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Machida, S.; Barlow, R.; Berg, J. S.; Bliss, N.; Buckley, R. K.; Clarke, J. A.; Craddock, M. K.; d’Arcy, R.; Edgecock, R.; Garland, J. M.; Giboudot, Y.; Goudket, P.; Griffiths, S.; Hill, C.; Hill, S. F.; Hock, K. M.; Holder, D. J.; Ibison, M. G.; Jackson, F.; Jamison, S. P.; Johnstone, C.; Jones, J.
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Unlike uranium-235, thorium is not fissile – it essentially does not split on its own, exhibiting a half-life of 14.05 billion years (20 times that of U-235). The fission process stops when the proton beam stops, as when power is lost, as the reactor is subcritical. Microscopic quantities of
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tune" to vary unchecked. In a conventional synchrotron such a variation results in beam loss as the tune hits various resonance conditions. However, in EMMA the beam crosses these resonances so rapidly that the beam survives. The prototype accelerates electrons instead of protons, but proton
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and as of 2013 was working on a thorium reactor. The company proposes a network of small 600 megawatt reactors located underground that can supply small grids and do not require an enormous facility for safety and security. Costs for the first reactor are estimated at £2bn.
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as the injector. In FFAG accelerators the magnetic field in the bending magnets is constant during acceleration, causing the particle beam to move radially outwards as its momentum increases. A non-scaling FFAG allows a quantity known as the
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K.; Jones, L. B.; Kalinin, A.; Keil, E.; Kelliher, D. J.; Kirkman, I. W.; Koscielniak, S.; Marinov, K.; Marks, N. (2012). "Acceleration in the linear non-scaling fixed-field alternating-gradient accelerator EMMA".
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or photo-neutron production. These neutrons activate the thorium, enabling fission without needing to make the reactor critical. One benefit of such reactors is the relatively short
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363:: Bowman, C (1992) "Apparatus for nuclear transmutation and power production using an intense accelerator-generated thermal neutron flux"
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265:"Nature Physics Cover: Novel Acceleration | TRIUMF : Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics"
166:"Energy amplifier for nuclear energy production driven by a particle beam accelerator" held by Nobel Prize-winning physicist
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120:, combining their advantages into a compact, economical form. EMMA is a non-scaling fixed-field alternating-gradient (
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in detail in their book "Megawatts and
Megatons: A Turning Point in the Nuclear Age?" (2001) on pages 153 to 163.
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of their waste products. For proton accelerators, the high-energy proton beam impacts a molten
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Device that uses very high-speed neutrons to start nuclear fission without chain reactions
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target inside the core, chipping or "spalling" neutrons from the lead nuclei. These
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The neutrons needed for sustaining the fission process would be provided by a
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331:"Obama could kill fossil fuels overnight with a nuclear dash for thorium"
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34:(ADSR) is a nuclear reactor design formed by coupling a substantially
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Towards an
Alternative Nuclear Future by Professor Robert Cywinski
240:"Towards an alternative nuclear future | University Alliance"
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plutonium are produced, and are then burned in the same reactor.
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with a high-energy proton or electron accelerator. It could use
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in
Cheshire, UK. Uniquely, EMMA is a new hybrid of a
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84:Thorium reactors can generate power from the
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329:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (29 August 2010).
104:The "electron model of many applications" (
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42:as a fuel, which is more abundant than
18:Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor
32:accelerator-driven subcritical reactor
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188:Earlier, the general concept of the
69:neutrons convert fertile thorium to
242:. Unialliance.ac.uk. Archived from
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36:subcritical nuclear reactor core
206:Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
73:and after 27 days into fissile
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96:yield per neutron absorbed.
388:Nuclear power reactor types
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100:Accelerator developments
267:. Triumf.ca. 2012-03-08
53:producing neutrons by
355:US patent 5160696
158:US patent 5774514
151:The Norwegian group
110:Daresbury Laboratory
51:particle accelerator
300:2012NatPh...8..243M
308:10.1038/nphys2179
194:Alvin M. Weinberg
126:ALICE accelerator
16:(Redirected from
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183:energy amplifier
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122:FFAG accelerator
90:uranium reactors
88:residue left by
81:in the uranium.
79:fission reaction
71:protactinium-233
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168:Carlo Rubbia
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333:. Telegraph
118:synchrotron
75:uranium-233
382:Categories
337:2013-09-06
294:(3): 243.
271:2013-09-06
250:2013-09-06
222:References
67:spallation
59:half-lives
55:spallation
316:119530771
114:cyclotron
86:plutonium
200:See also
131:betatron
393:Thorium
373:YouTube
296:Bibcode
155:bought
94:neutron
44:uranium
40:thorium
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216:MYRRHA
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138:Safety
116:and a
312:S2CID
177:and
106:EMMA
63:lead
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304:doi
30:An
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