290:. Deep, narrow cracks (joints;) cut the deposits to about 10m from the surface, favoring localized water infiltration and the excavation of subterranean tunnels. In natural, unstressed conditions, soils can develop as deep as 1.5 m, with removal of sodium by the leaching action of infiltration water. The present situation is characterized by the presence of eroded or poorly developed soils especially in the badlands. Intense animal activities (trampling, overgrazing) and anthropic activities (deforestation, tillage operations, exposure of bare soil surface to weather agents on excessively sloping grounds) favor surface soil erosion, causing small rivulets, rills and gullies. The rate of soil erosion varies from zero to 1–2 mm of soil removed yearly. If gullies are excavated by concentrating overland flow, erosion values in a field can attain 2–4 mm of soil loss in a single rain event. Excessive animal grazing facilitates gully erosion, soil slips and mass movements. Cropland management requires tillage (deep ploughing, seed bed preparation) and sometimes large earth movements. All these activities cause a net movement of soil from the upslope side of the field to the downslope side.
215:, (1348 with several returns of the plague in the following 60–70 years ) Leonina's population halved from more than 150-160 to about 60 at the beginning of 1400. This fate was common to Siena, Asciano and the whole territory of the Sienese Republic: Siena's population fell from about 50,000 before the Black Death to 14-16,000 in 1400-1450 (Ginatempo, 1990) and returned to pre-plague levels only at the end of the 20th century.
154:
46:
167:
269:
From this time until 1796, the monastery played a leadership role in the spheres of economy and spirituality. The area has churches, monasteries, and farms. Then, under French rule from 1797 all the Church possessions were confiscated and sold. Only after the
Restoration did the Olivetan Benedictines
298:
The first half of the fourteenth century was characterized by social unrest due to the transformation from farmers who owned their land to large land holdings with the property subdivided into poderi. Each pderi was managed by a farmer (mezzadro) and his family living on the fields in a crop sharing
294:
in the upslope side of the field is lost at rates between 1 and 4 cm yearly. For medieval tilling techniques, the estimated erosion rate would have been around 2 cm/year. Considering an alternation of years with and without ploughing, 300 years would have been enough to expose the subsoil
342:
retired there in 1313 may have been in poor condition, certainly without any mezzadro. Hence, in all likelihood, the desert of Accona referred at first to the absence of farmers in Accona and/or the lack of strong spiritual leadership, a role that the
Olivetans had filled. Later, between 1830 and
315:
In the second half of the 14th century the abrupt and large demographic decrease due to the plagues resulted in the farming population of small owners and mezzadri needing to manage twice as much livestock and land per capita. With no resources for maintenance, the only use for a severely eroded
198:
times. Almost every slope contains remnants of that period. The periods of the
Barbarian invasions, the Gothic wars, and the Justinian plague caused a demographic decline which reduced the anthropic impact on the environment and favored the natural reforestation of the area. Nevertheless, in the
229:
in Luco, even though the hill on which the village is located would have been threatened by the approach of the heads of large (and deep) gully systems retreating upslope. It had an economy mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Chiusure's importance is due mainly to its proximity to
489:
Maccherini, S.; Marignani, M.; Gioria, M.; Renzi, M.; Rocchini, D.; Santi, E.; Torri, D.; Tundo, J.; Honnay, O. (August 2011). "Determinants of plant community composition of remnant biancane badlands: a hierarchical approach to quantify species-environment relationships: Determinants of plant
337:
The natural and social history of the Crete Senese does not leave much room, either temporal or spatial, for any physical desert. Nevertheless, there certainly were large areas that progressively became severely eroded and devoid of vegetation. The Accona podere when
420:
Torri, Dino; Rossi, Mauro; Brogi, Francesco; Marignani, Michela; Bacaro, Giovanni; Santi, Elisa; Tordoni, Enrico; Amici, Valerio; Maccherini, Simona (2018), "Badlands and the
Dynamics of Human History, Land Use, and Vegetation Through Centuries",
311:
and extreme events that led to a shortage of food in Italy and necessitated imports from abroad. This forced Siena to invest a large part of its wealth in facing these difficulties, and divert funds from other priorities such as flood prevention.
125:
program. Conservation has almost stopped erosion in both types of badlands and vegetation now covers the majority of the area that was once bare slopes. As there is a strong interrelationship between vegetation biodiversity and
49:
View of the slope of Le
Fiorentine from the crossroads between Leonina and Mucigliani, during the 2014-27 study campaign - The plowed slopes were covered with biancane still in 1968-69 as is shown by scenes from the Monicelli
453:
Marignani, Michela; Rocchini, Duccio; Torri, Dino; Chiarucci, Alessandro; Maccherini, Simona (January 2008). "Planning restoration in a cultural landscape in Italy using an object-based approach and historical analysis".
343:
1850 when the badlands were at their maximum, the label "Accona desert" was adopted by scholars and learned persons to convey the feeling of desolation felt when in the midst of the biancana fields or the calanco
316:
field was animal grazing. Hence, the eroded fields became irrecoverable. The lack of personnel persisted for about two centuries during which the eroded areas expanded, reaching a maximum in the 19th century.
1081:
Amici, Valerio; Maccherini, Simona; Santi, Elisa; Torri, Dino; Vergari, Francesca; Del Monte, Maurizio (2017). "Long-term patterns of change in a vanishing cultural landscape: A GIS-based assessment".
134:
is also threatened and the biancana landscape is forecast to disappear entirely within 20–40 years as brush cover expands. Spots where the traditional forms can still be observed are scattered in the
303:'s, mercenaries) passing through the Sienese territory interfered with normal activities in the countryside. Hence, erosion and floods are testified in several documents, including t Lorenzetti's
35:. The term is often used to include the Biancana site of Le Fiorentine - Leonina . Despite its name, its climate is Mediterranean, with a hot, dry summer and almost 800 mm/y of rain (Csa
218:
Asciano, with its surroundings, was a major town in the
Sienese territory for a long time and contributed to the Republic's economy in a substantial way, gaining Sienese citizenship in 1369.
517:
Torri, D.; Santi, E.; Marignani, M.; Rossi, M.; Borselli, L.; Maccherini, S. (July 2013). "The recurring cycles of biancana badlands: Erosion, vegetation and human impact".
109:. Both calancos and biancanas were used as grazing ground, with an almost annual burning of the vegetation to remove brush and favor herbaceous cover more palatable for
955:
904:
853:
1119:
Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell'Italia e delle sue isole, corredata di un atlante, di mappe geografiche e topografiche, e di altre tavole illustrative
951:
142:, included within the quadrangle of vertices , , , . Leonina and Lucciola Bella are two of the best sites for walking through the biancanas, while Chiusure -
834:
Calzolari C., Ristori, J., Sparvoli, E. (1993). "Soils of biancana badlands: distribution, characteristics and genesis in
Beccanello farm (Tuscany, Italy)".
871:. ESSC International Congress, 2000, Man and Soil at the Third Millenium Valencia (Spain), 28 March - 1 April 2000: Geoforma, Logroño. pp. 1341–1350.
295:
still rich in sodium. Sodium gives dispersive characteristics to the clay, making it very erodible, hence increasing the velocity of rain-induced erosion.
143:
369:
2165:
304:
600:
Repertorio delle strutture fortificate dal medioevo alla caduta della
Repubblica Senese. In: Città, Borghi e Castelli Dell'area Senese-Grossetana
230:
Accona about 1 km away. The members of three leading
Sienese families (Tolomei, Patrizi, and Piccolomini) founded in 1313 what became the
560:
438:
819:
Colica A., Guasparri G. (1990). "Sistemi di fratturazione nelle argille plioceniche del territorio senese. Implicazioni geomorfologiche".
1698:
97:
processes, the former intermingled mainly with subsurface erosion and the latter with mass movements. Biancanas can also be found in
1168:
978:
927:
876:
777:
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622:
42:
A real desert has never existed here. However, there have been temporarily severely eroded areas, more properly called "badlands".
2018:
1938:
36:
323:, which drains the area, and on the denudation rates of the two largest biancanas of the Leonina site and the gully in between.
326:
Biancana badlands reclamation began at the end of the 19th century and ended during the second half of the 20th century when
334:. Thus it can be said that damage mainly due to an epidemic (Black Death) was eventually solved by the EU-CAP of 1960-2000.
226:
319:
This picture is substantially confirmed by soil denudation rates estimated using average erosion in the basin of the river
2150:
2119:
1011:. In: Giusti, F. (Ed.), La Storia Naturale Della Toscana Meridionale. Monte dei Paschi di Siena, Siena. pp. 469–487.
900:
330:
removed almost all the biancanas and some of the smallest calancos, encouraged by EU subsidies then available under the
922:. in Boardman, J., Poesen, J. (eds.) Soil erosion in Europe. Wiley & Sons. Chichester, England. pp. 643–658.
51:
1510:
584:
331:
121:. Both practices were abandoned in the 1990s to favor measures to preserve biodiversity and geo forms under the EU
1718:
207:
coexisted with hunting reserves used by the
Lombard lords. In the 10th century, documents show Leonina, too, as
1841:
2155:
1209:
211:. Other rudimentary documentation testifies to the existence of a settlement in Leonina. At the time of the
1009:
L'antropizzazione del paesaggio naturale: l'intervento dell'uomo sul paesaggio dal Medioevo all'Età moderna
1801:
1791:
1746:
1467:
1389:
1292:
1050:"Gully head modelling: A Mediterranean badland case study: Gully head topographic threshold for badlands"
1048:
Torri, Dino; Poesen, Jean; Rossi, Mauro; Amici, Valerio; Spennacchi, Daniele; Cremer, Cati (2018-09-30).
973:. Roma: In: Cortonesi, A., Piccinni, G. (Eds.), Medioevo Delle Campagne, Viella, Roma. pp. 207–292.
242:(Enea Piccolomini) visited the monastery during his papacy (1458-1464) and described the area as rich in
2090:
1923:
1871:
1831:
1161:
918:
Borselli L., Torri D., Øygarden L., De Alba S., Martínez-Casasnovas J.A., Bazzoffi P., Jakab G. (2006).
847:
231:
191:
806:
Seminare, fruttare, raccogliere – mezzadri e salariati sulle terre di MonteOliveto Maggiore (1374–1430)
1876:
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L'Italia delle città : il popolamento urbano tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (secoli XIII-XVI)
615:
L'Italia delle città : il popolamento urbano tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (secoli XIII-XVI)
266:. Furthermore, Pius II added, there was water: a perennial spring, wells, tanks, and cisterns.
2160:
2028:
2013:
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307:(1340) that show biancanas while severe floods are reported. The climate was characterized by
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Archaeological maps of the Siena province show that the Crete Senesi area was inhabited in
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1933:
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1194:
1122:. Italia media o centrale. 8, Granducato di Toscana, vol 9. pp. 726-728. pp. 726–728.
1024:"Contextualizing Drought in Medieval Italy: A Case-study of the 1302-1304 Events in Siena"
770:
Il contado senese all'epoca dei Nove : Asciano e il suo territorio tra Due e Trecento
153:
1332:
1094:
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467:
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Piccinni, G. (1995). Barzanti, Roberto; Catoni, Giuliano.; De Gregorio, Mario (eds.).
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recover the Monastery of Monte Oliveto and slowly resume their role as local leaders.
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105:. The calanco landscape is common all along the Apennines and in many parts of the
62:
555:. Brogi, Francesco. : Venerabile confraternita di Misericordia e S. Chiodo. 2014.
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85:, white, due to the light color of the clay and of the saline efflorescence) and
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of Monte Oliveto Maggiore (1320-1344) on the site of the Tolomei's Accona
1369:
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102:
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182:). To the far left is visible the tower at the entrance of the Abbey of
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1139:. Siena: Tip. dell'Ancora di G. Landi e N. Alessandri. p. 114.
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Tillage erosion and land levelling evidences in Tuscany (Italy)
867:
Borselli L., Pellegrini S., Torri D., Bazzoffi P. (2002).
553:
Sessiano 714 Asciano 2014 : una storia di 1300 anni
203:
It was a village with a territory where agriculture and
602:. Siena: Monte dei Paschi di Siena. pp. 192–142.
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community composition of remnant biancane badlands".
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silty-clay over consolidated marine deposits rich in
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A few kilometers south of Asciano, the small town of
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1999:
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157:Close view of some biancanas in the Leonina site
423:Badlands Dynamics in a Context of Global Change
299:system. At the same time foreign armies (e.g.
1162:
704:Siena e la peste del 1348. In Storia di Siena
8:
852:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
706:. Siena: Edizioni ALSABA. pp. 225–238.
671:The Black Death: a turning point in history?
954:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
903:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
199:seventh century Asciano was already a
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1901:
1352:
1169:
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950:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
648:"I confini storici del vescovado di Siena"
225:grew around the seventh century church of
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673:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
971:La politica agraria del comune di Siena
405:
943:
892:
845:
821:Atti Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Siena
617:. Sandri, Lucia. Firenze: Le Lettere.
576:
174:) undercutting the medieval center of
1054:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
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799:
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598:Cammarosano, P.; Passeri, V. (2006).
7:
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150:host the most impressive calancos.
89:(local name for a type of gully or
735:Ginatempo, M.; Sandri, L. (1990).
652:Bullettino Senese di Storia Patria
431:10.1016/b978-0-12-813054-4.00004-6
14:
476:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.06.005
504:10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01131.x
262:, small cypress woods, oaks and
61:can be found in the area of the
1116:Zaccagni-Orlandini, A. (1841).
146:(i.e., the ancient Accona) and
2166:Environmental history of Italy
425:, Elsevier, pp. 111–153,
23:refers to a hilly area in the
1:
836:Quaderni di Scienza del Suolo
37:Köppen climate classification
31:, within the municipality of
16:Geographical feature in Italy
1103:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.11.008
804:Piccinni, Gabriella (1982).
539:10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.001
456:Landscape and Urban Planning
1028:The Dantean Anomaly Project
669:Bowsky, William M. (1971).
52:Brancaleone at the Crusades
2182:
768:Barlucchi, Andrea (1997).
492:Applied Vegetation Science
332:Common Agricultural Policy
186:(the original Accona site)
2115:
1185:
772:. Firenze: L.S. Olschki.
613:Ginatempo, Maria (1990).
385:43.1956083°N 11.5728972°E
170:View of the gully heads (
899:: CS1 maint: location (
1210:List of deserts by area
739:. Firenze: Le Lettere.
130:/deposition processes,
1792:Gran Desierto de Altar
1083:Ecological Informatics
808:. Milano: Feltrinelli.
583:: CS1 maint: others (
390:43.1956083; 11.5728972
187:
184:Monte Oliveto Maggiore
158:
144:Monte Oliveto Maggiore
93:). Both are linked to
54:
2091:North American Arctic
1832:North American Arctic
1007:Piccinni, G. (1993).
969:Piccinni, G. (2006).
232:Benedictine monastery
169:
156:
48:
2151:Geography of Tuscany
2019:Los Médanos de Coro
1767:Channeled scablands
1390:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
1095:2017EcInf..37...38A
646:Lusini, V. (1907).
531:2013Caten.106...22T
468:2008LUrbP..84...28M
381: /
305:Buongoverno frescos
274:Anthropic influence
1812:Jornada del Muerto
1215:Desert exploration
1133:Gigli, G. (1854).
1022:Bauch, M. (2018).
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57:Two main types of
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2110:
1995:
1994:
1680:
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1357:Arabian Peninsula
1313:Plaine des Sables
1060:(12): 2547–2561.
562:978-88-908035-3-6
440:978-0-12-813054-4
357:Province of Siena
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1991:
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1934:Nullarbor Plain
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1802:Great Salt Lake
1747:Baja California
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1694:Bardenas Reales
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1611:Iranian Plateau
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1468:Saryesik-Atyrau
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1278:Farafra (White)
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1205:List of deserts
1195:Desertification
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1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1664:Southeast Asia
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Dasht-e Naomid
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1125:
1108:
1073:
1040:
1014:
994:
979:
961:
928:
920:Land Levelling
910:
877:
859:
826:
811:
793:
778:
760:
745:
727:
712:
694:
679:
661:
638:
623:
605:
590:
561:
544:
509:
498:(3): 378–387.
481:
445:
439:
404:
403:
401:
398:
365:
364:
359:
352:
349:
282:lie on top of
275:
272:
163:
160:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Polar regions
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:South America
1998:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Tule (Nevada)
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
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1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1729:North America
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
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1683:
1673:
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1655:
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1608:
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1556:
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1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Gurbantünggüt
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Rub' al Khali
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
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1301:
1299:
1296:
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1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1136:Diario sanese
1129:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
980:88-8334-143-0
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
947:
939:
935:
931:
929:0-470-85920-2
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
896:
888:
884:
880:
878:84-87779-45-X
874:
870:
863:
860:
855:
849:
841:
837:
830:
827:
822:
815:
812:
807:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
779:88-222-4514-8
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
752:
748:
746:88-7166-011-0
742:
738:
731:
728:
723:
719:
715:
713:88-85331-07-6
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
680:0-03-085000-2
676:
672:
665:
662:
657:
653:
649:
642:
639:
634:
630:
626:
624:88-7166-011-0
620:
616:
609:
606:
601:
594:
591:
586:
580:
572:
568:
564:
558:
554:
548:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
446:
442:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
414:
412:
410:
406:
399:
397:
394:
376:11°34′22.43″E
373:43°11′44.19″N
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
348:
346:
341:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Curtis Regia.
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
161:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:gully erosion
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
47:
43:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:Accona Desert
2071:Meyer Desert
1929:Little Sandy
1699:Cabo de Gata
1581:Indus Valley
1501:Badain Jaran
1423:Aral Karakum
1415:Central Asia
1405:Wahiba Sands
1318:Richtersveld
1243:Black Desert
1200:Polar desert
1135:
1128:
1118:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
1017:
1008:
970:
964:
919:
913:
868:
862:
848:cite journal
839:
835:
829:
820:
814:
805:
769:
763:
736:
730:
703:
697:
670:
664:
655:
651:
641:
614:
608:
599:
593:
552:
547:
522:
518:
512:
495:
491:
484:
462:(1): 28–37.
459:
455:
448:
422:
366:
336:
325:
318:
314:
297:
280:Crete Senesi
277:
268:
240:Pope Pius II
235:
220:
217:
208:
200:
189:
183:
179:
175:
171:
136:Crete Senesi
132:biodiversity
86:
82:
78:
63:Crete Senesi
56:
41:
27:province of
20:
18:
1979:New Zealand
1959:Sturt Stony
1919:Great Sandy
1857:Smoke Creek
1822:Lechuguilla
1807:Great Sandy
1797:Great Basin
1438:Betpak-Dala
388: /
248:fruit trees
244:olive trees
227:Sant'Angelo
213:Black Death
123:Natura 2000
2145:Categories
2066:Antarctica
2029:Patagonian
2014:La Guajira
1954:Strzelecki
1847:Red Desert
1787:Forty Mile
1772:Chihuahuan
1752:Black Rock
1568:South Asia
1553:Taklamakan
1328:Tanezrouft
842:: 119–142.
658:: 195–273.
571:1151722492
400:References
328:bulldozers
148:Radicofani
99:Basilicata
69:, and the
2096:Greenland
2058:Antarctic
1906:Australia
1782:Escalante
1719:Deliblato
1576:Cholistan
1493:East Asia
1293:Moçâmedes
1089:: 38–51.
946:cite book
895:cite book
887:807709676
579:cite book
525:: 22–30.
301:Henry VII
140:Valdorcia
73:areas of
67:Valdorcia
2161:Badlands
2125:Category
1777:Colorado
1757:Carcross
1742:Amargosa
1714:Tabernas
1704:Monegros
1654:Registan
1458:Moiynkum
1453:Kyzylkum
1365:Ad-Dahna
1283:Kalahari
1233:Algerian
989:65497978
938:85785028
788:37727962
755:22732581
722:36112448
633:22732581
362:Badlands
351:See also
309:droughts
264:junipers
260:orchards
238:(farm).
223:Chiusure
192:Etruscan
176:Chiusure
172:calanchi
138:and the
103:Calabria
79:Biancana
71:Volterra
59:badlands
2130:Commons
2120:Project
2039:Tatacoa
2034:Sechura
2009:Atacama
1987:Rangipo
1949:Simpson
1944:Pedirka
1939:Painted
1897:Oceania
1862:Sonoran
1709:Oleshky
1586:Katpana
1558:Tengger
1483:Ustyurt
1473:Sarykum
1448:Karakum
1433:Barsuki
1428:Aralkum
1380:Judaean
1375:Arabian
1338:Western
1268:Eastern
1258:Danakil
1179:deserts
1091:Bibcode
1033:May 15,
527:Bibcode
464:Bibcode
345:gullies
321:Ombrone
252:almonds
180:Asciano
162:History
128:erosion
101:and in
87:calanco
75:Tuscany
33:Asciano
2083:Arctic
1969:Tirari
1964:Tanami
1914:Gibson
1852:Sevier
1837:Owyhee
1827:Mojave
1762:Carson
1737:Alvord
1686:Europe
1672:La Paz
1649:Polond
1644:Naomid
1591:Kharan
1548:Qaidam
1536:Kubuqi
1526:Kumtag
1478:Taukum
1400:Syrian
1333:Ténéré
1323:Sahara
1303:Nubian
1288:Libyan
1263:Djurab
1253:Chalbi
1238:Bayuda
1225:Africa
1190:Desert
1177:World
987:
977:
936:
926:
885:
875:
786:
776:
753:
743:
720:
710:
689:204448
687:
677:
631:
621:
569:
559:
519:CATENA
437:
288:sodium
236:podere
209:Curtis
119:cattle
117:, and
91:ravine
83:Bianco
81:(from
65:, the
2024:Monte
1639:Margo
1629:Leili
1624:Khash
1619:Kavir
1541:Mu Us
1531:Ordos
1385:Negev
1370:Nefud
1308:Nyiri
1298:Namib
1273:Ferlo
256:vines
196:Roman
115:goats
111:sheep
29:Italy
25:Siena
1887:Yuma
1882:Yuha
1817:Kaʻū
1601:Thar
1596:Thal
1516:Hami
1506:Gobi
1348:Asia
1248:Blue
1035:2020
985:OCLC
975:ISBN
956:link
952:link
934:OCLC
924:ISBN
905:link
901:link
883:OCLC
873:ISBN
854:link
784:OCLC
774:ISBN
751:OCLC
741:ISBN
718:OCLC
708:ISBN
685:OCLC
675:ISBN
656:VIII
629:OCLC
619:ISBN
585:link
567:OCLC
557:ISBN
435:ISBN
292:Soil
278:The
194:and
107:Alps
19:The
1634:Lut
1521:Lop
1463:Ryn
1099:doi
1062:doi
840:III
535:doi
523:106
500:doi
472:doi
427:doi
39:).
2147::
1097:.
1087:37
1085:.
1058:43
1056:.
1052:.
1026:.
997:^
983:.
948:}}
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496:14
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470:.
460:84
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408:^
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258:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
113:,
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1156:v
1105:.
1101::
1093::
1070:.
1064::
1037:.
991:.
958:)
940:.
907:)
889:.
856:)
790:.
757:.
724:.
691:.
635:.
587:)
573:.
541:.
537::
529::
506:.
502::
478:.
474::
466::
429::
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
