348:
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40:
367:. Higher than normal insulin levels in the blood stream cause the growth of darkened skin over certain areas of the body. No skin treatment will cure it, but acanthosis nigricans may lighten up and possibly disappear by treating the root cause, insulin resistance, but it can take months or years to do so. Insulin resistance syndromes may be divided into type A (HAIR-AN) and type B syndromes.
600:
Acanthosis nigricans is likely to improve in circumstances where a known cause is removed. For example, obesity-related acanthosis nigricans will improve with weight loss, and drug-induced acanthosis nigricans is likely to resolve when the drug is ceased. Hereditary variants may or may not fade with
591:
topical 2 percent applied in thin layer to dry skin ten minutes prior to bathing may clear symptoms. Selenium sulfide applied to dry scalp or skin is an inexpensive well tolerated treatment to balance skin's biome and works by drying fungus like tinea versicolor that can coexist with acanthosis and
414:
This form of acanthosis nigricans is more likely to involve mucous membranes (25–50% of cases) Malignant acanthosis nigricans that may either precede (18%), accompany (60%), or follow (22%) the onset of an internal cancer. Malignancy-associated acanthosis nigricans is usually rapid in onset and may
370:
The majority of cases of acanthosis nigricans are associated with obesity and otherwise idiopathic. This is likely because of insulin resistance and more likely to occur in darker-skinned persons. This can also be referred to as pseudoacanthosis nigricans. In some cases, AN attributable to obesity
435:
Acral acanthotic anomaly refers to a variant of acanthosis nigricans limited to the elbows, knees, knuckles, and dorsal surfaces of the feet, in the absence of any other findings, in otherwise healthy individuals. While the etiology remains unknown, its presence does not suggest a likelihood of
574:
An alternate classification system still used to describe acanthosis nigricans was proposed in 1994. It delineates acanthosis nigricans syndromes according to their associated syndromes, including benign and malignant forms, forms associated with obesity and drugs, acral acanthosis nigricans,
1475:
1460:
371:
and insulin resistance will occur on ones face. Most typically it will be present as a horizontal band on the forehead, but may also appear as perioral hyperpigmentation, periorbital hyperpigmentation, or generalized facial skin darkening.
2449:
517:
In conjunction with increased end levels of IGF, it is likely that perspiration and friction may be necessary predeterminants for lesions, since the level of insulin is usually not enough to activate IGF receptors across the body.
2442:
2435:
663:
526:
Acanthosis nigricans is typically diagnosed clinically. A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an
3234:
328:
2931:
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cancers such as those of the prostate, breast, and ovary. Other cancers, such as those of the lung, stomach, and lymphoma, are occasionally associated with acanthosis nigricans.
2780:
2770:
2979:
587:
levels through exercise and diet often improves symptoms. Topical fade creams (normally used for eliminating age spots) can lighten skin cosmetically in less severe cases.
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1984:
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1597:
154:
brown-black, poorly defined, velvety patches of skin, typically affecting the face, neck, underarms, genitals, groin, elbows, knees, anus, umbilicus and nasal crease.
3480:
3490:
1911:
322:
Acanthosis nigricans associated with endocrine dysfunction is more insidious in its onset, is less widespread, and the patients are often concurrently obese.
1979:
347:
488:
989:"A descriptive study of facial acanthosis nigricans and its association with body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance using HOMA2 IR"
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1994:
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1964:
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Acanthosis nigricans is conventionally divided into benign and malignant forms, although may be divided into syndromes according to cause:
119:
3044:
668:
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1490:
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associated with a cancer. Malignant acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, as well as
3262:
3158:
3051:
2989:
2191:
2111:
135:
3190:
3099:
2733:
1896:
1840:
1416:. In Nordlund, James J.; Boissy, Raymond E.; Hearing, Vincent J.; King, Richard A.; Oetting, William S.; Ortonne, Jean-Paul (eds.).
832:
499:
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725:
958:
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510:
388:
139:
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2728:
2314:
2070:
1583:
690:
Higgins, SP; Freemark, M; Prose, NS (Sep 15, 2008). "Acanthosis nigricans: a practical approach to evaluation and management".
3239:
2176:
1825:
509:(TGF), which appears to be the mechanism for malignancy-associated acanthosis nigricans. TGF acts on epidermal tissue via the
2723:
2718:
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3061:
2902:
2765:
2664:
2533:
2528:
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2230:
2250:
1916:
1263:
Tilgen W (2009). "Benign epidermal tumors". In WHC Burgdorf; G Plewig; HH Wolff; M Landthaler; O Braun-Falco (eds.).
310:, pineal hyperplasia syndrome, pituitary basophilism, ovarian hyperthecosis, stromal luteoma, ovarian dermoid cysts,
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749:
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exacerbate discoloration. Acanthosis nigricans maligna may resolve if the causative tumor is successfully removed.
506:
2936:
2882:
2553:
2476:
2092:
2040:
1797:
1792:
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179:
3419:
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On biopsy, hyperkeratosis, epidermal folding, leukocyte infiltration, and melanocyte proliferation may be seen.
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1999:
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1989:
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People with acanthosis nigricans should be screened for diabetes and, although rare, cancer. Controlling
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1651:
1606:
959:"Nueces County Medical Society | Health Education - Insulin Resistance and Acanthosis Nigricans in Kids"
449:
311:
307:
253:
Endocrine syndromes associated with acanthosis nigricans can develop in many conditions, particularly:
103:
3244:
2427:
2245:
987:
Verma, Shyam; Vasani, Resham; Joshi, Rajiv; Phiske, Meghana; Punjabi, Pritesh; Toprani, Tushar (2016).
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1304:
566:: This may include forms that are associated with tumour products and insulin-like activity, or
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James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020).
473:
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72:
55:
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560:: This may include obesity-related, hereditary, and endocrine forms of acanthosis nigricans.
17:
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2117:
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2030:
2004:
1901:
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167:
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1023:
988:
966:
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Increased circulating insulin. This activates keratinocyte IGF receptors, particularly
392:
384:
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293:
171:
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1341:
1236:
1200:
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39:
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1820:
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461:
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408:
303:
123:
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918:
79:. It is usually found in body folds, such as the posterior and lateral folds of the
3305:
3021:
2837:
2102:
2026:
1398:
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age, and malignancy-associated variants may, after a malignancy is removed, fade.
363:
In young persons, acanthosis nigricans is a visible marker which strongly suggests
1563:
1506:
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Malignant acanthosis nigricans refers to acanthosis nigricans occurring as a
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1944:
1725:
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1523:
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527:
416:
299:
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It typically occurs in individuals younger than age 40, is associated with
71:
is a medical sign characterised by brown-to-black, poorly defined, velvety
1390:
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96:
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2022:
1939:
1720:
1623:
1046:
Rigel DS; Jacobs MI (1980). "Malignant acanthosis nigricans:a review".
703:
491:(IGFBP). Increased circulating IGF may lead to keratinocyte and dermal
453:
1452:
3163:
2876:
2832:
2672:
2584:
2404:
1464:
917:
Tamega A, Aranha AM, Guiotoku MM, Miot LD, Miot HA (1 January 2010).
539:
479:
Factors involved in the development of acanthosis nigricans include:
84:
48:
1528:
1420:(2nd ed.). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 907.
531:
484:
92:
88:
1288:
Garofalo, L.; A.M. Biscozzi; V. Mastrandrea; E. Bonifazi (2003).
850:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
2654:
1495:
919:"[Association between skin tags and insulin resistance]"
575:
unilateral acanthosis nigricans, and mixed and syndromic forms.
80:
3186:
2431:
1579:
487:. At high concentrations, insulin may also displace IGF-1 from
794:
Fitzpatrick's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology
1290:"Acanthosis nigricans vulgaris. A marker of hyperinsulinemia"
796:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division.
1106:
Schnopp C; Baumstark J (2007). "Oral acanthosis nigricans".
198:
trait, presenting at birth or developing during childhood.
444:
Acanthosis nigricans is caused by increased activation of
1267:(3rd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1340–7.
1143:"Acral acanthosis nigricans (acral acanthotic anomaly)"
823:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
1418:
The
Pigmentary System: Physiology and Pathophysiology
2458:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
1442:
1328:
Schwartz, Robert A. (1994). "Acanthosis nigricans".
3438:
3385:
3361:
3352:
3329:
3276:
3253:
3220:
3141:
3123:
3085:
3015:
2955:
2890:
2875:
2846:
2793:
2771:
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
2704:
2691:
2463:
2375:
2352:
2323:
2285:
2218:
2209:
2152:
2126:
2013:
1957:
1938:
1929:
1884:
1853:
1808:
1761:
1733:
1718:
1686:
1665:
1642:
1631:
1617:
1538:
1446:
825:
641:
379:Acanthosis nigricans has been linked to the use of
54:
32:
2932:Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome
2051:Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
1223:Schwartz RA (July 1994). "Acanthosis nigricans".
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
359:Type III – obesity and pseudoacanthosis nigricans
130:and other cells in the skin. Activation of other
2260:Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
1258:
1256:
1254:
1048:The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology
534:may be required to eliminate the possibility of
194:Familial acanthosis may arise as a result of an
2980:Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
1330:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
845:
843:
841:
3198:
2443:
1912:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
1591:
819:
817:
815:
813:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
643:(13th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 502–504.
630:
628:
626:
498:In hereditary forms of acanthosis nigricans,
8:
726:"Acanthosis nigricans - Symptoms and causes"
338:, an indicator for elevated blood sugar and
1980:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
792:Thomas B. Fitzpatrick; et al. (2005).
3358:
3205:
3191:
3183:
2887:
2701:
2450:
2436:
2428:
2215:
1954:
1935:
1730:
1639:
1628:
1598:
1584:
1576:
1443:
489:insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
38:
29:
2544:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
1380:
1365:"Acanthosis nigricans: study of 90 cases"
1199:
1158:
1079:
1077:
1022:
1004:
934:
2785:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
2756:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
2578:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
2561:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
2256:Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
1985:Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
2630:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
2615:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
1995:X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
1975:Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
1970:Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
1414:"50. Acquired epidermal hypermelanoses"
622:
334:A. nigricans, right armpit; notice the
324:
200:
170:, obesity or endocrinopathies, such as
3481:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions
3405:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
3286:Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
2487:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
2367:Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
2172:Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
1412:Levine, Norman; Burk, Cynthia (2008).
3491:Medical conditions related to obesity
3077:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
2781:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
2362:Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
2197:Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
7:
3268:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2605:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
2187:Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
1965:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
186:, and may be genetically inherited.
120:insulin-like growth factor receptors
3057:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
3263:Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
3159:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
3052:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
2990:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
2192:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
2112:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
1060:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1980.tb01003.x
896:(5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby.
136:fibroblast growth factor receptors
122:, which leads to proliferation of
25:
3316:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
3100:Reactive perforating collagenosis
2734:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
1897:Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
1841:Progressive macular hypomelanosis
993:Indian Dermatology Online Journal
923:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
500:fibroblast growth factor receptor
389:combined oral contraceptive pills
2549:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
1831:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1382:10.1097/00005792-196801000-00002
1184:"Acral acanthotic anomaly (AAA)"
511:epidermal growth factor receptor
346:
327:
239:
230:
221:
212:
203:
150:Acanthosis nigricans appears as
140:epidermal growth factor receptor
3446:Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
3415:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
3321:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
3115:Acquired perforating dermatosis
3105:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
3045:Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma
2315:Titanium metallic discoloration
2071:Partial unilateral lentiginosis
1363:Brown J; Winkelmann RK (1968).
936:10.1590/S0365-05962010000100003
750:"What Is Acanthosis Nigricans?"
2539:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
2088:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
1182:Schwartz RA (September 1981).
1:
3377:Necrolytic migratory erythema
3072:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
2744:Patch-type granuloma annulare
2620:Inverted follicular keratosis
2277:Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation
2236:Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
2182:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
1678:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
1342:10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70128-8
1237:10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70128-8
1201:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)80155-7
1141:Schwartz RA (February 2007).
3410:Extramammary Paget's disease
3040:Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma
2739:Localized granuloma annulare
2144:Shiitake mushroom dermatitis
965:. 2018-04-12. Archived from
669:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
18:Acanthosis nigricans type II
2766:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
2665:Waxy keratosis of childhood
2534:Common seborrheic keratosis
2529:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
2511:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
2231:Iron metallic discoloration
1907:Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
3507:
3240:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2482:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
2177:Pallister–Killian syndrome
1826:Albinism–deafness syndrome
1160:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.09.027
692:Dermatology Online Journal
507:transforming growth factor
2554:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
2477:Keratoderma climactericum
2093:Lichen planus pigmentosus
2041:Centrofacial lentiginosis
1798:Griscelli syndrome type 3
1793:Griscelli syndrome type 2
1773:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
1265:Braun-Falco's Dermatology
892:Habif, Thomas P. (2009).
852:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
609:AN was first reported by
448:proteins, usually due to
298:Rare diseases, including
285:polycystic ovary syndrome
180:polycystic ovary syndrome
142:can also be responsible.
46:
37:
3456:Paraneoplastic pemphigus
3214:Paraneoplastic syndromes
3110:Perforating folliculitis
3062:Semicircular lipoatrophy
2499:Drug-induced keratoderma
2046:Generalized lentiginosis
1778:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
1297:Eur. J. Pediat. Dermatol
1006:10.4103/2229-5178.193898
963:www.nuecesmedsociety.org
827:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
637:"24. Endocrine diseases"
456:-mediated activation of
452:. This is most commonly
431:Acral acanthotic anomaly
47:Acanthosis nigricans on
3372:Erythema gyratum repens
3344:Hypertrophic osteopathy
3067:Follicular atrophoderma
2855:eosinophilic dermatosis
2107:Poikiloderma of Civatte
1743:Oculocutaneous albinism
405:paraneoplastic syndrome
132:growth factor receptors
2795:Foreign body granuloma
2706:Necrobiotic/palisading
2600:Chronic scar keratosis
2251:Gougerot–Blum syndrome
2134:Incontinentia pigmenti
1990:Dyskeratosis congenita
1917:Wende–Bauckus syndrome
1836:Phylloid hypomelanosis
1607:Pigmentation disorders
1303:: 85–8. Archived from
1231:(1): 1–19, quiz 20–2.
1086:"Acanthosis nigricans"
664:"acanthosis nigricans"
568:tumour necrosis factor
446:growth factor receptor
375:Type IV – drug-related
353:A. nigricans, axillary
102:It is associated with
2970:Localized scleroderma
2751:Necrobiosis lipoidica
2683:Cutis verticis gyrata
2610:Hydrocarbon keratosis
2494:Aquagenic keratoderma
1673:Alezzandrini syndrome
1652:Quadrichrome vitiligo
1225:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
1188:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
1147:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
1120:10.1056/NEJMicm062917
450:endocrine dysfunction
312:Prader-Willi syndrome
308:lipoatrophic diabetes
118:. This activates the
104:endocrine dysfunction
3451:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3400:Ichthyosis acquisita
3395:Acanthosis nigricans
3133:Pyoderma gangrenosum
2995:Pansclerotic morphea
2776:Rheumatoid nodulosis
2761:Granuloma multiforme
2640:Reactional keratosis
2590:Ichthyosis acquisita
2573:Acanthosis nigricans
2524:Seborrheic keratosis
2465:Epidermal thickening
2270:Angioma serpiginosum
2162:Acanthosis nigricans
1701:Waardenburg syndrome
894:Clinical dermatology
854:. St. Louis: Mosby.
421:seborrheic keratoses
69:Acanthosis nigricans
33:Acanthosis nigricans
3311:Transverse myelitis
3296:Limbic encephalitis
2985:Generalized morphea
2823:Zirconium granuloma
2803:Beryllium granuloma
2671:other hypertrophy:
2625:Lichenoid keratosis
2595:Arsenical keratosis
2000:Galli–Galli disease
1892:Nevus depigmentosus
399:Type V – malignancy
271:excess circulating
249:Type II – endocrine
3425:Pityriasis rotunda
3245:Cushing's syndrome
3005:Linear scleroderma
2818:Silicone granuloma
2714:Granuloma annulare
2246:Majocchi's disease
2139:Scratch dermatitis
2066:Mucosal lentigines
1866:Vasospastic macule
1783:Griscelli syndrome
1539:External resources
704:10.5070/D37MF6G290
470:insulin resistance
415:be accompanied by
365:insulin resistance
267:metabolic syndrome
259:insulin resistance
196:autosomal dominant
164:insulin resistance
146:Signs and symptoms
108:insulin resistance
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3420:Leser-Trélat sign
3291:Encephalomyelitis
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
2975:Localized morphea
2947:Rowell's syndrome
2871:
2870:
2861:Granuloma faciale
2808:Mercury granuloma
2678:Hypertrophic scar
2660:Warty dyskeratoma
2650:Thermal keratosis
2425:
2424:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2305:Arsenic poisoning
2241:Schamberg disease
2205:
2204:
2098:Café au lait spot
1925:
1924:
1849:
1848:
1788:Elejalde syndrome
1714:
1713:
1573:
1572:
1427:978-1-4051-2034-0
1274:978-3-540-29312-5
903:978-0-7234-3541-9
861:978-1-4160-2999-1
803:978-0-07-144019-6
650:978-0-323-54753-6
474:diabetes mellitus
466:hyperinsulinaemia
464:, as a result of
340:hyperinsulinaemia
290:Addison's disease
277:Cushing's disease
263:diabetes mellitus
190:Type I – familial
184:Cushing's disease
116:diabetes mellitus
112:hyperinsulinaemia
99:and other areas.
73:hyperpigmentation
66:
65:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3498:
3359:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3149:Calcinosis cutis
3030:Lichen sclerosus
3000:Morphea profunda
2888:
2813:Silica granuloma
2702:
2645:Stucco keratosis
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2216:
2056:Ink spot lentigo
1955:
1936:
1731:
1657:Vitiligo ponctué
1640:
1629:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1008:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
955:
949:
948:
938:
914:
908:
907:
889:
866:
865:
847:
836:
821:
808:
807:
789:
764:
763:
761:
760:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
722:
716:
715:
687:
672:
661:
655:
654:
632:
589:Selenium sulfide
350:
331:
316:Alström syndrome
243:
234:
225:
216:
207:
42:
30:
21:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3434:
3381:
3348:
3339:Dermatomyositis
3331:Musculoskeletal
3325:
3272:
3249:
3216:
3211:
3181:
3172:
3137:
3119:
3081:
3020:
3011:
2960:
2951:
2893:
2892:Cutaneous lupus
2880:
2867:
2847:Other/ungrouped
2842:
2789:
2687:
2655:Viral keratosis
2459:
2456:
2426:
2421:
2371:
2340:
2319:
2287:
2281:
2226:Hemochromatosis
2211:
2201:
2154:
2148:
2122:
2118:Riehl melanosis
2076:PUVA lentigines
2061:Lentigo maligna
2031:Lentigo simplex
2015:
2009:
2005:Revesz syndrome
1948:
1943:
1921:
1902:Pityriasis alba
1880:
1871:Woronoff's ring
1858:
1845:
1804:
1765:
1757:
1748:Ocular albinism
1724:
1710:
1688:
1682:
1661:
1633:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1534:
1533:
1455:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:Ngan, Vanessa.
1083:
1082:
1075:
1045:
1044:
1040:
986:
985:
981:
972:
970:
957:
956:
952:
916:
915:
911:
904:
891:
890:
869:
862:
849:
848:
839:
822:
811:
804:
791:
790:
767:
758:
756:
748:
747:
743:
734:
732:
724:
723:
719:
689:
688:
675:
662:
658:
651:
634:
633:
624:
619:
607:
598:
581:
551:
524:
442:
440:Pathophysiology
433:
401:
377:
361:
354:
351:
342:
332:
275:, particularly
251:
244:
235:
226:
217:
208:
192:
168:Type 2 diabetes
160:
148:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3387:Papulosquamous
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Hypercalcaemia
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:PUVA keratosis
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2569:hyperkeratosis
2564:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2417:Depigmentation
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2388:Skin whitening
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:Lead poisoning
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1876:Nevus anemicus
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Cross syndrome
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1706:Tietz syndrome
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1509:
1498:
1487:
1472:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:Classification
1440:
1439:External links
1437:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1404:
1355:
1320:
1280:
1273:
1250:
1215:
1174:
1133:
1098:
1073:
1038:
999:(6): 498–503.
979:
950:
909:
902:
867:
860:
837:
809:
802:
765:
741:
717:
673:
656:
649:
621:
620:
618:
615:
606:
603:
597:
594:
580:
577:
572:
571:
561:
550:
549:Classification
547:
542:as the cause.
523:
520:
515:
514:
503:
502:(FGFR) defects
496:
495:proliferation.
441:
438:
432:
429:
400:
397:
393:growth hormone
385:glucocorticoid
381:nicotinic acid
376:
373:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
345:
343:
333:
326:
320:
319:
296:
294:hypothyroidism
287:
269:
250:
247:
246:
245:
238:
236:
229:
227:
220:
218:
211:
209:
202:
191:
188:
172:hypothyroidism
159:
156:
147:
144:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Medical signs
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Mucocutaneous
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3255:Hematological
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3169:
3168:Pseudo-ainhum
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Sclerodactyly
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Kyrle disease
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2894:erythematosus
2889:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2336:Tar melanosis
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Lichen aureus
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:circumscribed
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:hypomelanosis
1856:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:ABCD syndrome
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
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1310:on 2011-07-09
1306:
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969:on 2018-04-12
968:
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833:0-7216-2921-0
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623:
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586:
585:blood glucose
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569:
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541:
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519:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
472:, as seen in
471:
467:
463:
462:keratinocytes
459:
458:IGF receptors
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
412:
410:
409:genitourinary
406:
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368:
366:
358:
349:
344:
341:
337:
330:
325:
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317:
313:
309:
305:
304:leprechaunism
301:
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264:
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145:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
124:keratinocytes
121:
117:
114:, as seen in
113:
109:
106:, especially
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3394:
3306:Polymyositis
3278:Neurological
3022:atrophoderma
2908:Panniculitis
2853:
2838:Carbon stain
2729:Subcutaneous
2572:
2503:
2161:
2103:Poikiloderma
2027:Lentiginosis
1557:
1546:
1522:
1511:
1500:
1489:
1474:
1459:
1417:
1407:
1375:(1): 33–51.
1372:
1368:
1358:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1300:
1296:
1283:
1264:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1194:(3): 345–6.
1191:
1187:
1177:
1150:
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1136:
1111:
1108:N Engl J Med
1107:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1051:
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992:
982:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
962:
953:
929:(1): 25–31.
926:
922:
912:
893:
851:
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757:. Retrieved
753:
744:
733:. Retrieved
729:
720:
695:
691:
667:
659:
640:
608:
599:
582:
573:
563:
557:
552:
544:
525:
516:
478:
443:
436:malignancy.
434:
413:
402:
378:
369:
362:
321:
257:starts with
252:
193:
161:
149:
101:
68:
67:
3430:Tripe palms
3087:Perforating
2957:Scleroderma
2925:ungrouped:
2828:Soot tattoo
2724:Generalized
2719:Perforating
2693:Necrobiosis
2473:keratoderma
2331:Carotenosis
1958:Reticulated
1689:development
1635:melanocytes
1548:MedlinePlus
1336:(1): 1–19.
730:Mayo Clinic
425:tripe palms
419:, multiple
128:fibroblasts
61:Dermatology
3475:Categories
3301:Opsoclonus
3125:Skin ulcer
3035:Anetoderma
2901:chronic:
2881:localized
2383:Skin color
2354:Dyschromia
2300:Chrysiasis
2036:Liver spot
1855:Leukoderma
1763:Melanosome
1696:Piebaldism
1687:Melanocyte
1611:Dyschromia
1513:DiseasesDB
1314:2010-07-29
1114:(9): e10.
973:2020-03-01
759:2021-08-13
735:2021-08-13
617:References
505:Increased
493:fibroblast
281:acromegaly
261:, such as
176:acromegaly
3362:Reactive
3222:Endocrine
2942:Verrucous
2927:Chilblain
2697:granuloma
2520:keratosis
2505:psoriasis
2155:ungrouped
1945:Melanosis
1885:Ungrouped
1753:in humans
1726:amelanism
1666:Syndromic
1559:eMedicine
1529:402599005
1524:SNOMED CT
1091:23 August
1015:2229-5178
613:in 1889.
596:Prognosis
579:Treatment
564:Malignant
528:endoscopy
522:Diagnosis
417:skin tags
395:therapy.
336:skin tags
300:pinealoma
273:androgens
56:Specialty
3364:erythema
3017:Atrophic
2919:Neonatal
2915:subacute
2376:See also
2212:pigments
2014:Diffuse/
1950:Melanism
1766:transfer
1735:Albinism
1719:Loss of
1644:Vitiligo
1369:Medicine
1169:17224380
1128:17761587
1033:27990384
945:20464083
712:19061584
698:(9): 2.
536:diabetes
134:such as
97:forehead
2962:Morphea
2903:Discoid
2410:removal
2398:Sunless
2393:Tanning
2295:Argyria
2167:Freckle
2083:Melasma
2023:Lentigo
1940:Melanin
1721:melanin
1632:Loss of
1624:leucism
1507:D000052
1399:2241453
1391:4868603
1350:8021347
1245:8021347
1210:7263979
1068:6257767
1024:5134163
605:History
513:(EGFR).
454:insulin
85:armpits
75:of the
3164:Ainhum
2877:Dermis
2833:Tattoo
2673:Keloid
2585:Callus
2567:other
2405:Tattoo
2288:metals
2153:Other/
2127:Linear
1931:Hyper-
1564:derm/1
1553:000852
1496:100600
1424:
1397:
1389:
1348:
1271:
1243:
1208:
1167:
1126:
1066:
1031:
1021:
1013:
943:
900:
858:
831:
800:
710:
647:
558:Benign
540:cancer
532:X-rays
391:, and
314:, and
158:Causes
83:, the
49:axilla
3439:Other
3235:SIADH
3142:Other
2937:Tumid
2324:Other
2286:Other
2210:Other
1809:Other
1619:Hypo-
1485:701.2
1395:S2CID
1308:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
754:WebMD
530:, or
485:IGF-1
423:, or
387:use,
93:navel
89:groin
2219:Iron
1502:MeSH
1491:OMIM
1480:9-CM
1422:ISBN
1387:PMID
1346:PMID
1269:ISBN
1241:PMID
1206:PMID
1165:PMID
1124:PMID
1093:2013
1064:PMID
1029:PMID
1011:ISSN
941:PMID
898:ISBN
856:ISBN
829:ISBN
798:ISBN
708:PMID
645:ISBN
611:Unna
292:and
265:and
152:dark
110:and
81:neck
77:skin
2883:CTD
1857:w/o
1476:ICD
1470:L83
1461:ICD
1377:doi
1338:doi
1233:doi
1196:doi
1155:doi
1116:doi
1112:357
1056:doi
1019:PMC
1001:doi
931:doi
700:doi
666:at
538:or
468:or
460:on
182:or
138:or
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