222:
434:: they acquire energy through both heterotrophy and autotrophy. The relationship may make it possible for acantharians to be abundant in low-nutrient regions of the oceans and may also provide extra energy necessary to maintain their elaborate strontium sulfate skeletons. It is hypothesized that the acantharians provide the algae with nutrients (N & P) that they acquire by capturing and digesting prey in return for sugar that the algae produces during photosynthesis. It is not known, however, whether the algal symbionts benefit from the relationship or if they are simply being exploited and then digested by the acantharians.
482:
412:
63:
42:
653:
402:
genes, although the groups are mostly polyphyletic. Holacanthida seems to have evolved first and includes molecular clades A, B, and D. Chaunacanthida evolved second and includes only one molecular clade, clade C. Arthracanthida and
Symphacanthida, which have the most complex skeletons, evolved most
498:
and it is therefore believed that the cysts help acantharians sink into deep water. Genetic data and some imaging suggests that non-cyst-forming acantharians may also sink to deep water to release swarmers. Releasing swarmer cells in deeper water may improve the survival chances of juveniles. Study
494:, and cysts have been observed to release these swarmers. Non-encysted cells have also been seen releasing swarmers in laboratory conditions. Not all life cycle stages have been observed, however, and no one has witnessed the fusion of swarmers to produce a new acantharian. Cysts are often found in
364:
The way that the spines are joined at the center of the cell varies and is one of the primary characteristics by which acantharians are classified. The skeletons are made up of either ten diametric or twenty radial spicules. Diametric spicules cross the center of the cell, whereas radial spicules
472:
and their internal symbiont community does not necessarily match the relative availability of potential symbionts in the surrounding environment. The mismatch between internal and external symbiont communities suggests that acantharians can be selective in choosing symbionts and probably do not
489:
Adults are usually multinucleated. Earlier diverging clades are able to shed their spines and form cysts, which are often referred to as reproductive cysts. Reproduction is thought to take place by formation of swarmer cells (formerly referred to as "spores"), which may be
862:
Febvre, Jean; Febvre-Chevalier, Colette (February 1979). "Ultrastructural study of zooxanthellae of three species of
Acantharia (Protozoa: Actinopoda), with details of their taxonomic position in the prymnesiales (Prymnesiophyceae, Hibberd, 1976)".
365:
terminate at the center of the cell where they either form a tight or flexible junction depending on species. Acantharians with diametric spicules or loosely attached radial spicules are able to rearrange or shed spicules and form cysts.
291:
in terms of lines of latitude and longitude – the spines lie on the intersections between five of the former, symmetric about an equator, and eight of the latter, spaced uniformly. Each line of longitude carries either two
425:
Many acantharians, including some in clade B (Holacanthida) and all in clades E & F (Symphiacanthida and
Arthracanthida), host single-celled algae within their inner cytoplasm (endoplasm). By participating in this
287:, primarily because strontium sulfate is very scarce in seawater and the crystals dissolve after the acantharians die. The arrangement of the spines is very precise, and is described by what is called the
334:
are maintained in the endoplasm. The ectoplasm consists of cytoplasmic extensions used for prey capture and also contains food vacuoles for prey digestion. The ectoplasm is surrounded by a
244:
crystal. Celestine is named for the delicate blue colour of its crystals, and is the heaviest mineral in the ocean. The denseness of their celestite ensures acantharian shells function as
983:
Decelle, Johan; Martin, Patrick; Paborstava, Katsiaryna; Pond, David W.; Tarling, Geraint; Mahé, Frédéric; de Vargas, Colomban; Lampitt, Richard; Not, Fabrice (2013-01-11).
1177:"Sedimentation of acantharian cysts in the Iceland Basin: Strontium as a ballast for deep ocean particle flux, and implications for acantharian reproductive strategies"
672:"Sedimentation of acantharian cysts in the Iceland Basin: Strontium as a ballast for deep ocean particle flux, and implications for acantharian reproductive strategies"
545:
Polet, S.; Berney, C.; Fahrni, J.; Pawlowski, J. (2004). "Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of
Phaeodarea challenge the monophyly of Haeckel's Radiolaria".
2467:
2493:
283:
strontium sulfate as the main component of their skeletons. However, unlike other radiolarians whose skeletons are made of silica, acantharian skeletons do not
499:
of these organisms has been hampered mainly by an inability to "close the lifecycle" and maintain these organisms in culture through successive generations.
795:
Decelle, Johan; Probert, Ian; Bittner, Lucie; Desdevises, Yves; Colin, SĂ©bastien; Vargas, Colomban de; GalĂ, MartĂ; SimĂł, Rafel; Not, Fabrice (2012-10-30).
2441:
2480:
221:
1175:
Martin, Patrick; Allen, John T.; Cooper, Matthew J.; Johns, David G.; Lampitt, Richard S.; Sanders, Richard; Teagle, Damon A. H. (2010).
670:
Martin, Patrick; Allen, John T.; Cooper, Matthew J.; Johns, David G.; Lampitt, Richard S.; Sanders, Richard; Teagle, Damon A. H. (2010).
1291:
777:
1226:"Paired high-throughput, in situ imaging and high-throughput sequencing illuminate acantharian abundance and vertical distribution"
1155:
485:
Hypothetical scenario of the life cycle in symbiotic and cyst-forming
Acantharia with shallow and deep reproduction, respectively.
2532:
1325:
524:
1320:
481:
345:, but arranged into twenty plates, each with a hole through which one spicule projects. The cortex is linked to the spines by
2485:
1404:
1394:
1377:
458:). Clade E & F acantharians have a more specific symbiosis and primarily host symbionts from the haptophyte genus
62:
2498:
356:
control by allowing the ectoplasm to expand and contract, increasing and decreasing the total volume of the cell.
316:
1409:
473:
continuously digest and recruit new symbionts, and maintain symbionts for extended periods of time instead.
2381:
1284:
704:
2519:
1372:
921:"Intra-host Symbiont Diversity and Extended Symbiont Maintenance in Photosymbiotic Acantharea (Clade F)"
202:
that range in size from about 200 microns in diameter up to several millimeters. Some acantharians have
2311:
2230:
279:
surrounding each spicule or spine. Acantharians are unique among marine organisms for their ability to
411:
2537:
2428:
2213:
2036:
1237:
1188:
1123:
996:
872:
808:
719:
596:
516:
443:
381:
2316:
2225:
2219:
2026:
1797:
1672:
1514:
705:"Acantharian cysts: High flux occurrence in the bathypelagic zone of the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean"
375:
2560:
2300:
1765:
1566:
437:
Symbiotic
Holacanthida acantharians host diverse symbiont assemblages, including several genera of
288:
241:
225:
2259:
2169:
2122:
2031:
1682:
1677:
1458:
369:
1389:
1367:
1355:
1330:
1147:
896:
735:
164:
57:
1519:
1109:"Multiple microalgal partners in symbiosis with the acantharian Acanthochiasma sp. (Radiolaria)"
1561:
1463:
1224:
Brisbin, Margaret Mars; Brunner, Otis Davey; Grossmann, Mary
Matilda; Mitarai, Satoshi (2020).
2506:
2069:
1785:
1780:
1740:
1636:
1399:
1362:
1350:
1340:
1277:
1255:
1206:
1139:
1089:
1071:
1032:
1014:
985:"Diversity, Ecology and Biogeochemistry of Cyst-Forming Acantharia (Radiolaria) in the Oceans"
960:
942:
888:
844:
826:
773:
562:
395:
280:
272:
233:
191:
2524:
2347:
2164:
1943:
1700:
1314:
1245:
1196:
1131:
1107:
Decelle, Johan; Siano, Raffaele; Probert, Ian; Poirier, Camille; Not, Fabrice (2012-10-27).
1079:
1063:
1022:
1004:
950:
932:
880:
834:
816:
765:
727:
683:
640:
604:
554:
454:
323:, including many nuclei, and is delineated from the ectoplasm by a capsular wall made of a
245:
155:
2511:
2472:
2419:
2351:
1888:
1241:
1192:
1127:
1108:
1000:
876:
812:
769:
723:
600:
2306:
2117:
2021:
1750:
1626:
1486:
1442:
1345:
1084:
1051:
1027:
984:
955:
920:
839:
796:
438:
427:
387:
265:
261:
203:
100:
87:
919:
Mars
Brisbin, Margaret; Mesrop, Lisa Y.; Grossmann, Mary M.; Mitarai, Satoshi (2018).
2554:
2207:
2179:
1995:
1792:
1692:
1506:
1491:
629:"Pathways of Organic Carbon Downward Transport by the Oceanic Biological Carbon Pump"
495:
399:
900:
739:
468:
symbionts. Clade F acantharians simultaneously host multiple species and strains of
41:
2330:
2248:
2187:
2159:
2140:
2129:
2111:
2102:
2092:
1928:
1893:
1880:
1870:
1775:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1727:
1613:
1603:
1538:
1481:
1473:
1151:
372:– 10 diametric spicules, simply crossed, no central junction, capable of encystment
249:
206:
1052:"New perspectives on the functioning and evolution of photosymbiosis in plankton"
1009:
2454:
2413:
2202:
2197:
2064:
2059:
2046:
1938:
1898:
1496:
460:
346:
342:
338:
335:
324:
195:
657:
2339:
2265:
2149:
2054:
2013:
2003:
1985:
1933:
1908:
1903:
1735:
1705:
1659:
1641:
1631:
1201:
1176:
1135:
884:
731:
688:
671:
609:
584:
491:
449:
184:
120:
2404:
1259:
1210:
1143:
1075:
1018:
946:
937:
892:
830:
645:
628:
2192:
2154:
1857:
1667:
1584:
821:
431:
331:
320:
312:
308:
284:
210:
74:
1093:
1036:
964:
848:
566:
17:
1269:
558:
2398:
2359:
2355:
2253:
1865:
1840:
1576:
1431:
1384:
1300:
578:
576:
353:
349:
276:
199:
187:
2343:
1969:
652:
135:
110:
2459:
1250:
1225:
1067:
2363:
703:
Belcher, Anna; Manno, Clara; Thorpe, Sally; Tarling, Geraint (2018).
2375:
2446:
865:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
480:
410:
328:
257:
220:
656:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
253:
2379:
1273:
2433:
378:– 20 radial spicules, loosely attached, capable of encystment
394:
The morphological classification system roughly agrees with
319:. The endoplasm, at the core of the cell, contains the main
760:
Decelle, Johan; Not, Fabrice (2015-11-16), "Acantharia",
260:
have been observed at times in the
Iceland Basin and the
797:"An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton"
658:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2388:
2290:
2239:
2178:
2139:
2101:
2090:
2045:
2012:
1994:
1983:
1966:
1921:
1879:
1856:
1849:
1838:
1726:
1691:
1658:
1612:
1601:
1575:
1554:
1547:
1536:
1505:
1472:
1451:
1441:
1428:
403:recently and constitute molecular clades E and F.
801:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
978:
976:
974:
622:
620:
1285:
764:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–10,
264:, as much as half of the total gravitational
8:
384:– 20 radial spicules, tight central junction
2376:
2098:
2087:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1853:
1846:
1835:
1723:
1688:
1655:
1619:
1609:
1598:
1551:
1544:
1533:
1448:
1438:
1425:
1292:
1278:
1270:
390:– 20 radial spines, tight central junction
40:
31:
1249:
1200:
1083:
1026:
1008:
954:
936:
838:
820:
687:
644:
608:
585:"Trace elements in acantharian skeletons"
1056:Communicative & Integrative Biology
508:
446:, Heterocapsa, Scrippsiella, Azadinium
232:Acantharian skeletons are composed of
1170:
1168:
914:
912:
910:
248:, resulting in fast sedimentation to
7:
790:
788:
755:
753:
751:
749:
464:, although they sometimes also host
770:10.1002/9780470015902.a0002102.pub2
627:Le Moigne, Frédéric A. C. (2019).
25:
311:is divided into two regions: the
1161:from the original on 2022-10-09.
651:
525:World Register of Marine Species
327:mesh. In symbiotic species, the
190:, distinguished mainly by their
61:
27:Class of single-celled organisms
430:, acantharians are essentially
420:(chlorophyll autofluorescence)
1:
1050:Decelle, Johan (2013-07-30).
418:with symbionts visible in red
1010:10.1371/journal.pone.0053598
194:skeletons. Acantharians are
633:Frontiers in Marine Science
2577:
1230:Limnology and Oceanography
1181:Limnology and Oceanography
676:Limnology and Oceanography
589:Limnology and Oceanography
398:based on the alignment of
2325:
2086:
1979:
1962:
1834:
1722:
1654:
1622:
1597:
1532:
1424:
1308:
1202:10.4319/lo.2010.55.2.0604
1136:10.1007/s13199-012-0195-x
925:Frontiers in Microbiology
885:10.1017/S0025315400046294
732:10.1007/s00227-018-3376-1
689:10.4319/lo.2009.55.2.0604
610:10.4319/lo.1980.25.1.0146
275:crystals are secreted by
240:, in the form of mineral
209:and hence are considered
170:
163:
152:
147:
58:Scientific classification
56:
48:
39:
34:
938:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01998
646:10.3389/fmars.2019.00634
304:spines, in alternation.
822:10.1073/pnas.1212303109
486:
422:
229:
2520:Paleobiology Database
583:Brass, G. W. (1980).
559:10.1078/1434461000164
484:
416:A clade F acantharian
414:
224:
2338:organization type:
1242:2020LimOc..65.2953M
1193:2010LimOc..55..604M
1128:2012Symbi..58..233D
1001:2013PLoSO...853598D
877:1979JMBUK..59..215F
813:2012PNAS..10918000D
807:(44): 18000–18005.
724:2018MarBi.165..117B
601:1980LimOc..25..146B
250:bathypelagic depths
1972:
1968:
487:
423:
396:phylogenetic trees
352:, which assist in
341:, also made up of
230:
2548:
2547:
2507:Open Tree of Life
2382:Taxon identifiers
2373:
2372:
2356:heliozoan amoebae
2348:amoeboflagellates
2312:Labyrinthomyxidae
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2231:Globigerinitoidea
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1917:
1916:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1741:Phaeogymnocellida
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1650:
1649:
1637:Paracercomonadida
1593:
1592:
1528:
1527:
1251:10.1002/lno.11567
1068:10.4161/cib.24560
273:strontium sulfate
234:strontium sulfate
192:strontium sulfate
177:
176:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2568:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2377:
2165:Silicoloculinida
2099:
2095:
2088:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1944:Plasmodiophorida
1854:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1724:
1701:Thaumatomonadida
1689:
1656:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1337:
1317:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1122:(1–3): 233–244.
1113:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1012:
980:
969:
968:
958:
940:
916:
905:
904:
859:
853:
852:
842:
824:
792:
783:
782:
757:
744:
743:
709:
700:
694:
693:
691:
667:
661:
655:
650:
648:
624:
615:
614:
612:
580:
571:
570:
542:
536:
535:
533:
531:
513:
466:Chrysochromulina
455:Chrysochromulina
252:. High settling
156:Acanthophractida
134:
66:
65:
44:
32:
21:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2352:testate amoebae
2321:
2270:
2235:
2214:Globotruncanida
2174:
2135:
2091:
2074:
2041:
2037:Symphyacanthida
2008:
1984:
1967:
1950:
1913:
1889:Claustrosporida
1875:
1839:
1802:
1710:
1687:
1646:
1602:
1589:
1571:
1537:
1524:
1501:
1468:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1335:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1268:
1267:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1049:
1048:
1044:
982:
981:
972:
918:
917:
908:
861:
860:
856:
794:
793:
786:
780:
759:
758:
747:
707:
702:
701:
697:
669:
668:
664:
626:
625:
618:
582:
581:
574:
544:
543:
539:
529:
527:
515:
514:
510:
505:
479:
439:dinoflagellates
421:
419:
417:
409:
382:Symphiacanthida
362:
256:of acantharian
246:mineral ballast
239:
219:
183:are a group of
142:Mikrjukov, 2000
133:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2410:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2360:sporozoan-like
2336:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2317:Rhizoplasmidae
2314:
2309:
2307:Gymnosphaerida
2304:
2296:
2294:
2292:Incertae sedis
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:Incertae sedis
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:Guembelitriida
2222:
2220:Heterohelicida
2216:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2118:Xenophyophorea
2115:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Chaunocanthida
2024:
2022:Arthracanthida
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1974:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1798:Ventricleftida
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Phaeosphaerida
1748:
1743:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Spongomonadida
1670:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Glissomonadida
1623:
1617:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:Chlorarachnida
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Desmothoracida
1484:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1443:Reticulofilosa
1436:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:Mesomycetozoea
1407:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1346:Diaphoretickes
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:classification
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1216:
1187:(2): 604–614.
1164:
1099:
1042:
970:
906:
871:(1): 215–226.
854:
784:
778:
745:
712:Marine Biology
695:
682:(2): 604–614.
662:
616:
595:(1): 146–149.
572:
537:
507:
506:
504:
501:
496:sediment traps
478:
475:
428:photosymbiosis
415:
408:
405:
392:
391:
388:Arthracanthida
385:
379:
376:Chaunacanthida
373:
361:
358:
296:spines or one
266:organic carbon
262:Southern Ocean
237:
218:
215:
204:photosynthetic
175:
174:
168:
167:
161:
160:
159:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
88:Diaphoretickes
85:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:Globigerinida
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2180:Globothalamea
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1996:Sticholonchea
1993:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Tectofilosida
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:Phaeoconchida
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1693:Silicofilosea
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1642:Cercomonadida
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1567:Metromonadida
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1507:Chlorarachnea
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Leucodictyida
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Stramenopiles
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:(major groups
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:(4): e24560.
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:(1): e53598.
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
785:
781:
779:9780470015902
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
699:
696:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
663:
659:
654:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
621:
617:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
538:
526:
522:
518:
512:
509:
502:
500:
497:
493:
483:
476:
474:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
447:
445:
440:
435:
433:
429:
413:
406:
404:
401:
400:ribosomal RNA
397:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
289:MĂĽllerian law
286:
282:
281:biomineralize
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
235:
227:
223:
216:
214:
212:
208:
207:endosymbionts
205:
201:
200:microplankton
197:
196:heterotrophic
193:
189:
186:
182:
173:
169:
166:
162:
157:
154:
153:
151:
146:
141:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2389:
2331:paraphyletic
2301:Lapot gusevi
2299:
2291:
2260:Heterogromia
2258:
2249:Involutinida
2240:
2188:Textulariida
2170:Ammodiscidae
2160:Spirillinida
2141:Tubothalamea
2130:Reticulomyxa
2128:
2123:Astrorhizida
2112:Allogromiida
2103:Monothalamea
2093:Foraminifera
2047:Polycystinea
2032:Holocanthida
1929:Vampyrellida
1894:Haplosporida
1881:Ascetosporea
1871:Reticulosida
1776:Cryomonadida
1761:Phaeogromida
1756:Phaeocalpida
1746:Phaeocystida
1728:Thecofilosea
1683:Variglissida
1678:Marimonadida
1614:Sarcomonadea
1604:Ventrifilosa
1555:Metromonadea
1539:Monadofilosa
1482:Cryptofilida
1474:Granofilosea
1459:Aquavolonida
1395:Opisthokonta
1236:(12): 2953.
1233:
1229:
1219:
1184:
1180:
1119:
1115:
1102:
1059:
1055:
1045:
992:
988:
928:
924:
868:
864:
857:
804:
800:
761:
715:
711:
698:
679:
675:
665:
636:
632:
592:
588:
553:(1): 53–63.
550:
546:
540:
528:. Retrieved
520:
517:"Acantharia"
511:
488:
469:
465:
459:
453:
444:Pelagodinium
442:
436:
424:
393:
370:Holacanthida
363:
343:microfibrils
306:
301:
297:
293:
270:
231:
180:
178:
171:
139:
130:
94:
81:
49:
29:
2455:iNaturalist
2414:Wikispecies
2364:fungus-like
2340:flagellates
2203:Carterinida
2198:Robertinida
2065:Spumellaria
2060:Nassellaria
1939:Phagomyxida
1922:Proteomyxia
1899:Mikrocytida
1497:Limnofilida
1452:Skiomonadea
470:Phaeocystis
461:Phaeocystis
347:contractile
336:periplasmic
325:microfibril
185:radiolarian
172:Acantharea
117:Subphylum:
35:Acantharia
18:Acantharian
2561:Acantharea
2420:Acantharea
2390:Acantharia
2266:Komokiacea
2150:Fusulinida
2055:Collodaria
2014:Acantharea
2004:Taxopodida
1986:Radiolaria
1934:Phytomyxea
1909:Paramyxida
1904:Paradinida
1736:Phaeodarea
1706:Euglyphida
1660:Imbricatea
1632:Katabiidae
1520:Minorisida
718:(7): 117.
503:References
492:flagellate
477:Life cycle
450:haptophyte
432:mixotrophs
321:organelles
298:equatorial
217:Morphology
211:mixotrophs
181:Acantharia
131:Acantharia
121:Radiolaria
50:Acantharea
2193:Rotaliida
2155:Miliolida
1858:Gromiidea
1850:Marimyxia
1772:Eothecia
1668:Krakenida
1585:Helkesida
1562:Metopiida
1464:Tremulida
1390:Amoebozoa
1368:Alveolata
1356:Cryptista
1331:Eukaryota
1260:1939-5590
1211:1939-5590
1144:0334-5114
1116:Symbiosis
1076:1942-0889
1019:1932-6203
947:1664-302X
893:1469-7769
831:0027-8424
530:13 August
407:Symbiosis
332:symbionts
317:ectoplasm
313:endoplasm
309:cytoplasm
307:The cell
285:fossilize
242:celestine
226:Celestine
75:Eukaryota
2555:Category
2399:Wikidata
2335:†extinct
2254:Lagenida
2070:Orodaria
1866:Gromiida
1841:Endomyxa
1786:Matazida
1781:Ebriacea
1577:Helkesea
1548:Eoglissa
1432:Cercozoa
1385:Amorphea
1363:Rhizaria
1351:Hacrobia
1341:Excavata
1326:Bacteria
1301:Rhizaria
1156:Archived
1094:23986805
1037:23326463
989:PLOS ONE
965:30210473
931:: 1998.
901:86040570
849:23071304
740:90349921
567:15144058
448:) and a
360:Taxonomy
354:buoyancy
350:myonemes
315:and the
300:and two
294:tropical
277:vacuoles
188:protozoa
165:Synonyms
138:, 1881,
107:Phylum:
71:Domain:
52:species
2405:Q135584
2344:amoebae
1970:Retaria
1400:Animals
1321:Archaea
1238:Bibcode
1189:Bibcode
1152:6142181
1124:Bibcode
1085:3742057
1028:3543462
997:Bibcode
956:6120437
873:Bibcode
840:3497740
809:Bibcode
720:Bibcode
597:Bibcode
547:Protist
228:crystal
198:marine
136:Haeckel
127:Class:
111:Retaria
2538:586732
2460:424296
1434:
1430:
1378:Plants
1315:Domain
1258:
1209:
1150:
1142:
1092:
1082:
1074:
1035:
1025:
1017:
963:
953:
945:
899:
891:
847:
837:
829:
776:
738:
565:
339:cortex
268:flux.
254:fluxes
236:, SrSO
148:Order
140:emend.
2533:WoRMS
2512:45752
2499:65574
2486:46107
2468:IRMNG
1405:Fungi
1159:(PDF)
1148:S2CID
1112:(PDF)
897:S2CID
736:S2CID
708:(PDF)
521:WoRMS
329:algal
302:polar
258:cysts
95:Clade
82:Clade
2494:NCBI
2481:ITIS
2473:1050
2442:GBIF
2434:4876
1256:ISSN
1207:ISSN
1140:ISSN
1090:PMID
1072:ISSN
1033:PMID
1015:ISSN
961:PMID
943:ISSN
889:ISSN
845:PMID
827:ISSN
774:ISBN
563:PMID
532:2024
271:The
179:The
2525:717
2447:234
2429:EoL
1246:doi
1197:doi
1132:doi
1080:PMC
1064:doi
1023:PMC
1005:doi
951:PMC
933:doi
881:doi
835:PMC
817:doi
805:109
766:doi
762:eLS
728:doi
716:165
684:doi
641:doi
605:doi
555:doi
551:155
101:SAR
2557::
2535::
2522::
2509::
2496::
2483::
2470::
2457::
2444::
2431::
2416::
2401::
2362:;
2358:;
2354:;
2350:;
2346:;
2342:;
1254:.
1244:.
1234:65
1232:.
1228:.
1205:.
1195:.
1185:55
1183:.
1179:.
1167:^
1154:.
1146:.
1138:.
1130:.
1120:58
1118:.
1114:.
1088:.
1078:.
1070:.
1058:.
1054:.
1031:.
1021:.
1013:.
1003:.
991:.
987:.
973:^
959:.
949:.
941:.
927:.
923:.
909:^
895:.
887:.
879:.
869:59
867:.
843:.
833:.
825:.
815:.
803:.
799:.
787:^
772:,
748:^
734:.
726:.
714:.
710:.
680:55
678:.
674:.
639:.
635:.
631:.
619:^
603:.
593:25
591:.
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575:^
561:.
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1134::
1126::
1096:.
1066::
1060:6
1039:.
1007::
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935::
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883::
875::
851:.
819::
811::
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730::
722::
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686::
660:.
649:.
643::
637:6
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607::
599::
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557::
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452:(
441:(
238:4
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
