196:
129:
112:, 11th edition (1911). Wallace tried to differentiate the concept from other terms, such as "domestication" and "naturalisation". He noted that a domesticated animal could live in environments controlled by humans. Naturalisation, he suggested, included the process of acclimatisation, which involved "gradual adjustment". The idea, at least in France, was associated with
179:, and many of the functionaries were diplomats who established ties with officers in the colonies both French and foreign. Franco-British as well as Franco-Australian ties were involved in the movements of plants and animals. Australian acacias, for instance, were introduced in Algeria by the French, and by the British in South Africa.
274:. Other such societies spread quickly around the world, particularly to European colonies in the Americas, Australia and New Zealand. In many instances they existed both as societies for the study of natural history as well as to improve the success rate of introduced species. In 1850, English sparrows were introduced into America and
290:
The appeal of acclimatisation societies in colonies, particularly
Australia and New Zealand, was the belief that the local fauna was in some way deficient or impoverished. There was also an element of nostalgia in the desire of European colonists to see familiar species. An Australian settler, J.
170:
Rewards in the form of medals were offered for anyone in the colonies who established breeding animals. The rules were that at least six specimens had to be maintained, with at least two instances of breeding in captivity. After Saint-Hilaire's death in 1861, the
Society was headed by
318:
pointed out how it was important to have such an organisation, citing the example of the Earl of
Knowsley, who had been conducting successful experiments in private, the results of which had been lost with his death. A major proponent of importing and exporting trees and plants was
350:
transformed expert and public opinion on introductions and gave way to new rules. Quarantine regulations began to be set up instead. Beginning in New
Zealand, some of the acclimatisation societies transformed themselves into fish and game organisations.
120:, denied the possibility of forcing individual animals to adjust. However, Wallace pointed out that there was the possibility that there were variations among individuals and so some could have the ability to adapt to new environments.
331:. The dire effects were rapidly felt and a Rabbit Nuisance Act was passed in New Zealand in 1876. To make matters worse, there was a suggestion that weasels and stoats should be imported to control the rabbits. Despite warnings from
64:
of target regions. The movement also sought to establish plants and animals that were familiar to
Europeans, while also bringing exotic and useful foreign plants and animals to centres of European settlement.
160:
and his son
Alexandre. Saint-Hilaire subscribed to the Lamarckian idea that humans and animals could be forced to adapt to new environments. The French society established a branch in Algeria, as well as the
346:
of
California wrote about the dangers of animal introduction. In 1906, the editors of the Avicultural Magazine were decidedly against the idea of bird introductions. The emergence of the field of
187:
of the
Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, were involved in the transfer of many plant species out of Australia. In some cases, those movements were not direct but via Paris and Kew.
323:. Introductions of commercially valuable species or game species were also made. In some instances, the results were disastrous, such as the economic and ecological disaster of
271:
44:
era, when
Europeans began to settle in numbers in unfamiliar locations. One motivation for the activities of the acclimatisation societies was that introducing new
153:
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107:
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On 26 June 1860, another meeting was held and the
Acclimatisation Society was formally founded in London. A year later, the Secretary to the Society,
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85:
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411:
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First Annual Report of the Society for the Acclimatisation of animals, birds, fishes, insects and vegetables within the United Kingdom
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and others suggested that many of those exotic animals could live in the British wilderness. A few days later, Owen wrote to
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570:
Osborne, Michael A. (1991). "A collaborative dimension of the European empires". In Home, R.W.; Hohlstedt, S.G. (eds.).
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311:, it was warmest on the hills..." It was there that the desire to make the land feel more like England was strongest.
267:
247:
172:
157:
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International Science and National Scientific Identity. Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
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250:, a popular naturalist known for his taste in exotic meats, noted the "success" of the Society in introducing
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296:
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Anderson, Warwick (1992). "Climates of Opinion: Acclimatization in Nineteenth-Century France and England".
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336:
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Dunlap, Thomas R. (1997). "Remaking the land: The Acclimatization Movement and Anglo Ideas of Nature".
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Osborne, Michael A. (2000). "Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science".
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Martin, complained in 1830 that the "trees retained their leaves and shed their bark instead, the
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It is now widely understood that introducing species to foreign environments is often harmful to
29:
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in Paris in 1861, to showcase not just new animals and plants but also people from other lands.
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100:. Consequently, the deliberate introduction of new species is now illegal in some countries.
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Carruthers, J.; L. Robin; J. P. Hattingh; C. A. Kull; H. Rangan; B. W. van Wilgen (2011).
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The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria was established in 1861. Speaking to the Society,
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The British acclimatisation society originated from an idea proposed by the management of
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introduced starlings in 1890 as part of a plan to introduce all the birds mentioned in
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605:"A native at home and abroad: the history, politics, ethics and aesthetics of Acacia"
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attempted to define acclimatisation in his contribution on the subject in the
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459:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–121.
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519:
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412:"Invasive species have a massive impact, but wise policy can keep them out"
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became threats to indigenous plants, birds and lizards. Around the world,
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347:
251:
243:, praising the taste of the eland and advocating animal introductions.
97:
45:
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53:
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Bulletin de la Société impériale zoologique d'acclimatation (French)
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194:
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in various places around the world, in the hope that they would
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They Dined on Eland: The Story of the Acclimatisation Societies
78:
the environment was seriously harmed by overgrazing by rabbits
28:, founded in the 19th and 20th centuries, that encouraged the
845:(1 ed.). Melbourne: Acclimatisation Society of Victoria.
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declared it as an "attempt to correct a blunder by a crime."
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at the head of the table, and the servings included a large
40:
to their new environments. The societies formed during the
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magazine. A meeting was held on 21 January 1859, at the
148:, on 10 May 1854. It was essentially an offshoot of the
536:
Guide du promeneur au Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation
391:
South Australian Acclimatization and Zoological Society
16:
Association dedicated to introducing non-native species
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Acclimatisation: its eminent adaptation to Australia
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The Dangers of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds
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Acclimatisation: its eminent adaptation to Australia
762:. San Francisco: Cubery and Company. pp. 9–84.
652:. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. pp. 99–102.
714:"Acclimatisation Societies and their Activities"
82:house sparrows displaced and killed native birds
335:and others, the predators were introduced, and
213:on Bishopsgate Street. The attendees included
735:. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.
84:. In New Zealand, introduced mammals such as
8:
539:. Paris: Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation.
270:. One of the supporters of the Society was
132:The Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1861
183:, naturalist and consul in Melbourne, and
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620:
548:
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96:populations are threatened by introduced
559:. Melbournce: William Goodhugh & Co.
376:Acclimatisation societies in New Zealand
410:Keller, Reuben P.; Kumschick, Sabrina.
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266:into Australia, through the efforts of
152:in Paris, and the other staff included
116:, and Wallace noted that some, such as
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199:Members of the British Society in 1861
136:The first acclimatisation society was
56:(mainly from Europe) would enrich the
138:La Societé Zoologique d'Acclimatation
7:
759:Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees
386:Queensland Acclimatisation Society
150:National Museum of Natural History
30:introduction of non-native species
14:
791:"Foreign birds for London Parks"
622:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00779.x
574:. Vol. 9. pp. 87–119.
381:American Acclimatization Society
325:introducing rabbits to Australia
154:Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages
718:The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
146:Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
1:
461:See specifically p. 115.
779:. Department of Agriculture.
731:Wilson, Kerry-Jayne (2004).
76:. For example, in Australia
865:Horticultural organizations
823:by Christopher Lever,(1993)
609:Diversity and Distributions
580:10.1007/978-94-011-3786-7_6
881:
646:Bompas, George C. (1885).
533:Vavasseur, Pierre (1861).
286:Australia and New Zealand
22:Acclimatisation societies
756:Cooper, Ellwood (1876).
712:A. H. McLintock (1966).
687:Journal of World History
553:Bennett, George (1862).
663:Buckland, F.T. (1861).
456:Encyclopædia Britannica
446:"Acclimatization"
173:Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys
164:Jardin d' Acclimatation
158:Antoine CĂ©sar Becquerel
109:Encyclopædia Britannica
773:Palmer, T. S. (1893).
733:The Flight of the Huia
649:Life of Frank Buckland
437:Wallace, Alfred Russel
329:possums to New Zealand
200:
175:, foreign minister to
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26:voluntary associations
860:Defunct organizations
699:10.1353/jwh.2005.0062
337:Herbert Guthrie-Smith
321:Ferdinand von Mueller
198:
185:Ferdinand von Mueller
131:
104:Alfred Russel Wallace
795:Avicultural Magazine
305:mammals had pockets
301:bees were stingless
254:, common pheasant,
80:. In North America
371:Assisted migration
361:Introduced species
276:Eugene Schieffelin
233:. At the meeting,
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801:(1): 48–50. 1906.
589:978-94-010-5686-1
473:Victorian Studies
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506:: 135–151.
441:Finn, Frank
421:25 November
280:Shakespeare
221:, American
34:acclimatise
854:Categories
819:review of
397:References
227:bean goose
225:, a young
223:partridges
191:In Britain
114:Lamarckism
94:salamander
74:ecosystems
342:In 1893,
309:laid eggs
307:, others
260:starlings
240:The Times
206:The Field
124:In France
836:(1862).
520:11971295
485:11612782
443:(1911).
355:See also
235:Mitchell
42:colonial
453:(ed.).
348:ecology
303:, some
264:linnets
252:peafowl
86:possums
54:animals
46:species
842:
739:
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500:Osiris
483:
299:, the
295:, the
50:plants
449:. In
231:eland
142:Paris
62:fauna
58:flora
38:adapt
24:were
737:ISBN
584:ISBN
516:PMID
481:PMID
423:2021
262:and
219:pike
90:cats
88:and
60:and
52:and
36:and
695:doi
627:hdl
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508:doi
327:or
144:by
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