which about 80 verses survive.
8:
304:In 1094 (478 AH) he went on a pilgrimage to
470:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
15:
541:. pp. 119–21, 123, 127, 132–3, 140–1
478:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 586–587.
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363:
208:). His father was originally from the
238:In 1091, an altercation broke out in
7:
200:Abu Shuja al-Rudhrawari was born in
246:, a Jewish commercial agent of the
14:
532:Grayson, Jennifer Rachel (2017).
618:Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
633:People from Kermanshah province
216:, hence the name "Rudhrawari".
318:until his death in June 1095 (
1:
350:that is a retelling of the
289:from office on Thursday, 9
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580:Baron Mac Guckin de Slane
161:
124:
81:
36:
25:
20:Abū Shujā' al-Rūdhrāwarī
445:Bosworth, C.E. (1995).
332:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
119:Amid ad-Dawla ibn Jahir
372:Obadiah the Proselyte
272:Obadiah the Proselyte
628:11th-century poets
186:. He also wrote a
485:978-90-04-09834-3
176:Abbasid Caliphate
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578:. Translated by
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461:Heinrichs, W. P.
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129:Personal details
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448:"AL-RŪDHRĀWARĪ"
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352:Book of Esther
336:Ibn al-Sam'ani
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212:district near
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31:Abbasid Vizier
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543:. Retrieved
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474:Volume VIII:
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392:
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376:Ibn al-Jawzi
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348:Cairo Geniza
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283:Ibn al-Athir
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268:Ibn al-Jawzi
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114:Succeeded by
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71:Succeeded by
38:
613:1095 deaths
608:1045 births
465:Lecomte, G.
235:, 484 AH).
182:'s history
149:June 1095 (
104:Preceded by
59:Preceded by
602:Categories
588:1204465708
413:References
242:involving
221:Banu Jahir
108:Banu Jahir
97:al-Muqtadi
76:Banu Jahir
64:Banu Jahir
52:al-Muqtadi
320:Jumada II
244:Ibn Samha
210:Rudhrawar
196:Biography
180:Miskawayh
153:, 488 AH)
151:Jumada II
84:In office
43:1078–1078
39:In office
572:(1868).
545:12 April
467:(eds.).
202:Kangavar
174:for the
140:Kangavar
476:Ned–Sam
316:Madinah
311:mujawir
291:Ramadan
276:girdles
250:vizier
240:Baghdad
233:Rabi' I
225:Sha'ban
214:Hamadan
156:Madinah
93:Monarch
48:Monarch
586:
482:
463:&
326:Legacy
263:ghiyar
257:dhimmi
248:Seljuk
172:vizier
539:(PDF)
451:. In
358:Notes
306:Mecca
229:Safar
189:diwan
584:OCLC
547:2022
480:ISBN
270:and
146:Died
134:Born
314:in
231:or
604::
555:^
494:^
459:;
455:;
421:^
206:AH
590:.
549:.
488:.
472:.
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