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position is similar to the
Abukuma Caves. The total length is about 900m, and as the name may suggest, there are numerous waterways located in that cave. Rainwater that flows into a drain called "nekoshakushi" of Sendaidaira flows into the Irimizu Caves. There are three different tour trails, two of them needing preparation to travel through water. With that being said, even without needing preparation for the tour not needing preparations for water in the route this may change with the seasons. The water levels may rise up to the knees for some individuals. After heavy rains this cave cannot be entered. In addition to bats, other organisms inhabit the cave such as salamanders and millipedes.
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Onimaru made a castle on Mt. Otakine made of platinum and faced Tamura Maro, however as he got driven further into the sinkhole he took his own life in the end. Ota
Onimaru was then buried in a hill located in Sendaidaira but left his name retained in the largest hall of the Oniana sinkhole. The area named "Ota Onimaru Hall" and in that same area is "Ota Onimaru's stool stone". The Ota Onimaru hall is about 100m long and has a ceiling height of 60m or more, and the flowstone can be observed with the largest height difference in Japan reaching up to 45m on the cave wall.
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crispula and Acer mono grow while bryophytes spread on the forest floor. Acer mono turns red in autumn and is traditional to
Sendaidaira along with cherry blossoms in the spring. Red pine dominates most of the vegetation in the Abukuma plateau area but deciduous trees such as zelkova can also be spotted around Sendaidaira. These areas are inhabited by small to medium sized mammals such as wild boars, raccoons and foxes.
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open to the public, is approximately 3,300m, which may be further extended depending on future explorations. Various shapes of stalactites have developed in the cave. In addition to the stalagmites and stone pillars, cave shields (flat stalactites in the shape of shield plates) and erosion marks of ground water can also be seen.
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Sendaidaira has been made as a national recreational area and a prefectural natural park (Abukuma Kogen Chubu
Prefectural National Park), and is used for leisure and rest. It is also a place where astrological observations are popular because it is far from the urban area and is less affected by city
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A large sinkhole developed at the boundary between the limestone layer and the shale layer with a major axis of 140m, a minor axis of 120m, and a depth of 85m. The side closer to the limestone is a cliff and the shale side has eroded to form a slope. The underground is connected to the
Abukuma Caves,
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From the west slope of Mt. Otakine to the Ogoe district of Tamura city, a limestone layer called the Takine
Formation runs about 4km vertically on the longitude and between 0.5 and 1 km horizontally on the latitude. This limestone was formed by depositing the remains of organisms such as foraminifera
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Abukuma-do was discovered in
September 1969 from the present Busan quarry site in an area called Abukuma Highlands (阿武隈高地), or Harachitai highlands (原地帯), in the middle of a geologic plateau formation of irregular limestone deposits, on the western slope of Mt. Otakine. Since ancient times mining for
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The average temperature in the cave is around 14°c, this temperature does not fluctuate greatly although in 1975 to 1977 after the tourism development, the temperature was seen rise up to 15 to 17°c in the summer. 15°c being the lower temperature in the winter. Prior to the cave being discovered the
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The length of the general tour around the
Abukuma Caves is about 600m excluding any other routes not included. About a 150m into the cave there is a route branched for a paid "exploration course" (about 120m total), making the total tour about 720m. The total length of the cave, including routes not
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Various names are given to the most characteristic areas and stalactite structures in the
Abukuma caves. Listed below are the names of the different areas and stalactite structures. In addition to these, there are outline information boards, old entrances, routes of branches to exploration courses,
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The initial discovery of the cave entrance is now near the exit of the modern day tourist destination. The cave itself consists of a 12m deep pit, a tunnel running 60m north, and a passage running 15m southwest. In March 1970, an expedition team from a
Japanese university explored the inside of the
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The temperature of the running water in the Irimizu Caves was 1.8°C lower than that of the Abukuma Caves at the time of the research survey done in 2001. Some of the tour routes have a depth of a few dozen cm and the tours that required water preparation also require appropriate equipment, one of
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There is a limestone cave located about 4km north of the Abukuma Caves (37° 21′ 19.7″ N, 140° 39′ 53.1″ E). The area was designed to be a national natural monument in December of 1934, and is under the jurisdiction of an office different than the one that manages the Abukuma Caves. The geological
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This Oniana has a legendary rumor. Around 800AD (early Heian period), this region was ruled by a powerful tribe called Ota Onimaru. This powerful tribe encountered conflicts with the imperial court and Sakanoue Tamura Maro, who was the shogun at the time, dispatched the imperial army to them. Ota
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Limestone dew rocks called pinnacles can be seen everywhere in Sendaidaira, forming a landscape similar to the karst terrain. In addition to the Abukuma Caves, there are depressions and caves such as Dorine and Irimizu Caves also known as Oniana. Inside large sinkholes, woody plants like Quercus
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Many organisms can be observed in the Abukuma Caves. Salamanders often inhabit the waterways, including bats and collembolan. There are several types of bats inhabiting the cave like the Japanese Hilgendorf's bat, which is confirmed to be rated as Endangered on the Red List of the Ministry of the
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It is estimated that the limestone that started the Abukuma caves was transformed into crystalline limestone about 80 million years ago in the late Cretaceous period. Around this time, the limestone of the Takine Formation, which was still deep underground, underwent contact metamorphism from the
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Environment. The inside of the cave is lit up for ornamental use of stalactites and for ensuring safety, bryophytes and algae adhere to the wall surface as lampenflora and grow. These were brought in from outside the cave after the liberation of the cave and did not originally exist in the cave.
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and was originally named Kamayama Shonyu-do (釜山鍾乳洞). It was designated a natural heritage of the town on February 7, 1971, and renamed Abukuma-do on June 1, 1973. Visitors can traverse a 600-metre-long path inside the cave as well as a 120-metre-long exploration course to view the
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It is presumed that the limestone layer emerged on the surface of the earth due to the widespread uplift, and the erosion by groundwater began and the cave was formed, probably from the end of the Tertiary to the Quaternary period. Further details of the formation are unclear.
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cave. They discovered main cave ahead of the air hole in the northern end that was regarded as the end point until then. In 1973, four years after the discovery, the interior of the cave was developed for observation and it was opened to the public.
128:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
482:. Both represent a featured stop along the 600 meter course inside the cave. According to the Abukuma Caves Management Office, The Christmas Tree, at over two metres high, is said to be the largest stalagmite in the
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marble and limestone has been popular in that area. Limestone was also discovered at Abukuma-do. At the year of Abukuma-do's discovery mining in that area was suspended, and a limestone outcrop remains to this day.
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temperature in the summer stood around 14°c and decreasing to around 0 to 10°c in the winter. Icicles can be seen in winter near the openings of the caves however the waterways and walls inside do not freeze.
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A research study conducted in 2001 revealed that the groundwater flow that springs from the innermost part of the main cave is derived from the groundwater that has permeated from the foot of Mt. Otakine.
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In 2004 a door was installed on the Oniana hole to protect the Japanese Hilgendorf's bat that inhabits the Abukuma Cave. Little horseshoe bats inhabit the 70m long horizontal hole of the Oniana.
300:. Each stalactite has taken more than eighty million years to form. Beyond the public areas lie about 2,500 metres of cave that are not open to the public. Nearby Abukuma Cave is the smaller
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light pollution. Near the Abukuma Cave is Hoshinumura Observatory equipped with a reflection telescope having a diameter of 65cm and a planetarium in the building.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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emergency access routes, etc. as facilities in the cave. There is also a wine cellar that utilizes the stable environment inside the cave.
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that project from cave walls and ceilings, forming a honeycomb or box-like pattern. Boxwork can also be found in Shimukugama in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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on December 28, 1934. The temperature inside Abukuma-do is approximately 15 °C and the humidity is above 90%.
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Railway: Take a taxi from Kanmata station on the JR Ban-Etsuto Line. The bus has been temporarily taken out.
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intrusive granite and granodiorite, and part of it changed to crystalline limestone (also known as marble).
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Takeda, Toru; Hishinuma, Tomio; Kamieda, Kinuyo; Dale, Leigh; Oguma, Chiyoichi (August 10, 1988),
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Fees: Adults 1200 yen, junior and high school students 800yen, elementary and younger 600 yen
304:(入水鍾乳洞 - Irimizu Limestone Cave), discovered in 1927. Irimizu Limestone Cave was designated a
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these routes needing accompaniment by a tour guide if and individual wished to enter.
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Private car: About 15 mins from Ono IC via Ban-etsu Expressway or Abukuma Kogen Road.
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inside Abukuma-do. The Christmas Tree is a stalagmite and The Silver Frost meets
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on the seabed from the Carboniferous to the Permian about 300 million years ago.
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Takeda, Toru; Hishinuma, Tomio; Oguma, Chiyoichi; Takiguchi, R. (July 7, 2001),
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and the rainwater that flows in from the Oniana flows out via Abukuma Caves.
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Tsuki no Sekai - A place where you can see the main stalactites in the cave
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The Christmas Tree and the Silver Frost are two of the most distinctive
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There are group discounts as well as discounts for disabled and others.
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287:. The cave was discovered on August 15, 1969, northeast of the city of
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Takine Palace - Large cavity with a ceiling height of about 30m
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Parking lot: 700 passenger cars, 30 sightseeing buses (free)
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Opening Time: 8:30AM - 5:00PM (March 1st - November 30th)
708:, Aizu-Wakamatsu City: Rekishi Shunju Publishing Co.,
699:(1988 ed.), Fukushima City: Fukushima Mimpo Press
279:(あぶくま洞 - Abukuma Cave) is a limestone cave located in
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a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.
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Hello! Fukushima - International Exchange Guide Book
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A notable feature of Abukuma-do is the existence of
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From December - February the closing time is 4:30PM
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417:Ryū kyūden - A large cavity next to Takine Palace
146:accompanying your translation by providing an
108:Click for important translation instructions.
95:expand this article with text translated from
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776:Tourist attractions in Fukushima Prefecture
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66:Learn how and when to remove this message
29:This article includes a list of general
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724:Abukuma Cave, Irimizu Limestone Cave
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35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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771:Landforms of Fukushima Prefecture
706:Fukushima - Today & Tomorrow
645:Fukushima - Today & Tomorrow
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466:Christmas Tree and Silver Frost
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156:You may also add the template
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562:Facilities and Transportation
270:10,085,000 (in 1988)
741:Tamura City official website
675:National treasures of Japan
169:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
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596:Transportation Information
458:(氷渡洞 - Ice Cross Cave) in
120:Machine translation, like
498:Organisms within the cave
438:Boxwork inside Abukuma-do
306:National Natural Treasure
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97:the corresponding article
722:Suzuki, Katsuji (1993),
251:37.344717°N 140.673472°E
167:For more guidance, see
158:{{Translated|ja|あぶくま洞}}
50:more precise citations.
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726:, Takine Town: Suzuya
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507:Surrounding Geography
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359:Names within the cave
256:37.344717; 140.673472
140:copyright attribution
567:Facility Information
281:Fukushima Prefecture
224:Fukushima Prefecture
756:Show caves in Japan
656:Suzuki K., page 31.
621:Suzuki K., page 17.
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148:interlanguage link
781:Tamura, Fukushima
689:The Dragon Palace
302:Irimizu Shonyu-do
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144:edit summary
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56:January 2022
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634:, page 116.
400:Big Froston
298:stalagmites
294:stalactites
254: /
242:140°40′24″E
230:Coordinates
99:in Japanese
48:introducing
750:Categories
681:References
647:, page 50.
643:Takeda T.:
630:Takeda T.:
476:dripstones
472:Speleothem
394:Kan'non-zō
277:Abukuma-do
239:37°20′41″N
220:Tamura-shi
185:Abukuma-do
31:references
162:talk page
664:See also
412:Box Work
391:Rimstone
267:Visitors
202:Location
138:provide
452:Okinawa
448:calcite
444:boxwork
430:Boxwork
325:Geology
312:History
160:to the
142:in the
101:.
44:improve
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524:Oniana
480:column
289:Tamura
206:Honshū
33:, but
609:Notes
388:Juhyō
285:Japan
210:Japan
122:DeepL
710:ISBN
670:Cave
553:ETC.
484:East
454:and
296:and
136:must
134:You
115:View
124:or
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