309:") encounters a series of demons, binds and tortures each in turn, and inquires into their activities; then he metes out punishment or controls them as he sees fit. Put to the test, Abyzou says that she does not sleep, but rather wanders the world looking for women about to give birth; given the opportunity, she will strangle newborns. She claims also to be the source of many other afflictions, including deafness, eye trouble, obstructions of the throat, madness, and bodily pain. Solomon orders that she be chained by her own hair and hung up in front of the
516:
425:, with Abyzou trampled underfoot by a horseman. The rider is identified again either as Solomon or Arlaph; one example depicts the rider as Sisinnios, with the demon named as both Abizou and Anabardalea, and an angel named Araph (for Arlaph) standing by with one raised wing. The medieval lead amulets that show the rider subduing the female often have a main image that resembles a gorgoneion and is likely a womb symbol (
385:
and addressed directly; the practitioner may be instructed to inscribe or chant a phrase that orders the ailment to depart: for example, "Flee, Fever!" The ailment may also be conceived of as caused by a demon, who must be identified correctly by name and commanded to depart. In this mode,
1058:
and
Judaism, and other religions of antiquity. See Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion", Numen 46 (1999) 1–52, and for an example of dire consequences attending on the revelation of a secret name, see article on
417:
sometimes takes the
Solomon role on Christian amulets.) Although Abyzou is regarded mainly as a threat to child-bearing women and to infants, some of the names of those seeking protection from her on extant amulets are masculine.
519:
Fresco unearthed at Bawit. The mounted figure is identified as
Sissinios (only "os" remains to be read), the trampled female is Alabasandria. The winged half-serpent is "daughter of Alabasandria".
1319:
953:
497:; the fourth Karkhous; the fifth Brianê; the sixth Bardellous; the seventh Aigyptianê; the eighth Barna; the ninth Kharkhanistrea; the tenth Adikia; ... the twelfth Myia; the half Petomene.
721:
409:. On one amulet, the figure is labeled as Arlaph, but an inscription reads "The Seal of Solomon with the bearer; I am Noskam." The reverse inscription is written within an
568:
depicts the childbirth demon under the name
Alabasandria (or Alabasdria) as she is trampled under the hooves of a horse. The rider wears a belted tunic and trousers in the
305:, Abyzou (as Obizuth) is described as having a "greenish gleaming face with dishevelled serpent-like hair"; the rest of her body is covered by darkness. The speaker ("
715:
350:
of Envy is described as headless, and motivated by the need to steal another's head: "I grasp in an instant a man's head ... and put it on myself." As with Envy's
1335:
452:
the demon herself declares that she has ten-thousands of names and forms, and that
Raphael is her antithesis. She says that if her name is written on a scrap of
401:
amulets. With her hands tied behind her back, she kneels as she is whipped by a standing figure, identified as
Solomon or Arlaph, called Afarof in the
984:
1235:
1309:
485:
The female childbirth demon appears frequently in magical texts under her
Babylonian name Gyllou or Gylou. In one Greek tale set in the time of "
896:, edited by Christopher A. Faraone and Dirk Obbink (Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 113–114 and 119; on exorcism of the childbirth demon,
936:
909:
548:. Antaura, whose name means something like "Contrary Wind", is said to come out of the sea. In the inscription, she is confronted by the
1365:
800:
413:, the symbol of a snake biting its tail to form a circle: "Flee, flee, Abyzou, Sisinios and Sisinnia; the voracious dog dwells here." (
726:
576:, now faded, was read at the time of its discovery as Sisinnios. This central image is surrounded by other figures, including a
375:
363:
1298:
1290:
1340:
140:
757:
501:
In medieval texts, one of Gylou's twelve and a half names is given as
Anabardalea, a name also associated with Abyzou.
1046:
The secrecy surrounding the correct names of gods extended to prayer formularies in general and was characteristic of
1183:
Antiquity and
Humanity: Essays on Ancient Religion and Philosophy Presented to Hans Dieter Betz on His 70th Birthday
844:
595:
1000:
Fulgum, "Coins Used as
Amulets in Late Antiquity", p. 142; Spier, "Medieval Byzantine Magical Amulets", pp. 38–40.
1360:
1047:
614:
552:, who plays the role assigned to the male figures Solomon, Arlaph, and Sisinnios in Jewish and Christian texts.
1060:
627:
609:
1210:
1186:
1174:
445:
practice, the knowledge of the secret name of a deity, divine force, or demon offers power over that entity.
346:
himself asserts that he inspires envy among humans. Among the succession of demons bound and questioned, the
1202:
212:, female sea monsters that combine allure and deadliness may also derive from this tradition, including the
1345:
209:
725:(Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 122; "probably dates to the third century", James H. Charlesworth, "
1355:
1350:
1248:
1150:
116:
515:
387:
378:
702:
Between Magic and Religion: Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and Society
438:
406:
310:
1055:
976:
276:
256:
1171:
Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. A Collection of Ancient Texts
354:
efforts to replace his head, Abyzou (Obizuth) cannot rest until she steals a child each night.
1256:
1034:
932:
926:
905:
899:
663:
549:
468:
221:
171:
164:
132:
76:
1072:
Barb, "Antaura",p. 5; Spier, "Medieval Byzantine Magical Amulets and Their Tradition", p. 12.
968:
442:
319:
64:
48:
1190:
880:
752:
618:, Abyzou is featured as the primary antagonist. Here she is the origin of the myth of the
569:
464:
382:
347:
201:
143:. Barb argued that although the name "Abyzou" appears to be a corrupted form of the Greek
1221:(Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag, 1994), 1.270–300 (nos. 52.93–95), esp. 279, 295–96.
279:, where it is conventionally translated not as "the deep" but as "the bottomless pit" of
120:, dated variously by scholars from as early as the 1st century AD to as late as the 4th.
283:. Barb argues that in essence the Sumerian Abzu is the "grandmother" of the Christian
1329:
648:
584:, and the demon's daughter, winged and reptile-tailed, identified by an inscription.
460:
272:
268:
761:(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1843, 1985 printing), p. 4, gives no etymology for ἄβυσσος.
1131:
1051:
537:
441:
confronts Abyzou and compels her to tell him the 40 names that can control her. In
328:
306:
299:
244:
128:
1027:
Griechische und süditalienische Gebete, Beschwörungen und Rezepte des Mittelalters
456:
when a woman is about to give birth, "I shall flee from them to the other world."
1137:
879:
For an example of a course of treatment employing a "flee" charm, see article on
619:
459:
Variants on the name of Abyzou appear frequently in charms in languages such as
422:
185:
44:
1166:
240:
111:
107:
72:
1260:
1128:, edited by Edgar Lobel and Denys Page (Oxford 1955), p. 101; Karen Hartnup,
106:
with fish- or serpent-like attributes. Her fullest literary depiction is the
573:
565:
541:
493:
My first and special name is called Gyllou; the second Amorphous; the third
410:
351:
343:
332:
181:
28:
1314:
Spier, Jeffrey. "Medieval Byzantine Magical Amulets and Their Tradition".
1283:
Barb, A.A. "Antaura. The Mermaid and the Devil's Grandmother: A Lecture".
770:
A.A. Barb, "Antaura. The Mermaid and the Devil's Grandmother: A Lecture",
713:
A.A. Barb, "Antaura. The Mermaid and the Devil's Grandmother: A Lecture",
658:
581:
529:
391:
208:
is the best-known, are often said to have come from the primeval sea. In
193:
24:
892:
Roy Kotansky, "Incantations and Prayers on Inscribed Greek Amulets", in
1152:
Negotium Perambulans in Tenebris, études de démonologie gréco-orientale
577:
545:
489:
the King", Gyllou under torture reveals her "twelve and a half names":
453:
217:
980:
901:
Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium
1308:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 139–148 limited preview
1304:
Fulgum, Mary Margaret. "Coins Used as Amulets in Late Antiquity". In
1215:
Greek Magical Amulets: The Inscribed Gold, Silver, Copper, and Bronze
1121:
1014:
1010:
747:
678:
668:
653:
601:
509:
486:
398:
371:
324:
233:
213:
205:
189:
149:
103:
32:
719:
29 (1966), p. 5; "at least to the 2nd century", Sara Iles Johnston,
700:
Mary Margaret Fulgum, "Coins Used as Amulets in Late Antiquity", in
972:
673:
561:
505:
480:
414:
362:
361:
284:
229:
225:
197:
68:
40:
1177:; Roy Kotansky, "Jesus and the Lady of the Abyss (Mark 2:25–34):
1173:(The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2nd ed. 2006), p. 281
532:
headaches. She is known primarily from a 2nd/3rd century silver
280:
267:
is equivalent in meaning to Abzu as the dark chaotic sea before
252:
136:
56:
52:
20:
1101:
Amulets and Magic Bowls: Aramaic Incantations of Late Antiquity
841:
Death by Envy: The Evil Eye and Envy in the Christian Tradition
131:
connected Abyzou and similar female demons to the story of the
144:
755:
to mean "without depth" or "bottomless"; Liddell and Scott,
79:, she is said to have many or virtually innumerable names.
1293:"The Testament of Solomon", translation and introduction.
605:
that haunts one of the main characters, Emily "Em" Brenek.
954:"Medieval Byzantine Magical Amulets and Their Tradition"
745:
Based on a popular etymology that saw in the word Greek
397:
Abyzou is depicted and named on several early Byzantine
1136:(Brill, 2004), pp. 35, 85–86, 149–150, limited preview
795:
58–59, translation and introduction by F.C. Conybeare,
810:
808:
1112:
Spier, "Medieval Byzantine Magical Amulets", p. 38.
1213:. Full discussion of this amulet in Roy Kotansky,
1232:The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition
928:The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition
1316:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1285:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
961:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
823:Barb, "Antaura", p. 5; for online texts of the
772:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
716:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
491:
184:or asexual, later dividing into the male Abzu (
1249:"'The Offering' Review: A Demon in the Family"
894:Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion
1103:(Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1985), pp. 114–115.
8:
342:, and during his interrogation by the king,
1009:Sergio Giannobile and D.R. Jordan, "A Lead
828:
731:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
608:In "The Sisters Mills", an episode of the
421:Medieval amulets show a variation on this
381:tradition, illness or affliction is often
71:, but in various texts surviving from the
1181:, Cosmogony, and the Elixir of Life", in
696:
694:
366:Amulet depicting Abyzou whipped by Arlaph
271:. The word also appears in the Christian
704:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 142
514:
1301:, full text available and downloadable.
690:
508:, the demon appears in a fragment from
216:(who were daughters of the old sea god
55:, as she herself was infertile. In the
1185:(Mohr Siebeck, 2001), p. 100, note 49
75:magical practice of antiquity and the
1336:Demons in the Old Testament apocrypha
1199:Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World
1165:Barb, "Antaura", especially pp. 2–5;
644:For similar or related figures, see:
528:Antaura is a female demon who causes
317:appears to have been thinking of the
163:, the Greek itself was borrowed from
7:
1090:There is a gap in the original text.
536:(inscribed metal leaf) found at the
259:, even though Greek nouns ending in
1234:(Ashgate Publishing, 2003), p. 241
1019:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
180:The primeval sea was originally an
1037:for the relevant passage in Greek.
313:in public view. The writer of the
14:
635:), Abyzou is the main antagonist.
204:). The female demons, among whom
60:
1155:, Lib. Istra, pp. 14, 25–26
562:monastery of St. Apollo in Bawit
51:and was said to be motivated by
1099:Joseph Naveh and Shaul Shaked,
437:In one magic-related text, the
1247:Rapold, Nicolas (2023-01-12).
1130:On the Beliefs of the Greeks:
827:, see "Selected bibliography"
722:Religions of the Ancient World
1:
390:practice bears comparison to
327:'s head, which often adorned
275:, occurring six times in the
141:ancient Mesopotamian religion
59:Egypt she is identified with
925:Walter, Christopher (2003).
904:. Ashgate Pub. p. 256.
727:Jewish Interest in Astrology
599:, Abyzou is the name of the
150:
931:. Ashgate. pp. 241–2.
783:Barb, "Antaura", pp. 10–12.
733:II 20.2 (1987) pp. 935–936
243:, the Greek version of the
1382:
1366:Female legendary creatures
1306:Between Magic and Religion
1209:(Routledge, 2004), p. 274
870:43–44, p. 26 in Conybeare.
478:
145:
1201:(Brill, 2001), pp. 41–42
1126:Poeta Lesbiorum fragmenta
1048:Ancient Egyptian religion
1021:46 (2006), p. 80, citing
843:(iUniverse, 2004), p. 99
370:On the inscribed healing
263:are typically masculine.
1149:Perdrizet, Paul (1922),
1061:Quintus Valerius Soranus
1013:from Colle san Basilio (
898:Vasilakē, Maria (2005).
839:Fr. George R.A. Aquaro,
625:In the 2023 horror film
593:In the 2012 horror film
405:and identified with the
374:of the Near Eastern and
331:and occasionally Jewish
43:. Abyzou was blamed for
39:is the name of a female
1295:Jewish Quarterly Review
952:Spier, Jeffrey (1993).
858:27, p. 22 in Conybeare.
797:Jewish Quarterly Review
758:A Greek–English Lexicon
338:Envy is a theme in the
1081:Barb, "Antaura", p. 5.
814:Barb, "Antaura", p. 9.
580:, the piercing of the
520:
499:
367:
210:ancient Greek religion
16:Name of a female demon
1278:Selected bibliography
1134:and Popular Orthodoxy
1025:II 163 in F. Pradel,
518:
450:Testament of Solomon,
365:
323:, or the icon of the
102:etc.) is pictured on
82:Abyzou (also spelled
1341:Testament of Solomon
1230:Christopher Walter,
1189:; Roy Kotansky, "An
868:Testament of Solomon
856:Testament of Solomon
793:Testament of Solomon
540:military settlement
475:Gyllou, Gylou, Gello
403:Testament of Solomon
303:Testament of Solomon
293:Testament of Solomon
117:Testament of Solomon
1219:Text and Commentary
335:in late antiquity.
196:, appearing as the
1253:The New York Times
1197:for Headache", in
1056:early Christianity
751:("depth") with an
631:(also marketed as
588:In popular culture
521:
368:
358:On medical amulets
277:Book of Revelation
257:grammatical gender
1318:56 (1993) 25–62,
1205:; Vivian Nutton,
1052:mystery religions
1033:3.3 (1907) 23–24
938:978-1-84014-694-3
911:978-0-7546-3603-8
799:11 (1898), p. 30
439:archangel Michael
407:archangel Raphael
228:, and even water
188:) and the female
77:Early Middle Ages
65:Byzantine culture
1373:
1361:Infant mortality
1297:11 (1898) 1– 46
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1222:
1207:Ancient Medicine
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1023:Cod.Marc.gr.app.
1007:
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983:. Archived from
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550:Ephesian Artemis
443:magico-religious
251:is treated as a
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49:infant mortality
1381:
1380:
1376:
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1374:
1372:
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1291:Conybeare, F.C.
1287:29 (1966) 1–23.
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1191:Early Christian
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791:
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782:
778:
774:29 (1966), p. 6
769:
765:
753:alpha privative
744:
740:
712:
708:
699:
692:
687:
642:
612:fantasy series
590:
572:manner, and an
558:
544:in present-day
526:
504:In the form of
483:
477:
435:
415:Saint Sisinnios
360:
348:personification
296:
202:Book of Genesis
160:
157:
154:
126:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1158:
1141:
1124:, frg. 178 in
1114:
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1083:
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1002:
993:
990:on 2009-08-24.
973:10.2307/751363
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596:The Possession
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479:Main article:
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388:magico-healing
379:magico-medical
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125:
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1346:Luciferianism
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615:Sleepy Hollow
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566:wall painting
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45:miscarriages
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1356:Miscarriage
1351:Infertility
620:Tooth Fairy
574:inscription
564:, Egypt, a
512:'s poetry.
423:iconography
383:personified
247:, the word
186:fresh water
1330:Categories
1266:2023-01-15
1217:Lamellae:
1167:Georg Luck
1011:Phylactery
685:References
333:synagogues
320:gorgoneion
241:Septuagint
112:demonology
108:compendium
1261:0362-4331
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825:Testament
542:Carnuntum
411:ouroboros
352:Sisyphean
344:Beelzebub
340:Testament
315:Testament
182:androgyne
129:A.A. Barb
73:syncretic
63:, and in
29:Near East
659:Lamashtu
640:See also
582:evil eye
570:Parthian
530:migraine
469:Romanian
392:exorcism
269:Creation
194:seawater
172:Sumerian
165:Akkadian
96:Obyzouth
25:folklore
1310:online.
1236:online.
1195:lamella
1138:online.
845:online.
801:online.
578:centaur
560:At the
546:Austria
534:lamella
524:Antaura
454:papyrus
448:In the
427:hystera
372:amulets
298:In the
291:In the
265:Abyssos
249:Abyssos
239:In the
234:Nereids
226:harpies
218:Phorcys
214:Gorgons
200:in the
151:ábyssos
146:ἄβυσσος
124:Origins
104:amulets
92:Obizuth
27:of the
19:In the
1320:online
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1122:Sappho
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748:bythos
735:et al.
679:Lilith
669:Shedim
654:Empusa
633:Abyzou
602:dybbuk
510:Sappho
495:Abyzou
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467:, and
465:Hebrew
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325:Medusa
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206:Lilith
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37:Abyzou
33:Europe
1193:Gold
988:(PDF)
977:JSTOR
957:(PDF)
674:Lilin
664:Lamia
538:Roman
506:Gello
481:Gello
433:Names
285:Devil
198:Tehom
158:abyss
139:, in
100:Byzou
88:Obizu
69:Gylou
67:with
41:demon
1257:ISSN
1031:RGVV
1017:)",
933:ISBN
906:ISBN
281:Hell
253:noun
232:and
175:Abzu
168:Apsu
137:Abzu
53:envy
47:and
31:and
23:and
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